Human Rights Reports in Europe
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HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE REVIEW OF 2019 Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 Cover photo: Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed A protester speaks through a megaphone as under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, smoke from coloured smoke bombs billows near international 4.0) licence. people taking part in the annual May Day rally in https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Strasbourg, eastern France, on May 1, 2019. 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First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: EUR 01/2098/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS REGIONAL OVERVIEW 4 ALBANIA 8 AUSTRIA 10 BELGIUM 12 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 14 BULGARIA 16 CROATIA 18 CYPRUS 20 CZECH REPUBLIC 22 DENMARK 24 ESTONIA 26 FINLAND 27 FRANCE 29 GERMANY 32 GREECE 35 HUNGARY 38 IRELAND 41 ITALY 43 LATVIA 46 LITHUANIA 48 MALTA 49 MONTENEGRO 51 THE NETHERLANDS 53 NORTH MACEDONIA 55 NORWAY 57 POLAND 59 PORTUGAL 62 ROMANIA 64 SERBIA 66 SLOVAKIA 69 SLOVENIA 71 SPAIN 73 SWEDEN 76 SWITZERLAND 78 TURKEY 80 UK 84 HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE 3 REVIEW OF 2019 Amnesty International campaigns, harassment, and even In 2019, founding values of the European administrative and criminal penalties. Union (EU) were directly challenged REGIONAL Increasing numbers of human rights from within. The independence of the defenders, activists and independent judiciary, an essential component of the media faced intimidation and rule of law, was threatened in Poland OVERVIEW prosecution. Expressions of dissent on as the ruling party took bolder steps to the streets were often met with a range control judges and courts. The process in Poland was a clear illustration of how of restrictive measures and excessive values were changing across Europe, and In 2019 in the heart of Europe, some use of force by police. Against this concerns about the independence of the states actively sought to erode the overall backdrop of intolerance and judiciary in Hungary, Romania and Turkey independence of the judiciary to avoid discrimination, minorities and those persisted. Symptoms surfaced all over state accountability. The European seeking to defend their rights were met Europe, from migration policies where Union continued to outsource border with violence, increasing stigmatization protection of borders was considered and migration control. Grave human of some communities. Survivors of sexual more important than protection of human rights risks ensued: tens of thousands violence, including rape, continued lives, to dealing with popular dissent and of people remained exposed to conflict, to face obstacles in accessing justice. public protest, which often led to abuses violence, torture and an uncertain While two countries held their first ever by law enforcement agencies. Intolerance future in destitute conditions. Those Pride parades, there was a roll-back in towards religious and ethnic minorities opposing these border and migration a number of others on law and policies frequently took the form of violence and control policies frequently faced smear related to the rights of LGBTI people. discrimination. Demonstrators gather to protest against femicide and violence against women on November 25, 2019 in Istanbul, Turkey. November 25 is international day for the elimination of violence against women. © Burak Kara via Getty Images HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE 4 REVIEW OF 2019 Amnesty International While 2019 shows that many states Cooperation with Libya went hand in by serious and consistent allegations of failed to guarantee rights for all within hand with the policy of “closed ports” pushbacks and violence on the Greek their borders, nonetheless there was no established by the Italian government. side. Those who managed to avoid shortage of courageous people who dared Under this policy, NGO ships were pushbacks continued their journey to stand up whatever the personal cost, denied a safe port after rescuing people through the Balkan peninsula, amid and worked to hold states accountable. at sea, and forced to wait for weeks reports that more than 30,000 people People took the streets in large numbers while Mediterranean states argued transited along this route after leaving to claim their rights and campaign for a amongst themselves about where to Greece and Bulgaria. Over 10,000 fairer and more just society. Their clear disembark them. The policy ended after remain stranded in squalid camps in call was for governments to face their a change of government in Italy, which Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, responsibilities not only at home but created the conditions for a temporary unable to continue their journeys due also in light of global challenges such agreement between France, Germany, to persistent and systemic collective as climate change. Their mobilization Italy and Malta. The agreement– a small, expulsions and violence by the Croatian around these issues was a ray of hope for tentative step forward –ensures minimum police. In October, despite overwhelming the future. coordination between the four countries evidence of human rights violations to disembark and relocate those rescued at the Croatian border, the European at sea. Commission recommended Croatia’s full MIGRATION integration into the Schengen Border Despite consistent condemnation by Area. In 2019, approximately 120,000 human rights organizations, the 2016 EU-Turkey Deal continued to shape asylum-seekers and migrants arrived in the migration policy of the EU in the Europe irregularly. Arrivals decreased on HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS Eastern Mediterranean. Reports of grave the central and western Mediterranean Individuals and civil society organizations human rights violations against asylum- routes and increased on the eastern continued to oppose these anti-migration seekers and refugees in Turkey did Mediterranean route. policies as human rights defenders, nothing to deter the continued use of providing concrete support and solidarity Turkey as a partner on migration. Ahead The belief prevailed that migration and to migrants and asylum-seekers. They of Turkey’s incursion into north-eastern border control could best be managed rescued people at sea and in the Syria in October, Amnesty International by “outsourcing” to countries with conducted dozens of interviews which mountains, providing transport, food and questionable human rights records. It suggested hundreds of Syrians were likely medicines to those in need all over the appeared equally acceptable for EU forcibly deported from Turkey between continent. countries to contain migrants and May and September, under the guise of asylum-seekers in abysmal conditions at “voluntary returns”. The response of many European states to the periphery of the EU or just outside its these acts of humanity was to criticize, borders. Meanwhile in Greece, mid-2019 saw intimidate, harass, fine and even the biggest increase in sea arrivals prosecute human rights defenders. In Human rights abuses against asylum- since 2016. This led to unprecedented Greece, Italy and France, governments seekers and migrants seeking to cross overcrowding in the camps on the Aegean often treated rescue activities as the central Mediterranean Sea reached islands. More than 38,000 people were smuggling and the actions of human new heights when renewed hostilities held in facilities with a capacity of rights defenders were considered as broke out in Libya in April. In addition little more than 6,000. Confronted with threats to national security, prompting to torture and arbitrary detention, they the ever-growing protection needs for the adoption of supposedly urgent, more also faced shelling and direct attacks asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants restrictive laws. by the warring factions, resulting in the in- country, in November Greece’s newly deaths of dozens of migrants and asylum- installed government rushed to introduce The lack of clarity in relevant EU seekers. Despite the deteriorating new legislation featuring accelerated legislation left ample room for states to security situation, and continuing asylum procedures, increased detention make draconian interpretations of this evidence pointing at systematic human and returns to Turkey. These followed legislation at domestic level, resulting in rights violations in Libya’s detention trends in Austria, Finland, and Germany a chilling effect on the work of human centres, European countries continued to which have restricted the rights of rights defenders. Many individuals and cooperate with Libya to contain migrants asylum-seekers and placed greater focus NGOs became increasingly reluctant to and asylum-seekers there. In November, on detention and deportations. initiate solidarity actions. the Italian government extended its agreement with Libya on migration