Morphological Change in the Pearl River Delta, China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Morphological Change in the Pearl River Delta, China Marine Geology 363 (2015) 202–219 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Morphological change in the Pearl River Delta, China Wei Zhang a,b,c,⁎, Yang Xu b, A.J.F. Hoitink c,M.G.Sassid,JinhaiZhenga,b, Xiaowen Chen e, Chi Zhang a,b a State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China b College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China c Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands d Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ, Den Burg, Netherlands e Xijiang River Administration, Zhuhai, 519090, China article info abstract Article history: Morphological changes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have been investigated using bathymetric charts, underwa- Received 2 July 2014 ter Digital Elevation Models, remote sensing data and Geographic Information Systems. Water depths were ex- Received in revised form 16 February 2015 tracted from digitized charts to explore the accretion–erosion characteristics of three estuarine environments, Accepted 21 February 2015 and to provide quantitative estimates of changes in sediment volumes. Multi-temporal satellite images have Available online 26 February 2015 been used, in combination with topographical data, to analyze the coastline changes. PRD has gained an abundant amount of sediment of almost 9.45 × 105 km3 above the 10-m isobath in the period roughly between 1970 and Keywords: 4 3 Morphological change 2010; the average sedimentation rate was 3.15 × 10 km /yr. Between 1976 and 2006, the coastline extended Sedimentation seaward by 579.2 m on average, with a mean net extension rate of 19.3 m/yr. The results suggest that the PRD Land reclamation experienced a major phase of accretion, with net erosion only in some local zones. Coastline extension, associated Coastline with major morphological changes, has accelerated in recent decades. Changes in boundary conditions, such as Pearl River Estuary sea-level rise, seem to have relatively minor impacts on the dramatic changes in the morphology of the estuaries. The seaward extension of the coastlines shows an increasing trend whereas the sediment supply from the delta displays a decreasing trend. A detailed comparative analysis demonstrates that land reclamation in the PRD is the most significant factor that progressively alters the delta morphology, overwhelming the effects of subsidence and sediment supply. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction system (Jabaloy-Sánchez et al., 2010) and the Yellow River Estuary (Cui and Li, 2011). Syvitski and Saito (2007) selected a consistent database of The morphological changes in the hydrodynamical and hydrological fifty-one deltas, which covered the global parameter range of rivers enter- regime of rivers for estuarine zones are considered to be the cause of a ing all major coastal seas and oceans, to characterize key environmental major interference for estuarine zones, especially in morpho- and sedi- factors known to control delta morphology. The feedback of morphologi- ment-dynamics. The likely long-term impacts of physical factors con- cal changes may alter the morphodynamic regime. For instance, a delta trolling the morphological changes include sea-level rise (Ferla et al., may initially develop as a tide-dominated system, but gradually become 2007), wave fields (Pratolongo et al., 2010), tidal circulation (Wang a wave-dominated system as it progrades onto the open, continental and Townend, 2012), river flow (Inglis and Allen, 1957), sediment dis- shelf (Ta et al., 2002, 2005). Therefore, understanding the long-term mor- charge (Jiang et al., 2013) and storm surges (Riddin and Adams, phological changes in estuarine zones is of great value, not only because 2010). Intensive anthropogenic activities, such as channel dredging the knowledge provides insights to the historical characteristics of estuar- (Pinter et al., 2004), dam construction (Yang et al., 2006), sand excava- ies and facilitates the predication of future estuarine evolution, but also tion (Luo et al., 2007), and land reclamation (Chen et al., 2011)arealso because it enables researchers to assess the impact of natural changes significant causes for morphological changes. These factors were subject and anthropogenic activities on the coastal system. to study in a wide variety of delta and estuarine systems, including the Hydrodynamic models combined with sediment transport and a Senegal River Estuary (Barusseau et al., 1998), the Haringvliet Estuary morphodynamic module (‘bottom–up’ models) are widely used to pre- (Tönis et al., 2002), the Mersey Estuary (Blott et al., 2006; Thomas dict the short-term (hours to days) morphological changes in estuaries et al., 2002), the Ribble Estuary (van der Wal et al., 2002), the Yangtze (Friedrichs and Aubrey, 1996; Green et al., 2000; Whitehouse, 2002; Estuary (Chu et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008, 2013), the Adra River deltaic Hibma et al., 2004; Townend, 2005; Blott et