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Home , Centrosema pubescens, Faboideae, Justicia carnea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Sida acuta

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences Volume 6, Issue 2, 2019, PP 21-32 ISSN 2394-5885 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5893 (Online)

Anatomical Studies of Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Pubescens Benth, Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Nduche, M.U.*, Offor I. C

Department of Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria *Corresponding Author: Nduche, M.U., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria, Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the anatomical features and taxonomical significant of the stems, roots and leaf epidermis of Sida acuta, Spigelia anthelmia, , and Justicia carnea. The leaves of these were studied using the impression techniques method to obtain epidermal peel. The stems and roots of the plants were socked in the solution of FAA and free hand section obtained for anatomical studies using a digital microscope with photomicrographs taken. The epidermal peel obtained shows that the stomatadistributions in the leaves were more in the adaxial surface more than the abaxial surface in the studied plants. Theshapes of epidermis were straight in Sida acuta, rectangular in Spigelia anthelmia, cylindrical in Justiciacarnea, and oval in both Centrosema pubescensand Pueraria phaseoliodes. The numbers of the subsidiary cell in the studied plants were anomocytic. This study was analyzed based on the present or absence of stomata in both the upper and lower epidermis. The anatomical study of the stems shows that the epidermis of the stem of Sida acuta andJusticia carnea were rounded, Spigelia anthelmia and Centrosema pubescens were rectangular, and Pueraria phaseoliodes were cylindrical. The cortical cells and xylem cells of the test plants were all thick, with different layers. They all have thick cortical and thick xylem with numerous layers in the cortex. The present of collenchymas and parenchyma cells were observed in the plant. The result of the plants studied when combined with the gross morphology of the plants will help in the proper identification of the plants. Keywords: Anatomy, , Stems, Roots and Leaf epidermis

INTRODUCTION Anatomical data are often extremely useful in Plant anatomy is the general term used for the solving problems of relationships because they study of internal structure of plants. While can often suggest with greater confidence the originally, it included plant morphology, which homologies of morphological character states, is the description of the physical form and and they can help in the interpretation of external structure of plants. Plant anatomy is evolutionary directionality. (Barbosaet al., now frequently investigated at the cellular level, 2004). and often involves the sectioning of tissues and The five plants studied are; Sida acuta, Spigelia micro morphology. Anatomical studies as a anthelmia, Pueraria phaseoloides, Centrosema systematic feature in the characterization of pubescens, and Justisia carnea. One of the five plant is no longer strange in taxonomic study. plants which is Spigelia anthelmia is a genus of The scientific importance and specific flowering plants in the family Loganiaceae. It implication of anatomical features have been contains around 60 species, distributed over the studied by different authors in different group of warmer parts of the Americas, from the latitude plants. Plant anatomy is the general term used of Buenos Aires to the Southern United States. for the study of internal structure of plants.

