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Bayle-Barelle 1808) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae)
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Stapfia Jahr/Year: 1998 Band/Volume: 0055 Autor(en)/Author(s): Tarmann Gerhard Michael Artikel/Article: Die Weinzygaene Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle 1808) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Kehrt ein verschwundener Weinschädling zurück? 57-84 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Stapfia 55 57-84 11. September 1998 Die Weinzygaene Theresimima ampellophaga (BAYLE-BARELLE 1808) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae) Kehrt ein verschwundener Weinschädling zurück?* Gerhard M. TARMANN Abstract: The Vine Bud Moth or European Grapeleaf Skeletonizer Theresimima ampellophaga (BAYLE-BARELLE 1808) - reappearence of a vine pest? The Vine Bud Moth or European Grapleaf Skeletonizer Theresimima ampellophaga (BAYLE- BARELLE 1808) was thought to be under control for many years. The last harmful infestations are recorded from Hungary in 1954 (ISSEKUTZ 1957a, 1957b). Only a few records are known from later years. A possible reason for the decline of populations may be found in more effective use of pesticide and insecticide. In 1990 Th. ampellophaga was rediscovered on Crimea (Ukraine) after almost 50 years of absence (EFETOV 1990b). For the first time the larvae were found on decorative vines (Parthenocissus). Between 1990 and 1997 the Vine Bud Moth spread all over southern Crimea and has developed very strong populations. This fact leads to the conclusion that neighbouring countries might be in immediate danger. The present paper gives an overview about historical and recent observations of Th. ampellophaga with special emphasis to the situation on Crimea. Pheromone recognition and pest control methods are mentioned. The systematic position and the historical and recent geographical distributions are discussed. -
Lista Monografii I Publikacji Z Listy Filadelfijskiej Z Lat 2016–2019 Monographs and Publications from the ISI Databases from 2016 Till 2019
Lista monografii i publikacji z Listy Filadelfijskiej z lat 2016–2019 Monographs and publications from the ISI databases from 2016 till 2019 2019 Artykuły/Articles 1. Bocheński Z.M., Wertz, K., Tomek, T., Gorobets, L., 2019. A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains. Zootaxa, 4624(1):41-58. 2. Chmolowska D., Nobis M., Nowak A., Maślak M., Kojs P., Rutkowska J., Zubek Sz. 2019. Rapid change in forms of inorganic nitrogen in soil and moderate weed invasion following translocation of wet meadows to reclaimed post-industrial land. Land Degradation and Development, 30(8): 964– 978. 3. Zubek Sz., Chmolowska D., Jamrozek D., Ciechanowska A., Nobis M., Błaszkowski J., Rożek K., Rutkowska J. 2019. Monitoring of fungal root colonisation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and soil microbial processes to assess the success of ecosystem translocation. Journal of Environmental Management, 246: 538–546. 4. Gurgul A., Miksza-Cybulska A., Szmatoła T., Jasielczuk I., Semik-Gurgul E., Bugno-Poniewierska M., Figarski T., Kajtoch Ł.2019. Evaluation of genotyping by sequencing for population genetics of sibling and hybridizing birds: an example using Syrian and Great Spotted Woodpeckers. Journal of Ornithology, 160(1): 287–294. 5. Grzędzicka E. 2019. Is the existing urban greenery enough to cope with current concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and CO2? Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1): 219-233. 6. Grzywacz B., Tatsuta H., Bugrov A.G., Warchałowska-Śliwa E. 2019. Cytogenetic markers reveal a reinforcemenet of variation in the tension zone between chromosome races in the brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis Shir. -
Generische Revision Der Amerikanischen Zygaenidae Mit Beschreibung Neuer Gaffungen Und Arfen
© Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Gntomojauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Generische Revision der amerikanischen Zygaenidae mit Beschreibung neuer Gaffungen und Arfen (Insecta: Lepidoptera ) TEIL I: TEXT Supplement 2, Vol. I Linz, 1.Dezember 1984 ISSN 0250-4413 © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Sntomojauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Generische Revision der amerikanischen Zygaenidae mit Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten (Insects: Lepidoptera ) TEIL I: TEXT Supplement 2, Vol. I Linz, 1.Dezember 1984 ISSN 0250-4413 1 © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Herrn Dr. Burchard ALBERTI zu seinem 85. Geburtstag gewidmet. Druck: im Eigenverlag Eigentümer,Herausgeber,Verleger und für den Inhalt verantwortlich: Maximilian Schwarz, Konsulent für Wissenschaft der' O.Ö. Landesregierung, Eibenweg 6, A-4052 Ansfelden Redaktion: Erich Diller, DenkenhofStraße 6a, D-8000 München 60 Max Kühbandner, Marsstraße 8, D-8OII Aschheim Wolfgang Schacht, Scherrerstraße 8, D-808I Schöngeising Thomas Witt, Tengstraße 33, D-8000 München 40 © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at © Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Generische Revision der amerikanischen Zygaenidae mit Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Teil I: Text Gerhard Tarmann Abstract The present paper is an attempt to revise the American group of the family Zygaenidae LATREILLE,l8O9, on a ge- neric level. Most of the available type material was checked. 5 new genera and 24 new species are described and 137 taxonomical and nomenclatorical changes have been done. The main characters and their variability and value for taxonomical, systematical and phylogenetical studies are discussed. -
R. Friedländer & Sohn
ENTOMOLQGISCHE LITTERATURBLÄTTER. Repertorium der neuesten Arbeiten auf dem Gesammtgebiet der Entomologie herausgegeben R. Friedländer & Sohn Berlin, Zwölfter Jahrgang 1912. BERLIN N.W. 6, K a rlstra sse 11. Totenliste der Entomologen aus dem Jahre 1912 (mit Nachtrag aus 1911). Rev. H. C. M c Cook (Hym.) in Philadelphia. — Wi 1 h. D ö n i t z (Dipt.) in Berlin-Steglitz am iS. III. — John Bernh. Smith, Staats entomologe von New Jersey, in New Brunswick am iS. III. — Karl B ischoff (Ent. gen.) in Berlin am 21. III. — P. Vi n z e n z G r e d 1 e r 0. S. F. (Col.) in Bozen am 4, V. — Ludw. Ganglbauer, Direktor am Naturhist. Hofmuseum in Wien (Col., Orth,), in Rekawinkel bei Wien. — R. W. C. Shelford (Orth.) in Margate am SS. VI. — Julius Schilsky (Col) in Berlin. — George Masters (Ent. gen.) in Sydney, N. S. W. — George Herbert Grosvenor (Ent. oec.) in Polzeath am 4. IX. — R. v. Bennigsen (Ent gen.) in Charlotten burg. — K. Schubert (Col.) in Berlin-Pankow. TTlufeum 9Wd)§gaue§ Öberbötuw cl0.IL DUi[eumIicaße 14 Register. Zeitschriften. Acta Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn. (33—34). 232. Bulletin Soc, Zool. France (T. 37, 4). 167. Anales Soc. Cient. Argent. (T. 72, t). 13. — Wise. Nat. Hist. Soc. (Vol. 9, 3). 13. ÀDDalen, Zool. (Bd. 4, 4). 116. Bullettino Soc. Ent. ital. (A. 42). 96. — Naturhiet. Hofmua. Wien (Bd. 25, 3—4- Centralblatt, Biol. (Bd. 32, 3, 5, 10). 90, Bd. 26, 1—2). 117, 251. 141, 250. Annales Biol. Lacustre (T. 5, 3). 194. -
RECENT LITERATURE on LEPIDOPTERA (Under the Supervision of PETER F
1955 The Lepidopterists' News 83 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA (Under the supervision of PETER F. BELLINGER) Under this heading are included abstracts of papers and books of interest to lepidop terists. The world's literature is searched systematically, and it is intended that every work on Lepidoptera published after 1946 will be noticed here; omissions of papers more than 3 or 4 years old should be called to Dr. BELLINGER'S attention. New genera and higher categories are shown in CAPITALS, with types in parentheses; new species and subspecies are noted, with type localities if given in print. Larval foodplants are usually listed. Critical comments by abstractors may be made. Papers of only local interest and papers from The Lepidopterists' News are listed without abstract. Readers, particularly outside of North America, interested in assisting with this very large task, are invited to write Dr. BELLINGER (University College of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew, Jamaica, B.W.I.). Abstractors' initials are as follows: [P.B.] - P. F. BELLIN GER; [A.D.] - A. DIAKONOFF; [W.H.] - W. HACKMAN; [E.M.] - E. G. MUNROE; [N.O.] - N. S. OBRAZTSOV; [CR.] - C 1. REMINGTON; [J.T.] - J. W. TILDEN; [P.V.] - P. E. 1. VIETTE. A. GENERAL Bergmann, A., Die Grossschmetteriinge Mitteldeutschlands. Vol.4: Eulen. Part I: 580 pp., 47 pis., 171 figs. Part 2: 480 pp., 37 pis., 132 figs. Jena: Urania-Verlag. 1954. [Nor seen]. Brandt, Herbert, Schmetterlinge. Erster Teil (Winters Naturwissenschaftliche Taschen bucher, vol.20). 176 pp., 64 pis., 55 figs. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, Universitat sverlag. 1953. [Not seen]. Brues, Charles T., A. -
