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Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details The Non-Metropolitan Everyday and Visual Culture Rosemary Shirley DPhil University of Sussex 12 August 2011 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature…………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to offer my warmest thanks to my supervisor Ben Highmore for his constant encouragement and invaluable feedback throughout this project; to Janice Winship not only for offering to read a draft but also for recruiting me to teach on her course Culture and the Everyday, where I learnt as much as I taught; and to Claire Langhamer and Ysanne Holt for agreeing to be my examiners. I am also extremely grateful to the University of Sussex Graduate School for their generous award of a Sussex Scholarship. The award for most patient husband goes to Nick, who I need to thank for so much, not least for his excellent bibliographic skills. I’d also like to thank my parents for their understanding, humour and proof reading. For fascinating conversations, camaraderie and support I thank my “Dphil Buddy” Linda Berkvens, Catherine Bate, Cameron Catiere, Sally Davies, Jo Lee, Melanie Rose, Neeta Madahar, James Wilkes, the participants and organisers of the ERSC Women in the 1950s seminars and all my friends in the Media, Film and Music Department. For their expertise and generosity in lending scrapbooks I thank Ann Mattingly, Archivist at WI House, Winchester and the members of Micheldever WI. Thanks to the trustees and archivists of the following collections: East Sussex Archive, Lewes; Hampshire County Archive, Winchester; Mass- Observation Archive, University of Sussex; National Federation of Women’s Institutes Archive at the Women’s Library, London Metropolitan University; Nicky Balfour at the Shell Art Collection, Beaulieu; Winchester School of Art Library, University of Southampton. 3 University of Sussex Rosemary Shirley (DPhil) The Non-Metropolitan Everyday and Visual Culture Summary In much of the existing literature on everyday life the spaces, rhythms and routines of the modern city are overwhelmingly privileged as sites of the everyday. This research relocates the topography of the everyday from its habitually urban focus, out into the English countryside by presenting an account of certain aspects of everyday life from a non-metropolitan perspective. The rural is often portrayed as existing outside of modernity, or as its passive victim. This thesis recasts the rural as an active and complex site of modernity and as such contributes to alternative ways of thinking the rural and a new perspective on the everyday. A central concern is to complicate established distinctions between the city and the country through developing the notion of the non-metropolitan. Also important, is discussion of how the ongoing tension between ancient and modern, and preservation and development, is articulated in non-metropolitan everyday practices. This study theoretically repopulates the rural, thinking it not only as a space to be looked at, moved through or visited, but as a space which is lived in. The first chapters examine everyday practices more often associated with the urban such as driving and littering, and rethinks them through a rural perspective. The later chapters focus on practices that are more traditionally embedded in the non- metropolitan: membership of the Women’s Institute and calendar customs such as village fetes, examining how these activities might be re-situated in discourses of modernity. The work is primarily informed by visual cultures including scrapbooks, photographs and films, that articulate how these aspects of the everyday might operate differently in non-metropolitan places. In addition, textual and original archival work contributes significantly to this study. 4 Table of Contents List of Illustrations Chapter 1: Introduction: Beating the Bounds 11 Non-metropolitan 15 Everyday life 22 Everyday life and other stories 27 Visual culture 32 Collage 35 Structure 38 Chapter 2: Speed and Stillness: Driving in the Countryside 42 Subtopia 43 Replacing the rural non-place 51 Landscapes of speed 65 Shell County Guides 72 Chapter 3: Keeping Britain tidy: Litter and Anxiety 97 Litter trails 103 Anti-litter campaigns 118 Stephen Willats: Lurky places and dangerous Pathways 129 Chapter 4: The Networked Village: Women’s Institute Golden Jubilee Scrapbooks 141 Cutting and sticking 143 Public and private 155 The making of the village scrapbooks 158 The Living Village 167 The WI as rural network 170 The jet-age WI 178 Pylons and Birdseye 181 Chapter 5: Performing the Village: Festivals and Folk Art 196 Gallon buckets and bags for life 197 Festivals and the everyday 202 Performing the village 206 Electric folk 222 Non-metropolitan ethnography 229 Alternative stories 235 Chapter 6: Conclusion: Limbo Dancing 242 Future directions 249 Bibliography 256 5 List of Illustrations 1.1 Homer Sykes Beating the Bounds: Oxford, 1977. 