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 21 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Spigelia anthelmia is an annual herb up to 50 - or cut for hay or silage making (Cook et al., 90 cm tall, few branched at base, stem erect, 2005). hollow, glabrous. It is native to the West Indies Another genus studied is Justicia carnea a and Northern America and now naturalized in that belongs to West Africa and in Zaira and Ethiopia. The family. The genus Justicia was named after a plant has only relatively recently reached West Scottish gardener James Justice, in the 18th Africa (Achenbach et al., 1995). Malvaeceae or the mallows, is a family of flavouring plants century. It is commonly called Brazilian plume estimated to contain in 244 genera with 4225 flower. This flowering plant is native to Atlantic known species, well known member of the forest eco region of eastern Brazil. It is also is Sida acuta which has 200 species. found in Nigeria (Igwe et al., 2016). Sida acuta is a smaller, erect, perennial , JUSTIFICATION branching profusely from the base. It usually Though the information on the anatomy of ranges from 30-150cm in height, but grows to different groups of plants are available, there is 3m in favourable conditions in Northern death of information on the anatomy of Sida Australia (Lonsdale et al., 1995). The stems are acuta, Spigelia anthelmia,Centrosema fibrous to almost woody with a tough stirringly pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Justicia bark. There is a deep, tough tap root. The leaves carnea. This work is to contribute to the are alternate, lanceolate, acute, tampering information on the anatomy and taxonomy of towards both ends. The seeds are small, redish- these five species of plants studied brown to black wedge-shaped and about 1.5mm OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY long. Sidaacuta has medicinal properties in parts of Asia and Africa it is used in treating The objective of this research is infections, fever, malaria, asthma, headache  To describe the anatomical character of five diarrhea etc. It is also valuable plant for treating plant genus such as: Sida acuta, Spigelia nervous and urinary and blood diseases, pile and anthelmia, Centrosema pubescens, Peuraria liver disorders (Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). phaseoloide, Justicia carnea. Another genus is the one belonging to the  To determine the differences in the family of which contains Centrosema anatomical features that could be utilized in pubescens and Pueraria phaseoloides. The the taxonomic and biosystematic family has a total of about 26 species belong to consideration of the five species studied. 14 genera in the family. It is a vigorous; drought resistant, a productive which produces a In order to undertake a compressive study of all good quantity of seed that can be easily aspect of the research and achieve other stated harvested. Both dry matter and protein yield objectives, the review of related literature would from pastures have been increased substantially focus on the following genus as stated below: when Centrosema pubescens is included in Spigelia anthelmia, Sidaacuta, Centrosema pasture mixture (Uzuomfor, 2005). The second pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides and Justicia genus under Fabaceae is Pueraria phaseoloides, carnea it is a plant species within the family. It is a Spigelia Anthelmia (Loganiaceae) promising forage crop and used in Originates from tropical and sub-tropical the tropics. America, but is widely naturalized in tropical Pueraria phaseoloides is a vigorous twining and Africa and Indonesia. It comprises about 60 climbing perennial legume. It is deeply rooted species (Nurwinger, 2000). Spigelia anthelmia (down to 2 m depth) and its hairy slender stem can be recognized by their opposite or whorled may be 6-10m long in diameter (FAO, 2015). It leaves, in false whorled towards the coloured is mainly used as a green manure and as a tips, one-sided inflorescences, often brightly pasture for livestock, it is one of the most used colored pentannerous flowered with usually cover crops in the plantation of rubber. It is funnel-shaped corollas, articulated steles, often used in sisal plantations in Africa. The gynaeciumeu-syncatpous, strongly bilobed roots are reported to be edible and its fibrous capsule compressed contrary to septum, roots are used to make ropes (Halim, 1997). It is circumcise. It has ornamental values, having highly palatable to livestock and can be grazed showy flowers with scarlet red tubes and lobes