al., 2006; Karunarathna et al., 2008). Geological and geomorphological evolution models (some- times referred to as ‘top–down’ models), such as the Historical Trend ⁎ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. Analysis (HTA) and the Expert Geomorphological Assessment (EGA), E-mail address: [email protected] (W. Zhang). are considered to be a more effective approach to estimate long-term http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.02.012 0025-3227/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. W. Zhang et al. / Marine Geology 363 (2015) 202–219 203 morphological changes ranging from decades to a few hundred years et al., 2011; Duong et al., 2014; Fanget et al., 2014; Maselli et al., 2014; (Dennis et al., 2000; Tönis et al., 2002; Whitehouse, 2002; Hibma Samaras and Koutitas, 2014; Stollhofen et al., 2014; Tanabe et al., et al., 2004; Townend, 2005; Karunarathna and Reeve, 2008; 2003; Tessier et al., 2012). However, the booming economic develop- Karunarathna et al., 2008). However, top–down models have inherent ments have disrupted the natural balance of a large number of delta sys- limitations due to the lack of detailed physics (Prandle, 2004, 2006; tems worldwide and have caused the excessive exploitation of natural Townend, 2005; Blott et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2013). Therefore, the resources, e.g. Pearl River Delta (PRD). The PRD is located at the north- analyses of historical bathymetric charts, remote sensing data and GIS ern margin of the South China Sea (Fig. 1). With an area of no more (RS-GIS) integration, field measurements and topographical surveys than 0.5% of China's territory, this densely populated delta has a mature are still indispensable when analyzing the morphological changes economy that produces approximately 20% of national GDP. The re- (Thomas et al., 2002; van der Wal et al., 2002; Blott et al., 2006; Jiang markable achievement doesn't come without cost. The morphology of et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013). These approaches are particularly suit- the PRD has changed greatly due to intensive human interventions, able for the study of the long-term morphologic evolution in real- such as the building of coastal defense structures, sand mining and world delta regions (van der Wal et al., 2002; Prandle, 2004; Blott land reclamation. Zhang et al. (2012) report that the sediment et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008, 2013; Li et al., 2011). transported from the upper river has decreased significantly due to Global delta areas are inhabited by almost two thirds of the world's the upper rivers' dam construction, which is very likely to cause coast- population. There is no doubt that the evolution of delta morphology is line recession. To satisfy the need of land, large-scale land reclamation closely intertwined with socio-economic development. Delta morphol- took place between the 1970s and the 2000s (Chen et al., 2011). This ogy evolves as the combined result of both natural- and human-factors. in turn led to coastline extension. The ongoing construction of the Most researches on delta morphology focused on the response of delta Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge will undoubtedly exert a significant morphology evolution to global changes in climate, continent-scale up- impact on the hydrodynamics, and change the geomorphologic evolu- lift and sea level (Amsler et al., 2005; Anderson et al., 2014; Bruneau tion in this region. Therefore, as a research paradigm, the PRD offers Fig. 1. Geographic information of the study area with isobaths in colors including the following: (1) the map of China, which shows the location of the Pearl River; and (2) the major to- pographic features of the Pearl River Delta. The names of the three major rivers and eight outlets are shown on the map. Blue circles represent four metropolitan cities. 204 W. Zhang et al. / Marine Geology 363 (2015) 202–219 the opportunity to study morphological changes in delta regions under changes in this region. Details of 55 admiralty charts and 15 topographic rapid economic development around the world. The morphological maps are given in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The surveys were mainly changes in the PRD increasingly attract substantial research efforts. In carried out during four periods: 1960s–1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. the Lingding Bay, the largest estuary of the PRD, coastline changes
Recommended publications
  • Two Freshwater Shrimp Species of the Genus Caridina (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from Dawanshan Island, Guangdong, China, with the Description of a New Species
