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Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 1: Southern Ocean

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Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 1: Southern Ocean Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 1: Southern Ocean Alejandro H. Orsi and Thomas Whitworth III Series edited by Michael Sparrow, Piers Chapman and John Gould Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 1: Southern Ocean Alejandro H. Orsi and Thomas Whitworth III Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. Series edited by Michael Sparrow, Piers Chapman and John Gould. Compilation funded by the US National Science Foundation, Ocean Science division grant 9811481. Publication supported by BP. Cover Picture: The photo on the front cover was kindly supplied by Manuela Bassoi. It was taken in the region of the Melchior Islands, Dallman Bay, Antarctic Peninsula in February, 1999 from the Brazilian Polar research ship Almirante Ary Dos Santos Rongel during the Brazilian Antarctic Operation XVII. Cover design: Signature Design in association with the atlas editors, Principal Investigators and BP. Printed by: ATAR Roto Presse SA, Geneva,Switzerland. DVD production: Corporate Media Supplies Ltd, Birmingham, U.K. Published by: WOCE International Project Office, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K. Recommended form of citation: 1. For this volume: Orsi., A. H., T. Whitworth III, Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Volume 1: Southern Ocean (eds. M. Sparrow, P. Chapman and J. Gould), International WOCE Project Office, Southampton, U.K., ISBN 0-904175-49-9. 2004 2. For the whole series: Sparrow, M., P. Chapman, J. Gould (eds.), The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Atlas Series (4 vol- umes), International WOCE Project Office, Southampton, U.K., 2004-2006 WOCE is a project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) which is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. ISBN 0-904175-49-9 © Southampton Oceanography Centre, 2005 ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Tables of Atlas Plates v Forewords vii Background viii WOCE and its Observations viii The WOCE Hydrographic Programme viii WHP Oversight xi Atlas Formats xi Vertical Sections xi Property-Property Plots xiv Horizontal Maps xvi Appendix - Parameter definitions xvii Acknowledgements xviii References xix Atlas Plates Bathymetry and Station Positions 1 Vertical Sections, Property-Property Plots and Basemaps 2-181 Horizontal Maps 182-223 ii iii iv v TABLES OF ATLAS PLATES Vertical Sections, Property-Property Plots and Basemaps n 3 14 θ S γ σ0,2,4 O2 NO3 PO4 Si CFC-11 TCO2 Alk. δ He Tr Δ C PvP plot (°C) (PSS78) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (pmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) % TU ‰ & Basemap S1 (68°W) plate 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 - 5 5 - 7 A23 (30°W) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 - - 17 - - 19 S2 (0°E) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 - - - - - 29 I6 (30°E) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 - - 43 I8 (90°E) 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 - - 53 - 54 55 I9 (115°E) 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 - - - 67 S3 (145°E) 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 - - - 75 P11 (155°E) 76 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 - 80 - - - - 81 P14 (170°E) 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 - 87 87 - 89 P15 (170°W) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 - - - 101 P16 (150°W) 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 - 112 113 114 115 P17 (135°W) 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 - 126 127 128 129 P18 (105°W) 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 145 P19 (90°W) 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 - 156 157 158 159 S4 (65°S) 160-161 162-163 164-165 166-167 168-169 170-171 172-173 174-175 176-177 178-179 - - - - 180-181 Horizontal Maps n γ θ S O2 NO3 PO4 Si (kg/m3) (°C) (PSS78) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) Depth 50 m plate 182 182 183 183 184 184 185 200 m 186 186 187 187 188 188 189 800 m 190 190 191 191 192 192 193 1500 m 194 194 195 195 196 196 197 2500 m 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 3500 m 202 202 203 203 204 204 205 Bottom 206 206 207 207 - - - Z θ S O2 NO3 PO4 Si (m) (°C) (PSS78) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) (µmol/kg) Isopycnal 27.40 kg/m3 208 208 209 209 210 210 211 27.84 kg/m3 212 212 213 213 214 214 215 28.05 kg/m3 216 216 217 217 218 218 219 28.20 kg/m3 220 220 221 - - - - 28.27 kg/m3 222 222 223 - - - - iv v vi vii FOREWORDS The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was the first project of the World Climate Research BP is proud to support the publication of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Atlas series. Programme and was focused on improving our understanding of the important role of the ocean These volumes are the product of a truly international effort (with some 25 countries being involved) to circulation in climate. Its planning, observational and analysis phases, spanned two decades (1982- survey and make oceanographic measurements of the worldʼs oceans. 2002) and, by any measure, WOCE is the most ambitious, comprehensive and successful survey of the physical and chemical properties of the global ocean undertaken to date. Each of our lives interacts with the oceans in many different ways, but the ocean is a vast and important resource that feeds us, houses a large fraction of the planetʼs biodiversity, regulates our atmosphere, Throughout the 1980s, WOCE was planned to collect in situ data from an unprecedented multi-year and plays a key role in maintaining the stability of the Earthʼs climate. Increasing our knowledge and seagoing campaign and from a new generation of Earth observing satellites, using them to validate understanding of the oceans is therefore of great importance. The WOCE data have established a and improve models of the global ocean circulation for use in climate prediction research. In the baseline against which future changes can be compared. All predictions about global warming hinge event, WOCE occupied over 23,000 hydrographic stations on 440 separate cruises between 1990 and critically on the response of the oceans. A substantial part of our uncertainty about future climate 1998. change relates to the incomplete knowledge of the oceans embedded in our climate models. The WOCE data are now a critical resource against which to test our models and to improve our predictions WOCE results are documented in almost 1800 refereed scientific publications and it is most of climate change. As someone deeply concerned about climate change, I cannot overemphasise the commendable that the WOCE data sets have been publicly available via the World Wide Web and importance of this. Climate change is of genuine public concern - a concern shared by BP. on CD ROMs since 1998 and DVDs since 2002. Its scientific legacy includes: significantly improved ocean observational techniques (both in situ and satellite-borne); a first quantitative assessment of the In 1997 BP was the first company in the oil and gas industry to accept the fact that, while the scientific ocean circulationʼs role in climate; improved understanding of physical processes in the ocean; and understanding of climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions is still emerging, precau- improved ocean models for use in weather and ocean forecasting and climate studies. tionary action was justified. BP became actively involved in the global climate change policy debate, supporting emerging technologies for mitigation measures, and actively reducing emissions from our WOCE opened a new era of ocean exploration. It revolutionized our ability to observe the oceans operations and facilities. and mobilized a generation of ocean scientists to address global issues. We therefore enter the 21st century with both the tools and the determination to make further progress on defining the oceanʼs The WOCE Atlases stand as a record of the worldʼs oceans during the decade of the 1990s - the dec- role in climate and in addressing aspects of global and regional climate change. However, much more ade when the issue of global warming and climate change came to public attention. In years to come, remains to be done in the exploitation of WOCE observations and in the further development of schemes this record will be increasingly used to assess the changes of climate as reflected in the oceans. This to assimilate data into ocean models. These aspects of ocean research and model development are will be a measure of the effectiveness of the actions and technologies, which are being, and will be, now being continued in the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) project, designed in part as employed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. BP will continue to be actively involved and, by sup- the natural successor to WOCE within the World Climate Research Programme. porting the production of these atlases, hopes to achieve a much wider understanding of the current state of the oceans, as identified by WOCE, and of climate change. The WOCE global hydrographic survey of physical and chemical properties is one of unprecedented scope and quality and provides the baseline against which future and pre-WOCE changes in the ocean will be assessed. I am both delighted and privileged therefore to introduce the first of the four volume series of WOCE atlases describing this data set.
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