22 International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance yellow inside. The highest concentrations of The plant is found on most soil types. It has a alkaloids are present in the roots and in the fruit deep taproot and can withstand drought moving wall (Achenbach et al., 1995). and shallow tillage. It is weed of degraded pastures, plantations, cereals, road sides and Portion of the plants is used internally as waste places (Flanagan et al., 2000). Sida acuta treatment against thrush and hypertension it is can also be described as a small, erect, perennial also used to treat sore throat. The sap from the shrub from 30-150 cm in height but grows to 3m leaves is rubbed into scarification to treat chest in favourable conditions (Lonsdale et al., 1995). complaints and eye infections In Germany, The leaves are quite variable in size from 2-9cm homeopathic pharmacopoeia, and extract of the long and 0.5-4cm wide. The flowers yellow, aerial parts is officially used as a remedy for solitary 1-2cm in diameter and on a short stalk neuralgic and cardiac disorders (Van et al., 0.3-0.8 long. The fruit is hard, brown capsule, 3- 2003). 5mm in diameter breaking, into 5-8 triangular Morphology of Spigelia Anthelmia segments. The seeds are small, reddish brown to black, wedge shaped, deeply indented in both side, rounded on the back and about 1.5mm long. Seeds of Sida acutaare easily spread by a variety of means such as machinery, equipment, man animal, seed or hay contamination and water (Pettit et al., 2001, Smith 2002). Where there is no defined dry season Sida acuta will Annual herb, up to 50 (90) cm tall, few- flower throughout the year. branched at base; stem erect, hollow, glabrous. Morphological Description of Sida Acuta Leaves opposite, with an apical pseudo-whorl of 2 decussate pairs, simple and entire; stipules united, broad-triangular; petiole up to 1 cm long; blade ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 4– 18 cm × 1–6 cm, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, sessile; sepals free, slightly unequal, 2–6 mm long, pale green; corolla 8–17 mm long, tube 6– 15 mm long, lobes equal, triangular, 2–2.5 mm The seeds of Sida acuta are small, reddish- long, lilac to white, or tube white and lobes pale brown to black, wedge-shaped, deep indented pink, with or without 5 pairs of reddish lines on both sides rounded on the back and about inside; stamens inserted just below the middle of 1.5mm long. (Ham et al., 2004). Leaves have the corolla tube, included; ovary superior, toothed margin, they are smooth or have spars globose, glabrous, 2-celled, style slightly satellite hairs with prominent veins on the under exerted. Fruit a capsule consisting of 2 ellipsoid surface, 2-9cm long 0.5-4 cm wide. (Waterhouse et al., 1993) flowers yellow, parts, 4–5 mm × 5–6 mm, sharp-warty, green, solitary, 1-2cm in diameter with five petals lobes dehiscent with 4 valves, a boat-shaped joined at the base and with a shallow notch at base remaining in the persistent calyx, few- the apex (Parsons, 1992). Fruit is a hard brown, seeded. Seeds obliquely ellipsoid or ovoid, 3 capsules 3-5mm in diameter breaking into 5-8 mm × 2 mm, dull brown, warty.This revealed triangular segments (Ham et al., 2004). S. acuta the upper epidermis that consisted of compactly were found to contain phytoecelysteroids, which arranged rectangular cells with the upper part may provide protection for young seedlings that is concave. A thin layer of cuticle covered against herbivores (Dinan et al., 2001). the epidermis. (Olowokudejo, 1993). S. acuta germinate in the early part of the wet Sida Acuta season and most flowering takes place, where Sidaacuta is shrub belonging to Malvaceae there is no defined dry season, S. acuta will family it is widely distributed in the subtropical flower throughout the year. Where there is a regions where it is found in bushes in farms and severe dry season, plants completely defoliate around habitation. The plant is native to Mexico and then re-grow form the rootstock with the and Central America by spreading throughout initiation of the following wet season. the tropics and subtropics (Ham et al., 2004). Propagation is entirely by seeds which are

