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Lemus-Juan.Pdf Universidad Rafael Landívar Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Agrícolas Licenciatura en Ciencias Agrícolas con énfasis en Cultivos Tropicales Métodos de establecimiento de Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, FMB) como cultivo de cobertura en el sistema de producción de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.); Sayaxche, Petén Estudio de Caso Juan Alberto Lemus Silva 21245-01 Coatepeque, Abril de 2013 Sede Regional Coatepeque Universidad Rafael Landívar Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Agrícolas Licenciatura en Ciencias Agrícolas con énfasis en Cultivos Tropicales Métodos de establecimiento de Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, FMB) como cultivo de cobertura en el sistema de producción de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.); Sayaxche, Petén Estudio de Caso Presentado al Consejo de la Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Agrícolas Por Juan Alberto Lemus Silva Previo a Conferírsele en el Grado Académico de Licenciado El Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo con énfasis en Cultivos Tropicales Coatepeque, Abril de 2013 Sede Regional Coatepeque Autoridades de la Universidad Rafael Landívar Rector: P. Rolando Enrique Alvarado López, S.J. Vicerrectora Académica: Dra. Marta Lucrecia Méndez González de Penedo Vicerrector de Investigación y Proyección: P. Carlos Rafael Cabarrús Pellecer, S.J. Vicerrector de Integración Universitaria: P. Eduardo Valdés Barría, S.J. Vicerrector Administrativo: Lic. Ariel Rivera Irías Secretaria General: Licda. Fabiola Padilla Beltranena Autoridades de la Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Agrícolas Decano: Dr. Adolfo Ottoniel Monterroso Rivas Vicedecano: Ing. Miguel Eduardo Garcia Turnil, MSc Secretaria: Inga. María Regina Castañeda Fuentes Director de Carrera: Ing. Luis Felipe Calderón Bran Nombre del Asesor Ing. Luis Francisco Cifuentes Ruiz Tribunal que practicó la Defensa Privada Ing. Pedro Arnulfo Pineda Cotzojay, MSc Ing. Edgar Amílcar Martínez Tambito, MA Ing. Luis Roberto Aguirre Ruano AGRADECIMIENTOS A: Dios por concederme la sabiduría necesaria para ser mejor persona y profesional. Universidad Rafael Landívar por ser mi Alma Máter Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Agrícolas por aportar los conocimientos y valores para ser un buen profesional. A las empresas: Palmas de Ixcán LTDA., Palmas de Bramadero S. A., Reforestadora de Palma S. A. Por compartir sus experiencias de campo para documentar la investigación. Ing. Luis Francisco Cifuentes Ruiz, por su asesoría en el estudio de caso. DEDICATORIA A: Mi hijo: Juan Diego Mi esposa: María Jimena Mis hermanas: Sindy Mariela, Nancy Tatiana Mi cuñado: Jorge Josué Mis padres: Juan Salvador y Eloísa Margot INDICE GENERAL RESUMEN i SUMMARY ii I. INTRODUCCION 1 II. REVISION DE LITERATURA 3 2.1 Leguminosas utilizadas como cobertura 3 2.2 Pueraria phaseoloides, Kudzu Tropical 3 2.2.1 Clasificación Taxonómica 4 2.2.2 Descripción botánica 4 2.2.3 Manejo agronómico 5 2.2.4 Manejo Genético 6 2.2.5 Producción de Semillas 6 2.3 Principales razones para establecer coberturas 6 2.3.1 Consideraciones generales en el manejo de una 7 planta de cobertura 2.3.2 Justificaciones del uso de coberturas 8 2.3.3 Ventajas en el uso de Pueraria phaseoloides 9 2.4 Antecedentes sobre el uso de Pueraria phaseoloides 10 III. CONTEXTO 13 3.1 Descripción del contexto 13 IV. JUSTIFICACIÓN 15 V. OBJETIVOS 17 5.1 Objetivo General 17 5.2 Objetivos Específicos 17 VI. METODOLOGIA 18 6.1 Diseño de instrumentos y procedimientos 18 6.2 Proceso de recolección de datos 18 6.2.1 Evidencia documental y utilización de registros archivos 18 6.2.2 Entrevista a diversos informantes 18 6.2.3 Cuestionario a diversos informantes 19 6.2.4 Grupo de discusión o grupos focales 19 6.2.5 Observación no participante 19 6.3 Variables del estudio 19 6.4 Análisis de la información 19 VII.RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION 21 7.1 Situación Inicial 21 7.2 Proceso de Intervención 22 7.3 Resultados 24 VIII. CONCLUSIONES 35 IX. RECOMENDACIONES 36 X. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 37 XI. ANEXOS 40 INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1: Identificación de las empresas 24 Cuadro 2: Metodología de establecimiento 25 Cuadro 3: Prácticas culturales 26 Cuadro 4: Técnicas utilizadas 27 Cuadro 5: Referencia de dificultades 28 Cuadro 6: Ventajas encontradas 29 Cuadro 7: Aporte Nutricional 31 Cuadro 8: Apreciación de los técnicos 32 Cuadro 9: Alternativas encontradas 32 Cuadro 10: Costo por hectárea 33 Métodos de establecimiento de Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, FMB) como cultivo de cobertura en el sistema de producción de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.); Sayaxche, Petén RESUMEN El presente estudio de caso es una recopilación de la experiencia en el manejo de cobertura con Pueraria phaseoloides, ¨kudzú tropical¨, utilizado