Issue 1/2019 Volume XXV No. 001

The Journal of the Honourable Company of Master Mariners

Livery Company of the City of London Founded 1926, Incorporated by Royal Charter 1930 Contents

Court of the Company Wardens and Court from 1 May 2018

MASTER Captain R B Booth AFNI

SENIOR WARDEN Captain W J Barclay AFNI

IMMEDIATE PAST MASTER Captain M Reed FNI RD* RNR

WARDENS Captain D Chadburn; The Honourable Company Commander L A Chapman CMMar RN; Captain R F A Batt COURT OF ASSISTANTS of Master Mariners Commander P R F D Aylott MNI RN; Captain R W Barnes CMMar; Mr M F Burrow; Captain B A Cushing; Mr C S Dancaster; Captain PATRON S P Donkersley RFA; Mr H Dundas; Captain G English AFNI; Her Most Gracious Majesty THE QUEEN Captain I C Giddings FNI; Captain P T Hanton RFA; Mr D Ireland Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets MBE MRIN; Captain J M Simpson; Mr J Johnson-Allen FRIN; ADMIRAL Captain P J McArthur CMMar FNI FIMarEST MNM; His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Captain J K Mooney AFNI; Captain T Oliver; Captain M R Powell Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom, KG KT OM GBE KCVO FNI; Captain M M Reeves MNM MNI; Captain N R Rodrigues; Captain S E Thomson CMMar; Captain S S S Judah MBE FNI; FOUNDER Captain H J Conybeare; Captain F K D'Souza FNI Sir Robert Burton-Chadwick, Bt. b. 1869 d. 1951 CLERK OF THE COMPANY Commodore Angus Menzies MNI RN – [email protected]

BUSINESS MANAGER – 0207 845 9872 Contents Mrs Alison Harris BA (Hons) – [email protected] FINANCE OFFICER – 0207 845 9875 Mrs Penny Burningham – [email protected] Company News Page 3 CHARTERED MASTER MARINER ADMINISTRATOR Lieutenant Scott Hanlon BA (Hons) AlnstLM, RNR Global Links Page 10 – [email protected]

Latest News Page 12 RECEPTIONIST – 0207 836 8179 Gail Byrne – [email protected] Anita Matharu – [email protected] Features Page 21 HONORARY CHAPLAIN The Reverend Reginald Sweet BA RN Obituary Page 29 CORPORATE MEMBERS *Birchtree Limited; J&J Denholm Limited; Furness Withy Events Diary Page 30 (Chartering); *International Maritime Pilots' Association; John Swire & Son Limited; Maritime Underwater Securities Consultants Limited; P&O Ferries; PCA Maritime Ltd; Star Merchandise Inside Back Cover Reefers; Stephenson Harwood; The Baltic Exchange; Witherby's Publishing Group; X-PRESS Feeders; Bentley Stokes & Lowless (*Tenant company)

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Published by The Honourable Company of Master Mariners, HQS www.hcmm.org.uk Tel: 0207 836 8179 Fax: 0207 240 3082 Wellington, Temple Stairs, Victoria Embankment, London WC2R 2PN. Email: [email protected] Company News

for the Catchalots Sea Pie supper. A very From the Master jovial affair; where we all sang the sea We are sorry to re cord the death of Captain R B Booth AFNI shanties in a very hearty fashion. On the following members (and past the12th a trip to Penarth for the Bristol members) of the Honourable Channel Outport Ladies Lunch and to Company of Master Mariners: oversee the handover of the Chair from • Captain Ian McDougall , Captain David Kettlety to Captain Rod 21 October 2018 McDonald, the new Secretary Ieuan Clark could not attend so Mike Reeves had to do • Captain Geoffrey Parker , one more function, well done to all. 26 October 2018 • Captain Michael Thompson , The Curry lunch at the end of February saw 8 January 2019 not only a good gathering for the Curry, but also the presentation of a further five • Captain Peter Widd , Chartered Master Mariner Certificates. It is 15 January 2019 pleasing to see that this is being taken up • Captain Anthony Vessey , by many who give of their time to promote 26 January 2019 the Maritime Industry to a wider audience. • Captain Tom Kelso , March sees Carol and I attending the 18 February 2019 Outports of Aberdeen and Glasgow for • Captain John William Bonner , their annual visits and to which we are very 28 March 2019 much looking forward. I also have the th , I am penning this quarter's offering from Court Lunch on the 6 just before Carol course, be the remit of the Wellington Trust the Master's Cabin on board Wellington, and I set off for the Granite City, then to look after them, however it has for some looking out on the Embankment to a very Glasgow to nearly bring my year to an end. considerable time been obvious that the odd February Day, bright sunshine and A year that has had its ups and downs, remit of the Trust to maintain the ship and spring like temperatures!! some good, some not so, they tell me the moorings has fallen well short of I left off my last bit from the Master as role of the Master is ceremonial, pity the expectations . It has therefore been decided Christmas was upon us and the end of word has not got out to all. to look at ways of supporting the Trust to another year, my how they seem to fly past However I am reasonably certain that we replace the dolphins. This has not been a these days, and only three months to go. have resolved most of the problems that rash decision and has been under have arisen during the year, maybe not to discussion for some time, to the point The year started slowly with a quiet where the Trust officially requested the January, a trip to Liverpool to inaugurate the satisfaction of all, but then it is never possible to placate everyone. company to guarantee some of the one the new Outport Wardroom in the Hole in million pound spend needed to replace the the Wall Pub, a long way to go but worth After our initial problems with the th dolphins just before Christmas. We have a the effort. On the 28 a very nice Lunch chartership we are still awaiting news number of options open to us to comply with the Judges at the Old Bailey, managed from the Aldermanic court, though the with that request, which it has been agreed to behave myself so got back to Wellington grapevine does sound very positive. The in principle by the Court of Assistants but without incarceration!! whole process did give us a chance to do a with caveats, which could possibly see the complete review of the chartership dolphins come into the possession of the documentation including the second Honourable Company. This is ongoing but schedule and a lot of positives came out hoped to be resolved by the April court of it. It also proved that we needed to when the Wardens will put the findings to have some robust administration of the the Court for approval. system process before going out even to the UK and Europe . In January we took We have also been continuing to review on Scott Hanlon, a very competent young the way the Company is organised in an man who was tasked with putting administrative sense and pulling together together a robust administrative system to the operating documentation into a formal run the chartership process for the administrative manual. Never an easy task, Honourable Company. He has under but a necessary one to ensure we operate a guidance from Peter McArthur, been modern transparent management structure. setting up the systems needed to run the It is hoped that this will be completed in scheme and cope with the many the not too distant future. applicants. Having seen a demonstration The mentoring scheme continues to of the system, I am now confident that we flourish, bringing in the essential youth can proceed and will have the ability to that will hopefully provide the members of make it work successfully. the future. You may also have listened to February saw Sir David Attenborough on Also, I have no doubt you are aware of the the Podcasts from the Shipping Exchange, a board for Lunch to receive a MEDIA ongoing problems with the mooring young members initiative that has gone AWARD from The UK Maritime Foundation. dolphins, which are now 70 years old and down very well and a second series is in the then the following day off to Southampton well past their sell by date. It should of pipeline. The background management to www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 3 Company News

the scheme is now five years old and will CMMar Recipiants be put under active review as well. Clerk’s Corner Commodore Angus Menzies RN So we have not been standing still, and I am pleased to be handing over to the new Master a progressive Company moving forward into the future, with a growing base of young members who want to join in and become an active part of the Honourable Company. Thank you for allowing me to be your Master and I hope that I have lived up to your expectations in leading the Cmdr Philip Harper RN Company forward.

Congratulations to the following on being sworn in as: Freeman: Captain Brent Bolton, Captain Tim Boyd, Captain Gabriel Ciortescu, Captain Mike Hitch, Captain Stuart Horne, Captain Rod MacLennan Member: Mr Doug Bedford, Mr Scott Hanlon, Mr Charles Phillips, Mr James Pine, Mr Dimitrios Zafeiroudis Captain Michael Lloyd Associate: Michael Doherty, Kyle Data Protection James, Jack McNab Without trying to bore you all yet again, I Apprentice: Oscar Brann, Alex Smith offer a much reduced and I do hope final note on the Data Protection Act 1998 and EU GDPR. It forms the basis of how the Honourable Company as a membership organisation handles your personal data. Your personal information is stored on the Company database, a bespoke programme entitled “NEPTUNE” and is used to send you this Journal and other publications and information and also to book you into Captain Jim Chapman Company events. Great care is taken to guard your information and the Company will not divulge such information to Congratulations also to the following: anyone not authorised to receive it. Some On being elevated from Member to data of a historical interest, as we are a Freeman: Captain Charles Brewer, City of London Livery Company, is held in a Captain Matt Easton, Captain James Folder alongside NEPTUNE. Your name and Hofton, Captain Andy Jordan, Captain contact details are held outside the ship Robin Plumley only by Outport Secretaries to enable communication regarding Outport events On being admitted to the in your area and in the case of our Chartership: Captain Roger Francis Liverymen, at the Guildhall on the statutory Captain Paul Bryson Register for Voting for the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs. The contract caterer will also hold details of any individual dietary And to the following on attaining requirements for events, which will be for a Certificates of Competency: short period only. Masters : Sam Brunton Chartered Master Mariner Mates : Sarah Kember, Michael Rhind, You will have read in the preceding Oliver Wilson, Adrian Young Master’s Column the awards by the Second OOW : Clive Austin, Martyn Dickson, Sea Lord (First Sea Lord designate) Vice Emily Grassby, Ben Monks, Dom Street, Admiral RADAKIN, of Chartered Master Mike Williams Mariner in the presence of members on the Quarterdeck to: Captain Roger Francis

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The Editor This is done through the App “Go to School for the full secondary course. This Commodore David Squire formally stood Meeting”, available from the App Store. The presentation is currently not filled and a down in early December and temporarily access code and password are available suitable candidate is sought; details from me. his function has been kindly taken over by from the office. Members are requested to The Royal Hospital School at Holbrook also Captain Rob Booth. A permanent ensure that if they dial in, that care is offers generous bursaries to the sons or replacement is still sought. The post taken to eliminate any background daughters or the grandchildren of male or receives a stipend and any member activity and noise at their end. female officers of the UK Merchant Navy. interested in considering the post should The Chairman of the Education & Training Scholarships are available in four areas: contact the Clerk for more details. Committee also encourages members to Academic, Arts, Sports and, in particular, Journal Articles witness the meeting but due to the Sailing. The Royal Hospital School, sometimes possibly sensitive nature of the Holbrook, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP9 2RX Tel: +44 The winner of the 2018 Anchorites Prize for discussions about individuals, it is (0)1473 326200 the best Journal Article by an inappropriate for non-screened observers [email protected] Apprentice/Associate is by Associate Member to conference in and so members must Rachel Arnold entitled “Social Media and a check in with the Chair first (Commander Outport Visit Life at Sea” which was published in Journal Peter Aylott - [email protected]) Glasgow Outport members visited 1/2018. Many congratulations. Clydeport recently to represent the Once again, I enjoin Members, and Rowing Honourable Company at the dedication especially Apprentices and Associates, to Calling all rowers! The annual 21 mile Ceremony for RFA TIDESURGE. provide articles for our Quarterly Journal. Great River Race takes place on the Our publication was designed at the outset Thames on 14 September this year. A keen to be a professional Journal, not a quarterly rowing member seeks to enter a Master “Country Life” magazine. We particularly Mariner team in our own 6 man racing seek professional articles supported by cutter “The Master Shipbroker” this year pictures or illustrations of what our (and other events through the summer). industry, but more importantly, what our Names to the Clerk please. members are up to, and what they think Honourable Company of Master the maritime sector should be and is doing. Mariners and Howard Leopold The best article for 2019 by an Davis Charity Meeting Rooms Apprentice or Associate, as selected by Members are reminded that our associated There are three bookable rooms for the Master and Wardens, will receive the HCMM & HLD charity is focussed on the business meetings available onboard Anchorites Prize of £250. All support of needy Merchant Navy Deck WELLINGTON: correspondence, articles and reports for the Officers and their dependents. Any member – The Committee Room – seats 16 at the Journal should be in Word Format and in knowing of a mariner or dependent in need table. Arial font, and forwarded to the Editor, should contact the Clerk. On the Captain Rob Booth AFNI, by email on educational front, the Charity Trustees – The Medals Room – seats 14 at “[email protected]” approved at their last meeting that £1000 the table. Website and Skill Sets & should be made available to any Outport – The Charthouse – seats 8 in an informal Opportunities with an affiliated Sea Cadet Unit, the funds setting (with superb views of the Thames). to be focussed on getting youngsters to sea Please note that the Minutes of Court The first two rooms have large-screen in sail or motor training craft. Meetings and those of the Professional & wall mounted computer monitors (HDMI) Technical, Finance and Treasures Our Charity also oversees our presentation and conference call facilities and with Committees are available in the Members at Christ’s Hospital School, Horsham, West room for additional seating round the Area of our Website. The Education & Sussex RH13 0YP. The presentation covers bulkheads. Contact the Office for details Training and Membership Committees are all fees, uniform and equipment at the and for bookings. not available due to their necessary staff- RFA Tidespring Group in-confidence content. With the flexibility of our new website, it is planned to incorporate a Skills Available List in the public area. In the office we regularly receive requests for commercial advice and guidance to assist a range of maritime organisations who seek qualified Masters. If you would be interested in having your name/business placed on that list, please let us know on [email protected]. Video Link The Chairman of the Professional and Technical Committee encourages members to witness the next meeting by video link. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 5 Company News

