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Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene (Ethene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro)

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Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene (Ethene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro) EPA Document# EPA-740-R1-7017 May 2018 DRAFTUnited States Office of Chemical Safety and Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Problem Formulation of the Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene (Ethene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro) CASRN: 127-18-4 May 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 11 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Regulatory History ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Assessment History .................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Data and Information Collection ................................................................................................ 18 1.4 Data Screening During Problem Formulation ............................................................................ 19 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION ................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties .............................................................................................. 20 2.2 Conditions of Use ....................................................................................................................... 21 Data and Information Sources ............................................................................................... 21 Identification of Conditions of Use ....................................................................................... 21 2.2.2.1 Categories and Subcategories Determined Not to be Conditions of Use During Problem Formulation .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2.2 Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk Evaluation ...................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2.3 Overview of Conditions of Use and Lifecycle Diagram ................................................ 32 2.3 Exposures ................................................................................................................................... 35 Fate and Transport ................................................................................................................. 35 Releases to the Environment ................................................................................................. 37 Presence in the Environment and Biota ................................................................................. 40 Environmental Exposures ...................................................................................................... 43 Human Exposures .................................................................................................................. 43 2.3.5.1 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 43 2.3.5.2 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 44 2.3.5.3 General Population Exposures ....................................................................................... 46 2.3.5.4 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 47 2.4 Hazards ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Environmental Hazards ......................................................................................................... 48 Human Health Hazards .......................................................................................................... 51 2.4.2.1 Non-Cancer Hazards ...................................................................................................... 51 2.4.2.2 Genotoxicity and Cancer Hazards .................................................................................. 53 2.4.2.3 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 53 2.5 Conceptual Models ..................................................................................................................... 53 Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 54 Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards .... 57 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and Hazards .................................................................................................................................. 59 2.5.3.1 Pathways That EPA Expects to Include and Further Analyze in the Risk Evaluation ... 59 2.5.3.2 Pathways That EPA Does Not Expect to Include in the Risk Evaluation ...................... 59 2.6 Analysis Plan .............................................................................................................................. 65 Page 2 of 167 Exposure ................................................................................................................................ 65 2.6.1.1 Environmental Releases ................................................................................................. 65 2.6.1.2 Environmental Fate ........................................................................................................ 67 2.6.1.3 Environmental Exposures ............................................................................................... 68 2.6.1.4 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 69 2.6.1.5 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 71 2.6.1.6 General Population ......................................................................................................... 73 Hazards (Effects) ................................................................................................................... 73 2.6.2.1 Environmental Hazards .................................................................................................. 73 2.6.2.2 Human Health Hazards ................................................................................................... 74 Risk Characterization ............................................................................................................. 76 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 77 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 93 Appendix A REGULATORY HISTORY ..................................................................................... 93 Appendix B PROCESS, RELEASE AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE INFORMATION 102 B.1.1 Manufacture (Including Import) .......................................................................................... 102 B.1.1.1 Domestic Manufacture ................................................................................................. 102 B.1.1.2 Import ........................................................................................................................... 107 B.1.2 Processing and Distribution ................................................................................................. 107 B.1.2.1 Reactant or Intermediate ............................................................................................... 107 B.1.2.2 Incorporating into a Formulation, Mixture or Reaction Product .................................. 108 B.1.2.3 Incorporating into an Article ........................................................................................ 108 B.1.2.4 Repackaging ................................................................................................................. 109 B.1.2.5 Recycling ...................................................................................................................... 109 B.1.3 Uses ...................................................................................................................................... 111 B.1.3.1 Cleaning and Furniture Care Products ......................................................................... 111 B.1.3.2 Solvents for Cleaning and Degreasing ......................................................................... 111 B.1.3.3 Lubricant and Greases .................................................................................................. 119 B.1.3.4 Adhesives and Sealants ................................................................................................ 119 B.1.3.5 Paints and Coatings ...................................................................................................... 120 B.1.3.6 Processing Aid for Pesticide,
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