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 923: 15–32 (2020) Caridina tetrazona 15 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.923.48593 RESEarcH articLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Two freshwater shrimp species of the genus Caridina (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from Dawanshan Island, Guangdong, China, with the description of a new species Qing-Hua Chen1, Wen-Jian Chen2, Xiao-Zhuang Zheng2, Zhao-Liang Guo2 1 South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong Province, China 2 Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science and Enginee- ring, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China Corresponding author: Zhao-Liang Guo ([email protected]) Academic editor: I.S. Wehrtmann | Received 19 November 2019 | Accepted 7 February 2020 | Published 1 April 2020 http://zoobank.org/138A88CC-DF41-437A-BA1A-CB93E3E36D62 Citation: Chen Q-H, Chen W-J, Zheng X-Z, Guo Z-L (2020) Two freshwater shrimp species of the genus Caridina (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from Dawanshan Island, Guangdong, China, with the description of a new species. ZooKeys 923: 15–32. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.923.48593 Abstract A faunistic and ecological survey was conducted to document the diversity of freshwater atyid shrimps of Dawanshan Island. Two species of Caridina that occur on this island were documented and discussed. One of these, Caridina tetrazona sp. nov. is described and illustrated as new to science. It can be easily distinguished from its congeners based on a combination of characters, which includes a short rostrum, the shape of the endopod of the male first pleopod, the segmental ratios of antennular peduncle and third maxilliped, the slender scaphocerite, and the absence of a median projection on the posterior margin.
    [Show full text]
  • Empirical Analysis and Countermeasure Study on the Development Capability of Marine Industry in Jiangmen City Jianhua Xiao1, Shihui Guo1*
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 159 Fifth International Conference on Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2020) Empirical Analysis and Countermeasure Study on the Development Capability of Marine Industry in Jiangmen City Jianhua Xiao1, Shihui Guo1* 1School of Economics and Management, WuYi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020 *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Jiangmen City is located in the western Pearl River Delta Marine Economic Zone, east is adjacent to the Xijiang Golden Waterway, west is connected to the coastal economic hinterland of western Guangdong, south is bordered by the South China Sea International Waterway, and north is bordered by Guangfo. Therefore, as the hinterland of the construction of the "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area", it is of far- reaching significance to promote the development of the marine industry. This article uses SPSS statistical analysis software and mainly uses the main level analysis method to analyze the development status of the marine industry in Jiangmen from 2011 to 2016. The empirical analysis results show that the overall trend of the development of the marine industry in Jiangmen in the past six years is improving, but at the same time facing the irrational structure of the marine industry, the prominent problems of the marine ecological environment, and the insufficient scientific and technological innovation capabilities of the marine industry. Keywords: Marine economy of Jiangmen city, Industrial development, Principal component analysis the key construction of the three blue industrial belts of 1. INTRODUCTION Sichuan Island, Guanghai Bay, and Yinzhou Lake [5]. In April 2013, the Jiangmen Municipal Party Committee and Jiangmen is a major marine city in Guangdong Province, Municipal Government issued the "Implementation with abundant marine resources such as islands, tidal flats.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Text in Pdf Format
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 17 Mar Ecol Prog Ser ' Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent waters of Hong Kong during summer: preliminary evidence for phosphorus and silicon limitation Kedong Yin1,2v*,Pei-Yuan Qian1v2,Jay C. Chenl, Dennis P. H. ~sieh~, Paul J. Harrison3 'Center for Coastal and Atmospheric Research and 'Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR 30ceanography. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. British Columbia, V61 124. Canada ABSTRACT: The Pearl River in the south of China is the second largest river in China in terms of dis- charge volume. Two cruises were made to investigate the dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton bio- mass in June and July 1998, across the Pearl River estuary to the adjacent territorial waters of Hong Kong. On-deck incubation experiments of 5 mixtures of freshwater from the surface with seawater from below the halocline were conducted to simulate time scales of phytoplankton blooms for each fresh- waterheawater mixture and to examine uptake of nutrients. In July, phytoplankton growth rates in- creased with salinity of the mixtures, with the lowest growth rate (0.81 d-') in freshwater and the highest (2.41 d-l) in 100% seawater (sahity = 29). PO4 was lower in freshwater (0.3 PM) than in seawater (1.2 pM),whereas concentrations of NO3+NH4 + urea (-80 FM) and SiO, (150 FM) were higher in fresh- water than those in seawater (25 pM for nitrogen and 26 pM for SO,).