In addition, the Catering Company can new Master for 2019-2020. Dress is Huimadri K Lahiry offer business meeting facilities in: sombre Black Tie to allow all our Ladies A fresh approach to the study of navigation – The Model Room – seats 20 at the table to outshine us! with an emphasis on the understanding of – The Court Room – seats 52 at the table • The Summer Reception is at 1830 on principles as well as on practical Wednesday 5 June 2019 and provides an applications. The Court Room is provided with full IT excellent opportunity for an upper deck and sound facilities and both are booked focussed drinks Reception with finger food, Thomas’s Stowage 8th Edition through the Cook&The Butler – via Lina, before perhaps you move ashore to that Captain R E Thomas whose office is onboard WELLINGTON on special romantic dinner or the theatre? (edited by Captain G Pepper) 0207 240 9888 or The definitive reference book on the [email protected]. • The Annual Company Church Service at St Michael’s, Cornhill, is at 1100 on subject on the safe handling and carriage Members are entitled to generous of cargoes. discounts on the Room Hire charge for Friday 14 June 2019, followed as usual both venues. at 1230 by the Ladies Lunch, where the All the books above were presented by the guest of honour is the Lord Mayor of Directors of Brown, Son & Ferguson Ltd. Social Westminster. Both events are linked, but Members are strongly encouraged to join can be booked separately and are an • They Were Just Skulls the waiting list for fully booked Curry opportunity to involve our ladies. (Loss of HM S/M TRUCULENT John Johnson-Allen Lunches as we regularly receive • The 15th Annual London Maritime Ball ISBN 978-1-84995-404-4 cancellations at short notice which throw is on Friday 12 July 2019 and is presented by the Author. up spare seats. Additionally, henceforth, invariably fully booked so you should in order to improve availability and loss get your name on the list early. Theme ª The Shipwreck Hunter – discoveries on of income, group Table bookings which this year is “Tartan“. the Ocean Floor David Mearns are cancelled at less than 7 days’ notice • Now an annual fixture, the fifth of our ISBN 9781-760-295257 will incur the full cost of that Table. Outport Ladies Lunches is on Friday 19 presented by The Hon Alexandra Shackleton. • Curry Lunches on: Friday 31 May 2019, July 2019. This Lunch is aimed at all Monday 24 June 19 (follows Common members of the Company and their • Sea Breezes bound Volumes 1930-1931 Hall voting for the Sheriffs), Friday 28 wives with a particular theme to attract presented by Brigadier David Innes. June 2019 and Friday 26 July 2019 Outport Members and their Ladies and a [currently all FULLY BOOKED, except 24 great opportunity for the Outports to June], Friday 13 September 2019 (extra get together and to meet the Master The Wellington Trust mid-month Curry) and Friday 27 and the Wardens and other Members Captain Guy Brocklebank RN September 2019. Members are very much onboard WELLINGTON – book early to encouraged to make use of the Waiting secure a place. Chairman of the Trustees List as places frequently come up within Event Bookings two weeks and less of the lunches. Please Members are reminded that the centre- note that guests must conform to our Curry Lunch dress code of jackets and ties page Event Booking perforated Tear Out (no jeans please). A stock of maritime Forms have been discontinued and type ties is held at Reception. Also, that replaced by a one page “pour memoire” set tables and individual groups will be coloured list which can be found on the called forward by the Catering Manager back inside cover page. when they should rise to select their Sheep Drive curry lunch. Liverymen are reminded that this year’s • The Installation Court Dinner on Friday Sheep Drive over London Bridge will be 25 April 2019 at 1830 for 1900 is the on Sunday 29 September 2019. Details second formal event of the year and a and booking can be found at celebration of the installation of the www.woolmen.com Library New Books • Brown, Son & Ferguson 15 th 2019 Nautical Almanac LONDON MARITIME Richard Brown CHARITY BALL • True Rhumbline Distance (WGS 84) th Calculations Friday 12 July 2019 Captain Dr Ivica Tijardovic The outline design of the replacement dolphins is now in the process of a Theme: Tartan Users of GPS Receivers or ECDIS may use request for tenders from a range of the Tables to calculate how much the companies of known ability in this area. GPS/ECDOIS distance differs from the True We hope to get the results in the next Rhumbline Distance. few weeks to progress the project. • Elements of Navigation and Nautical Keeping the ship open during the works is Astronomy a main priority in the tender assessment.

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We have engaged the services of a The project has three broad aims, to: to support and encourage younger fundraising team, Rosie Fraser and Faye 1. Change perceptions about the history of seafarers. In order to further this aim and Clews to support the Trustees. So far they women at sea to provide an opportunity for younger have completed their initial survey of 2. Pay tribute to earlier generations of Members to better represent themselves possible donors and have produced a women seafarers who were determined within the HCMM’s decision-making fundraising plan and actions to be to serve in the Royal or Merchant Navies processes, Ms Sarah Berry (Member and approved by the next Board. This will be Loss Prevention Executive at The 3. Inspire young women today to consider aimed at the medium to long term issues a seafaring career. Shipowners’ Club) and I proposed that a up to a possible docking need in 5-10 Younger Members’ Committee be formed. years time. However the need to dock will We are pleased to announce that, with be subject to ongoing hull survey work. PDC Column superb support from the Master and The Education programme has had a slow Paul Shepherd many other Members, this Committee will start to 2019, with poor response to meet for the first time in April, and that secondary events. A combination of the Ms Berry will be our Chair. I would ask perceived threat in central London and that any younger Members or Mentees the pressure to keep GCSE students in the wishing to attend the inaugural meeting, classroom is the reason. Primary is still get in touch. At the time of writing, the going well and the A level Science, date/time is yet to be set and, no, there Technology, Engineering and Maths days isn’t an age limit but attitude and an introduced last year are fully subscribed. appetite for driving change is key. We remain short of Master Mariner Wellness At Sea volunteers to support the various Looking forward, I believe that one of the education activities, so please consider biggest topics of conversation and supporting by a little teaching. conferences in 2019 is going to be wellness, which, in short, is a holistic view Women on the Waves of a person’s health, incorporating mental The bid for our 2019 exhibition, Women on and physical aspects. In January, I was the Waves, looking at women in both the invited to participate in the ZS Wellness Merchant service and Royal Navy from Think Tank (Andrew Cowderoy, Director, is 1840 up to today, is with the Heritage a Member) and to speak on the role that Lottery Fund and we await their decision. our Mentoring Scheme has to play in We have the collaboration of the P&O supporting Mentees while onboard and Heritage Collection and the Merchant ashore, and ensuring that they have a Navy Training Board. We have also had Future Skills Seminar supportive and knowledgeable ear available to them. This was a very valuable support from the family of Victoria Thanks to the efforts of Dr Belcher and opportunity to broaden the maritime Drummond, who was one of the first others, our long-awaited Future Skills community’s appreciation of one of our women engineer officers in the Merchant Conference is now a reality and is flagship schemes. Navy and had a distinguished career. The scheduled for the 12th of June 2019. family have various artefacts and uniform With a clear focus on the future, the The event itself was excellent, with to loan for the exhibition. The exhibition agenda for the day brings together a representation from shipmanagement, P&I, project throws new light on the history fascinating array of authoritative training providers, charities/NGOs and and role of women seafarers since 1840 speakers, with whom we will be able to mental health experts, and robust (the date of UK mail contracts with P&O, take a deep dive into the skills that discussions around strategies for improving Cunard and Royal Mail.) The are three modern seafarers need, and plenty of mental health and wellbeing. Of particular elements: a temporary exhibition, discussion time so that Members, Mentees note for me was the contribution made by associated learning events, and a volunteer and other industry representatives can Sophia Bullard of UK P&I (Loss Prevention) programme. The exhibition focuses on help to shape the conversation. This is regarding the financial benefits resulting several key individuals, using inspiring also a superb opportunity for the HCMM from reduced claims and fewer LTIs when personal histories to engage all age levels. to be part of a wider series of skills- these issues are taken seriously, as well as It covers the impact of two world wars on related conferences hosted by Maritime the link between good onboard opportunities for women seafarers and UK and others, and to continue to leadership/management, the onboard looks at significant changes in attitudes leverage its immense collective experience working environment and mental health. towards women at sea from the 1970s to and expertise in relation to the skills and today. The exhibition explores advances in Any comments on the above, or any other people elements of the UK Government’s matter, are very welcome on the details both the Royal and Merchant Navies, Maritime 2050 strategy. tracing the development from a time when below. Angus and I are also encouraging all huge constraints placed on women Younger Members’ Committee Members to submit letters for publication seafarers to the current situation, in which The future of both seafaring and the in the Journal, in order to create some all roles in the Merchant Navy and most HCMM lies in the younger generations internal debate among the Membership, so roles in the Royal Navy are open to and it has always been clear to me that feel free to write in and agree or disagree women. The exhibition concludes with a our Members are a generous and with anything that I write. look at future trends. passionate bunch, who go to great efforts Paul Shepherd is Director of Whitehorse www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 7 Company News

