THE DONNELLY RIVER CATCHMENT: AN INTRODUCTION fishes inhabiting the Donnelly IMPORTANT REFUGE FOR ALL OF SOUTH-WESTERN River and the adjacent lakes were The freshwater fish assemblage AUSTRALIA'S ENDEMIC FRESHWATER FISHES AND documented by Morgan et al. THE POUCHED LAMPREY (GEOTRIA AUSTRALIS) of the south-west of Western (1998), and include data from the Australia (otherwise known as collections in the Western the Southwest Coast Drainage Australian Museum and from Division) has the highest those made by Christensen (1982) By DAVID L. MORGAN proportion (80%) of endemic and from Jaensch (1992) in Lakes Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, South St fishes in the country (Morgan et Jasper, Wilson and Smith. Murdoch, W A 6150. email: [email protected] al. 1998). Of the 10 native fresh­ Hodgkin and Clarke (1989) water fishes that are naturally and STEPHEN]. BEATTY provided a list of the fish species found within the south-west, found within the Donnelly Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, South St eight are found nowhere else. Murdoch, W A 6150. email: [email protected] River Estuary and also included The catchment of the Donnelly information on the catchment River is comparatively small, characteristics and physical covering an area of approxi­ features. Hoddell (2003) ex­ 2 ABSTRACT mately 1600 km , with the head­ amined the phylogeny (i.e. waters arising -60 km inland evolutionary relationships) of The fish fauna of the Donnelly River is described from historical published and unpublished data and from before flowing south-west where the Western Hardyhead captures during 2006. The Donnelly River catchment is one it discharges into the Southern (Leptatherina wallacei) and the of only two river systems that contain all of south-western Ocean (Hodgkin and Clarke 1989, Swan River Goby (Pseudogobius Australia's eight endemic freshwater fish species. The high Figure 1). Situated in the high alarum) in the lower estuary and diversity of fishes in the Donnelly River catchment, rainfall belt in the south-western Lake jasper and compared these including Lake jasper, Lake Wilson and Lake Smith, is likely corner of Western Australia, the to populations elsewhere in to be due to the heterogeneity of aquatic habitats in the catchment is largely uncleared south-western Australia. system. For example, species such as the Salamanderfish and (80-90%) (Hodgkin and Clarke Since the mid 1970s, a great deal Black-stripe Minnow are restricted to ephemeral pools and 1989, Pen 1999). Although there floodplain environments on Scott Rd and around Lake of research has been conducted Smith. Lake Smith is also the only known location within are -20 river systems that are into biological aspects of the the catchment of the rare Balston's Pygmy Perch and, larger than the Donnelly River Pouched Lamprey (Geotria together with Lake Wilson, is the only known habitat in in south-western Australia, it is australis) with much of the work the catchment of the large Freshwater Cobbler. The sixth in terms of mean annual (almost 100 scientific publi­ Western Minnow, Western Pygmy Perch and Nightfish were discharge (310000 ML). Within cations) involving lampreys from relatively common and widespread through the catchment; the Donnelly River catchment the Donnelly River; sites of cap­ occurring in most habitat types. The rare Western Mud are the near pristine wetlands of ture of adults and ammocoetes Minnow is restricted to headwater streams and is very Lake Jasper, Lake Wilson and (larvae) being presented in uncommon in the system, in part possibly due to predation Lake Smith. Parts of the lower Morgan et al. (1998). The Donnelly by exotic species. It is also one of the few systems that Donnelly River, Barlee Brook provide extensive habitats for the adult and larval stages of River is also regularly stocked the Pouched Lamprey. Three introduced fishes are known and much of Lake Jasper are of with Rainbow Trout from the Donnelly River, the Eastern Mosquitofish, Redfin important cultural and archaeo­ (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by the Perch and Rainbow Trout, the latter being the most logical significance and many of Department of Fisheries Western widespread; presumably as a consequence of the long term these sites are Registered Australia and limited infor­ stocking of the species into the catchment. Despite the Aboriginal Heritage Sites (Dortch mation on their diets are presence of these introduced species, the Donnelly River and Godfrey 1990, Goode 2003, presented in Morgan et al. (2004). should be considered of high conservation importance due Goode and Irvine 2006). to its south-western endemic fish populations. By collating relevant infor­ The distributions of fresh water mation in the above studies and

