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Circulation of Oyster· Harbour

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Circulation of Oyster· Harbour Circulation of Oyster· Harbour Nick D' Adamo Contents Page Acknowledgements Summary iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Site 3 2.1 Site location, topography and bathymetry 3 2.2 Hydrology 6 2.3 Rainfall 6 2.4 Water level 6 2.5 Winds 9 3. Data 13 3.1 Seasonal stratification data 13 3.2 High resolution summer stratification data 13 3.3 Meteorology and hydrology 16 3 .4 Water level 16 3.5 Currents 16 3.6 Water quality, algal and seagrass studies 18 4. Winter dynamics 18 4.1 Streamflow 18 4.2 Stratification during floods 20 4.3 Surface buoyant jets 20 4.4 Propagation of surface buoyant flocxl flows through Oyster Harbour 23 4.5 Mixing of surface buoyant flood flows in Oyster Harbour 26 4. 5 .1 Interfacial shear 26 4.5.2 Tidal mixing 26 4. 5. 3 Differential heating and cooling 27 4.5 .4 Evaporation and penetrative convection 28 4.5 .5 Wind mixing 28 4.6 Nutrient flux through Oyster Harbour during flood flows 33 5. Summer dynamics 34 5.1 Mean structure during spring tides and mild winds 34 5.2 Tidal inflows and outflows 48 5.2.1 Salt-wedge propagation 48 5.2.2 Influence of the earth's rotation 58 5.2.3 Interaction of tidal flows and wind drift 59 5.2.4 Entrance and jet dynamics 62 5.3 Wind mixing and transport 66 Contents (cont'd) Page 5.3.1 Classification scheme for wind mixing 66 5.3.2 Low wind conditions 68 5.3.3 Strong wind conditions 75 5. 3. 4 Relaxation of the density structure after wind mixing 79 5. 4 Differential heating and cooling 85 5.5 Evaporation 88 5.6 Flushing characteristics 88 6. Conclusions 90 6.1 Winter 90 6.2 Summer 90 6.3 Water quality 91 7. References 9 2 Figures 1.1 Albany's harbours and adjacent areas 2 2.1 Bathymetry of Oyster Harbour 4 2.2 Decrease in seagrass biomass in Oyster Harbour from 1981 to 1988 5 2.3 Drainage catchment boundaries for Oyster Harbour and Princess Royal Harbour 7 2.4 Discharge rates of the Kalgan River. Data period: 1976-1988 8 2.5 Mean monthly rainfall at Albany calculated from data from 1877-1988 8 2. 6 Daily rainfall at Centennial Oval, Albany for 1988 9 2.7 Spectral energy plot for tide date at Albany; Year- 1987 10 2.8 Water level at Albany for February 1989 11 2.9 Time series of wind speed at Albany for the summer period: 12.87 to 29.2.88 12 2.10 Time series of wind speed at Albany for the winter period: 1.6 to 31.8.88 12 2.11 Wind roses from spot readings of wind speed at 0900 and 1500 for January and July over a 19 year period 14 3.1 CTD, ST and Green Island weather station locations 15 3.2 Location of current meter stations in King George Sound 17 4. 1 Albany daily rainfall, Kalgan River daily flow and Kalgan River average total P concentration for the period 1.5 to 28.10.88 19 4.2 North-south and east-west contour plots of salinity structure in Oyster Harbour on 29 June, 1989 during a flood event 21 4.3 North-south and east-west contour plots of salinity structure in Oyster Harbour on 20 July, 1989 during a flood event 22 4.4 Theoretically predicted propagation of buoyant flood discharge flows through Oyster Harbour as a function of time for different river flow rates 25 4.5 Theoretically predicted thickness of buoyant flood discharge flows through Oyster Harbour as a function of distance from the source (northern end of the harbour) for different net river flow rates 25 Contents (cont'd) Page 4.6a Theoretically predicted family of upper mixed layer deepening curves for a · typical winter stratification in Oyster Harbour subjected to winds blowing approx north or south during a flood discharge event 31 4. 6b Theoretically predicted family of upper mixed layer deepening curves for a typical winter stratification in Oyster Harbour subjected to winds blowing approx east or west during a flood discharge event 32 4. 7 Daily rainfall and 3-hourly wind time series for Albany from 1 May to 9 July 1988 33 5.1 CID data stations and transect paths T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 35 5. 2 Description of a typical vertical contour diagram, as used to represent density, salinity or temperature stratification throughout this report 36 5.3 Density, salinity and temperature contour plots for transects T1 and T4, 1252-1504, 16 February, 1990 38 5.4 Kalgan River and Chelgiup Creek flows 39 5.5 Meteorological data. Green Island, Oyster Harbour, 12-17 February, 1989 41 5.6 Density, salinity and temperature contour plots for transect T1, 2335, 14 February- 0145 15 February, 1989 42 5. 