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 年報
    Annual Report 2019 年報 (Incorporated in Bermuda with limited liability) (於百慕達註冊成立之有限公司) Stock Code 股份代號: 00908 Zhuhai Holdings Investment Group Limited Forging an Industrial Chain of Perfect Living and Travelling Content 2 Corporate Information 125 Consolidated Statement of 4 Chairman’s Statement Comprehensive Income 7 Financial Highlights 126 Consolidated Statement of 8 Management Discussion and Analysis Financial Position 34 Environmental, Social and Governance 128 Consolidated Statement of (ESG) Report 2019 Changes in Equity 44 Directors and Senior Management 130 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 55 Report of the Directors 131 Notes to the Consolidated 94 Corporate Governance Report Financial Statements 117 Independent Auditor’s Report 235 Particulars of Properties 124 Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss 236 Financial Summary Corpor ate Information Board of Directors Remuneration Committee Executive Directors Mr. Hui Chiu Chung (Chairman) Mr. Chu Yu Lin, David Mr. Huang Xin (Chairman) Mr. Albert Ho Mr. Jin Tao (appointed as the Chief Executive Officer on 8 April 2020) Company Secretary Mr. Ye Yuhong Mr. Kwok Tung Fai Mr. Li Wenjun Mr. Zeng Jianping (appointed on 20 April 2020) Auditors Non-Executive Directors PricewaterhouseCoopers Certified Public Accountants and Datuk Wira Lim Hock Guan Registered Public Interest Entity Auditor (Mr. Lim Seng Lee as his alternate) Mr. Kwok Hoi Hing Principal Bankers (Mr. Zhu Minming as his alternate) Mr. Zou Chaoyong Wing Lung Bank, Limited Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Independent Non-Executive Directors Zhuhai Branch Bank of China, Zhuhai Branch Mr. Hui Chiu Chung China Everbright Bank, Zhuhai Branch Mr. Chu Yu Lin, David Xiamen International Bank, Zhuhai Branch Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Riverine and Estuarine Sediments from Pearl River Delta, China
    Environmental Pollution 117 (2002) 457–474 www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China Bi-Xian Maia,*, Jia-Mo Fua, Guo-Ying Shenga, Yue-Hui Kanga, Zheng Lina, Gan Zhanga, Yu-Shuan Mina, Eddy Y. Zengb aState Key Lab Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 1130, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People’s Republic of China bSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project, 7171 Fenwick Lane, Westminster, CA 92683, USA Received 5 January 2001; accepted 3 July 2001 ‘‘Capsule’’: Sediments of the Zhujiang River and Macao Harbor have the potential to be detrimental to biological systems. Abstract Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6–1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10–339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic con- dition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Research Perspectives on the Environment, Volume 1 Chinese Research Perspectives: Environment