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 23 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance produced in profusion and germinate readily leaves on the soil. Stems do not become woody following a post-harvest ripening period of 1-3 until about 18 months after planting. Leaves are months at height temperature (Flanagan et al., trifoliate with elliptical leaflets approximately 2000) 4cmx3.5cm (1.6inx1.4 in) dark green and glabrous above but whitish and densely Sida acuta is an effective emollient, analgesic tormentors below. and diuretic herb, it possess hypertensive antimicrobial and diuretic action. It is a natural Flowers are generally pale violet, fruit is a flat remedy for renal problems. It is good for long dark brown pod 7.5-15cm (3.0-5.9in) long treating veneral disease related to sexual containing up to 20 seeds. Seeds are spherical intercourse or desire (Waterhouse, 1993). It is about4-mm (0-16-inches) in diameter, dark an analgesic herb that is used in treating body brown when ripe. aches, healing wound. The whole plants treat Centrosema pubescens can be cultivated in fever, the juice are used for ingestion, the regions with rainfall ranging from 1000 mm to poultice is applied to soften abscess and release 1750mm per year. However it has a reasonable pus. The leaves treat dysentery, the leaves is drought tolerance, its deep roots system helps it used to treat ulcers and boils. The roots are chewed to relieve toothache, it also stimulates to take up water from a significantly depth. It the sexual desire in men and women it is good grows well in nutrient – poor soil, it is for women in labour (Kumar et al, 1996; Furlan propagated by seed, planted directly into the et al., 2008). ground before the rainy season. The growing seasons for centro ranges between 4-8 months Centrosema Pubescens but the seeds typically matures within 4-6 The common name is centro, it is a legume in months. the family Fabaceae, sub family and Centrosema pubescens is widely used as forage tribe phaseolae. It is native to central and South and a source of protein to grazing from America and it is cultivated in other tropical southern Mexico to Colombia (FAO, 2013). The areas as forage for livestock. Centrosema leaves can also be used as a cheap source of pubescens is a perennial herb that can reach a protein for broiler chickens. It is a good source height of 45cm (17.5 in). The root system can reach up to 30cm in depth. Stem grow and of calcium and for animal. It is seen branch rapidly, producing a dense mass of as a weed and therefore competent with other branches and leaves on the soil. Stems do not crops for nutrient. become woody until about 18 months after Pueraria Phaseoloides planting. Centrosema pubescens is grown as a cover crop because it naturally suppressed Thisis a plant species within the pea family weeds and is very tolerant to drought. (Fabaceae) and its subfamily faboideae. Centrosema pubescens is unable to tolerate cold Tropical Pueraria phaseoloides originated from temperature but has very low soil and rainfall East and South Asia. It has been introduced for requirement ((FAO, 2013).). cultivation in most tropics and is naturally found on river banks, roadsides, fallow field and Morphology of Centrosema Pubescens secondary forest (Halim, 1997). It grows from 0 to 170 in both hemispheres and from sea level to an altitude of up to 1000-1500m. It can grow where annual rainfall is ranging from 850mm to 2000mm but it does better above 15000mm rainfall and where temperatures are 320C/240C (Halim, 1997). Pueraria phaseoloidesis tolerant of dry conditions and seed production is promoted by a short dry season. Pueraria Centrosema pubescens is a perennial herb that phaseoloidesis very shade tolerant and is can reach a height of 45 cm (17.5 inches). The preferred in many tropical tree plantation (FAO, root system can reach up to 30 cm in depth 2015). It can grow on a wide range of soils from (Uzuomfor, 2015). Stems grow and branch sandy loams to clays but does well on tight rapidly producing a dense mass of branches and heavy clays (Cook et al., 2005).

24 International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Morphological Description of Pueraria Justicia Carneae Phaseoloides It is a flowering plant that belongs to Acanthanceae family, it is native of Atlantic forest Eco region of eastern Brazil. It is also found in Nigeria. (Igwe et al., 2016)The genus Justicia was named after a Scottish gardener James Justice, in the 18th century. Justicia carneais the largest genus of Acanthaceae family with approximately 600 species that are found in the tropical regions (Van, 2003) It is vigorous twinning and climbing perennial The species of Justicia carneaare described as legume, it is deeply rooted (down to 2m depth) erect or scan dent perennial herbs. Leaves and its rainy slender stems may be 0-10m long present and are petiolate with a leaf margin that (sometimes up to 15cm) x 0.6cm in diameters). is usually entire (Graham, 1990). It is bilabial The stems grow from the nodes and then corolla, with a posterior lip that is generally develop many branches (FAO, 2015). It forms two-lobbed, an anterior lip that is three lobed, swards of tangled branches that may reach 60- two stamens, a capsule with four seeds and a 75cm in height. The young shoots are densely basal sterile portion (Badami et al., 2003). covered with hairs. The leaflets are thin, dark green on their upper surface pale green on the Morphological Description of Spigelia Anthelmia lower one. The inflorescence is anclocillary raceme 15-30 cm in length, bearing small scattered, to deep purple flowers. Once pollinated, the flowers turn into pods the fruits are linear, cylindrical and straight. The pods are 4-11 cm long and 3-5mm in diameter (Cook et al., 2005.). Pueraria phaseoloides is propagated by drilling sowing, mainly where the distance between the drill rows is set to one meter, it can be hand Justicia carnea species are described as erect plant. It can grow where annual rainfall ranges perennial herbs. Leaves arepetilate with a leaf from 850mm to 20000mm but it does better margin spikes and the species rarely has above 1500 rainfall and where day/night solitary, terminal or auxiliary flowers. (Badami temperature are 320C/240C. Pueraria et al., 2003). The species can be recognized by phaseoloides is mainly used as a pasture for their pinkish flowers and also by their bilabial livestock, it is one of the most used cover crop corollary with a posterior lip that is generally in the plantation of rubber, oil palm and coconut turn-lobed, an anterior lip that is three lobed, of the humid Asian Tropics, it is often used in two stamensa capsule with four seeds and a sisal (Agave Sisalana) Planatations in Africa. basal sterile portion (Graham et al., 1990). Its Pioneering-habit is useful for establishment The leaf has a uniseriate epidermis composed of on slopes (Halim, 1997). cubic cells with thickened outer periclinal walls Tropical Pueraria phaseoloides cultivated in and anticlinal walls with some sinuosity as in many other Acanthaceae species. The vascular coconut basin provides valuable green manure system is composed of a semicircular central which enriches microbialogical activity of the beam and two circular complementary bundles. coconut rhizosphere (Hiep, 2008). Roots are Stomata is more on the lower more than the reported to be edible and its fibrous rooted are upper surface. (Patil, 2012) used to makes ropes. It can be cut to make hay or silage making (Cook et al., 2005). Traditionally, Justicia carnea species are used in the treatment of inflammation, gastro- Pueraria phaseoloides because of it vigorous intestinal disease respiratory tract infection fast growing habit was listed as one of the most Because of their effect on the central nervous aggressive weeds invading most habitats in system, they are utilized as hallucinogens, tropical and subtropical regions in the USA and sedatives and treatment for epilepsy (Awad et in Australia (Randall, 2012 and USDA, 2012).