7 Salinity, temperature, density contour plots for transect T1, 0612-0803 15 February, 1989 44 5.8 Salinity, temperature, density contour plots for transect T1, 1204-1246 15 February, 1989 46 5.9 Salinity, temperature, density contour plots for transect T1, 2113-2218 15 February, 1989 47 5.10 Drogue tracks from drogues released in Oyster Harbour during spring flood tide between 0800 and 1500 14 February 1989 50 5 .11 Drogue tracks from drogues released in Oyster Harbour during spring flood tide between 2200 16 February and 0500 17 February 1989 51 5.12 (a.b,c,d,e,f) Density contour plots for transect Tl. Data period: 0950 13 February- 1454 15 February, 1989 55 5.12 (g,h,ij,k,l) Density contour plots for transect T1. Data period: 1816 15 February- 2242 16 February, 1989 56 5.12 (m,n,o,p) Density contour plots for transect Tl. Data period: 2307 16 February- 1533 17 February, 1989 57 5.13 Density, salinity and temperature contours for transects T3 and T4, Data period: 0955-1033, 16 February, 1989 60 5.14 Drogue tracks from drogues released in Oyster Harbour during spring flood tide between 0800 and 1500 15 February 1989 61 5 .15 (a), (b) Drogue tracks from drogues released in Oyster Harbour entrance channel and King George Sound during a spring ebb and subsequent flood tidal period between 2000 15 February and 0500 16 February, 1989 63 5.16 Drogue tracks from drogues released in King George Sound during a spring flood tide between 0600 and 1200 17 February, 1989 65 5 .1 7 Predictions of the rate of increase of upper mixed layer depth for a range of wind speeds in Oyster Harbour during typical summer vertical stratification conditions 67 5.18 Density contour plots for time series of CTD drops at stations 10, 15 and 20 during 13 to 17 February, 1989 69 Contents (cont'd) Page 5.19 Density contom plots for the upper 4m along transects T3 and T4 and for the full depth along transect Tl. Data period 1409-163115 February, 1989 70 5.20 Temperature contom for a time series of CID drops at station 10, during 1222 13 February to 1604 17 February, 1989 71 5.21 Density, salinity and temperature contour plots for transect T1 Data period: 1252-135116 February, 1989 73 5.22 (a,b,c) Density contom plots (a) Transect T1 0518- 0603 17 February 1989; (b) Transect T5 0755-0650 17 February, 1989; (c) Transect T1 0954- 1103 (Upper 2m) 17 February, 1989 74 5.23 Density contour plot for transect T4. Data period: 1224- 1254 17 February, 1989 76 5.24 Density contour plot for transect T4. Data period: 1617- 1632 17 February, 1989 77 5.25 Density contom plot for transect Tl. (a) 0954- 1103 17 February, 1989 (b) 1452- 1533 17 February, 1989 78 5.26 Density contour plot for transect T4. Data period: 1044-1127 13 February, 1989 80 5.27 Density, salinity and temperature contom plot for transect T3. Data period: 1208. 1235 13 February, 1989 81 ~ Density, salinity and temperature contom plot for transect T1. Data period: 0950- 1317 13 February, 1989 82 5.29 ~.salinity and temperature contom plot for transect Tl. Data period: 1456.;:1740 16 Februat)'. 1989 . 83 ' '> -: ?~?,;c:~;: ~';'i~ :::·t };{~7t:~~1f;i\ ' . ' ' 5.30 Density, Salinity and temperature contom plot for transect Tl. Data period: 2130- 2242 16 February, 1989 84 5.31 Density, salinity and temperature contom plot for transect Tl. Data period: 2307 16 February- 0047 17 February, 1989 86 5.32 Temperature contom plots for transect T4 (a) Data period: 0707 - 0721 17 February 1989; (b) Data period: 1224- 1254 17 February 1989 87 Tables 3.1 Details of the deployment of current meters in King George Sound from November, 1986 to 9 March, 1987 18 4.1 Spreading relations for plane surface density currents from a continuous discharge through a long rectangular channel 24 5.1 Tidal propagation of the salt-wedge in Oyster Harbour in summer during spring tides 52 5.2 Total rainfall for 24 hom periods from 0900 to 0900 hours of successive days, and average instantaneous discharge rates for the 24 hour periods 0000 to 2400 hours for combined flow from the Kalgan and Chelgiup catchments 72 Plate 4.1 Buoyant jet from Oyster Harbour, 25 July 1988 at approximately 1500 hours. n The view is looking approximately east out over King George Sound from King Point. Note the multiple slick lines. Acknowledgements Dr Des Mills of the Marine Impacts Branch of the Environmental Protection Authority coordinated the current meter and drogue tracking exercises, and provided managerial support for the study.
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