Ii2 113 through additional sampling for Donnelly River. Utilising GPS co­ Sampling that was undertaken Pygmy Perch (Edelia vittata), fishes in the lower Donnelly ordinates and species occurrences during June 2006 included four Balston's Pygmy Perch River, this study aims to provide in Christensen (1982) (11 sites), sites within the estuary (tidal (Nannatherina balstoni) and the an overview of the fishes in the Jaensch (1992) (three sites), Morgan influence) and one site on Carey Nightfish (Bostockia porosa). Donnelly River and thus deter­ et al. (1998) (24 sites) and Hoddell Brook (Figure 1). Sampling The Salamanderfish is seldom mine its conservation signifi­ (2003) (three sites), with additional methods included monofilament found in the main channel, or cance in terms of the highly sampling of five sites during June gill nets, fine mesh (3 mm) seine even a major tributary, of any endemic fish fauna of the region. 2006, we generated a series of nets, and both boat deployed river system and the Donnelly is species maps using Maplnfo (240v) and backpack (12v) no exception. Within the METHODOLOGY (Mapinfo Corporation 1998) (see electrofisher. At the time of Donnelly catchment the Sala­ Figure 1). Information regarding sampling the river mouth was manderfish has been captured FISH DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE species in the estuary was collated open and the river was tidally DONNELLY RIVER from: the swamps surrounding from Hodgkin and Clarke (1989), influenced to at least Boat Lake Smith, in pools along Scott A number of studies provide Hoddell (2003), Brearley (2005) and Landing Road. Rd and on a large flat on information regarding specific from samples obtained during Pneumonia Rd (Figure 2). Within aspects of the fishes of the June 2006 (this study). RESULTS the Donnelly catchment, the Freshwater Cobbler is only In the following synopsis of the known from Lake Smith and fish fauna of the Donnelly River, Lake Wilson (Figure 3) (Jaensch we have grouped species into a 1992, Morgan et al. 1998). The number of conventionally used Western Minnow is widespread life history categories, i.e. species throughout the Donnelly River have been grouped if they are and is also very abundant in strictly freshwater, estuarine or Lakes Jasper, Wilson and Smith whether they are introduced (Figure 4). However, the Western fishes. A further category has Mud Minnow and Black-stripe been included to account for the Minnow were far more restricted; 1111 Thosstudy BARLEE BROOK anadromous Pouched Lamprey, the former being recorded at which belongs to a primitive • Morgan, Gdl & Potter (1 998) only three localities by group of fishes known as the Christensen (1982) (Figure 5), and A Hoddell (2003) 0 0 h DONNELLY RIVER Agnatha. the latter in a number of pools/ + Jaensch (1992) floodwaters along Scott Road "if Hodgkin & Clarke (1989) NATIVE FRESHWATER FISHES (Figure 6). The Western Pygmy 0 Chnstensen (1982) The endemic freshwater fishes Perch is widespread and relative­ that are currently known to ly common in a number of habi­ occur in the Donnelly River tats throughout the Donnelly LAKE JASPER~ catchment include the River catchment (Figure 7). It is Salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias particularly abundant in Lake salamandroides}, the Freshwater Smith and Lake Wilson. Balston's SOUTHERN OCEAN Cobbler (Tandanus bostocki), the Pygmy Perch is extremely rare, Western Minnow (Galaxias and within the Donnelly River occidental!s), the Black-stripe catchment is only known from Minnow (Galaxiella nigrostriata), Lake Smith, with one individual Figure 1. Sites sampled for fish in June 2006 and during relevant past studies; each of which was used to provide species distributions throughout the the Western Mud Minnow found in Fly Brook (Figure 8) catchment. (Galaxiella munda), the Western (Morgan et al. 1998). The

114 115 WESTERN AUSTRALIA

e Morgan, Gill & Potter (1998) BARLEE BROOK BARLEE BROOK 8 Morgan Gill & Potter (1998) • Jaensch (1992)

0 Chrislensen(19B2)

( CAREY BROOK

LAKE JASPER~ LAKE JASPER~

SOUTHERN OCEAN

SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figure 4. Capture sites of the Western Minnow within the Donnelly River Figure 2. Capture sites of the Salamanderfish within the Donnelly River catchment. catchment.