Maritime and his company has been Naval College in Greenwich. In addition, I continue and maybe entice some new contracted by the HCMM to provide the am also the Assistant District Officer of ones to join us. services of a Professional Development Sea Cadets London Southern District. It has been agreed that David should be Consultant. He can be contacted via phone Part of my role is developing the social recognised for his gallent efforts over the (+447900268843), email media side outreach (and indeed in reach) years, so he is to be awarded Honourary ([email protected]) or social of the Company. Hopefully by now, many Membership and we may even see if we media (LinkedIn and Facebook). of you will have heard and glanced at our can entice him on board for a little more official Twitter site @HCMM_UK. With a liquid celebration. CMMar Column steady growth, we are hoping that this I look forward to filling in until a more initial social media outlet will help spread suitable candidate for the role can be found. Lieutenant Scott Hanlon the amazing work of the Company and try to capture and influence a wider audience. Yet, the main and more time- Ship affiliations consuming aspect of my role here is the CMMar programme. Many of you will HMS SUTHERLAND have followed the development of the chartership programme with a keen eye. Captain Christopher Laycock With the help and great counsel of Court Now that Christmas and New Year Assistant Captain Peter McArthur, Deputy celebrations are behind us, we see that Chairman of the Registration Authority, I SUTHERLAND is refamiliarizing herself have uprated the chartership’s with UK National Tasking. We are looking administration structure by creating a forward to meeting up with the ship new CMMar database in close co- when opportunities arise in UK ports, and operation with our partners at the to hosting members of the ship’s Nautical Institute and therefore also to company aboard Wellington. set the foundations of our expansion to Our first visitors in 2019 from overseas applications. SUTHERLAND will be Chief Petty Officer On Friday 22nd February, I had the great Jonathan Cowell Marine Engineer, who honour of being made a Member of this has been selected to be the recipient of historic and very ‘Honourable’ Company the Honourable Company of Master of Master Mariners, and I hope in time, I Mariners’ ‘Sailor of the Year’ award. He will be granted the pleasure of meeting will be supported by Commander Carlos CMMar Administrator you all. I am particularly pleased to be so Garreta RN, formerly Executive Officer closely involved in the CMMar programme HMS SUTHERLAND. The award will For those of you whom I have not had which I quickly came to realise is the presented to CPO Cowell at our Court the chance to meet, my name is Scott flagship programme in which the British Luncheon on 6th March. We extend our Hanlon and I started working for the maritime sector is clearly in the lead. For heartiest congratulations to CPO Powell, Honourable Company on the 8th January more information regarding the and as usual, Members’ good wishes to 2019. My new role is to administer and Chartership, please feel free to email me the entire ship’s company. promote the new Chartered Master at [email protected]. Mariner (CMMar) programme. Ship’s Painting Coming from quite a varied background ranging from the Civil Service to entering From the Editor the teaching profession, where I taught History, Government & Politics and Captain Robert Booth Religious Education. In the final phase of David is going to be a hard act to follow my teaching career I had the privilege to and we are all gratefull for his sterling serve in and was a senior leader within efforts and good editorship of the Journal the Catholic Life of the Federation of over the years. There has been some Secondary Schools in East London. interest in taking over but as yet it has not formalised into anything positive. You Whilst reading History at Swansea will see no change to the formatt of the University, I was accepted into the Journal apart from one section that I University Royal Naval Unit and in due Whilst deployed on the recent 7 month would like to include and that is for our course, promoted to the Senior AsiaPacific deployment HMS overseas bretheren, the Master Mariners of Midshipman of Wales. I deployed to sea in SUTHERLAND announced her arrival into Australia, NewZealand and Canada. We HMS EXPRESS regularly and experienced Sydney by sailing past the worldfamous receive their Newsletters and I have for life and service in the Royal Navy. I have Sydney Opera House and under the some time thought that they needed to be always had a passion for life on the water Harbour Bridge. To mark such a edited for inclusion in the Journal, this since the age of ten when I became a Sea momentous occasion the Wardroom will be the first and is under "Global Links" Cadet. Currently a Lieutenant RNR and commissioned a bespoke painting from a the Commanding Officer of TS I do hope that I will be able to count on local artist mirroring the now famous DREADNOUGHT, based at the Old Royal those who have been good contributors to picture which was used as the cover for

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the Navy News April 2018 edition. This is Sutherland Chooses New Flag embarked onboard HMS SUTHERLAND a truly stunning piece and the artist went from Naval Air Squadron 814, based at to great lengths to ensure its accuracy for the Royal Navy Air Station Culdrose, those who were present on the upper Cornwall. Marking a switch in focus from deck. The Wardroom was very keen that the Ship’s recent deployment to hunting this painting was for the whole ship, as submarines, the Merlin brings what has such, a limited run of numbered prints been described as a ‘second Operations were made available to purchase, so that Room’ to the mission, with the sailors could have a memento of the helicopter’s observer and aircrewman Ship’s deployment. using sonobuoys (expendable buoys which are dropped to listen for the Charity Challenge presence of a submarine) or dipping her sonar to locate and track the underwater target. Allied with the Ship’s sonar systems, the Merlin and Type 23 Frigate More than 3,000 people turned out to working in partnership are formidable vote during a month long competition to underwater hunters. The Merlin and select a new county flag from a shortlist members from 814 Squadron, Kingfisher of four designs. The winning design Flight will remain with us whilst we depicts a white flag overlaid with Saltire undertake UK National Tasking and Nordic crosses to denote Sutherland’s unique Viking history, with a golden sun constructed from the arms of the crosses symbolising the sun raised high in the south for the county’s origin name South Land. The historic moment was marked by This year has seen the start of HMS a poignant flag raising ceremony with SUTHERLAND’s Charity Challenge where the members of HMS SUTHERLAND leading Ship will aim to raise £1000 for the Royal proceedings during a ceremony at the Navy and Royal Marine Charity by the end Highland Council’s offices in Drummuie, of Spring 2019. First was a cake morning Golspie. In addition to the flag unveiling hosted by Leading Physical Trainer (LPT) ceremony, the sailors were also able to Roach and our new Young Officers. The visit Dunrobin Castle and meet the local Ship’s Company munched their way community before returning to Devonport. through a mountain of cake and baked Merlin takes over Wildcat goodies raising £160, and both the It’s goodbye Wildcat and hello ‘flying Wardroom and Petty Officer’s mess have frigate’, the Merlin Mk2 which has now raised money through meat raffles. To combat this gluttony there are plans afoot Merlin Mk2 from Naval Air Squadron 814, Kingfisher Flight to enter a team of runners in the Plymouth Half Marathon – training starts now! Burns Night

Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face!!!!! On a day which combines haggis, whisky and poetry, the Wardroom celebrated Burns Night on 24th January 2019 to celebrate the life and works of Scottish poet Robert Burns. On completion of the meal the Officers played traditional Wardroom ‘games’ and toasted his memory. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 9 Global Links

although sometimes I’m unsure which Captain Whitaker has always been patient Global links way. Cold, snow, and ice are all factors in waiting for me to get something onto experienced by those at sea and sailing on paper and work it into something Master Mariners of the coasts or the seaways, which makes presentable for everyone to read. I’m sure I our maritime culture unique and speak for everyone in the Master Mariners Canada, New Zealand , interesting to be involved in. Something of Canada when I thank Captain Whitaker Australia. interesting to read goes along well with for his work on From the Bridge, for his long winter months and our publication work with Scholarships, and for his interest “THE COMPANY OF MASTER MARINERS always has articles and stories carefully and efforts on behalf of our organization. OF CANADA is a professional gathered to provide past and present organization, representing command- views and comment on our maritime qualified mariners as well as like-minded industry. Certainly, this edition has topical The AMUNDSEN seafarers, industry and government content but there are some noteworthy members, and cadets across Canada. Our Icebreaker elements. Firstly, as you will read, our work with and for our members is upcoming AGM in Ottawa this coming organized around three pillars: Understanding The Canadian Arctic October starts with a daylong symposium awareness, education and advocacy.” Executive Director of Amundsen Science, titled “Evolution of Equality and Inclusion www.mastermariners.ca Alexandre Forest manages the largest in the Maritime Profession”. The event will research vessel in Canada. focus on examining matters of equality, From the Bridge opportunity and gender and cultural topics and how the industry must continue to evolve in order to attract people to a seafaring career. Highlighting the long interest and activity of women active at sea are the articles on Kate Armstrong (first female winner of the Baugh Scholarship) and Mélanie Leblanc and their experiences. Of course we should also note that the newest icebreaker for the Coast Guard has been called the CCGS Captain Molly Kool, AMUNDSEN honouring the first woman to be a licensed Captain in Canada. (To read His primary passion is oceanography in the about Captain Molly Kool, see the May Arctic seas. And his second home is the 2009 edition of From the Bridge, Page 2) research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen, which has been traveling in the Canadian Arctic http://www.mastermariners.ca/wp- for 15 years now. For Alexandre Forest, a content/uploads/2016/03/FTB-09-051.pdf researcher in oceanography and specialist in Arctic marine ecosystems, this complex Secondly, this edition will be one of the last universe, in perpetual mutation, is the for our editor Captain David Whitaker, who object of a lifetime spent trying to better after 12 years of being involved in the February 2019 understand and know the mechanisms of creation of From the Bridge will be looking evolution, feeding and survival. From The Master’s Deck to hand over command. I’ve always enjoyed This edition of From the Bridge finds the reading From the Bridge and appreciated The only one of its kind, this icebreaker, a country in the firm grip of winter and the effort that goes into crafting our survivor of scrap metal in the early 2000s, slowly steaming towards the spring. newsletter. Over the past two years in my has been converted into a scientific Winter and spring slowly merge in this role as President I’ve enjoyed the advance machine thanks to funds invested by country, one slipping into the other, copy to review and write up a few words. Université Laval and the Canadian Coast

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Guard. Now equipped with 65 scientific to do anything but science and have its systems and 22 fixed and portable labs, it research projects interrupted for other Examining the offers a state-of-the-art research platform assignments. Alexandre Forest and the evolution of authority designed to navigate and document the scientific community are keen to see the under-resourced regions of the North. Canadian icebreaker fleet renewed in the of a Shipmaster and coming years so that the CCGS Amundsen A floating university pavilion: can continue its mission on an ongoing the impact of modern After spending the winter performing her basis. The goal: not to lose the north! To communication traditional Icebreaker duties, the ship sets learn more about the CCGS Amundsen , sail every summer to the Arctic to lend visit their website. For any questions about systems on their role: herself to her scientific mission. Since 2003, training programs or related research When the Maritime Labour Convention it sails up to 152 days per year the frozen projects, contact Alexandre Forest. 2006 (MLC2006) was being drafted, one of seas with, on board, 40 researchers and 40 the last questions to be decided was sailors who ensure the continuous https://www.port-montreal.com/en/ whether the Shipmaster should be included operation. "It runs 24 hours a day. We go amundsen-aout2018-en.html in the definition of a seafarer, (It was from one oceanographic station to finally decided that a Master is in fact a another," says Alexandre Forest. Everything CCGS Molly Kool: seafarer). While the main issue of MLC is designed to make the best use of 2006 discussions related to whether the valuable time and make the most of a hours of both work and rest “From the costly operation: complete scientific Bridge” February 2019 equipment, but also what is needed for www.mastermariners.ca requirements optimal logistic management. "Even if we would apply to a Master, the debate live in promiscuity, everything is done so highlighted the extraordinary position that that we can devote 100% to our research. Masters have in maritime law. It's like having a floating university pavilion." Since its conversion, the ship has The Master’s authority is derived from revolutionized the North Sea research commercial shipping practices first community. "We are trying to learn how recorded in the Middle Ages. Long voyages systems are initially to better understand and little or no communication with shore how they evolve in response to climate meant that Masters needed to have as change and human disturbance. And we much legal authority as shipowners to act went a long way in 15 years. Verdict? "It's on behalf of their vessel. For this reason, about the whole ecosystem that is maritime law, in many ways, treats Masters changing right now. This is a non-debatable The first of three new Canadian Coast more like shipowners than seafarers. and robust reality. Guard icebreakers refitted at Quebec's Limited definitions: Davie Shipyard will be named after a Surprisingly, there is very little written in A new generation of experts: female maritime pioneer. The Coast Guard court decisions, in statutes or in The research on board is far from confined took possession today of CGCS Captain international instruments that describe a to the natural sciences alone. Biology, Molly Kool at a ceremony at the shipyard Master’s authority. Modern laws and court analysis of bacteria and phytoplankton rub across the St. Lawrence River from Quebec decisions seem to take for granted the shoulders with medical missions and social City. Federal officials also announced extraordinary authority of a master relating sciences. Because the ecosystem is another $90 million in work for Davie. The to vessel operations. In no commercial changing, it is also a way of life that ship, one of three bought from Norway in occupation on land does the law give such evolves: that of neighbouring communities August, is the first new icebreaker floated vast authority as maritime law provides to that for centuries have been eating seafood. by the Coast Guard in 25 years. a Master at sea. In the end, the whole deal changes with Myrtle "Molly" Kool was the first woman in Masters have moral and legal responsibility the operation of this extraordinary vessel. North America to become a licensed ship for the safety of their ship and cargo, as "We are training a whole generation of captain. She was born into a family of well as the wellbeing of every person on new experts who have deep knowledge of mariners in Alma, N.B. in 1916 and earned board. Because of these responsibilities, the North, who will be seasoned to make a reputation as a fearless mariner maritime courts have consistently decided decisions and who can better manage transporting cargo on the Bay of Fundy. that it is essential for Masters to have great them in the future. At the forefront of legal authority to protect lives and property stakeholders: local communities who https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/coast- entrusted to their care at sea. want to take an active part in managing guard- takes-possession-of-new-icebreaker- their changing environment. "The named-after-pioneer-molly-kool-1.4218430 Maritime law requires seafarers to promptly scientific community is willing to do and respectfully obey their Master’s lawful things for the North, from the North, to To learn about Molly Kool read orders. Even though the Master may be involve the communities even more and ht tp://section15.ca/features/people/2000/11 wrong, gives orders in a harsh or to provide training." /07/captain_molly_kool/ disrespectful way or punishes without sufficient cause., seafarers must obey the Concerns on the horizon: or see “From the Bridge” May 2009, Page 2 commands of the Master while at sea. The Despite its crucial mission, the CCGS http://www.mastermariners.ca/wp- only exception is if obeying the order will Amundsen can at any time be requisitioned content/uploads/2016/03/FTB-09-051.pdf result in a serious permanent injury, but www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 11 Latest News