en plantaciones de Elaeis guineensis, ¨palma de aceite¨, en el municipio de Sayaxché, Petén. El uso de esta leguminosa en plantaciones permanentes se ha conocido muy poco, las compañías productoras de palma presentan interés en su establecimiento por sus numerosos beneficios en la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas. La validez de esta afirmación es evidente con los resultado obtenidos en el presente estudio: la inoculación de la semilla con bacterias del género Rhizobium, ha permitido observar rendimientos acumulados moderadamente más altos que en aquellos lotes cubiertos por vegetación natural, se establece por medio de pequeñas semillas que emergen lentamente, debido a eso al momento de la siembra, el suelo tiene que estar libre de malezas que podrían limitar su desarrollo. El crecimiento rápido, la capacidad de producir raíces en cada yema y la formación de guías, le permiten poblar rápidamente el suelo limitando el desarrollo de otros vegetales, por lo que el control biológico de malezas es una de las actividades más importantes que esta tiene, además de ser amigable con el ambiente, fija el nitrógeno atmosférico, incorporándolo al suelo. i Establishment methods of Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, FMB) as coverage crop, in the production system of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.); Sayaxche, Petén SUMMARY This study consists of a compilation of experiences in the coverage management for Pueraria phaseoloides, “tropical kudzu”, used in Elaeis guineensis plantations, “oil palm”, in the municipality of Sayaxché, Petén. The use of this legume in permanent plantations is not very well known. The oil palm producing companies have interest in establishing it due to many benefits for the sustainability of agricultural systems. The validity of this affirmation is evident with the results obtained in this study: seed inoculation with the Rhizobium gender bacteria; which has shown higher moderate accumulated yields than the lots covered with natural vegetation, and; it is established through small seeds that emerge slowly, so that during the planting the soil has to be free of weeds in order to avoid limiting their development. The fast growth, the capacity to produce roots in each bud, and formation of runners allow the same to spread rapidly on the ground, limiting the development of other vegetation. Therefore, the biological weed control is currently one of the most important activities. In addition to being environmentally friendly, it fixes the atmospheric nitrogen, incorporating it into the soil. ii I. INTRODUCCION La agricultura tradicional en zonas tropicales del departamento de Peten, ha estado basada en la roza, tumba y quema del bosque, que libera rápidamente los nutrientes acumulados en la biomasa de la vegetación; permitiendo la agricultura durante uno o dos años, por lo que es frecuente encontrar suelos ácidos, con altas tasas de saturación de aluminio (tóxico para muchos cultivos) y con bajas concentraciones de nutrientes esenciales (principalmente N, P, K, Ca y Mg), que dificultan el desarrollo de árboles y cultivos. Después de ese tiempo, las cosechas disminuyen (extracción de nutrientes, excesos de malezas y aumento de plagas y enfermedades principalmente) y se abandona la parcela dejándolas en barbecho, por largos períodos hasta que se recupere la fertilidad inicial. Según la capacidad de uso de suelos elaborada por el INAB, combinados con los aportes en taxonomía y metodologías para análisis de suelos de USDA y FAO, nos permite determinar que los suelos en donde se cultiva la Palma de Aceite actualmente en Peten, corresponden a suelos Oxisoles. En el caso de Guatemala específicamente, estos suelos son bastante pobres y que al combinarlos con el impacto del cultivo en el suelo, se evidencia que forman una compleja red radicular bajo el mismo, entrelazándose durante su crecimiento compactándolo, por lo que es preciso el uso de maquinaria pesada para levantarlas incluso tras solo 15 años de crecimiento, cuando cada palma habrá alcanzado alrededor de los 10 metros de altura (Solano, 2009). Las condiciones bajo las que se ha desarrollado el cultivo en el Petén ha obligado al uso de coberturas ya que estas proporciona un método de control biológico de malezas, ahorrando mano de obra, mejorando la estructura del suelo, regula la temperatura del suelo, favorece la actividad microbiana, reduce la erosión, proveen de nutrientes al mismo, controla plagas y enfermedades, sirven como alimentación humana y alimentación animal. 1 Las funciones del cultivo de cobertura, en una plantación de Palma Aceitera, cambian durante el ciclo de desarrollo del mismo. Por ejemplo, en el establecimiento pueden reducir la lixiviación de los nutrientes del suelo, absorber aquellos nutrientes que se encuentren disponibles y que el cultivo perenne aún no puede absorber por encontrarse su sistema radicular poco desarrollado. En el año 2000, productores de palma
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