WESTERN AUSTRAUA WESTERN AUSTRAUA

BARLEE BROOK

BARLEE BROOK

+ Jaensch {1992)

( CAREY BROOK

LAKE JASPER~

LAKE JASPER~

SOUTHERN OCEAN

SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figure 5. Capture sites of the Western Mud Minnow within the Donnelly River Figure 3. Capture sites of Freshwater Cobbler within the Donnelly River catchment. catchment. 117 116 WESTERN WESTERN AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA 1

BARLEE BROOK BARLEE BROOK

II_ DONNELLY RIVER ( ( CAREY BROOK CAREY BROOK

LAKE JASPER~ LAKE JASPER~

SOUTHERN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figure 6. Capture sites of the Black-stripe Minnow within the Donnelly River Figure 8. Capture sites of the Balston's Pygmy Perch within the Donnelly River catchment. catchment.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA WESTERN AUSmAUA

IJ This study 8 Morgan Gill & Potter (1998) BARLEE BROOK e Morgan, GUI & Pottar(199B) + Jaensch (1992) Jaansch (1992) + D 0 Christensen {1982) D Christensen (1982)

LAKE JASPER~ LAKE JASPER~

SOUTHERN OCEAN

SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figure 7. Capture sites of the Western Pygmy Perch within the Donnelly River catchment. Figure 9. Capture sites of the Nightfish within the Donnelly River catchment.

