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Oribatid Mites in a Changing World Oribatid mites in a changing world Arguitxu de la Riva Caballero Dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor (PhD) University of Bergen, Norway 2011 Front drawing: Suctobelbella longicuspis by Arguitxu de la Riva-Caballero To Adriana and Matteo Supervisors: Main supervisor: Torstein Solhøy Co-supervisor: Hilary H. Birks Co-supervisor: Lita G. Jensen Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 5 List of papers ............................................................................................................................... 7 Declaration ................................................................................................................................... 9 Synthesis Oribatid mites in a changing world Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 Archives and Proxies .............................................................................................................. 11 What are oribatid mites? ........................................................................................................ 13 Oribatids in palaeoecology ..................................................................................................... 15 Aims of this thesis ...................................................................................................................... 18 Study Areas ................................................................................................................................ 19 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Field sampling ........................................................................................................................ 21 Laboratory methods ................................................................................................................ 22 Data analysis .......................................................................................................................... 23 Outline of main results in the four papers .............................................................................. 24 Background fauna characterisation ....................................................................................... 24 Paper I - Oribatid mite communities in western Norway ................................................... 24 Oribatid mite representation in lake sediments and best coring point ................................... 26 Paper II - Oribatid mite assemblages across the tree-line in western Norway and their representation in lake sediments ......................................................................................... 26 Palaeolimnological and archaeological reconstructions using oribatid mites ...................... 27 Paper III: Holocene environmental and climate history of Trettetjørn, a low-alpine lake in western Norway, based on subfossil pollen, diatoms, oribatid mites, and plant macrofossils ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Paper IV: Neolithic impact on local vegetation at Kvitevoll, Halsnøy Island, western Norway reconstructed from oribatid mites and pollen analysis ......................................... 28 Conclusions, problems, and further work .............................................................................. 31 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 32 References .................................................................................................................................. 32 Oribatid Mites in a Changing World De la Riva-Caballero, A. 2011. Oribatid Mites in a Changing World. PhD thesis, Bergen Museum and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway new records for Norway. The species Chamobates borealis, Oppiella nova, Abstract Moritzoppia neerlandica, and The main scope of this thesis is to Rhinoppia subpectinata characterised illustrate the validity of oribatid mites as the oribatid communities of Betula, tools for palaeoecological mixed, and Picea forest subsets. reconstructions. Palaeoecology studies Deciduous forest oribatid communities the responses of past organisms to past were characterised by Achipteria environmental changes. This can be coleoptrata, Acrotritria ardua, accomplished through the use of Ceratozetes gracilis, and Oribatella biological proxies, which are indicators calcarata. Hemileius initialis, of past conditions. The search for Nanhermannia dorsalis, C. borealis, additional means of distinguishing Tectocepheus velatus, and Atropacarus climate change has only recently led to striculus characterised wet habitats. In the use of other commonly found water-logged habitats, Limnozetes biological proxies such as tiny oribatid ciliatus, Mucronothrus nasalis, and mites known as moss-mites. Oribatid Trimalaconothrus glaber dominated. mites are among the most numerous Carabodes labyrinthicus, C. biological remains in anoxic sediments, marginatus, Melanozetes mollicomus, yet until now oribatids have not been and T. velatus characterised the oribatid widely used due to the uncertainties community of the lichen and moss about their present distribution and the subset. The tree-line ecotone was lack of expertise to identify them to dominated by the euryceous species H. species level. This thesis contains four initialis, T. velatus, and Oribatula papers which provide evidence about tibialis. This study represents a how oribatid mites, when they are thorough survey of oribatid properly identified to species level and communities in western Norway, and their background distribution is the insights it gives are an important adequately known, can give useful tool for habitat reconstructions, as they additional and supporting information provide the background knowledge for reconstructing past habitat and about modern oribatid fauna needed to environmental conditions. identify the type of past plant Paper I studied oribatid community and past environments preferences and ecology in different represented in Quaternary sediments. habitats, mainly forested, in western Paper II studied the oribatid Norway. One hundred and ninety two communities at the tree-line in western species were found of which 64 were Norway and compared them with the U oribatid fossil assemblages found in Mires began to replace forested areas on Lake Trettetjørn. The modern oribatid the landscape as a more oceanic climate assemblage provided a guide to the began to prevail. All proxies indicated reliability of the fossil assemblages to increasingly intensive human land-use reconstruct ecological and as the Upsete settlement grew to environmental changes and, in addition, accommodate the construction of the to find the most favourable coring point Bergen-Oslo railway. within the small lake. Results showed In Paper IV, oribatid mites and that the core retrieved from the middle pollen were used to reconstruct the local of Lake Trettetjørn basin represented habitat at an archaeological excavation. the oribatid fauna from the catchment The study aimed to identify the start of area. Aquatic oribatids were the best cereal cultivation at Kvitevoll farm, on group represented in the lake sediments, Halsnøy island, western Norway. The followed by oribatids from the habitats high number of oribatid remains adjacent to the lake. This constitutes identified to species level and the close good evidence that oribatids are match to pollen stratigraphy led to a excellent indicators of local habitats. detailed palaeoenvironmental Comparison of the oribatid fauna found reconstruction. Oribatids and pollen in the lake traps with the oribatid indicated the development of a moist assemblages from paper III illustrated forest followed by vegetation openings the importance of identifying the mites and mire expansion over the site. At the to species level, as this increased the top of the sequence, the presence of ecological indicator value and, oribatids such as Tectocepheus velatus therefore, the reliability of the and the increase in members of the palaeoreconstructions. family Oppiidae indicated a higher In Paper III, sub-fossil oribatid degree of disturbance, probably from mites, pollen, plant macrofossils, and grazing. Pollen of Cerealia indicated the diatoms from a lake sediment core from start of cultivation around the same western Norway were studied. This time. multi-proxy study attempted to reconstruct tree-line fluctuations and their impact on Lake Trettetjørn’s environment. Evidence from pollen, plant macrofossils, and oribatids complemented and corroborated each other in the reconstruction of the vegetational development. A semi-open grassland developed into forest. V Acknowledgments It is difficult to thank all the people who have helped me with this thesis. I am certain I will forget mentioning some, but please do not be offended. I am grateful to all of you. Torstein Solhøy deserves a special thanks, not only because he has been my supervisor, but also because he was the one who introduced me to
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