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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO “Nothing is Going to be Named After You”: Ethical Citizenship Among Citizen Activists in Bosnia-Herzegovina A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Natasa Garic-Humphrey Committee in charge: Professor Nancy Postero, Chair Professor Joseph Hankins Professor Martha Lampland Professor Patrick Patterson Professor Saiba Varma 2018 Copyright Natasa Garic-Humphrey, 2018 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Natasa Garic-Humphrey is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2018 iii To: My mom and dad, who supported me unselfishly. My Clinton and Alina, who loved me unconditionally. My Bosnian family and friends, who shared with me their knowledge. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ...................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................v List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. viii Vita ...................................................................................................................................... xiv Abstract of the Dissertation ..................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Ethical Citizenship ................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.2. Socialism, the War, and Postwar Endless “Transition” ...........................................12 1.2.1. “Brotherhood and Unity” ................................................................................12 1.2.2. Revived Separatist Nationalism and War .......................................................14 1.2.3. Endless Postwar “Transition” .........................................................................17 1.3. Anthropology of Ethical Citizenship .......................................................................20 1.3.1. Identitarian Politics and Nationalism ..............................................................20 1.3.2. Citizenship and Citizen Indignation ................................................................26 1.3.3. Inserting the Ethical “Self” in Political Theory ..............................................32 1.4. On Methods, Places, People, and Positionality ........................................................36 Chapter 2 Creating Ethnic Subjects and Groups: Postwar Ethno-National Engineering ....46 2.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................46 2.2. Ethno-National Engineering of Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina ................................50 2.2.1. The Ideology of Constituent Peoples ..............................................................50 2.2.2. Ethno-National Constitutions of Bosnia-Herzegovina ...................................53 2.2.3. Ethnicization Through Education, History, Language, and Religion .............62 2.2.3.1. Education ..................................................................................................63 2.2.3.2. History.......................................................................................................68 2.2.3.3. Language ...................................................................................................77 2.2.3.4. Religion .....................................................................................................80 2.3. Everyday Responses to Ethnic Engineering ............................................................84 Chapter 3 Creating Democratic Subjects: International Involvement in Dayton Engineering .........................................................................................................90 3.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................90 3.2. The Role of the International Institutions and Agents During 1992-1995 War ......96 3.3. International Engineering After the War ...............................................................102 v 3.3.1. The Dayton Peace Agreement ......................................................................102 3.3.2. Consociation Democracy and Institutional Engineering ..............................110 3.3.3. Electoral Process ...........................................................................................113 3.4. International Essentialization of Bosnian Society .................................................120 Chapter 4 Between Yearning and Hope: Citizen Activists Building a ‘Normal’ Life ......131 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................131 4.2. Yearning in Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina ..............................................................138 4.3. Hope in Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina ....................................................................151 4.4. Between Yearning and Hope in Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina ..............................158 Chapter 5 Negotiating ‘True’ Politics: Ethical Citizenship and Intergenerational Dynamics During Social Uprising in Sarajevo .................................................171 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................171 5.2. Jacques Rancière and a Move Beyond Identitarian Politics ..................................177 5.3. Generations ............................................................................................................181 5.4. The “Absurdistan” Generation ...............................................................................185 5.5. The Socialist Era Generation .................................................................................192 5.6. The Postwar Transition Generation .......................................................................196 5.7. What Comes After the Uprising ............................................................................203 Chapter 6 Sustainable Activism? Exploring Interest, Responsibility, and Community Among Citizen Activists ...................................................................................207 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................207 6.2. Self-Care and Self-Reflection ................................................................................213 6.3. Interest and Responsibility .....................................................................................219 6.3.1. A Person-Centered Model for Motivation ....................................................219 6.3.2. Emotions in Protest .......................................................................................222 6.3.3. Interest as Emotion .......................................................................................226 6.3.4. Responsibility as Emotion ............................................................................231 6.4. A Sense of Community (Zajednica) ......................................................................237 Chapter 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................248 References ...........................................................................................................................258 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Bakir Izetbegović, Bosniak member of a tripartite Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina on April 6, 2014. In the background, citizen activist, Hana, holding a sign that says, “Nothing is going to be named after you.” ..............1 Figure 2.1. “It is Important to be a Bosniak” census campaign flier. Top row from left to right: “I am a Bosniak. My religion is Islam. My language is Bosnian.” Bottom row: “Be a Bosniak, so you are not “Others.”” ..............46 Figure 3.1. Protest camp erected by parents with children from elementary school Konjević Polje (RS) in front of the Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Sarajevo, 2013. .............................................................................90 Figure 4.1. JMBG protest in June 2013.........................................................................131 Figure 5.1. Social uprising in Sarajevo, February 7, 2014. Courtesy of Mehmedalija Agić. ......................................................................................171 Figure 5.2. Plenum in Dom Mladih (The Youth House) on February 25, 2014. Courtesy of plenumsa.org