11 1.2 Richard Long A Straight Northward Walk Across Dartmoor, 1979. 25 2.1 Burial Mound seen from A34, Hampshire, 2011. Author’s photograph. 42 2.2 Ian Nairn, ‘Lamp Standards’, from Outrage, 1955. 47 2.3 Gordon Cullen, Illustration from Outrage, 1955. 50 2.4 Andrew Cross, films stills from 3 hours from here, 2004. 53 2.5 Andrew Cross, photograph View of DIRFT ahead, 2004. 58 2.6 Rolls Royce advert, Country Life 15 October 1970. 67 2.7 Goodyear advert, Country Life 21 October 1965. 67 2.8 Front cover of Country Life 15 October 1970. 68 2.9 Gallery and Car Adverts, Country Life, 23 September 1965. 70 2.10 Kidlington, from Oxon Shell Guide, 1938 73 2.11 ‘Barnefield Crescent, Exeter, (1798-1809) ingeniously ruined by modern 74 villa’, Devon Shell Guide, 1935. 2.12 ‘Tree of Knowledge’, Devon Shell Guide, 1935. 74 2.13 Page layout from Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 75 2.14 ‘Slough Now and Then’, Bucks Shell Guide, 1937. 75 2.15 Door knocker, Devon Shell Guide, 1935. 76 2.16 Paul Nash, Equivalents for Megaliths, 1935. 78 2.17 Fossil montage, Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 79 2.18 ‘A vertical air view of Maiden Castle’ from Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 79 2.19 ‘An alabaster tomb in Athelhampton Chapel, Puddletown, Dorset Shell 80 Guide, 1936. 2.20 Frontispiece of Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 81 2.21 Cover, Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 82 2.22 Ship wreck, Dorset Shell Guide, 1936. 83 2.23 Moth with its shadow, Dorset Shell Guide, 1986. 83 6 2.24 Frank Dobson, The Giant, Cerne Abbas, 1931. 86 2.25 Edna Clarke Hall, Lavenham, 1931. 86 2.26 Edward McKnight Kauffer, Stonehenge, 1931. 88 2.27 Edward McKnight Kauffer, The New Forest, 1931. 91 2.28 Ordinary Things, Bucks Shell Guide, 1937. 92 2.29 Lord Berners, Cover, Wiltshire Shell Guide, 1935. 94 3.1 Abandoned shoe amongst fly tipping in Micheldever Wood, Hampshire, 97 2010. Photo: Catherine Bate. 3.2 Trainer colonised by the environment, found at the edge of a footpath, 101 2010. Photo: Bruce Graham. 3.3 Drawing from the Litter Trails Report, 1940, Mass-Observation Archive, 104 University of Sussex. 3.4 Map showing where litter has been found, from the Litter Trails Report, 114 1940, Mass-Observation Archive, University of Sussex. 3.5 Keep Britain Tidy', poster designed by Abram Games, 1963. Design 122 Council Slide Collection. 3.6 Keep Britain Tidy, Poster designed by Royston Cooper, circa 1963, 123 NFWI Archive. 3.7 Image from Women’s Institute Keep Britain Tidy Campaign, c.1955. 125 3.8 Litter sign in Avebury, Wiltshire, 2010. Author’s photograph. 126 3.9 Ingrid Pollard, Pastoral Interlude, 1987. 127 3.10 Stephen Willats, photographs from The Lurkey Place, 1978. 134 3.11 Stephen Willats, Dangerous Pathway, 1999, Installation at Southampton 136 City Art Gallery. 3.12 Stephen Willats, photographs from Dangerous Pathway, 1999. 137 4.1. Detail from Binsted WI Scrapbook, 1965. 141 4.2 Public Services page from Binstead WI Scrapbook, 1965. 145 4.2a Public Services page from Binstead WI Scrapbook, 1965. 146 4.3 Shopping page from Binsted WI Scrapbook, 1965. 147 4.4 Transport page from Binsted WI Scrapbook, 1965. 148 4.5 Christmas page from Micheldever WI Scrapbook, 1965. 149 4.6 Wine page from Micheldever WI Scrapbook, 1965. 149 7 4.7 Weather page from Sheet WI Scrapbook, 1965. 149 4.8 Martha Rosler, Cleaning the Drapes, from Bringing the War Home (1967- 152 1972). 4.9 Hannah Hoch, Beautiful Girl, 1920. 153 4.10 Richard Hamilton, Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so 153 appealing?, 1956. 4.11 Detail from the Public Services page of Binsted WI Scrapbook, 1965. 154 4.12 WI Golden Jubilee Merchandise advert, Home and Country 1965, 159 including tea towel, recipe book, diary, goblet and poster template. 4.13 New variety of rose celebrating the WI Golden Jubilee. 159 4.14 Golden Jubilee Celebrations page, Binsted WI Scrapbook, 1965. 160 4.15 Poster for WI Jubilee Scrapbooks Exhibition designed by Colin King, 162 1966. 4.16 Visitors to the Exhibition, Home and Country 1966. 163 4.17 Cover of the Observer Magazine feature the Jubilee Scrapbooks, 21 164 August 1966.
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