118 119 Nightfish is found throughout head), South West Goby and Blue the catchment including in the Spot or Swan River Goby. WESTERN AUSTRAUA Lakes Jasper, Wilson and Smith Brearley (2005) adds that other (Figure 9). species, including Tarwhine, Cobbler (presumably Cnidoglanis Pouched Lamprey macrocephalus), Australian 1!1 This study Pouched Lamprey ammocoetes Herring and flathead sp. are also e Morgan Glll&Potter(1998) (i.e., larvae (see discussion for life­ caught by recreational anglers in cycle)) were found at a number the river. of sites within the Donnelly River (Figure 10). Furthermore, 92 Introduced Fishes downstream migrant staged The Donnelly River catchment Pouched Lampreys were recorded has records of Eastern Mosquito­ at Carey Brook during this study. fish (Gambusia holbrooki) and Redfin Perch (Perea fluviatilis) SOUTHERN OCEAN Estuarine Fishes from a few locations (see Morgan Our sampling in June 2006 in the et al. 1998) while Rainbow Trout estuary captured a number of (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are fairly Figure 10. Capture sites of the Pouched Lamprey within the Donnelly River estuarine species including Black prolific within the catchment catchment. The site at the mouth and the upper river represents adults caught Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri), (Figure 11). by colleagues at Murdoch University. Most other sites indicate ammocoete Tarwhine (Rhabdosargus sarba), (larval) beds. Australian Herring (Arripis DISCUSSION georgianus), Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Yelloweye Mullet NATIVE FRESHWATER FISHES (Aldrichetta forsteri), Western The Donnelly River catchment Hardyhead (Leptatherina wallacei), (including Lakes Jasper, Wilson WESTERN AUSTRAUA Swan River Goby (Pseudogobius and Smith) was found to house alarum) and South West Goby all eight endemic freshwater (Afurcagobius suppositus). During fishes of the South-western recent sampling we also captured Australian Drainage Division. A 8 Morgan Gill & Potter (1998) BARLEE BROOK the South West Go by in Carey number are known to be rare or V Hodgkin & Clarke (1989) Brook and the Swan River Goby restricted. The Salamanderfish was previously captured a has a very restricted distribution, considerable distance up the occurring in pools from Augusta ( main channel of the Donnelly to just east of Walpole (Morgan et CAREY BROOK River (see Morgan et al. 1998). al. 1998). The species is charac­ Hodgkin and Clarke (1989) report teristically found in tannin LAKE JASPER~ a number of marine/ estuarine stained, acidic, ephemeral pools fishes from the Donnelly River in heath land associated with the estuary including: Black Bream, peat flats (Christensen 1982, SOUTHERN OCEAN Yelloweye Mullet, Sea Mullet, Morgan et al. 1998). The Black­ Silverfish (A therinosoma stripe Minnow is very restricted presbyteroides), Hardyhead (listed in geographical distribution and Figure 11. Capture sites of Rainbow Trout within the Donnelly River catchment. as Atherinid sp. but is also in the habitat types that it presumably the Western Hardy- occupies. Along with the 120 121 Salamanderfish, it is generally south-east. It is are found in Similarly, within the Donnelly river during winter. It is thought restricted to ephemeral pools larger rivers, small streams, lakes catchment, they were all that there is a one to two year along the south coast between and floodwaters and have a diet abundant within the freshwaters marine trophic phase, where it Augusta and Walpole although that consists largely of terrestrial of Lake Jasper (Morgan et al.1998). presumably feeds on fish and disjunct populations have been insects. The Lake Jasper popu­ their length increases to approximately 500-700 mm TL. recorded (Morgan et al. 1998, lation is infected with an POUCHED LAMPREY The adult then ceases feeding, re­ Morgan and Gill 2000). The introduced cestode (tapeworm}, The Pouched Lamprey belongs to Western Mud Minnow is one if Ligula intestinalis. The Western the Petromyzontiformes, which enters rivers and embarks on an the rarest of the south-west's Pygmy Perch is also widespread are one of the only two upstream migration (moving endemic fishes having a throughout south-western Aus­ surviving groups of the jawless predominantly at night) during winter and spring. After spend­ fragmented distribution. For tralia, from the Arrowsmith (agnathan) stage in vertebrate River in the north to the Angove evolution (Hardisty 1982). The ing approximately 15-16 months example, an isolated population in the river, when they survive of the species is found in the River in the south-east. The absence of jaws and paired fins Nightfish is also comparatively separates the agnathans from the off accumulated fat reserves, the Moore River catchment near adults spawn and die. During Gingin, the next nearest popu­ widespread throughout south­ cartilaginous (sharks and rays) this 15-16 month period in the lation being in the upper head­ western Australia from the Hill and bony (teleosts) fishes. While River to the Kalgan River. As there are 38 species of extant river the adults mature and the waters of Margaret River (Morgan males develop a large gular et al. 1998). Specimens of the with the Western Minnow, these lampreys, the Pouched Lamprey latter two species are found in a is the sole member of the pouch (hence the name pouched Balston's Pygmy Perch from lamprey). An enlargement of the Moore River are housed in the wide range of freshwater habitats Geotriidae and one of only four throughout their range (Morgan species of Southern Hemisphere oral disc also occurs during this Western Australian Museum and maturation period. Pen (1999) reports one individual et al.1998). lampreys (Potter 1980). The from the Collie River. Its range species is known from south­ The strength of the upstream has been severely fragmented by ESTUARINE FISHES IN THE western and south-eastern migration of Pouched Lamprey habitat change and they are now DONNELLY RIVER Australia, Tasmania, New is variable from year to year, and found from the upper reaches of Zealand and south-western and due to their nocturnal At the time of sampling the south-eastern South America migration being in winter they Margaret River east to the mouth of the river was open and Angove River. (Potter 1996) and in W A it is are seldom seen. The sites where the salinity of the bottom (at found in most of the river ammocoete Pouched Lamprey More common endemic fresh­ Hut 20) was 21.1 ppt while the systems from the Murray River are found are generally water fishes were also recorded in surface salinity was 1.0 ppt. This south to approximately the characterised by a high degree of the Donnelly River catchment. salt-wedge was recorded as far Waychinnicup River east of shade and a high abundance of The Freshwater Cobbler has a upstream as the Boat Landing Rd Albany (Morgan et al.1998). organic material on the relatively sporadic and unusual boat ramp with bottom-water substrate; factors that are distribution within south­ salinity being -18 ppt with The life-cycle is complex, with known to influence larval western Australia and is charac­ freshwater lying above. While the worm-like larval stage densities (Potter et al. 1986). the majority of the estuarine (ammocoete) living in 'burrows' teristically found in large However, the metamorphosed species recorded in the current below the substrate where they waterbodies such as the main juveniles (downstream migrants) channel of rivers and/ or dams. study were not found beyond feed on diatoms, detritus and are most often associated with The Western Minnow is the most the lower estuary or limit of tidal micro-organisms. In south­ widespread and abundant of influence, the Western Hardy­ western Australia at approxi­ (buried in) sandy substrates that south-western Australia's en­ head, Swan River Goby and mately four years of age (and at occur in well-oxygenated demic freshwater fishes and is South West Go by are known to approximately 90 mm TL) the waters. The larvae are therefore known from the Arrowsmith penetrate upstream into fresh­ ammocoete undergoes meta­ particularly vulnerable to River in the north to the waters in many of the south­ morphosis with the resultant habitat modification as they rely Waychinnicup River in the west's rivers (Morgan et al. 1998). downstream migrant leaving the on well oxygenated non-saline

