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Proceedings of the Symposium on Dynamics and Management Of Soils Soils Research and Management Considerations in Microbial Activity After Fire in a Phryganic Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems East Mediterranean Ecosystem Atmospheric Precipitation as a Source of M. Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki Nutrients in Chaparral Ecosystems and N. S. Margaris ..................................................... 321 William H. Schlesinger and John T. Gray ................. 279 Nutrients and Water Relations in Mediterranean- Biological Dinitrogen Fixation in Chaparral Type Ecosystems Mark Poth .................................................................. 285 P. C. Miller ................................................................ 325 Productivity and Nutrient Cycling in the Early Stream Water Nutrient Changes Associated With the Postburn Chaparral Species Lotus scoparius Conversion of Arizona Chaparral Erik Tallak Nilsen ...................................................... 291 Edwin A. Davis ........................................................... 333 Fertility Element Storage in Chaparral Vegetation, Net Primary Productivity of Some California Soils Leaf Litter, and Soil Compared to Those of the Santa Catalina Paul J. Zinke .............................................................. 297 Mountains, Arizona Comparative Nutrient Relations in Adjacent Earl B. Alexander ....................................................... 339 Stands of Chaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub Assessing the Effects of Management Actions on Soils John T. Gray .............................................................. 306 and Mineral Cycling in Mediterranean Ecosystems Nutrient Mineralization Processes in Mediter- Leonard F. DeBano .................................................... 345 ranean-Type Ecosystems Some Recent Aspects and Problems of Chaparral G. M. Marion ............................................................. 313 Plant Water Relations Stephen W. Roberts .................................................... 351 Soil and Nutrient Cycling in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: A Summary and Synthesis Leonard F. DeBano and Paul H. Dunn ..................... 358 Atmospheric Precipitation as a Source of Abstract: Precipitation and dry fallout were 1 collected over a 2-year period at a remote site in Nutrients in Chaparral Ecosystems the Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California, USA and analyzed for nutrient content. Mean annual depositions of Ca (2.2 kg/ha), K William H. Schlesinger and John T. Gray2 (0.7 kg/ha), NH4-N (0.5 kg/ha), and NO3-N (1.5 kg/ha) were largely derived from dryfall; deposi- tions of Na (7.2 kg/ha) and Mg (1.2 kg/ha) were important in both rainfall and dry fallout. These inputs are equal to or larger than the typical losses reported in runoff from mature chaparral, but these values imply that long periods are necessary to replace losses measured in volatili- zation and exacerbated runoff after fire. During fires a large quantity of essential National Forest) at 850 m elevation and approx- plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen, may be imately 10 km north of the Pacific Ocean near lost from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmos- Santa Barbara, CA. The site was 3 km west of phere (Raison 1979). These losses have been the transect of sites used for precipitation quantified in chaparral ecosystems (DeBano and collections in related studies (Schlesinger and Conrad 1978, DeBano et al. 1979), as have the Hasey 1980, 1981). While these sites are close losses in erosion and runoff following fire to the ocean, the south slope of this mountain (DeBano and Conrad 1976). The marked response range receives little direct deposition of salt of Adenostoma chaparral to nitrogen fertilization spray and marine aerosols (Ogden 1975, p. 205- (Hellmers et al. 1955) has led to the widespread 206). Direct on-shore winds are predominant only recognition of nutrient limitations to growth in during the arrival of winter synoptic storms from chaparral soils. If fires are frequent, large the Pacific Ocean. The site is remote from losses could deplete chaparral sites of nitrogen anthropogenic sources of atmospheric constituents. at a more rapid rate than it is replenished by atmospheric deposition and by nitrogen-fixing Over a 25-month period we measured precipita- species such as Ceanothus. tion in individual rainstorms using a standard U.S. Weather Bureau 8" (20.3 cm) diameter rain- Over the past several years we have studied gage. Monthly total airflow was measured with a the rate of deposition of nutrients from the recording 3-cup anemometer mounted 2 m above atmosphere in the chaparral near Santa Barbara, ground-level. A continuous record of air temp- CA. The goal