Apache Tomcat 6
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Professional Apache Tomcat 6 Vivek Chopra Sing Li Jeff Genender Wiley Publishing, Inc. ffirs.indd iii 7/11/07 6:54:43 PM ffirs.indd ii 7/11/07 6:54:43 PM Professional Apache Tomcat 6 Introduction xxiii Chapter 1: Apache Tomcat 1 Chapter 2: Web Applications: Servlets, JSPs, and More 13 Chapter 3: Tomcat Installation 29 Chapter 4: Tomcat Architecture 51 Chapter 5: Basic Tomcat Configuration 69 Chapter 6: Advanced Tomcat Features 103 Chapter 7: Web Application Configuration 135 Chapter 8: Web Application Administration 173 Chapter 9: Class Loaders 205 Chapter 10: HTTP Connectors 221 Chapter 11: Tomcat and Apache HTTP Server 243 Chapter 12: Tomcat and IIS 285 Chapter 13: JDBC Connectivity 309 Chapter 14: Tomcat Security 335 Chapter 15: Shared Tomcat Hosting 387 Chapter 16: Monitoring and Managing Tomcat with JMX 419 Chapter 17: Clustering 455 Chapter 18: Embedded Tomcat 493 Chapter 19: Logging 505 Chapter 20: Performance Testing 533 Chapter 21: Performance Tuning 561 Appendix A: Tomcat and IDEs 585 Appendix B: Apache Ant 597 Index 621 ffirs.indd i 7/11/07 6:54:42 PM ffirs.indd ii 7/11/07 6:54:43 PM Professional Apache Tomcat 6 Vivek Chopra Sing Li Jeff Genender Wiley Publishing, Inc. ffirs.indd iii 7/11/07 6:54:43 PM Professional Apache Tomcat 6 Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-471-75361-2 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chopra, Vivek. Professional Apache Tomcat 6 / Vivek Chopra, Sing Li, and Jeff Genender. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-471-75361-2 (paper/website) 1. Apache Tomcat. 2. Web servers. 3. Web site development. 4. Internet programming. I. Li, Sing. II. Genender, Jeff M. III. Title. TK5105.8885.A63C47 2007 005.7'1376—dc22 2007020134 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. 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Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Wrox Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. ffirs.indd iv 7/11/07 6:54:44 PM To Rebecca and Rohan, thanks for all your patience and support. —Vivek To my guiding light and spiritual support for the last two decades, Kim. —Sing To my wonderful wife, Nazarena, and my children, Madisyn, Weston, and Coleton. I could not have done this without you. —Jeff ffirs.indd v 7/11/07 6:54:45 PM ffirs.indd vi 7/11/07 6:54:45 PM About the Authors Vivek Chopra has more than 13 years of experience as a software architect, developer, and team lead and has worked in a number of Silicon Valley companies and startups. He writes actively on technology and is the author of more than half a dozen books on Java, open source software, XML, and Web services. Vivek has pending patents on Web service technologies, and has been a Java Community Process (JCP) member for the past three years. He also serves on the expert group for JSR 280 (XML API for Java ME). Sing Li (who was bitten by the microcomputer bug in the late 1970s) has grown up with the Micropro- cessor Age. His first personal computer was a $99 do-it-yourself Netronics COSMIC ELF with 256 bytes of memory, mail-ordered from the back pages of Popular Electronics magazine. A 20-year industry vet- eran, Sing is a system developer, open source software contributor, and freelance writer specializing in Java technology, and embedded and distributed systems architecture. He regularly writes for several popular technical journals and e-zines, and is the creator of the “Internet Global Phone,” one of the very first Internet phones available. He has authored and co-authored a number of books across diverse tech- nical disciplines including Geronimo, Tomcat, JSP, servlets, XML, Jini, media streaming, device drivers, and JXTA. Jeff Genender has over 18 years of software architecture, team lead, and development experience in multiple industries. Jeff is an active committer and Project Management Committee (PMC) member for Apache Geronimo, and a committer on OpenTerracotta, OpenEJB, ServiceMix, and Mojo (Maven plug- ins). Jeff also serves as a member of the Java Community Process (JCP) expert group for JSR-313 (Java Platform, Enterprise Edition 6 [Java EE 6] Specification) as a representative of the Apache Software Foundation. Jeff is an open source evangelist and has successfully brought open source development efforts, initiatives, and success stories into a number of Global 2000 companies, saving these organiza- tions millions in licensing costs. ffirs.indd vii 7/11/07 6:54:45 PM ffirs.indd viii 7/11/07 6:54:45 PM Credits Executive Editor Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Bob Elliott Richard Swadley Development Editor Vice President and Executive Publisher Sydney Jones Joseph B. Wikert Technical Editors Project Coordinator, Cover Rupert Jones Adrienne Martinez Anne Horton Proofreader Copy Editor Kathryn Duggan Nancy Rapoport Indexer Editorial Manager Johnna VanHoose Dinse Mary Beth Wakefield Anniversary Logo Design Production Manager Richard Pacifico Tim Tate ffirs.indd ix 7/11/07 6:54:45 PM ffirs.indd x 7/11/07 6:54:46 PM Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter 1: Apache Tomcat 1 Humble Beginnings: The Apache Project 2 The Apache Software Foundation 3 Tomcat 3 Distributing Tomcat: The Apache License 4 Comparison with Other Licenses 5 The Big Picture: Java EE 6 Java APIs 6 The Java EE APIs 7 Java EE Application Servers 8 “Agree on Standards, Compete on Implementation” 8 Tomcat and Application Servers 9 Tomcat and Web Servers 9 Summary 10 Chapter 2: Web Applications: Servlets, JSPs, and More 13 A Brief History of Web Applications 13 CGI Scripts: The First Mechanism for Dynamic Content 13 Server Side Java: Servlets 14 JavaServer Pages 19 JSP Tag Libraries 22 JSP EL 23 MVC Architecture 24 Using Appropriate Web Technologies 25 Building and Distributing Web Applications 26 Summary 27 Chapter 3: Tomcat Installation 29 Installing the Java Virtual Machine 29 Installing the JVM on Windows 30 Installing the JVM on Linux 32 ftoc.indd xi 7/11/07 1:48:47 PM Contents Installing Tomcat 34 Deciding Which Distribution to Install 34 Verifying the Downloaded File 35 Tomcat Windows Installer 36 Installing Tomcat on Windows Using the ZIP File 41 Installing Tomcat on Linux 42 Building Tomcat from Source 44 Do You Need to Build Tomcat from the Source Code? 44 Downloading the Source Release 44 Subversion Repository 45 Building a Source Release 45 The Tomcat Installation Directory 46 Installing APR 47 Troubleshooting and Tips 48 Class Version Error 49 The Port Number Is in Use 49 Running Multiple Instances 49 A Proxy Is Blocking Access 49 Summary 50 Chapter 4: Tomcat Architecture 51 Tomcat Directory Overview 51 bin Directory 52 conf Directory 52 lib Directory 53 logs Directory 53 temp Directory 53 webapps Directory 53 work Directory 54 An Overview of Tomcat Architecture 54 The Server 55 The Service 56 The Remaining