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Workplace Democracy and Citizen Engagement in Food Cooperatives Cecile Reuge University of Vermont

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Workplace Democracy and Citizen Engagement in Food Cooperatives Cecile Reuge University of Vermont University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2014 Expanding Citizenship: Workplace Democracy and Citizen Engagement in Food Cooperatives Cecile Reuge University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Reuge, Cecile, "Expanding Citizenship: Workplace Democracy and Citizen Engagement in Food Cooperatives" (2014). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 317. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/317 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPANDING CITIZENSHIP: WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN FOOD COOPERATIVES A Thesis Presented by Cecile Reuge to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Specializing in Food Systems October, 2014 Accepted by the Faculty of the Graduate College, The University of Vermont, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science specializing in Food Systems. Thesis Examination Committee: ____________________________________ Advisor Teresa Mares, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Shoshannah Inwood, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Chairperson Asim Zia, Ph.D. _________________________________ Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D. August 22, 2014 Abstract Food cooperatives play a central role in the local food movement. In addition to supporting the local economy, the cooperative movement lists “concern for the community” among their seven core principles (Healthy Foods Healthy Communities Report, 2012). Food cooperatives, however, are typically consumer-owned and primarily assert democratic control over buying practices rather than workplace operation (University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives, 2009). Therefore, unless allocated a separate means for advocacy, cooperative workers often have less autonomy than they would if they were organized and had the means to collectively negotiate their benefits and work environment. This article argues that the efforts of worker-run governance bodies are integral for securing worker citizenship yet are often excluded from the efforts of consumer cooperatives. Using a mixed methods approach that includes focus groups, individual interviews, and textual and policy analyses, this study looks at the impact of unions on the social, political and civil rights of workers in two unionized food cooperatives in Vermont. Specifically, it examines the relationship between cooperative and union governance structures and the role of each institution in generating citizen engagement both in and outside the workplace. In this study, citizenship is defined as access to social, political, and civil rights. Study findings suggest that workers view management and the union as the prime decision- making bodies and the benefits of consumer membership as mainly consumer-oriented and vaguely community-based. Interview data generated with workers and stakeholders indicates that the union plays a pivotal role in promoting citizen engagement and workplace democracy in food cooperatives. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all the rank and file employees at City Market and Hunger Mountain, UE Representatives Chad McGinnis and Kimberly Lawson, my advisor Teresa Mares as well as my entire thesis committee, my partner Robert McKay, and my peers in the Food Systems Program for supporting me throughout this long and arduous process. ii Table of Contents Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………….. iv INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………… 1 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………............. 5 METHODS……………………………………………………………………………………... 16 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………................. 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………. 94 APPENDIX A. Interview Questions…………………………………………………………………. 98 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page Figure 1: Duration of Employment, Race and Education at City Market and Hunger Mountain 34 Figure 2: Income and Government Assistance Use at City Market and Hunger Mountain……. 35 iv Introduction In the summer of 2013, as I was beginning to recruit interview participants for this study, I came across a film screening of a movie entitled “Shift Change,” which purported to be about worker-owned businesses that compete successfully in today’s economy. The full name of the film was “Shift Change: Putting Democracy to Work,” so I attended the screening, along with friends and acquaintances from United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers (UE) Local 255, on the evening of June 12th, expecting to find answers about what truly constitutes a democratic workplace. In addition, I sought examples of food businesses that defied the prevailing standard of poverty wages while challenging the traditional workplace structure that involves various tiers of management overseeing rank and file workers. The film was remarkably educational and shed light on some of the major discrepancies between worker cooperatives and traditional workplace structures. However, a majority of the film centered on empowerment through cooperative ownership rather than the specific benefits and compensation packages these cooperative employees received. Though I assumed that worker cooperatives did not involve hierarchical management structures, several coops featured in the film did in fact adhere to such a model. Lastly, many key stakeholders who offered commentary about worker cooperatives mentioned the idea that such enterprises promoted “concern for the community.” Nonetheless, there was no attention paid to the communities where the materials for the products made in these worker cooperatives were harvested, nor the effects that these products had on communities outside of their origins. Although these thoughts were primarily based on first impressions, I could not help but question the 1 validity of the assertion made in the title of the film- that worker cooperatives foster workplace democracy. Immediately following the film, there was a brief panel discussion in which representatives from cooperative business spoke about what it means for them to be a part of a cooperative. Among the panelists was Mollie O’Brien, Board President of the City Market consumer board, who used the opportunity to speak about the positive aspects, for all who are involved, of owning, operating, and working a consumer food cooperative. O’Brien would be the face of City Market that I would see at future events related to cooperatives as I continued to follow this vein of curiosity for the next year of my graduate career. At the end of the panel presentations, the audience was invited to ask the panelists questions about the cooperative they were there to represent. At this time, Elizabeth Jesdale, President of Union Local 255 at Hunger Mountain, a food cooperative located in Montpelier, Vermont, responded to O’Brien’s praise of City Market by pointing out that the workers at both City Market and Hunger Mountain were unionized. Therefore, she said, they were guaranteed bargaining rights over their working conditions as well as their wages and benefits. In addition, she explained that the General Manager, who is appointed by the Consumer Board at both stores, was responsible for hiring and firing rank and file employees and lower level managers, which had not been clear in O’Brien’s presentation of the store. Elizabeth Jesdale’s statement sparked my interest in unions and food cooperatives. Although City Market and Hunger Mountain are consumer cooperatives and therefore mainly serve consumers, consumer cooperatives were founded on similar 2 principles as worker cooperatives. According to Jesdale’s assessment, unions are a site for workplace democracy and political engagement. However, after watching “Shift Change” and noticing the internal contradictions of worker cooperatives, I questioned to what degree the cooperatives and labor advocacy organizations that were local to each of these areas played a part in determining workers’ level of engagement. Furthermore, I wondered if and how workers perceived these institutions as increasing their access to “democracy” and what they believed democracy to mean. I sought to use my thesis as an opportunity to explore the dynamics between unions and consumer cooperatives as well as worker perceptions of decision-making at unionized food cooperatives, from which attitudes towards workplace democracy emerge. Having dedicated years to volunteering and supporting the efforts of the Vermont Workers Center and the United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers, I was aware of the effects labor advocacy organizations have on worker engagement in governance internal and external to their workplace. Therefore, in addition to exploring workplace democracy, I set out to research the impact labor advocacy organizations have on governance that applies to workplace standards. This thesis investigates work in the food retail industry through the lens of citizenship. I examine how individuals and institutions (both inside and outside the workplace) construct
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