122 123 waters that are characterised by of the river by Hodgkin and ground for the Pouched salamandroides and other small shade and organic matter. Clarke (1989). Lamprey adds to its conservation fresh-water fishes in the lower There is substantial evidence The impact of stocking a large importance. The development of south-west of Western Australia. that lampreys are declining in predatory fish such as Rainbow future management plans for Journal of the Royal Society of numbers; particularly as a result Trout within the Donnelly River the catchment should take into Western Australia 65: 131-141. of loss of suitable habitat for the has not been assessed. An consideration the importance of DORTCH, C. E. and GODFREY, I. larvae, and this is evident within examination of the stomachs of this fish assemblage and M. 1990. Aboriginal sites in a south-western Australian rivers 20 small Rainbow Trout (<310 incorporate them into any submerged landscape at Lake such as the Blackwood where mm TL, mean TL = 152 mm) in ecological monitoring programs. Jasper, southwestern Australia. salinisation and land clearing are Carey Brook captured in May The protection and enhance­ Australian Archaeology 31:28-33. ment of instream and riparian causing loss of larval beds. 1996 revealed that they preyed GILL, H. S., HAMBLETON, S. J, and on a variety of fauna, but the habitat and water quality (particularly salinity levels) will MORGAN, D. L. 1999. Is Gambusia stomachs were dominated by holbrooki a major threat to the INTRODUCED FISHES terrestrial fauna (insects) (35% by ensure the ongoing sustain­ ability of these populations. native freshwater fishes of south­ Prior to 2005 a total of 10 species volume), freshwater crayfish western Australia? In Seret, B. and of introduced freshwater fish (13%), dipteran larvae (11%), Sire, J.- Y., (eds). Proceedings 5th dipteran pupae (12%) and fish/ was recorded from Western ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Australia (Morgan et al. 2004), larval lampreys (4%). The (Noumea, 3-8 November1997). pp. with a further two introduced proportion of different prey We would like to thank Jenni 79-87. Paris: Societe Francaise fish species being captured in eaten will no doubt change Munro (Southern Forests d'Ichtyologie and Institut de south-western Australia in the when considering larger trout Landcare) and Cassandra Jury Recherche pour le Development. (see Tay 2005). The impact of (Cape to Cape Catchments last two years. Approximately GILL, H. S., RENAUD, C. B., trout stocking in this system Group) for initiating the study 500,000 Rainbow Trout fry were CHAPLEAU, F., MAYDEN, R. L. needs to be assessed in both the and coordinating sample sites. stocked by the Department of and POTTER, I. C. 2003. Phylogeny Fisheries Western Australia into freshwaters and the estuary. The We would also like to thank the impacts of the other feral species South West Catchments Council of parasitic living lampreys the Donnelly River between 1999 (Petromyzontiformes) based on and 2004, and this figure that are found in the system are for funding the project. Thank summarised in Morgan et al. you to Professor Ian Potter and morphological data. Copeia 2003: includes approximately 70,000 687-703. fry into both Carey Brook and (2004), while information on Dr Howard Gill (Murdoch Barlee Brook. This represents Redfin Perch and Eastern University) for providing further GOODE, B. 2003. Southwest about 20% of all of the Rainbow Mosquitofish in W.A. can also be information relating to lampreys. Yarragadee Blackwood groundwater Trout fry stocked into Western found in Morgan et al. (2002) and We would also like to thank area Aboriginal cultural values study. Australian waters. A further Gill et al. (1999), respectively. John Evans for providing Report to Department of En­ 20,500 yearling Rainbow Trout accommodation while at the vironment, Bunbury, Western were also stocked during this Donnelly River mouth. Australia. period, representing -13% of all CONCLUSION GOODE, B. and IRVINE, C. 2006. yearling Rainbow Trout stocked. The Donnelly River is one of the A survey of Aboriginal water Although they are stocked into few systems in south-western REFERENCES requirements for the Southern the freshwaters of the main Australia that continues to BREARLEY, A. 2005. Ernest Blackwood Plateau and the Scott channel and main tributaries of provide refuge for eight of the Hodgkin's swanland. Estuaries and Coastal Plain southwest, Western the system, Rainbow Trout are south-west's endemic fishes. As coastal lagoons of south-western Australia. A report prepared for apparently commonly captured such, it should be considered Australia. University of W A Press, the Department of Environment. at the mouth of the river system important to the State's overall Perth, Western Australia. HARDISTY, M. W. 1982. Lampreys at certain times of the year and biodiversity. The fact that it also CHRISTENSEN, P. 1982. The and hagfishes: analysis of were reported from the mouth provides a major breeding distribution of Lepidogalaxias cyclostome relationships. Pp. 165-