even in such instances, violent challenges In these instances, a Chief mate should take be held strictly liable for pollution crimes, to a Master’s authority are not permitted. every precaution to avoid mutiny, for even when they did not knowingly commit a However, Masters are not above the law instance by seeking permission from their criminal act. Although the law continues to and can be held to account for abuse or shipowner and flag state. recognise a Master’s legal authority, modern communications and technology have authority once their ship arrives in port. Levels of liability: Seafarers can report abuse to their enabled shoreside management to become shipowner’s delegated person ashore, as A Master’s great authority is balanced by increasingly involved in detailed decisions well as their vessel’s flag state authority. great responsibility. In fact, the about a ship’s operations. Today’s Master Violence, or threats of violence, by seafarers responsibilities of Masters are more clearly needs to be responsive to directions from against a master’s lawful authority at sea is defined in law than their authorities. For shoreside management, even on minute a serious maritime crime; mutiny. The crime example, Masters can be held personally details. At the same time, Masters’ shipboard of mutiny is committed when a seafarer or liable for all contracts signed on behalf of administrative responsibilities have increased. a group of seafarers, through violence or their vessel, including contracts for repairs, The current reality is that actual authority is threats, resist a Master’s lawful authority. supplies and other necessities, and they can shifting from Masters to shoreside Resistance by seafarers to a master’s lawful also be held personally responsible for management, while Masters’ responsibility for ship operations is increasing. commands accompanied by force, fraud or paying crew wages, even if their shipowner has paid neither crew nor Master. threats, or through preventing the Master By Douglas B Stevenson. theSea. Nov/Dec from carrying out the free and lawful Masters can be criminally liable for 2018. www.missiontoseafarers.org exercise of authority and command, is abandoning a crewmember in a foreign port, considered mutiny. while a shipowner who has abandoned (Douglas B Stevenson is the Director of the “Center for Seafarers’ Rights at In emergency situations where a master is Master and crew cannot be held to be Seamen’s Church Institute, New York NY”. unable to manage the vessel because of criminally liable. Additionally, Masters can be gross intoxication or insanity, a Chief mate criminally liable for not going to the rescue “From the Bridge” February 2019 would be justified in taking over command. of persons in distress at sea. Masters can also www.mastermariners.ca Latest News Magnetic North Pole Shifting Rapidly & Unpredictably The Earth’s north magnetic pole is shifting 8 Rowan Road, Epsom, Auckland 1023 so rapidly that steps are being taken to ensure it doesn't impact navigation in the Arctic. Compass needles point towards the STRANGER ‘S VISIT north magnetic pole, a point that has The navy had the pleasure of hosting the first visit by a Royal Navy warship in moved from Canada to the middle of the 20 years between Tuesday 16 and Sunday 20 January. HMS Montrose, a Type Arctic Ocean over the last century. It is 23 frigate. Our Master, Captain Ted Ewbank attended a function on board. currently moving towards Siberia at about 50 kilometers (30 miles) a year. The World Magnetic Model predicts the Earth's geomagnetic field for the next five years, and it is normally produced every five years. Scientists have now recognized that the 2015 World Magnetic Model needs updating earlier than planned, but the update has been postponed from January 15 to January 30 due to the ongoing U.S. government shutdown. Since late 2014, the core field has varied in a currently unpredictable manner. This led to the World Magnetic Model becoming less accurate, particularly at high northern latitudes, much faster than normal. The variations have been attributed to an abrupt unpredictable change in 2014/2015 and an acceleration of flow in the core in the northern hemisphere. The Model is produced by the British Geological Survey and NOAA, on behalf of the U.K. Defence Geographic Centre and the U.S. National

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Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. It is a Leidos designed and built the 132-foot- Hybrid warfare is the space that exists model of the primary component of the long Trimaran, Sea Hunter, which is the first between war and peace. China has used geomagnetic field: the Earth’s core. The autonomous, unmanned vessel capable to this to the point of destabilising the RBIO. core field is generated by dynamic action travel for long periods of time and execute This paper describes how China created its in the swirling iron-rich fluid of the outer a variety of missions at a fraction of the ability to threaten regional stability and the core, roughly 3,500 kilometers below the cost for a manned ship. This recent RBIO itself by concurrently working within Earth's surface. The ever-changing flow of achievement is part of an extended test and outside of it and effectively altered its the outer core leads to an ever-changing phase, which has been ongoing since the effective borders from its coast to the magnetic field. “The magnetic poles drift, end of 2016. It is understood that another coastlines of most of its regional the field strengthens and weakens, and two larger vessels are under construction. neighbours by laying illegal claim to the the immense magnetic field of the Sun, South China Sea (SCS) and militarising it carried by the solar wind, constantly against international law. It has used its batters at it from the outside,” says British South China Sea & illegal sovereignty of the South China Sea Geological Survey blogger, Will Brown. Implications for UK as its base from which its maritime Belt & “The World Magnetic Model is the Road Initiative extends to Africa and whose standard magnetic model used for Defence in the ports offers Chinese Navy (PLAN) naval navigation by organizations such as NATO, support infrastructure. It means that the the Ministry of Defence, and the U.S.’ Indo-Pacific UK must make greater use of its Department of Defense, and also by by CSP Hunter international agreements and strategic smartphone operating systems such as relationships in the region and permanently Android and iOS. When you open your Abstract base its naval forces in the SCS to work smartphone’s map app, you may see an China has transformed its economic, alongside the US and the UK’s “most allied arrow pointing which way you’re facing, political, cultural, cyber, space and defence nations” to deter China’s hegemony in the and there’s something quite clever going capabilities to a point at which it threatens SCS, uphold global stability, democratic on underneath. Your phone contains a the US as the region’s guarantor of peace values and the RBIO. magnetometer that is measuring the and the Rules-based International Order Earth’s magnetic field. In order to make (RBIO) itself at the strategic level. The Indo- The South China Sea and sense of this information a reference Pacific region is 1 of the 3 world economic Territorial Disputes model like the World Magnetic Model is centres consisting of 40% of global trade. There are 6 claimant nations to the needed to correct the measurements of The regions prosperity was enabled by the disputed islands and features in the South magnetic north made by your phone to stability that the RBIO created. To that China Sea (SCS): China, Vietnam, the True North.” The next scheduled update to degree it helped create its own threat. Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei. the World Magnetic Model is expected in All are key UK trading partners and two are December 2019. Source : MAREX US Navy’s Autonimous Ship Trial The US Navy’s Sea Hunter autonomous trimaran became the first ship to successfully autonomously navigate from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and back without a single crew member on board, vessel designer and builder Leidos announced.

Sea Hunter The only time people were on board during the transit was during short boardings by personnel from an escort vessel to check electrical and propulsion systems. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 13 Latest News

Minister added that “it will not be enforced by anyone”. “China claims every feature within a U-shaped line” (2). The “nine-dash line” therefore strategically disturbs the Rules-based International Order (RBIO). Japan is in dispute with China over the Senkaku Islands and is a strategic “flash point”. Japan is a “most allied nation” of the US and the UK. There is no doubt that Japan will exert its full array of capabilities to resist Chinese efforts in the dispute of these islands and others in the SCS. China’s Belt and Road Initiative China’s aim is to connect China to Europe with a new infrastructure. It consists of two parts – one on land through Central Asia, where the UK has substantial economic interests being 1 of the regions 4 lead investors (along with the US, Japan and Switzerland) and another running in the sea across the Indo-Pacific region from Shanghai and N China ports to Djibouti. Considerable effort has been made by China for its new ports to be viewed as a peaceful trading infrastructure and a western investment opportunity. It has provided aid in the forms of loans to governments along it without any terms to improve their Commonwealth ones. The disputed islands Arbitration Tribunal supported the governance. But many of the ports can are: the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, Philippines claim against China that the also be used by China as a naval the Scraborough Shoal and Pratas Island. Spratly Islands and the Scarborough Shoal infrastructure. Its mere presence generates Waters around them are governed by the could not be considered “full islands” and economic and political influence within United Nations Convention on the Law of that China’s “nine-dash line” are contrary the countries comprising the Belt & Road the Sea (UNCLOS) (1). and “without lawful effect”. Initiative that disturbs the RBIO. Its roots UNCLOS deem ownership of the sea and China rejected this. Its Vice-Foreign and basis are in the South China Sea. seabed up to 12 nautical miles from the coast of a territory plus the resources in the sea and seabed up to 200 nm (but not other territories in it) from the coast of the territory. The latter is known as the “Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). UNCLOS makes a distinction between an “island” which is entitled to an EEZ and a “rock” which is not. This distinction is made on the basis that the latter cannot “sustain human habitation or economic life”. The outcome is the difference between an island being entitled to resource rights in its EEZ of 125,000 square nm and a rock one of 452 square nm. On 12 July 2016 China laid sovereignty claim to the whole of the South China Sea by its “nine-dash line” saying that all islands and rocks in it were considered a single archipelago and under its control based on a claim to its “historic rights”. UNCLOS makes no provision for this classification. In July 2016 the International