Biolphilately Vol-64 No-1
60 Biophilately March 2015 Vol. 64 (1) ENTOMOLOGY Editor Donald P. Wright, Jr., BU243 Scott# Denom Common Name/Scientific Name Family/Subfamily Code ANDORRA (French) 2014 September 6 (Butterflies) 83c Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops Esper NYM, Satyrinae A* BURUNDI 2014 (Butterflies of Burundi I) (MS of 4, SS of 4, & 4ea SS of 1) a 2025fr Chestnut Emperor, Melanocera menippe Westwood (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae new A* b 2025fr Mopane Moth, Gonimbrasia belina Westwood (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae A* c 2025fr Cirina forda amieti Darge (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae new A* d 2025fr Death’s Head Moth, Acherontia atropos L. (with larva) SPH, Sphinginae A* MS of 4 (a–d) (with silhouettes of each species in margin) SS of 4 (a-d) Margin UR: Bunaeopsis licharbas Maassen & Weyding (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae new Z* LR: East African Sunset Moth, Chrysiridia croesus Gerstaecker URA, Uraniinae Z* SS 2025fr Chestnut Emperor, Melanocera menippe Westwood (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae A* Margin UR: Common Emperor, Bunaea alcinoe Stoll (larva) SAT, Saturniinae Z* LR: Common Emperor, Bunaea alcinoe Stoll (larva) SAT, Saturniinae Z* MR: Mocker Swallowtail, Papilio dardanus antinorii Oberthür PAP, Papilioninae Z* SS 2025fr Mopane Moth, Gonimbrasia belina Westwood (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae A* Margin UR: Soldier Commodore, Junonia terea Drury NYM, Nymphalinae Z* LR: Imbrasia anthina Karsch (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae new Z* SS 2025fr Cirina forda amieti Darge (with larva) SAT, Saturniinae A* Margin UR: Roseate Emperor, Eochroa trimenii Felder (larva) SAT, Saturniinae new Z* LR: Roseate Emperor, Eochroa trimenii Felder (moth) SAT, Saturniinae Z* MR: Light Brown Forester, Bebearia zonara Butler NYM, Limenitidinae new Z* SS 2025fr Death’s Head Moth, Acherontia atropos L. -
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2005? 2005 1432 161341 Original Article PHYLOGENY OF CHALCOSIINAE S.-H. YEN ET AL. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 161–341. With 71 figures The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae) SHEN-HORN YEN1*, GADEN S. ROBINSON2 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE1,2 1Division of Biological Sciences and Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK 2Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Received April 2003; accepted for publication June 2004 The chalcosiine zygaenid moths constitute one of the most striking groups within the lower-ditrysian Lepidoptera, with highly diverse mimetic patterns, chemical defence systems, scent organs, copulatory mechanisms, hostplant uti- lization and diapause biology, plus a very disjunctive biogeographical pattern. In this paper we focus on the genus- level phylogenetics of this subfamily. A cladistic study was performed using 414 morphological and biochemical char- acters obtained from 411 species belonging to 186 species-groups of 73 genera plus 21 outgroups. Phylogenetic anal- ysis using maximum parsimony leads to the following conclusions: (1) neither the current concept of Zygaenidae nor that of Chalcosiinae is monophyletic; (2) the previously proposed sister-group relationship of Zygaeninae + Chal- cosiinae is rejected in favour of the relationship (Zygaeninae + ((Callizygaeninae + Cleoda) + (Heteropan + Chalcosi- inae))); (3) except for the monobasic Aglaopini, none of the tribes sensu Alberti (1954) is monophyletic; (4) chalcosiine synapomorphies include structures of the chemical defence system, scent organs of adults and of the apodemal system of the male genitalia. -
Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae