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 25 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance al., 2009). The root, flower fruit and leaf is used Anatomical Studies in the treatment of bronchitis cold, whooping Free hand section of fresh and mature stem and cough etc (Joshi et al., 2010 and Kumar et al., roots of the plants were performed using sharp 2005). Some species of Justicea carnea is used razor blades. The sections were stained with 1-2 in the treatment of cancer (Chariandy et al., drops of safran in for 2 minutes, washed off 1999), HIV (Lamorde et al., 2010) and diabetes with water. The sections were dehydrated with (Lizcano et al., 2010). xylene for few seconds and mounted in Canada It is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to four balsam with cover slip and were then allowed to feet and the same in width, it is mostly grown in dry and placed in a Novel Digital microscope. loamy soil (Osuna-Torres et al., 2005). Dappled Photomicrograph sunlight is the best as it will thrive when planted Observation and photomicrograph of slides of beside plants which will filter the sun rays. In the anatomical section and the epidermal peels colder areas, just cover the roots with fleece or were taken using Novel Digital Microscope at mulch during colder times (Lizcano et al., Histological Laboratory of the Department of 2010). Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara MATERIALS AND METHODS University of Agriculture Umduike. RESULTS Collection and Identification of Plant Materials Leaf Anatomy of Spigelia Anthelmia Fresh leaves, stems and root of the five plants; Spigellia anthelmia, Sida acuta, Centrosema The leaf epidermal cells were rectangular in pubsecens, Puereria phasoeloides, and Justicia shape and numbers of epidermal cells were 79 carnea were was collected from different in the upper surface and 105 in the lower surface. The number of stomata was 3 in the locations inside the Michael Okpara University upper surface and 23 in the lower surface. The of Agriculture Umduike. The plants were stomata indexes were 3.65 in the upper surface collected and was brought to the Department of and 17.97 in the lower surface (Plate 1a and 1b). Plant Science and Biotechnology where it was identified by the taxonomic unit of the Leaf Anatomy of Sida Acuta Department of Plant Science and Bio- The upper and lower surfaces of Sida acuta technology, Michael Okpara University of leaves had a straight epidermal cell shape and Agriculture Umduike. The leaves, stems of the the number of epidermal cells in the upper roots of all the plants were washed with clean surface were 30 while those of the lower surface water and preserved by soaking in a mixture of were 34. The number of stomata were 15 in the FAA solution (Formalin, Acetic Acid and upper surface and 11 in the lower surface. The Alcohol) in the ratio of (1:1:18). stomata index was 33.33 in the upper surface and 20.93 in the lower surface (Plate 2a and 2b). The fixed materials were used for anatomical studies using a modified method of Leaf Anatomy of Centrosema Pubescens Olowokudejo, (1990).Photomicrographs were The epidermal cell were oval in shape with the taken from the slide preparations using Novel number of epidermal being83 and 160in the Digital Microscope. upper and lower surfaces respectively. The Epidermal Section numbers of stomata were 6 in the upper surface and 11 in the lower surface with stomata index Fresh leaves from the test plant were used for of 6.74 in the upper epidermal surface and 6.43 epidermal studies. Epidermal peels were in the lower epidermal surface (Plate 3a and 3b) obtained directly from the fresh leaves without any chemical treatment. This was achieved by Leaf Anatomy of Pueraria Phaseoliodes robbing cortex (White Nuipaint) on the leaf This showed that the epidermal cell were oval in surface both upper and lower parts and allowed shape, with the number of epidermal cells 189 in to dry then the epidermal layers were removed the upper surface and 140 in the lower surface. using masking tape then placing or masking it The numbers of stomata were 5 in the upper with the epidermal layer on a glass slide then surface and 13 in the lower surface with stomata viewed with the Novel Digital Microscope index of 2.88 and 8.49 in the upper and lower (Olowokudejo, 1990). surfaces respectively (Plate 4a and 4b).