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Eyes and Five Power Defence Arrangements groups. Together, we will stand up for the global rules, including freedom of navigation, that underpin our security and prosperity as an island trading nation.” China and the Indo-Pacific Since the 1970’s China developed its economic, political and cultural power. From the 1990’s it began to re-shape its military forces. By 2012 it had launched its first aircraft carrier. Since 2016 it militarised the South China Sea on islands and features in contravention to international law. During the period it built the Belt and Road Initiative, which in the maritime domain has no economic purpose. Without which the Belt and Road areas inland from it. The United Kingdom is The world is not short of ports. It is though Initiative lacks its source. a “Five Eyes” power with the USA, Australia, short of ports funded and controlled by New Zealand and Canada. The UK is the China. That is its point. The Indo-Pacific and Global Trade bilateral partner to China in the 50 year The Indo-Pacific contains the region with agreement ensuring the rights of Hong For decades China sought to reassure that the highest growth and will be the world’s Kong following the 1997 handover. The UK its economic growth had peaceful largest economic centre. The original Trans- has support base facilities in Singapore. The outcomes seeking co-existence within the Pacific Partnership aimed to cover 40% of UK has formed defence agreements with global order, having no intent to become global trade. It has been superseded by the Japan as a “most allied nation”. Of the 10 the world’s dominant power. But in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement countries comprising ASEAN three of them Indo-Pacific the reverse is true. China aims’ for Trans-Pacific Partnership. China created - Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei are to “become the regions unchallenged the Regional Comprehensive Economic Commonwealth partners. Four if Papua New political, economic and military hegemon Partnership in response. Guinea’s observer status is included. The ties … to push the US out of the Indo-Pacific between the UK, Australia and New Zealand and rival it on the global stage” (3). The United Kingdom and the transcend the Five Eyes, wider Defence Ambiguity has been central to its strategy Indo-Pacific technology agreements, the Commonwealth to achieve it. The US will have to work We tend to forget how essential the region and the FPDA. We share the same Head of more, not less, closely with the UK and its is to the UK and the array of strategic State. From Japan to India the UK has an allies to uphold the RBIO and prevent the interests and agreements it has in the array of strategic partners in the critical threat to it. region. The United Kingdom is a lead power Indo-Pacific region. The ambiguity in China’s development is in the Five Power Defence Arrangements, Global stability enables global prosperity. It not new. We saw it on the UK hand-over of consisting of the UK, Australia, New is enabled by the Rules-based International Hong Kong in 1997 with “One Government, Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia. In case of Order. 70 years ago its architects were the Two Systems”. The West saw China’s attack or threat against Malaysia and UK and the USA. Today they are supported economic development as capitalist on the Singapore, the five nations will consult each in this by the “most allied nations”. If path towards freedom without recognising other to decide separate or joint actions. Russia disturbs the RBIO in Europe then it as “Authoritarian Capitalism” and being The FPDA does not reference EEZ’s as a joint NATO is its foil. If China disturbs the RBIO in direct tension with western values. We responsibility but the FPDA leaves open a in the Indo-Pacific then the combination see it in the cyber domain with China member requesting the support of the of the UK-US Special Relationship, Five seeing cyber as the responsibility of the others. Annually it convenes a Defence Eyes, the FPDA & the “most allied nations” state rather than the UN Group of Chiefs Conference and the Five Powers are its foil. Bringing these 4 together to Governmental Experts, the main “rules- Defence Arrangements Ministerial Meeting act in concert so as to deter the possibility based” body in cyberspace. We see it in the (FDMM). The UK has a permanent military of conflict with China is a UK-US implicit link between the Chinese State presence in Brunei in support of the Sultan. challenge and will become an increasingly security apparatus supporting Chinese Brunei’s strategic location enables Britain's visible UK strategic aim. state-owned finance institutions and military reach “East of Suez” and the industrial enterprises. We see it now management of possible crises in the region The UK MoD’s Modernising Defence militarily with its growth of a 450-ship as growing tensions both between the great Programme of 18 Dec 2018 says: Navy and its first overseas base in Djibouti. powers and the countries of the region “The Pacific region is becoming ever involved in the territorial disputes in the more important to the UK, with “China is trying to separate the United South China Sea. The United Kingdom has growing trade links and regional States from allies in the Pacific region, like two other permanent military bases East of security issues that have global Japan, South Korea, Thailand and the Suez at HMS Juffair in Bahrain and at Diego implications. We will increase our Philippines,” said Chairman of the Joint Garcia in the Indian Ocean, with a support presence in the region, through our Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunsford on base in Duqm in Oman and military training bilateral relationships and the Five 5th November 2018. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 15 Latest News

against a non-peer adversary such as tools of the American power to provide China’s Military Vietnam, which whilst the US has no for the common defence.” (5) Transformation in obligation to protect in a territorial dispute The model of China’s “Authoritarian in the South China Sea, would involve the Capitalism” rejects freedom and liberty. It the South China Sea US in its role as a guarantor of peace in disables individual freedom, domestic & the UK Role this region and which our RBIO helped in cohesion and societal happiness. China’s its path to prosperity by generating its vision of global leadership is incompatible Its “anti-access/area-denial” (A2/AD) stability 70 years ago and since. with these, damages the RBIO and risks missile and air capabilities and its “Many of the countries in the South global stability. As always it is for Western territorial claims and militarisation of the China sea region, as well as regional powers to demonstrate their values by their South China Sea have changed the ability powers such as Japan and the US, are willingness to deter those who threaten of US and allied naval manoeuvre in it. It concerned that Beijing may accelerate its these, through their soft power where transforms the ability to protect Japan, efforts to establish de facto control over possible, and by hard power if necessary. the Philippines or Taiwan in the event of the disputed areas through increased But always by the nobility of our ideas and war. It impedes “freedom of navigation” military deployments, more land the integrity which underpins them. Which in international waters by rejecting its reclamation, and/or the enforcement of a no authoritarian power can confront. international legal basis, confronting naval blockade or an air-defence “Understanding why things are as they western vessels, thereby threatening identification zone.” (6) regional stability. President Xi said that are and how they have reached this point China did not, “intend to pursue Japan is equally concerned citing: “China’s is vital if we are to make sense of the militarisation” on its islands. Its unilateral escalation of military activities complex world around us. In an age when construction activities in the SCS were posing a strong security concern for the globalisation not only creates greater not meant to “target or impact” any region, including Japan and the interdependence but brings an country. Concurrently China filled “gaps” international community.” (7) unavoidable importation of strategic risk, the West created with countries such as In sum: “Chinese military forces continue we need to understand as well as know – Pakistan and Iran. Gwadar in Pakistan was to develop capabilities to dissuade, deter and they are not the same.” (9) one of the Belt & Road’s first ports. or defeat third-party intervention during a China’s greatest vulnerability is its failure to “Last month came the revelation that large-scale theatre campaign …and establish inspiring values that can be China had installed anti-ship and surface- conduct long-range attacks against shared with others. The illegal and strategic to-air missiles on three islands in the adversary forces that might deploy or extension of its coastline to include the Spratly archipelago west of the operate in the western Pacific region.” (8) South China Sea effectively places its new borders adjacent to the coastlines of Philippines—far, far from its own shores. The UK role in this crucial relationship with regional states who reject its values and (Some or all of the Spratlys are claimed by the US acts across the full spectrum of look to the US and key partner nations Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, defence, intelligence, security, space, such as the UK to protect their freedoms Taiwan and Vietnam) .That follows China’s cyber,trade and finance domains rooted in and enable regional stability. biggest ever naval review in the South UK awareness that global stability China Sea in April. Later in May China generates global prosperity. It will mean Naval Implications for the declared that several bombers had landed generating far more naval forces available United Kingdom in the Paracel Islands, which it disputes to us today, forward positioning them at “We are the second largest defence with Vietnam. It seems only a matter of highly capable basing facilities in Singapore spender in NATO, one of only a small time, says Bill Hayton of Chatham House, or Brunei, so as to generate UK naval force number of allies to spend 2 per cent of a think-tank, before the final step in levels able to deter China’s ability to our GDP on defence, and invest 20 per China’s militarisation of the sea: the influence or control the Indo-Pacific. cent of that in upgrading equipment.” (10). deployment of attack aircraft in the The UK Government is well aware of the Spratlys.” (4). This generates near-full spectrum capability threat in the Indo-Pacific from China. The in our current areas of operation from the The US aims to generate a 355-ship fleet UK public is though less aware. The gap Atlantic to the Middle East. operating globally. Of these only 150 can between both needs to be closed. The case cover the Indo-Pacific given its other global is now clear that it can be. “We need to explore the opportunities to increase the lethality, mass and reach of commitments. On freedom of navigation The Secretary of State of Defence said in operations in the SCS it has generally our Armed Forces, so that we have the December 2018: right capabilities, in the right numbers protected US and western interests but "So many times when you have been aimed overall to generate regional stability. and forward based in the right locations out into the Middle East or the Far East to protect the rules-based international “We must do all everything possible to they actually bring up the policy of 1968 order and the security and prosperity it advance an international order that is East of Suez. We have got to make it provides.“ (11). This makes clear a key UK most conducive to our security, prosperity clear that that is a policy that has been aim is the upholding of the RBIO, global and values, and we are strengthened in ripped up and Britain is once again a stability and prosperity. this by the solidarity of our alliances.” (5) global nation." “In April, by opening the UK Naval PLAN are expanding exponentially, building China’s Weakness Support Facility at Mina Salman port in naval forces equivalent to the RN fleet “It is clear that China and Russia want to Bahrain, we established an enduring, annually. The most likely and immediate shape a world with their authoritarian self-sufficient hub to support UK threat is that China tests its 450-ship Navy model. That is why we must use all the operations in the Gulf, Red Sea and

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Indian Ocean. In the Pacific, HMS Carriers or permanently base in the region. might be given either to restoring British Sutherland, HMS Argyll and HMS Albion The Carriers are the UK’s central infantry battalions to the amphibious role have shown the UK’s resolve to work with conventional strategic deterrent and power or recruiting former British Gurkha’s our regional partners in support of peace projection force and must be used on the along the lines of the Sultan’s Gurkha and security, promoting our interests global stage. The new Type 31 light frigate Reserve Unit (GRU) in Brunei to generate across the world. ” (12). This shows the will greatly assist if their numbers increase. a based Indo-Pacific amphibious UK’s intent to operate globally but reveals The success of Type 26 across the RN, RAN, capability. We have reported on the our lack of permanent naval presence in RCN and possibly RNZN is a great Five Eyes continuing relevance and requirement for the Pacific. The potential basing of HMS cooperation success. amphibious capability. (16) Montrose in Bahrain is a significant one. The RN will deploy Carrier Strike to the Additional funding will be required. The UK Thought should be given to increasing the region. It will prove a potent, securing and public cares deeply about its armed forces, UK-Indian Naval relationship. deterring one with the US, our allies and is aware of the UK global role, the The Secretary of State for Defence said that the region. But it will not be “permanent” importance of the Indo-Pacific as 40% of Britain will turn its back on the 1968 "East given existing RN tasking’s. global trade, which it knows of as “Asia”, of Suez" strategy, which led to Britain “With the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft has instinctive understanding of our close withdrawing from military bases in carriers shortly coming into service, relationships with Five Eyes partners, Malaysia, Singapore, the Persian Gulf and generation of a carrier group will become though not the term itself. It has faith in the Maldives. In December 2018 the a priority task for the Royal Navy. Defence Secretary Williamson and Secretary of State of Defence announced Operating aircraft carriers without the supported the government enabling the plans for two new UK bases in the sovereign ability to protect them is MoD’s additional £1.8bn funding in Dec Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific region to complacent at best and potentially 2018. A case can now be made to them to enable the United Kingdom project her dangerous at worst. The UK should be increase defence spending from 2% to 3% influence militarily after Brexit. The UK has able to sustain this capacity without of GDP to enable the Navy’s growth and its permanent joint operating bases in Cyprus, recourse to other states (14) “based-expansion” in the region to enable Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands and Diego global security. UK health and welfare Garcia in the Indian Ocean. The new bases The fleet will have to expand to account funding link directly to global prosperity. could be sited in Singapore or Brunei in the for our new Carrier capability and the Indo-Pacific region. Far from being able to We and our predecessors repeatedly South China Sea, or Montserrat or Guyana emphasised the inadequacy of the United in the Caribbean. The RN vessel capability operate with 19 frigates/destroyers and 7 SSN’s the fleet may need growth to 30 and Kingdom’s level of defence expenditure— of those bases must be high in logistic placing our views firmly on the record, support and maintenance terms. 9 respectively to enable the combination of its current tasks, the generation of both in this and in the previous "Within the next couple of years. I am Carrier Strike and the establishment of a Parliament. We do so again here. Defence also very much looking at how can we new fleet permanently based in the Indo- spending is far too low. On the get as much of our resources forward Pacific with its basing support facilities. Government’s calculation the UK is based, actually creating a deterrent but The latter must be Carrier and SSN-capable narrowly exceeding the 2% target; but it also taking a British presence." (12) “We to operate there. Thought might be given is still facing a range of financial continue to examine ways to develop our to manning a Carrier largely based there challenges. The Government now needs persistent presence in the region. We with the assistance of Five Eye to apply the resources that are necessary already have long-standing arrangements Commonwealth partners. to keep this country safe, and must begin in the region, with the UK Garrison moving the level of defence expenditure based, at the invitation of HM the Sultan, The strategic environment has changed back towards 3% of GDP, as it was in the at British Forces Brunei and also a fuel for the worse, and this defence review mid-1990s. (17) facility in Singapore. We are a key must reflect this. The UK needs to be in a position to deter and challenge peer The Indo-Pacific – an Australian member of the Five Powers Defence Perspective Arrangements with Malaysia, Singapore, adversaries equipped with a full range of Australia and New Zealand …also modern military technologies who seek to The Indo-Pacific is home to eight of the ten undertaken key regional engagement use them in ways that confuse our most populous nations on earth. 50 per with our allies in the area(for example, traditional conceptions of warfare. The cent of the world’s population, including Japan, Korea and Brunei) … and likelihood of operating in contested the world’s largest democracy. 12 of the examining how we can maintain this environments across all five domains— member states of the G20, including the presence and maximise the opportunity maritime, land, air, cyber and space— three largest economies in the world are afforded by our existing facilities in the should be reflected in this force Indo-Pacific nations. Our sea lanes are the region in the future.” (13) structure. (15) busiest in the world, with nine of the Deployment and basing of the Royal Navy world’s ten busiest seaports and many of Funding a Future Fleet & Permanent into the Indo-Pacific will inevitably the largest cities. Presence in the Indo-Pacific require the capacity for the projection of It is no surprise, then, that militarisation Excluding smaller vessels and the RFA the land forces with it. Thought should be has become a defining characteristic. It is fleet will shortly consist of 2 carriers, 7 SSN given to expanding our amphibious seeing the rise of new powers and the re- attack submarines, 2 amphibious ships, 19 capability both in terms of the Royal emergence of old ones. It also plays host destroyers/frigates and 3 Cdo Bde RM. Marines themselves and more, smaller to the defining great power rivalry of our Excepting deployments to the region this amphibious vessels based on commercial times – between the United States and “mass” limits the ability to protect the platforms to move them ashore. Thought China. The rules based global order www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 17 Latest News