Staude et al. / Metamorphosis 27: S141–S152 S141 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae Reference/ Lepidoptera Host plant Locality rearing no. Taxon Subfamily Family Taxon Family M1109 ? Arctiinae Erebidae Found walking Casketts, farm, around – did not Hoedspruit feed LGJ002 Amerila bubo Arctiinae Erebidae Pupated before Dwangwa, Malawi feeding SEW011 Amphicallia bellatrix Arctiinae Erebidae ? (possibly Fabaceae Ntimbakulu Forest, Crotalaria Ngcazolo natalensis) RGO023 Amphicallia bellatrix Arctiinae Erebidae Crotalaria capensis Fabaceae Gibraltar Kloof, Penge, Steelpoort M594 Amphicallia bellatrix Arctiinae Erebidae ?Crotolaria or Fabaceae Franklyn Park, ?Tephrosia sp Hoedspruit AM003 Cymaroa grisea Arctiinae Erebidae Cymbalaria Plantaginaceae Mount Road, (det. M. Krüger) muralis Muizenberg, Cape Town M325 Diota rostrata Arctiinae Erebidae Senecio tamoides Asteraceae Trackers, Hoedspruit 15HSS30a Eyralpenus Arctiinae Erebidae Rosa sp. Rosaceae Oribi Gorge Nature diplostictus (cultivated hybrid Reserve, Port iceberg) ab ova Shepstone 15HSS30b Eyralpenus Arctiinae Erebidae Rosa sp. Rosaceae Oribi Gorge Nature diplostictus (cultivated hybrid Reserve, Port iceberg) Shepstone (reared ab ova) NA Leucaloa eugraphica Arctiinae Erebidae Tagetes minuta Asteraceae Kenmare, HSS045 Krugersdorp GA25 Leucaloa eugraphica Arctiinae Erebidae Winston Churchill Drive, Pinetown MB0001 Leucaloa eugraphica Arctiinae Erebidae Modimolle Staude -
Brachyptery and Aptery in Lepidoptera
Vol. 2 No. 1 1991 HEPPNER: Brachyptery 11 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 2(1): 11-40 BRACHYPTERY AND APTERY IN LEPIDOPTERA J. B. HEPPNER1 Florida State Collection of Arthropods Bureau of Entomology, DPI, FDACS, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614, USA ABSTRACT.- The conditions of wing reduction (brachyptery) and loss of wings (aptery), and modifications thereof, are reviewed across all known families of Lepidoptera where this has been observed in either males or females, or both sexes. Brachyptery or aptery is known in 35 families of Lepidoptera, including families or species where a kind of brachyptery is only evident as extreme wing reduction of the hind wings. Examples from most families known to have brachyptery of some form are illustrated among 147 figures. KEY WORDS: Alucitidae, Anthelidae, Arctiidae, Blastobasidae, Brachodidae, Carposinidae, Cosmopterigidae, Cossidae, Ctenuchinae, Elachistidae, Epiplemidae, Eriocottidae, Gelechiidae, genetics, Geometridae, Glyphipterigidae, Gracillariidae, Hepialidae, Heterogynidae, Himantopteridae, Lasiocampidae, Lecithoceridae, Limacodidae, Lycaenidae, Lymantriidae, Lyonetiidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Oecophoridae, Oxychirotidae, Papilionidae, Psychidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Scythrididae, Sesiidae, Somabrachyidae, Sphingidae, Syntominae, Thyretidae, Thyrididae, Tineidae, Tortricidae, Yponomeutidae, Zygaenidae. Brachyptery (wing reduction) or aptery (loss of wings) is an unusual phenomenon in adults among several orders of insects (La Greca, 1954). In Lepidoptera, brachyptery has been reviewed -
Catalog of the Type Specimens of Lepidoptera in the Collection of The
A list of the primary type specimens of Lepidoptera in the “Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève” Geneva, Switzerland BERNARD LANDRY, PATRICK SCHMITZ & CORINNE REUTELER Secteur Invertébrés, Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2784458 We dedicate this work to Dr Volker Mahnert (1943–2018), former director of the “Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève”, for his life’s work in support of taxonomy and good zoological collection management practices. Abstract A list of 437 primary type specimens found to have been deposited in the “Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève” Geneva (MHNG), to date (13.v.2019), is presented. Thirty-seven families of Lepidoptera are represented by primary type specimens, the most diversified being the Noctuidae (96), Pyralidae sensu lato (82), and Erebidae (41). Sixty-seven of the names (15.3%) for which these 437 primary types form the basis are now synonyms, 105 (24.0%) are used in other combinations, and 265 (60.6%) remain as in the original combinations. Sixty-seven authors were responsible for the descriptions of the corresponding taxa, the most prolific being Joseph de Joannis (1864-1932; 56 taxa), Jacques Plante (1920-2003; 54 taxa), and Bernard Landry (1962-; 50 taxa). The oldest taxa for which the MHNG holds type specimens were described by Achille Guenée (1809-1880) in 1872. The most prolific decades in terms of taxonomic descriptions for which the primary types are deposited in the MHNG are the 1920s, with 80 taxa and the 1990s with 74 taxa, followed by the 1930s with 61 taxa. -