26 International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Leaf Anatomy of Justicia Carnea in Spigelia anthelmia, 2-3 layers in Centrosema pubescens and 6-7 layers in Justicia carnea. The leaf epidermal cells were cylindrical in shape. The numbers of epidermal cells were 48 The Root Anatomy in upper epidermal cell and 105 in the lower Root anatomy of the studied plants showed epidermal surface. The number of stomata was 3 present of epidermal cells, cortex and xylem. in the upper epidermal surface and 18 in the The epidermal cells of the roots of the studied lower surface with stomata index of 5.88 and plants showed a rounded shape in four species 24.32 in the upper and lower surfaces such as Sida acuta, Centrosema pubescens, respectively (Plate 5a and 5b). pueraria phaseoliodes and Justisia carnea while The Stem Anatomy Spigelia anthelmia showed a rectangular shape. The cortex shape were 10-11 layers in Spigelia Stem anatomy of the plants studied showed the anthelmia, 3-4 layers in Sida acuta, 7-8 layers in present of epidermis, cortex, xylem and Centrosema pubescens, 7-9 layers in and phloemin all the plants. The cortex layers were puraria phaseoliodes. Xylem layers were 11-15 4-6 layers in Sida acuta, 18-20 layers in Spigelia layers in Spigelia anthekmia, 5-6 layers in anthelmia, 1 layered in pueraria phaseoliodes, Sidaacuta, 1-2 layers in Justicia carnea, 6-7 1-2 layers in Centrosema pubescens and then 2- layers in Centrosema pubescens and 9-10 layers 3 layers in Justcia carnea. All the studied plants in Pueraria phaseoliodes. All the studied plants had thick cuticle and xylem walls. The xylem showed a thick cortex and xylem cell walls. cells were 3-4 layers in Sida acuta, 5 - 6 layers Spingelia Anchelmia

Stem x 400 (Plate 1c) Root x 400 (Plate 1d)

Leaf upper epidermis x 400 (Plate 1a) Leaf lower x 400 (Plate 1b) Pueraria Phaseoloides

Stem x 400 (Plate 4b) Root x 400 (Plate 4c)

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 27 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Leaf: upper epidermis x 400 (Plate 4a) Leaf Lower epidermis x 400 (Plate 4d) Centrosema Pubescens

Stem x 400 (Plate 4c) Root x 400 (Plate 4b)