continues to be challenged, and requires increased anxiety. On the other hand, is in that ocean that the US and the UK, as the reinforcement of all those committed resolving disputes in the South China Sea the architects of the RBIO, and whose to its continued operation. New and more in accordance with international law shared aim with its allied partner nations, is insidious threats, particularly in the cyber would build confidence in China’s global stability, will have to exert maximum realm, are challenging our security and willingness to support and champion a and renewed naval influence to contest law enforcement agencies, with little strategic culture that respects the rights China’s illegal claims, deter and defend regard to borders. of all states. regional partner nations against China, enable freedom of navigation and the I call on China to act with great The Rules Based Global Order is region’s stability and prosperity through the responsibility in the South China Sea. The under threat. reinforcement of western values to counter Indo-Pacific we aspire to is one underpinned The risks we face are getting too varied, China’s authoritarianism capitalist model by the rules -based order, which is open, big and complex for any one country to which threatens the Rules-based inclusive, robust and free of coercion. reliably address alone. Australia shares the International Order globally. ambitions of those that want a region Adherence to rules is what delivers security The United Kingdom’s interests are global where countries have the freedom to and prosperity, rather than tension and - economically and financially and make their own choices. Where there do suspicion. As such, we are open to committed to global stability to ensure not have to be choices between economic conducting multilateral activities in the global prosperity. It shares with the US gain and sovereignty. And in the Indo- South China Sea to demonstrate that they values of freedom, liberty, democracy and Pacific’s vast maritime domains, where are international waters. In an age of free trade as its essential components global commons abound, it is all the more increasing interdependence, a “might is through the upholding and maintenance important that free and open access to right” approach serves the long-term of the Rules-based International Order. oceans is fostered and rules governing interests of no country. We fall short of There is no doubt that the UK Secretary of maritime behaviour are followed. our economic potential when parties State for defence recognises the need for Countries will be more secure in a region choose to withdraw behind walls and permanent naval basing in the South characterised by respect for international withdraw from mechanisms designed to China Sea and that international law and other norms, where disputes are make us stronger. (18) resolved peacefully, without the threat or structures and agreements fortunately use of coercion or force. Conclusion exist to enable UK efforts in the region via China has progressed its international Five Eyes, the FPDA, UK defence And countries will be more prosperous in standing through an economic, political and agreements with most allied nations in the a region where open markets facilitate cultural engagement process from the region such as Japan and the US special the free flow of trade, capital, technology 1970’s to the 1990’s. Its economic relationship. Given that the region is 8,000 and ideas; where open markets facilitate development in the 1990 to current has nm from the UK however such basing prosperity and the well-being of our been assisted by espionage, intellectual cannot be made in sufficient naval mass people. Unquestionably, rivalry between property theft and cyber. Since 2000 it to counter the threat a 450-ship PLAN the US and China will be a feature of our developed its defence forces from a Navy poses and support a 150-ship USN international outlook in the foreseeable homeland defence capability to power Pacific Fleet presence without an future. However, it is critical that US- projection, underpinned by the Belt & road expansion of the Royal Navy. A case to be China relations do not come to be defined Initiative which could serve as a future made to the public now exists to enable it. in wholly adversarial terms. naval infrastructure extending from China The public would be greatly reassured Cold War commentary fails to see a to Africa. Since 2010 it has developed its were the UK Government to remind it that fundamental but defining difference, A2/AD capability to limit US and allied the UK is the world’s second most namely, that the world’s economies are far naval manoeuvre near the Chinese coastline powerful power in terms of geopolitical more closely integrated and mutually with implications for the defence of Japan capability after the USA and that China at dependent than they were when the West or Taiwan. It has laid claim to and this stage remains in third place (19). contested the Soviet Bloc. China has militarised the South China Sea. Its illegal About the Author received strong support from major claims to these islands and features are economies – including Australia – in contested by other allied nations, such as Carl Stephen Patrick Hunter is a former integrating its own economy with systems Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam and the British military officer and Chairman of a UK that have helped underpin and consolidate Philippines. China is an “authoritarian manufacturer whose company exports 40% its growth, most notably the World Trade capitalist” model running counter to UK, US of its output to the Indo-Pacific. He is active Organisation. Growth we have all and allied nations, making use of the RBIO in Westminster and a member of the benefited from. There is no gain in stifling when it fulfils its objectives and disrupting International Institute for Strategic Studies, China’s growth and prosperity. This is not it when it does not. The Indo-Pacific region the Royal United Services Institute and an agenda in any capital that I know. comprises 40% of global trade. It is one of Chatham House. He is Professor-in-Practice the 3 great global economic centres of vital to Durham Business School and an Honorary We are not interested in containing importance to global stability. China aims to Doctor of Science from Durham University. China, but engaging and encouraging displace US and western presence and China to exercise its power in ways that Notes: become its regional hegemon. increase regional trust and confidence. • United Nations Convention on the Law The building and militarisation of Since the basis for China’s global power of the Sea 1982, Article 121(3) artificial features in the South China Sea projection and its maritime Belt & Road • Bill Clayton, The Modern Creation of has not increased regional confidence in Initiative are in the South China Sea, which China’s Historic Rights Claim in the S China’s strategic intentions. Instead, it has it consider its “historic right” to control, it China Sea, Asian Affairs, Sept 2018

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• Professor Oriana Mastro, The Stealth • The strategy highlights the Maritime 2050 is published at a time when Superpower, Foreign Affairs Jan/Feb 2019 government’s recognition of the the UK faces intense competition from • China Has Militarised the South China importance of the maritime sector - maritime nations in the Far East, Northern Sea and Got Away With It – Banyan, The worth more to the economy than Europe, Gulf and North America. aerospace or car manufacturing Economist, 21 June 2018 Today the UK is regarded as the world’s • US Secretary of Defense, Jim Mattis in • Maritime 2050 is described as both leading centre for maritime services - his letter of resignation 20 Dec 2018 visionary and aspirational, focusing in maritime law, finance, insurance, on the UK’s desire to cement its place as • USS Decatur Destroyer in Unsafe management and brokering. Maritime 2050 the world's leading maritime nation into is designed to maximise UK strength in this encounter with PLAN Destroyer in the second half of the 21st century. South China Sea. Janes Defence Weekly area, retaining and enhancing its 10 Oct 2018 • It will deliver direction and vision for competitive advantage and developing new government and industry to work areas to compliment the offer, like green • Japan Defence White Paper Janes cited together to ensure the UK is ready to finance. in Defence weekly 12 Dec 2018 compete in this global sector in the • US Defense Intelligence Agency Director coming decades. Maritime 2050 will strengthen the UK’s General Robert Ashley March 2018 reputation for maritime innovation with an • Maritime 2050 is based around seven initial focus on autonomy and low-carbon themes: technology, trade, • Rt Hon Liam Fox MP in “Rising Tides” 2012 technologies. For many of these environment, people, infrastructure, • Rt Hon Gavin Williamson MP, Secretary technologies there is a time-limited golden security/resilience and the UK’s of State for defence, House of Commons opportunity to be an early adopter, competitive advantage. Statement 18 Dec 2018 particularly on low-carbon. • Mobilising, Modernising & • These themes form the bedrock of the strategy itself and the route maps that The maritime sector invests heavily in Transforming Defence, a report on the infrastructure. Ports alone have over £1.6bn Defence Modernising Programme page will drive its implementation in the short, medium and long term. of investments in the pipeline. Government 25 18 Dec 2018 creating the right conditions for further • Maritime UK Chair Harry Theochari said: • Interview the Secretary of State for investment by ports and the wider Defence in The Telegraph 30 Dec 2018 “For the first time the maritime sector has a real long-term strategy – setting maritime sector will transform coastal • Rt Hon Gavin Williamson letter to out what government and industry will communities into the coastal powerhouse Chairman House of Commons Defence do to position the UK as the world’s industry and government want them to be. Committee 21 Jan 2019 leading maritime nation over the There is an opportunity to grow the • Beyond 2 per cent; Conclusions & coming decades in an increasingly maritime workforce and transform its Recommendations. HCDS 16 June 2018 competitive global context. The global diversity. Government and industry and (Paragraph 58). ocean economy will double in value to currently working closely through Maritime • Beyond 2 per cent; Conclusions & $3trn by 2030. Competitor maritime UK’s Women in Maritime Taskforce, and Recommendations. HCDS 16 June 2018 nations are hungry for the prize, and Maritime 2050 challenges industry to (Paragraph 105) Maritime 2050 will ensure that the UK is broaden this work. Maritime 2050 will also best-placed to capitalise. • Beyond 2 per cent; Conclusions & deliver a skills commission to audit current Recommendations. HCDS 16 June 2018 London, 24th January 2019 – launch of and future skills needs, directing training as (Paragraph 59) Maritime 2050, the first long-term necessary. strategy developed in close partnership The UK is recognised as the gold standard • Beyond 2 per cent; Conclusions & with industry highlights the government’s Recommendations. HCDS 16 June 2018 for safety, education and training recognition of the importance of the • Australian Minister of Defence standards. This is a real area of strength, maritime sector to Britain’s future and one that can be strengthened further. Christopher Pyne IISS Speech, Fullerton success. That importance has only Forum, Singapore 28 Jan 2019 increased in the context of the UK leaving British maritime strength is in its collective • Audit of Geopolitical Capability, an the EU, with 95% of all UK trade being value. London is complimented by hubs in Assessment of 20 Major Powers, James enabled by the sector. Merseyside, the Solent, Scotland and the Humber amongst others. Industry is Rogers, Henry Jackson Society Jan 2019 Brexit has raised the profile of the sector, determined to create powerful and not least owing to national debate on the effective regional hubs to drive maritime UK’s future trade relations. Whilst the Maritime UK growth. Maritime 2050 will see government sector is determined to manage the UK’s support industry in its efforts to roll out welcomes departure from the EU as smoothly as the ‘regional cluster’ model developed by possible, it is also focused Beyond Brexit. Mersey Maritime. Maritime 2050 Industry believes there are significant Published:23rd January 2019 opportunities to: This report recognises the UK as a champion of free trade. That 95% of trade LAUNCHED TODAY (24 January): Maritime • foster innovation in new technologies like autonomy and clean growth is facilitated by this sector means it has a 2050 is the first long term strategy for the huge and real stake in the debate about • attract more maritime business to the UK UK's maritime sector protectionism vs free trade. Maritime 2050 • Strategy sets roadmaps for industry • drive coastal economic development to illustrates the value of trade, and the and government to work together to create a coastal powerhouse unique responsibility maritime has to drive growth • grow a skilled and diverse workforce ensure the UK’s island nation has the food www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 19 Latest News