of these studies was to compare erature and relative humidity was obtained using the annual deposition of nutrients to the typical a sheltered hygrothermograph (Weathermeasure losses in runoff and to the nutrient requirements Model H311), but these data are not reported in for growth in mature chaparral. Our data also the present paper. allow a calculation of the time needed to replen- ish the exacerbated losses which occur as a We used an automatic rain collector (Aerochem result of fire. In our early studies, we Metrics Model 101), electronically sensitive to collected rainfall and dry fallout together in precipitation events, to collect nutrient deposi- open funnels (Schlesinger and Hasey 1980); more tion in rainfall and dry fallout in separate recently we have separated these deposition (28-cm diameter) plastic buckets. This rain processes by collections using an automatic collector was originally designed by the U.S. rain collector. Here we report on our recent Atomic Energy Commission and tested favorably in work, and we review sources of similar data in the trials reported by Galloway and Likens (1976) California. and Bogen et al. (1980). The plastic buckets were washed with 50 percent HC1 and rinsed 5 METHODS AND MATERIALS times with deionized water. They were transpor- ted to the field in plastic bags. At the end of We established a research site on the south each storm and at the end of each month, the slope of the Santa Ynez Mountains (Los Padres wetfall bucket was replaced with a clean collec- tor, the volume of precipitation was recorded, and an aliquot of the precipitation was saved for 1Presented at the Symposium on Dynamics and analysis. At the end of each month, the dry- Management of Mediterranean-type Ecosystems, fall collector was rinsed with 250 ml of glass- June 22-26, 1981, San Diego, California. distilled water which was saved for analysis; thus, our analyses include only those ions that 2Assistant Professor of Botany, Duke Univer- are dissolved when dryfall is leached with dis- sity, Durham, N.C. 27706; and Research Assistant, tilled water (fraction 2 of Lewis and Grant 1978). Department of Biological Sciences, University of A clean dryfall bucket was placed in the rain California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 collector at this time. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1982. 279 During 15 months of the study, we also tion of rainfall (Junge 1963, Georgii and Wotzel collected bulk precipitation using the rain 1970, Gatz and Dingle 1971, Kennedy et al. 1979). collector designed and tested by Likens et al. Thus, concentrations are higher in rainfall col- (1967, 1977) to collect a composite sample of lections from small storms than from larger storms. rainfall and dry fallout at the Hubbard Brook To express rainfall concentrations, many workers Ecosystem in New Hampshire. This collector use weighted average concentrations, calculated consisted of a 10-cm diameter polypropylene by dividing the total deposition in a collection funnel connected to a 1-liter polypropylene period (mg/m2) by the total volume of precipita- bottle with tygon tubing. It was acid-washed, tion recorded (1/m2). Table 1 shows the annual rinsed, and replaced in the field after each weighted average concentrations (mg/1) in wetfall storm. It was also rinsed at the end of each month. for the various ions for the 2 years of study. Not surprisingly for this coastal site, Na and Mg The various samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, are dominant ions, reflecting their abundance in K, and Na as described in Schlesinger and Hasey sea water from which aerosols and rainfall nuclei (1980). During the second year of study, the are commonly formed (Gorham 1961). + - samples were also analyzed for NH4 -N and NO3 -N as described in Schlesinger and Hasey (1980). We found only non-significant negative linear Analyses for the nitrogen constituents were correlations between the ionic concentrations in performed as soon as possible after collection, the wetfall collections and increasing precipita- usually within 24 hours; thus, no preservatives tion volume. The correlations between log-concen- were used in the collectors. For each rainfall tration and precipitation were usually stronger event, concentrations of ions (mg/1) in the (higher r); these correlation coefficients (r) wetfall and in the Hubbard Brook collector were were -0.60* for Ca, -0.01 for Mg, -0.53* for K, + multiplied by the volume of precipitation, +0.12 for Na, -0.82* for NH4 -N and -0.60 for 2 - converted to 1/m based on the area of the NO4 -N. Thus, those ions derived from continental collector surface, to calculate total deposition and terrestrial sources (e.g., Ca and K, Gorham (mg/m2). Concentrations in the water used to 1961) show a stronger tendency to be cleansed rinse the dryfall collector were
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