Leaf: Upper epidermis x 400 (Plate 4a) Leaf:Lower epidermisx 400 (Plate 4b) Sida Acuta

Stem x 400 (Plate 2c) Root x 400 (Plate 2d)

Leaf Upper epidermis x 400 (Plate2a) Leaf: Lower epidermis x 400 (Plate 2b) Justicia Carnea

Stem x 400 (plate 5c) Root x 400 (Plate 5b)

28 International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance

Leaf Upper x 400 (Plate 5a) Leaf Lower 400 (Plate d) Table1. Summary of epidermal features of the leaves of the plants studied Plants species Region/ surface Epidermal No of No of Subsidiary Stomata cell shape Stomata index S. acuta Upper Straight 15 Anomocyte 33.33 Lower 11 20.93 C. pubescens Upper Oval 6 Anomocyte 6.74 Lower 11 6.43 P. phaseoloides Upper Oval 5 Anomocyte 2.58 Lower 13 8.49 S. anthelmia Upper Rectangular 3 Anomocyte 3.65 Lower 23 17.97 J. Carnea Upper Cylindrical 3 Anomocyte 5.88 Lower 18 24.32 The distribution of stomata in the leaves of the plant studied. Stomata index frequency were calculated as: Stomata index = Number of Stomata x 100 Number of stem + Number of epidermal cell 1 Table2. Summary of the anatomical characteristics of stem of five species of plants studied Anatomical character S. acuta S. anthelmia P. phaseoliodes C. pubescens J. carnea Cortex 14-6layers 18-26 layers 6 -7 layer 5 -7 layers 8 - 9 layers Cortex Thick Thick Thick Thick Thick Xylem 3-4 5 - 6 layers 2-3 2-3layer 6-7 Xylem Thick Thick Thick Thick Thick Oxalate/starch Present Present Present Present Present Table3. Summary of the anatomical characteristics of root of five species studied Anatomical character S. anthelmia S. acuta J. carnea C. pubescens P. phaseoliodes Epidermal Rectangular Rounded Rounded Rounded Rounded Cortex 10-18 thick 3-4layerthick 7-9layerthick 7-8layerthick 7-9layerthick Xylem 11-15thick 5-6thick 1-2thick 6-7thick 9-10thick Oxalate/starch Present Present Present Present Present

DISCUSSION different plants species. The epidermal cell number varies in different cells, it was 30-34 in Epidermal features of the five plants studied the case of Sida acuta, similar observation was belonging to different families have been made by (Kunnur, 2012). The varieties seen in investigated. The epidermal cells of different the plants makes it possible to differentiate the plants studied varied in size and in shape, in the plants. The number of stomata was more on the case of C. pubescens and pueraria phaseoliodes lower surface of Justicia carnea, Centrosema in which the epidermal cells were oval in shape. pubescens, Pueraria phaseoliodes and spigelia A similar observation has been made by anthelmia than the upper surface, similar (Chawla, 2007). On the contrary, there are observations were made by (Patil, 2012). The variations in the nature of epidermal cell shape number of the subsidiary cell is anomocyte in all which showed a line of evidence among the