and energy it needs. The report also prosperity relies upon is a smart move, too. To put this in simple terms, lets say 4 x demonstrates the power of trade to lift Productivity is over 50% higher than the Wembley Football pitches would fit on people out of poverty. national average, so maritime can play a deck, and lying the Eifell Tower alongside The strategy is founded on seven core real role in helping address the UK’s at its 301m. The vessel was built at the ambitions, demonstrating our bold and productivity challenge. Samsung Yard in South Korea for aspirational objectives: UK competitive “The task of turning these ambitious RoyalDutchShell advantage; Technology; People; recommendations into reality rests on the Sad to say, ‘the vessel’ although registered Environment; Trade; Infrastructure; Security strength of partnership between industry is not ‘a ship’. It had to be towed from and Resilience. and government. Industry is committed South Korea to the gas field 100 miles NW These seven ambitions promote key to delivery." Australia. There it is expected ‘Prelude’ will developments to ensure optimum benefits The Secretary of State for Transport, Chris remain in service for 25 years. and progress such as: Grayling MP will launch Maritime 2050 • leveraging the UK’s competitive onboard City Cruises’ advantage in the provision of maritime Millennium Diamond on The Thames. The law, finance, insurance, management company’s Operations Director and and brokering; Chairman of the British Marine Passenger Boat Association commented: • strengthening our reputation for maritime innovation, harnessing benefits “We support the Government’s ambitious to the UK from new maritime Maritime 2050 strategy and look forward technology; to working together with all of our • growing our maritime workforce and strategic partners to continue to promote transforming diversity in the sector; the UK’s vital waterways for both transport and leisure. • leading the way in taking action on clean maritime growth; “In particular we are delighted to see a • promoting a liberalised trading regime; commitment from this Government to tackle the skills deficit across the industry • working with academia and government and to support the growth of the tourism Natural Gas consists of 90% Methane, 8% to strengthen and enhance the existing sector which makes such a valuable Butane, Propane & Ethane and collectively networks across the sector; contribution to our visitor economy.” are given the common term Liquid • continuing to be recognised as the Petroleum Gas (LPG) which is a usable clean global leader in maritime safety and Notes on Maritime UK fuel. The remaining 2% is unusable, partly security standards and expertise • Maritime UK brings together the UK’s flared off, but a small proportion of worldwide. shipping, ports, services, engineering and CO2exsists, and the oil industry together leisure marine industries to drive growth with many others are working to find a Harry Theochari, Chair of by promoting the sector, influencing Maritime UK, said: system of clean disposal.’ Prelude’ receives government and fostering collaboration. this gas via Flexible pipelines from the “For the first time the maritime sector has wellheads which are 250m below sea level. a real long term strategy – setting out • Supporting just under 1 million jobs and When on board, the gas has to be refined what government and industry will do to adding £37.4bn to our economy, and cooled to convert them into liquid. The position the UK as the world’s leading maritime is responsible for facilitating 95% of UK global trade LNG is Methane which liquidizes at -160C. maritime nation over the coming decades It then has a specific gravity of 0.45 and in an increasingly competitive global the volume of gas-liquid is 600 – 1.The context. FLNGU “Prelude” surface of the stored LNG has a 0.1% rate “The UK is a maritime nation and our by Captain Rod Brown of boil-off which now provides additional island, maritime status, is part of who we fuel for the machinery of the vessel. are; 95 percent of British imports and “Prelude”the Floating Natural GasUnit is Similarly Boil-off in LNG ships is used as exports in goods are moved by sea, currently the worlds largest vessel afloat. It is addition fuel for bothe diesel and steam including 25 percent of the UK’s energy L.488m B.75m Ht.105m. Capacity is 600,000 turbine ships. supply and 48 percent of food supplies. tonnes. Production is 3.6 million tonnes of Liquid Natural Gas( LNG) per annum. “There are monumental opportunities for our sector – whether on technology, coastal economic development, attracting more maritime business to our shores or for the people that underpin our success. “The global ocean economy will double in value to $3trn by 2030. Competitor maritime nations are hungry for the prize, and Maritime 2050 will ensure that the UK is best-placed to capitalise. It is anticipated that “Prelude” will be “Growing the maritime workforce – those moored by the single point mooring over that our maritime success and national FLNGU Prelude the gas fields for 25 years. Its SBM has a

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firing range. After nearly 10 years of safe operation, the French Government allowed a test in the mid Bay of Biscay. With a 70,000 tonnes LNG ship at full speed, about 15 knots, a barrel of LNG was poured over the stern. When the barrel was empty, a Vary Pistol was fired i into the cloud giving surprise and joy. The Methane was too rich and no fire or explosion occurred. Features Jotting Monthly Glyn L Evans RMS Queen Mary My reason for writing this article stems How the membrane system is formed.. from an item which appears in “Sea Breezes” magazine for December 2018, new feature of being a turret within the below is a picture od an earlier 70,000 headed The Great Cunarders , and in bow of the vessel. The mooring consists of tonnes LNG ship, above which is a plan particular the comment regarding RMS steel anchors and cables to hold the vessel showing the structure. The small black Queen Mary viz , “Unfortunately, recent against any storm force wind and tide mark on the rear bulwark is a Man. Imagine years have seen some grim news emerge of coming from any direction. The chains are therefore the size of the storage tanks in the extent of the work required on this connected to the bottom of the turret. “Prelude”, a vessel nearly 10 times the size. famous ship...... which cast doubt on its The gas lines pass through the turret where The materials used have to be corrosion long term future given its current state.” free and wear down resistant. One can there is a gas-tight pipe swivel separation A posting on the internet dated April 2018, and cool-down facility. The task is complex imagine the enormous cost of building such vessels. confirms this view. To quote, “More than a and requires high expertise. The tall flare dozen critical Queen Mary maintenance To operate the Prelude, it has a staff of 220 stack can also be rotated such that any gas projects approved in 2016 have been -240, half of whom are watch keepers. The or flare emissions are kept clear of Prelude”. sidelined or have yet to be started due to vessel is under the leadership of ‘Manager, The Gallows on the bow are for overside cost over-runs and unforeseen expenses. not ‘Captain’ In addition to a significant and sub sea work from gas fields and pipes The projects, identified in a 2015 marine number of Marine Staff, there is also a as well as anchors and chains Although not survey that analized the ship’s condition, significant number of staff from the shown on the model. were recommended by a team of naval “Exploration and Production” staff, with HQ There is a heli-pad on each quarter of architects and marine engineers who in the Hague, and the vessel itself comes “Prelude”. They swing out to an angle ongle predicted a bleak future for the Queen under their banner.. There are Pilots for the of 135 degrees from the bow in order to be Mary – including some internal collapse off-take LNG ships, plus some other clear of the accommodation, and theout of over the next ten years - if the work wasn’t specialists. It is the norm within Shell today line wind immediately downwind of the done soon. The survey, released in March that staff members are international.. vessel and accommodation. 2017, estimated repair costs at $235 million A consideration of safety handling gas , to $289 million. In November 2016 the city especially pure Methane targeted the Gas of Long Beach approved $23 million to pay Industry in its early dates. for the most urgent repairs.” As is well-known in shipping circles the world over, actual repair costs almost invariably exceed estimates by a wide margin and, as if proof were needed, the article goes on to report: Repairs and replacement of rotted teak wood decking and roofing. The work was budgeted for $2.1 million, but has so far cost over $7 million. A Newspaper in our formative years, Safety corrections to a lengthy list of proclaimed that if a gas ship caught fire, it issues, ordered by the Long Beach Fire would cause devastation from near Department, were budgeted for Prelude has Membrane Storage Tank Southend, Essex, to Salisbury. We were not $200,000.The work, which is nearly design. There are various examples, but permitted to run a test even on the army complete, has so far cost $4.8 million. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 21 Features

word “unseaworthy” seems like a euphemism for her actual state. Whatever fate befalls Queen Mary , it is vital that the baby is not thrown out with the bathwater, the baby in this case being the vast treasure of artwork that remains on board. When Cunard conceived the idea of a modern transatlantic liner in 1930, they called for artwork and designs from the leading lights of the day, people such as Doris Zinkeisen, Bainbridge Copnall, Edward Wadsworth, Philip Connad, John Skeaping, Macdonald Gill and Kenneth D Shoesmith. My interest centres on the work of the latter that still exists on board and which I would be devastated to see disappear without trace in the event of the ship being scrapped. From the images that accompany this article you will see what could be lost, and I am sure you will agree with me that such treasures deserve to be saved. For this RMS Queen Mary at Longbeach reason I will be keeping a sharp look-out A revamp of the Ghosts and Legends Tour is residents of Long Beach appear to be for developments in Queen Mary’s future the only major project on the list to have turning their back on what has been and I hope that you will do likewise. In a been completed. Budgeted for $2 million, it described as the city’s “Statue of Liberty.” A more pro-active way, I would like to see a cost $3.8 million. selection of posted comments includes: consortium of British maritime interests make an approach to the city of Long During my stay on board Queen Mary back It’s unfortunate that the Mayor has an Beach with a pre-emptive offer to buy the in 2005, the scale of the work to be done ongoing love-affair with a rusted-out piece Queen Mary Art treasures and have these was apparent and the cost could only be of junk that you can’t even give away. He is returned to the UK. Here they could be put guessed at. A walk along the Promenade on the verge of holding us, the taxpayers, on permanent display as a great attraction Deck gave an opportunity to admire the responsible for a city-issued $300 million of historic importance. One venue that rows of potted plants that lined its sides. It bond to resuscitate this worthless piece of springs to mind is the Cunard building on was only the next morning, after heavy crap. This project is an absolute money the Liverpool waterfront, one of the Three overnight rain, that one realised the need LOSER for us.... time to SINK THE QUEEN. Graces in this Unesco world heritage area for the pots – to collect the water that Seriously, the only money the city should of the city that already attracts a huge pours in from the Boat Deck above. A late put out for this tub is for a box of visitor footfall. evening stroll along the Boat Deck gave me dynamite to turn it into a reef. an opportunity to admire the starry night Sell the whole thing to anyone who will sky – this could be viewed through the take it even for junk value. The city will rusty holes in the bottom of the lifeboats. never get the value out of it. When one reads comments like these from residents of the city that bought the old girl, and takes into account the cost of keeping her afloat, then the phrase “doubts about her long-term future” seems like a gross understatement. We must, unfortunately, face the fact that she will never come back to the UK. Perhaps she Madona of the Tall Ships should never have left in the first place, but then, in the UK, we have a poor track record for preserving our national historic What’s in the box? treasures. The old ship was too broad in the Written by Michael Grey beam to transit the Panama Canal on her Published in Boxship World Kenneth D Shoesmith mural flowers In way to the US western seaboard back in 1967, when the city of Long Beach 1967 and so made the voyage around Cape Well, there’s a turn up for the books. Sixty purchased Queen Mary, it seemed like a Horn under her own power. Today, she has years after the first containers were taken dream come true for those many people no motive power, her propeller shafts have to sea, a major shipping company has who wished to see the old ship saved from been cut through and her engines and announced that it is to check up on what is the scrapper’s torch. Now the dream is boilers removed. No chance then of her in at least some of them. Maersk has becoming a nightmare as even the being towed back here when even the announced that it is to undertake random