    Chinese Research Perspectives on the Environment, Volume 1 Chinese Research Perspectives: Environment International Advisory Board Judith Shapiro, American University Guobin Yang, University of Pennsylvania Erika Scull VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/crp Chinese Research Perspectives on the Environment, Volume 1 Urban Challenges, Public Participation, and Natural Disasters Edited by Yang Dongping Friends of Nature LEIDEN • bOSTON 2013 This book is the result of a copublication agreement between Social Sciences Academic Press and Koninklijke Brill NV. These articles were selected and translated into English from the original 《中国 环境发展报告 (2011)》(Zhongguo huanjing fazhan baogao 2011) and《中国 环境发展 报告 (2012)》(Zhongguo huanjing fazhan baogao 2012) with the financial support of the Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 2212-7496 ISBN 978-90-04-24953-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24954-7 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • National Reports on Wetlands in South China Sea
    United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand” National Reports on Wetlands in South China Sea First published in Thailand in 2008 by the United Nations Environment Programme. Copyright © 2008, United Nations Environment Programme This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publicationas a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP/GEF Project Co-ordinating Unit, United Nations Environment Programme, UN Building, 2nd Floor Block B, Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand. Tel. +66 2 288 1886 Fax. +66 2 288 1094 http://www.unepscs.org DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of UNEP or the GEF. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, of the GEF, or of any cooperating organisation concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or of the delineation of its territories or boundaries. Cover Photo: A vast coastal estuary in Koh Kong Province of Cambodia. Photo by Mr. Koch Savath. For citation purposes this document may be cited as: UNEP, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrónicaçores: Uma Circum-Navegação, Volume 3
    ChrónicAçores: uma circum-navegação, volume 3 1 CHRÓNICAÇORES: UMA CIRCUM-NAVEGAÇÃO, DE TIMOR A MACAU, AUSTRÁLIA, BRASIL, BRAGANÇA ATÉ AOS AÇORES VOL. 3 ANO 2011 (CRÓNICAS 91 A 113 - 2011) Versão inédita não totalmente editada CHRÓNICAÇORES: UMA CIRCUM-NAVEGAÇÃO DE TIMOR A MACAU, AUSTRÁLIA, BRASIL, BRAGANÇA ATÉ AOS AÇORES VOLUME 3 J. CHRYS CHRYSTELLO 2017 TODOS OS DIAS DEVÍAMOS OUVIR UM POUCO DE MÚSICA, LER UMA BOA POESIA, VER UM QUADRO BONITO E, SE POSSÍVEL, DIZER ALGUMAS PALAVRAS SENSATAS. GOETHE O TEMPO É UM ÓTIMO PROFESSOR. PENA É QUE MATE OS SEUS ALUNOS. (HECTOR BERLIOZ) 1 ChrónicAçores: uma circum-navegação, volume 3 Ficha técnica – Outras obras do autor: 2 LIVROS, PREFÁCIOS E TRADUÇÕES DE LIVROS 2018 FOTOEMAS foto book, fotografia de Fátima Salcedo e poemas dos Açores de Chrys Chrystello e-livro http://www.blurb.com/b/8776650-fotoemas ISBN: 9781388351083 2018 revisão, compilação e Nota Introdutória de Missionários açorianos em Timor vol2 de D Carlos F Ximenes Belo, ed. AICL e Câmara Municipal de Ponta Delgada, ed. Letras Lavadas 2018. ChrónicAçores: uma circum-navegação, vol. 2, 3ª ed. https://www.lusofonias.net/arquivos/429/OBRAS-DO-AUTOR/1012/ChronicAcores-uma-circum- navegacao-vol.-2-(3%C2%AA-ed-2018).pdf 2018, ChrónicAçores: uma circum-navegação, vol. 1, 3ª ed. https://www.lusofonias.net/arquivos/429/OBRAS-DO-AUTOR/1013/chronicacores,-uma-circum- navegacao-vol.1--3%C2%AA-ed-2018.pdf 2017. Bibliografia Geral da Açorianidade em 2 vols. 19500 entradas, Ed. Letras Lavadas Publiçor, Ponta Delgada 2’17, revisão, compilação e Tradução de “O mundo perdido de Timor-Leste” de José Ramos-Horta ed.