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences V6 ● I2 ● 2019 29 Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance the five plants studied. Due to the abundance of [2] Ashok, K. S., and Suresh, C. (2001). stomata in the lower surface of the epidermal Continuous somatic embryo-genesis and plant regeneration from hypocotyl segments of cells, it is been used physiologically. According corylifolia Linn., an endangered and to Ashok, (2001), the different characteristics medicinally important Fabaceae plant. Current that the stem of the studied plants inherited Science. 81 (10): Cell Rep. 29: 401-407. could be useful in characterization. The stem [3] Asuzu, C.U, Nwosu, M.O. (2009). Morphology also possessed different layers of cortex and and Anatomy of Anthocleista djalonensis A. xylem cells which is used in identification of the Chev. (Loganiaceae). Niger. J. Bot. 22(1):103-109. taxonomical variation. The root of the studied [4] Awad, R., Ahmed, F., Bourbonnais-Spear, N., plants possessed different characteristics that Mullally, M., T. C.A., Tang, A., Merali, Z., differentiated them from each other. Although Maquin. P., Caal, F., Cal, V., Poveda, L., Vindas, P.S, Trudeau, V.L. and Arnason, J.T. (2009). all possess calcium oxalate (Asuzu and Nwosu, Ethnopharmacology of Q’eqchi’ Maya 2009). They have different shapes of epidermal antiepileptic and anxiolytic plants: effects on cells. Another characteristics that could be used the GABAergic system. J Ethnopharmacol for their identification is the present of thick 125: 257-264. cortex and xylem with numerous layers which [5] Badami,S., Aneesh, R., Sankar, S., was supported by (Punt, 2007). The differences Sathishkumar, M.N., Suresh, B. and Rajan, or variations seen in the studied plants are due to S.(2003). Antifertility activity of brevipes variety coriacea. J. Ethnopharmacol the environmental variability, stimuli hence the 84: Bapat, V.A. and Rao, P.S. (1988). Sandal necessity to develop a wide batter of structure. wood plantlets from synthetic seeds. Plant cell (Punt, 2007). Rep. 7: 434-436. [6] Barbosa, Filho, J.M., Lima, C.S.A., Amorim, CONCLUSION E.L.C., Sena, K.X.F.R.de, Almeida, .T.R.G.S., The anatomical features of a plant are indices Cunha, E.V.L.da., Silva, M.S., Agra, M. de F. for many derivatives of which the plant can be and Braz-Filho, R. (2004). Botanical study, phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of used for. The microscopic characters are Tabebuia aurea. Phyton Buenos Aires. : 221- essential in knowing what is responsible for 228. what a plant exhibits. What is seen physically is [7] Chariandy, C.M, Seaforth, C.E, Phelps, R.H., somehow related to that embedded inside to Pollard, G.V. and Khambay, B.P.S.(1999). give a phenotypic appearance that reflects the Screening of medicinal plants from Trinidad genetic makeup of the plant in question. and Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal Therefore, these features can be applied in many properties.J Ethnopharmacol 64: 265-270. fields of life; such applications are [8] Chawla, H.S. (2007). Introduction to Plant taxonomically relevant. The present study Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. provides the basic information and the Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Pp. 46-47. interrelationship between the different plants [9] Cook, B. G., Pengelly, B. C., Brown, S. D., species of which are currently found in different Donnelly, J. L., Eagles, D. A., Franco, M. A., district. The knowledge of taxonomy is a great Hanson, J., Mullen, B. F., Partridge, I. J., Peters, M. and Schultze-Kraft, R.(2005). tool for identification of the different plant Tropical forages. CSIRO, DPI&F (Qld), CIAT species. Taxonomic knowledge is crucial to and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia. Pp 62 - 71 meet the challenges of biodiversity conservation. [10] Dinan, L., Bourne, P. and Whiting, P. (2001). It is of fundamental importance for understanding Phytoecdysteroid profiles in seeds of Sidaspp. biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as it (Malvaceae).Photochemical Analysis, 12(2): provides us with the data to explore and 110-119. describe biodiversity through scientific analysis. [11] FAO (2015). Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage . FAO, REFERENCES Rome, Italy pp 19 - 24 [1] Achenbach, H., Hübner, H., Vierling, W., [12] Flanagan, G.J., Hills, L.A., and Wilson, C.G. Brandt, W. and Reiter, M. (1995). Spiganthine, (2000). The successful biological control of the cardioactive principle of Spigelia anthelmia. Journal of Natural Products 58: spinyhead Sida, Sida acuta (Malvaceae), by 1092–1096. Calligrapha pantherina (Col: Chrysomelidae) in

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Citation: Nduche, M.U., Offor I. C. " Anatomical Studies of Sida Acuta Burm, Spigelia Anthelmia Linn, Centrosema Pubescens Benth, Pueraria Phaseoloides (ROXB) Benth, Justicia Carnea Lindl and their Taxonomic Significance", International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 21-32, 2019. Copyright: © 2019 Nduche, M.U. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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