124 125 259. In The Biology of Lampreys, vol. MORGAN, D. L., GILL, H. S. and 1986. The influence of T AY, Y. M. 2005. The diet of wild and 4B. Hardisty, M.W. and l.C. Potter POTTER, I. C. 2000. Age environmental variables on the cultured rainbow trout, (eds.}, Academic Press Inc. composition, growth and density of larval lampreys in Oncorhynchus mykiss in Western (London} Ltd. reproductive biology of the different seasons. Oecologia 70: Australia. Honours thesis, HODDELL, R. 2003. A mtDNA salamanderfish Lepidogalaxias 433-440. Murdoch University, Perth, study of aspects of the recent salamandroides: a re-examination. Western Australia. evolutionary history and phyla­ Environmental Biology of Fishes 57: geographic structure of selected 191-204. teleosts m coastal environments of MORGAN, D. L., HAMBLETON, S. south-western Australia. PhD thesis, ]., GILL, H. S. and BEATTY, S. ]. Murdoch University, Perth, 2002. Distribution, biology and Western Australia. likely impacts of the introduced HODGKIN, E. P. and CLARKE, R. redfin perch (Perea fluviatilis) 1989. Estuaries and coastal lagoons of (Percidae} in Western Australia. south western Australia. Broke Inlet Marine and Freshwater Research 53: and other estuaries of the Shire of 1211-1221. Manjimup. Estuarine Studies Series MORGAN, D. L., GILL, H. S., Number 6. Environmental Pro­ MADDERN, M. G. and BEATTY, S. tection Authority, Perth, Western ]. 2004. Distribution and impacts Australia. of introduced freshwater fishes in JAENSCH, R. P. 1992. Ftshes in Western Australia. New Zealand wetlands on the south coast of Journal of Marine and Freshwater Western Australia. Unpublished Research 38: 511-523. Technical Paper. Department of PEN, L.]. 1999. Managing our rivers. Conservation and Land A guide to the nature and Management, Perth, Western management of the streams of south­ Australia. west Western Australia. Water and MAPINFO CORPORATION. 1998. Rivers Commission, Perth, Maplnfo Professional Users Guide. Western Australia. Map Info Corporation, New York POTTER, I. C. 1980. The MORGAN, D. L. and GILL, H. S. Petromyzontiformes with 2000. Fish associations within the particular reference to paired different inland habitats of lower species. Canadian Journal of south-western Australia. Records of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: the Western Australian Museum 20: 1595-1615. 31-37. POTTER, I. C. 1996. Family MORGAN, D. L., GILL, H. S. and Geotriidae. Pouched lamprey. Pp. POTTER, I. C. 1998. Distribution, 36-38. In Freshwater fishes of south­ identification and biology of eastern Australw. R.M. McDowall freshwater fishes in south­ (ed.}. A.H. and A.W. Reed Pty Ltd, western Australia. Records of the Sydney. Western Australian Museum POTTER, I. C., HILLIARD, R. W., Supplement No. 56, 97 pp. BRADLEY, ]. S. and MCKAY, R. ].

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