    [Show full text]
  • E Virgin Mary and Catholic Identities in Chinese History
    e Virgin Mary and Catholic Identities in Chinese History Jeremy Clarke, SJ Hong Kong University Press e University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong www.hkupress.org © Hong Kong University Press 2013 ISBN 978-988-8139-99-6 (Hardback) All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed and bound by Goodrich Int’l Printing Co., Ltd. in Hong Kong, China Contents List of illustrations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Chinese Catholic identities in the modern period 1 Part 1 Images of Mary in China before 1842 1. Chinese Christian art during the pre-modern period 15 Katerina Ilioni of Yangzhou 21 Madonna and Guanyin 24 Marian images during the late Ming dynasty 31 e Madonna in Master Cheng’s Ink Garden 37 Marian sodalities 40 João da Rocha and the rosary 42 Part 2 e Chinese Catholic Church since 1842 2. Aer the treaties 51 French Marian devotions 57 e eects of the Chinese Rites Controversy 60 A sense of cultural superiority 69 e inuence of Marian events in Europe 74 3. Our Lady of Donglu 83 Visual inuences on the Donglu portrait 89 Photographs of Cixi 95 Liu Bizhen’s painting 100 4. e rise and fall of the French protectorate 111 Benedict XV and Maximum Illud 118 viii Contents Shanghai Plenary Council, 1924 125 Synodal Commission 132 Part 3 Images of Mary in the early twentieth century 5.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Major Bridges Summary 1. Background
    China’s Major Bridges Maorun FENG Maorun Feng, born in 1942, graduated from the Tangshan Professor Railway Institute with a Master’s Chairman of Technical degree, has been engaged in the Consultative Committee, design and research of bridges for 40 Ministry of years. He is the Chairman of Technical Consultative Committee Communications and the Former Chief Engineer of the Beijing, China State Ministry of Communications. He is also the current Chairman of China Association of Highway and Waterway Engineering Consultants. [email protected] . Summary In response to continuous economic development over the past 30 years, China has mobilized a program of large scale bridge construction. The technology of various types of bridges, including girder bridges, arch bridges, and cable-supported bridges, has been developed rapidly. Bridge spanning capacity has been continuously improved. Girder bridges with main span of 330 m, arch bridges with main span of 550 m, cable-stayed bridges with main span of 1088 m and suspension bridges with main span of 1650 m have already been built. Moreover, two sea-crossing bridges with overall length over 30 km have also been opened to traffic. This paper briefly introduces China’s major bridges, including girder bridges with spans greater than 200 m, arch bridges with spans greater than 400 m, cable-stayed bridges with spans greater than 600 m, and suspension bridges with spans greater than 1200 m. These bridges represent technological progress in such aspects as structural system, materials, as well as construction methods and equipment. Key words: girder bridge, arch bridge, cable-supported bridge, cable-stayed bridge, suspension bridge, steel-concrete composite bridge 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Youjiang China-9
    China China-7: Bailongjiang China-8: Youjiang China-9: Huang-he Bailongjiang 27 Introduction China, in the southeast of Eurasia, faces the Pacific Ocean on the southeast, stretches northwestward to the interior of Asia and borders the South Asian sub-continent on the southwest. As the world's third largest country in area, China has a vast territory which spans for about 620 longitude from east to west and 500 latitude from north to south, and covers an area of 9 600 000 km2. The topographical conditions of China are very complex, but the general tendency is higher in the west and lower in the east. The climatic conditions of China are complex and multiple in nature. Monsoon climate is a predominant feature of the country which, with its most part under the influence of SE and SW monsoons possesses the peculiarity that it is humid and ample in rainfall around the southeast while dry and scarce in precipitation in the northwest. Generally, the regional distribution of precipitation in China is extensively uneven. According to the quantity and character of precipitation in various areas, the country can be divided into 5 types of zones, viz. a very humid zone, a humid zone, a semi-humid zone, a semi-arid zone and an arid zone. The mean annual precipitation is 608 mm varying from 1 600 mm the southeast and southwest to less than 200 mm in the north and northwest. China is a country having a large number of rivers. There are about 5 000 rivers each with a catchment area in excess of 1 000 km2.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Report on the State of the Environment in China
    2005 Report on the State of the Environment in China State Environmental Protection Administration Table of Contents Environment....................................................................................................................................7 Marine Environment ....................................................................................................................35 Atmospheric Environment...........................................................................................................43 Acoustic Environment ..................................................................................................................52 Solid Wastes...................................................................................................................................56 Radiation and Radioactive Environment....................................................................................59 Arable Land/Land Resources ......................................................................................................62 Forests ............................................................................................................................................67 Grassland.......................................................................................................................................70 Biodiversity....................................................................................................................................75 Climate and Natural Disasters.....................................................................................................81
    [Show full text]