Łukasz Przybyłowicz
Łukasz Przybyłowicz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-9479 Wiorek M, Malik K, Lees D, Przybyłowicz Ł . 2021. Malagasy Polka Dot Moths (Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini) of Ambohitantely—endemism in the most important relict of Central Plateau rainforest in Madagascar. PeerJ 9:e11688. Brodacki M., Kuna E., Wo ś P., Żurawlew P., Bury J., Czy żewski S., Guzik P., Guzik W., Krajewski Ł., Przybyłowicz Ł. 2020. Nowe dane o wyst ępowaniu i preferencjach siedliskowych świerszcza południowego Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis (Letreille, 1804) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) w Polsce. Przegl ąd Przyrodniczy 31(3): 3-21. Larysz A., Przybyłowicz Ł. 2020. Motyle z rodziny koszówkowatych (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) w zbiorach Instytutu Systematyki i Ewolucji Zwierz ąt Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie. Rocznik Muzeum Górno śląskiego w Bytomiu Przyroda 26: 1-44. Ignatev N., Grzywacz B., Przybyłowicz Ł . 2020. A review of the genus Mecistorhabdia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini) with a description of a new species from the Central African Republic. European Journal of Entomology 117: 139–148. Delabye S, Maicher V, Sáfián S, Potocký P, Mertens JE.J, Przybyłowicz Ł, Murkwe M, Kobe IN, Fokam EB, Jane ček Š, Tropek R. 2020. First records of 31 species of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) in Cameroon, with remarks on their elevational ranges. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e50543. Maicher V., Sáfián S., Murkwe M., Delabye S., Przybyłowicz Ł ., Potocký P., Kobe I.N., Jane ček S., Mertens J.E.J., Fokam E.B., Pyrcz T., Doležal J., Altman J., Ho řák D., Fiedler K., Tropek R. 2020. Seasonal shifts of biodiversity patterns and species' elevation ranges of butterflies and moths along a complete rainforest elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon. -
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2005? 2005 1432 161341 Original Article PHYLOGENY OF CHALCOSIINAE S.-H. YEN ET AL. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 161–341. With 71 figures The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae) SHEN-HORN YEN1*, GADEN S. ROBINSON2 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE1,2 1Division of Biological Sciences and Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK 2Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Received April 2003; accepted for publication June 2004 The chalcosiine zygaenid moths constitute one of the most striking groups within the lower-ditrysian Lepidoptera, with highly diverse mimetic patterns, chemical defence systems, scent organs, copulatory mechanisms, hostplant uti- lization and diapause biology, plus a very disjunctive biogeographical pattern. In this paper we focus on the genus- level phylogenetics of this subfamily. A cladistic study was performed using 414 morphological and biochemical char- acters obtained from 411 species belonging to 186 species-groups of 73 genera plus 21 outgroups. Phylogenetic anal- ysis using maximum parsimony leads to the following conclusions: (1) neither the current concept of Zygaenidae nor that of Chalcosiinae is monophyletic; (2) the previously proposed sister-group relationship of Zygaeninae + Chal- cosiinae is rejected in favour of the relationship (Zygaeninae + ((Callizygaeninae + Cleoda) + (Heteropan + Chalcosi- inae))); (3) except for the monobasic Aglaopini, none of the tribes sensu Alberti (1954) is monophyletic; (4) chalcosiine synapomorphies include structures of the chemical defence system, scent organs of adults and of the apodemal system of the male genitalia.