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More than one company in the various container consortia tried to address this problem by redeploying some of their surplus deck officers as cargo advisers, to travel around the country and effectively teach the lessons of cargo care they had been taught, to those whose job it was to load these new-fangled boxes. They taught them about the importance of precision in the description of the cargo, the use of the dangerous cargo “Blue Book” with all its advice, the significance of weights and such matters as ventilation and safe and proper stowage. That phase sadly did not last for very long and assuming that all the relevant lessons had been learned, these advisers went their ways. And soon, the bad habits that invariably seek out gaps in the regulations and flourish where there is lax supervision, found their way back into the checks on the contents of containers despite the requirement for accurate cargo container trades. leaving and entering US ports, in an effort declarations to identify dangerous goods. The uninitiated might assume that this is all to encourage rather more precision and And while there is yet no information obvious and that it was naïve to expect accuracy in the descriptions of their about how some 280 boxes ended up in that best practice might inherit the earth, contents, and to check that the boxes have the Heligoland Bight, with their contents or at least the liner trades. But as with all been stowed properly. washing up on the pristine beaches of the knowledge, it requires refreshment from The announcement came as salvors were Frisian Islands, it scarcely suggests that the time to time. utmost professionalism was being battling to extinguish the fire in the Over the years, the cavalier behaviour that demonstrated by their stowage. foredeck stow of a Hapag Lloyd container surrounds so much of what goes into ship in the Atlantic en route to Canada.. At The irony is that when containerisation first containers has been illustrated, sometimes the same time, pictures were released made its impact on the world’s liner trades, tragically, as undocumented dangerous showing the Maersk Honam , with her the problem of verifying the contents of goods have ignited or exploded, causing whole fire damaged fore part cut away, what lay behind a pair of container doors death, injury and the loss or damage to being made ready to be transported to the and the proper stowage of the cargo within ships. Ludicrous understating of weights Far East for a massive repair. It will be them, was well recognised. It was obvious have come to light, often even before a recalled that five crew members died in this that the deck officers of the ship would box has reached the port on its road conflagration which happened last year, far have no input in the treatment of the journey, when overladen trailers have been from assistance in the Indian Ocean. cargo, as they traditionally had in break pulled over by police, or worse, or A serious container fire, it has been bulk days and that some of their skills overturned on roundabouts and crushed asserted, is occurring about once every needed to be transplanted to those who other vehicles. Once in a port, they have month, while there seems to be no would be stuffing the containers, often damaged lifting equipment; while aboard evidence of any marked improvement, miles from the sea. ship, they have collapsed stacks of boxes and caused no end of delay and damage. Poorly stowed boxes have seen their contents come loose and crush other cargo, even causing deaths or injuries when the doors were opened. There has been no lack of awareness of this lax behaviour. Occasionally, random sampling of containers for checking have discovered a worrying proportion of errors, mis-declarations and downright lies in both weights and contents stated. And after every serious case which has led to deaths and injuries, or the destruction of ships and cargo, there have been calls for “urgent reform”. Sadly it has often seemed that the carriers were loath to antagonise their customers and have rarely acted robustly to deter their bad behaviour. Only recently have the international regulations www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 23 Features

required container weights to be properly and return to the UK. Recalled to the Royal from trade, Lauretic had been a luxury verified. Only recently have lines started to Navy in that year, he was appointed liner thus affording Worsley and his co-operate by sharing information about Passive Defence Officer in Plymouth fellow-officers first class accommodation their container problems. But still the daft Dockyard which post made him responsible when off watch. legal interpretations of competition law for all fire fighting and bomb disposal. Time off watch also enabled Worsley to prevent the identity of regular John Worsley, anxious to get to sea, was exercise his artistic skills, producing on-the- transgressors being shared. There have introduced by his father to an old friend, spot sketches of life on board. Around been accusations that the carriers have Captain P Vivian who took him on as seventy of these original sketches have been playing a percentage game with the midshipman in his command, Laurentic, an survived and are on display or in the safety of their ships and crews. ex Royal Mail Lines steamer of 19,000 tons, archives of the Imperial War Museum and then being fitted out as an AMC (armed Might the Maersk system of random checks, the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. merchant cruiser.) The ship’s designated being carried out on their behalf by the US Their survival is very much thanks to Sir patrol area was in the waters between National Cargo Bureau make a difference? Kenneth Clark (The Right Hon. the Lord Iceland and Greenland, a grim introduction Could other major lines follow this practice? Clark OM CH KCB FBA) former Director of for Worsley to life at sea. One redeeming And more to the point, if , as has been the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford and later feature was that, before being taken up demonstrated time and time again, it is in charge of the National Gallery, who boxes shipped out of Asian ports which provide the lion’s share of the incidents, would it not be more useful if the random checks were carried out in or around the ports of departure? That surely, would indicate that this scourge of problem containers was at last being tackled globally and in a mature and practical fashion. Lt. John Worsley RNVR Past President Royal Society of Marine Artists (1983 – 1988) Part 1. Into the Lion’s Mouth The fictional policeman, PC49, who featured in the EAGLE comic strip cartoon of that name, was the work of the versatile artist, John Worsley. In the late 1960’s Worsley’s artistic skills were put to good use in real life by Scotland Yard who commissioned from him hundreds of drawings of wanted criminals, based on descriptions given by victims and witnesses. These drawings proved far more lifelike and effective that those produced by the emerging technology of photofit. Of many notable successes, one concerned the recovery of a baby snatched from a London hospital together with the arrest of the kidnapper in Gloucestershire, the other was the arrest of a murderer who had stabbed his victim in the neck with a flick knife and thrown him into the River Thames from Hungerford Bridge. Born in Liverpool in 1919, John spent his early years on his father’s coffee farm in Kenya before being sent back to England, aged nine, for his education. This led to a scholarship at Brighton College followed by further studies at Goldsmith’s School of Art on leaving which he was able to earn a modest living selling his paintings and sketches to various magazines. In 1939, an economic downturn in the coffee market forced Worsley’s father to sell up in Kenya

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recognised the value of these. At the outset of WWII Sir Kenneth was recruited to the Ministry of Information where he set up the War Artists’ Advisory Committee under whose initiative around two hundred artists were engaged as official war artists. On 3 rd November, 1940, Worsley’s time on board Lauretic was brought to an abrupt end by three torpedoes from a German U-boat while the ship was 300 miles to the west of Northern Ireland. Before rescue by an old V&W destroyer the next morning, Worsley spent an uncomfortable night in one of the doomed ship’s cutters, up to his waist in freezing water, an experience he later described as “somewhat chilly.” Shortly after this, the powers that be decided to withdraw AMC’s from the theatre of war, a decision hastened by the stark statistic of sinkings, 15 out of 55. Worsley’s request for proper RNVR status was granted around this time with his appointment as sub-lieutenant and a posting to the RN shore establishment, HMS King Alfred near Brighton for a crammer course of four weeks before joining his next ship. This was to be HMS Lancaster, an ex-US Navy WWI four stacker, whose narrow hull form and rounded bottom rendered her totally unsuitable for the role to which she was assigned, that of North Atlantic convoy escort. After six months she was battered into submission by the elements and dry- docked at Hull for an extensive overhaul. Worsley’s next ship was another V&W destroyer, HMS Wallace, and, while this time the patrol area (Rosyth to Sheerness) enjoyed slightly better weather conditions, its nick-name of E-boat Alley gives a hint as to its notoriety and the heavy convoy losses suffered. It would have come as some relief to Worsley, after only two months in this posting, to find his next in the big “County” class cruiser, HMS “Devonshire” which he joined in Norfolk, Virginia bound for Durban. There followed a very busy twelve months that saw Worsley appointed to full lieutenant and the ship involved in many actions including troopship convoy duties in the Indian Ocean, the bombardment and taking of Diego Suarez, Madagascar and escort voyages, from her base at Colombo, as far as Freemantle. In the summer of 1943, HMS Devonshire was ordered back to the UK for a re-fit, paying off at Newcastle- upon-Tyne.

Now, what could Admiral William “Bubbles” James* want with a mere Lieutenant RNVR? This was the question Worsley asked himself www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 25 Features

upon receiving his orders to attend that invasion, they achieved their aim in a short continued his education at the Corporation man in his office at the Admiralty. Direct space of time despite the spirited resistance School in Harwich. Charles then trained at from the Admiral, Worsley learned of his offered. The small British party, far from HMS Worcester, a naval training vessel, next appointment, that of Official War being rescuers, now became escapees before following his father’s footsteps into Artist to the Royal Navy, with instructions themselves, crossing the island on foot the Mercantile Marine. He served on ships to join the Staff of the C-in-C ahead of the advancing German invasion on the deep sea trade before joining Great Mediterranean at Malta and “Go where the force. On the farther shore they Eastern’s SS “Ipswich” as a seaman in 1892. action is. Get into the lion’s mouth.” It had commandeered a fishing boat and, under a He worked his way through the ranks and been the suggestion of Sir Kenneth Clark hail of fire, made an escape. It was, became relief Master of SS “Colchester” on that Worsley should be voted into this post, however, around this vessel with John the Harwich – Antwerp service in 1910. In one of only two active-service naval War Worsley, war artist cum serving officer, that 1913 he obtained permanent command on Artists appointed during WWII. As ordered, the lion’s jaws finally closed. Straffed by SS “Newmarket”, a cargo vessel on the it was into the lion’s mouth that Worsley the machine guns of two Arado seaplanes, Harwich – Rotterdam service. went, firstly in a LCI (Landing Craft, the party had no option but to surrender. A Infantry) for Catania to reinforce the German flak-ship took them off the fishing In 1915, Capt Fryatt was in command of SS invasion of Sicily, then in a FLC (Flak vessel and Worsley began the long journey “Wrexham”, a vessel of the Great Central Landing Craft) for the bombardment of into captivity that would end at Marlag Railway, which had been chartered by Reggio six days before the attack on “O,” near Bremen, the German Prisoner of Great Eastern. Many ships of the Great Salerno. For the latter, Worsley had the War camp for Royal Navy officers. Eastern Railway had been requisitioned by more solid platform of a big gun monitor, *The Admiral acquired his nickname from the Admiralty at the outbreak of World HMS Roberts, and a bird’s eye view of the having sat as the boy model for the Pears War 1 and were not available for the action from her director tower. Some while Soap advertisement, “Bubbles.” The original service. It should be remembered that later it was clandestine operations in a MTB, oil painting, by the Admiral’s grandfather, Holland remained neutral during World putting agents and saboteurs ashore behind Sir John Everett Millais, is on display at the War 1 and the Great Eastern service to the enemy lines along the Italian coast north of Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight.. Hook of Holland was the main route to Termoli. What proved to be Worsley’s last Europe at that time. The Admiralty took sortie into the lion’s mouth was an Part 2. PoW Worsley RNVR, Albert RN and over Harwich Harbour for Naval purposes operation to rescue British ex-prisoners Freedom follows in the next edition. and the majority, if not all, of the Great from Italian beaches around Ancona. With Eastern services operated from Tilbury. The fuel and supplies packed on to two Italian Captain C A Fryatt Great Central Railway, which normally fishing boats, a small party under the operated ships from the Humber to command of Lt. Anthony Bentley-Buckle RN Captain Eric Tinney Hamburg and Scandinavia, was unable to made its base on the small island of Lussin continue its service and many of their Piccolo, off the Dalmatian coast of ships, rather than laying them up, were Jugoslavia, just south of Pola. chartered to Great Eastern. On 2 nd March 1915 SS “Wrexham” was en route from Tilbury to Rotterdam when she was accosted by a German U-boat. It was the practice at that time for a warship, U- boat or whatever, to order a merchant ship to stop, then to be boarded to ascertain whether it was engaged in any activity that might be of assistance to the enemy. If the search confirmed that it was, then the crew would be ordered to launch the lifeboats and abandon ship and the U-boat would then sink the merchant ship – such a gentlemanly way to conduct a war! Alas, it did not continue, the U-boat captains may have been gentlemen but their masters in Charles Algernon Fryatt was born at Berlin were not. nd Southampton on 2 December 1872. His In February 1915, Germany had announced father was a ship’s officer in the Mercantile that all merchant shipping around the Marine who, in the 1880’s, obtained a post British Isles could be attacked without with the Great Eastern Railway’s marine warning in retaliation for the British Naval division at Harwich. The family moved to blockade of Germany. Since the German the area at that time and were settled in fleet was more or less bottled up by the Before the planned rescue operation could one of the new houses that GER built for Royal Navy, the new orders fell to the U- begin, Lt Bentley-Buckle and company their employees in Adelaide St., Parkeston Boat captains. While the rules allowed discovered that the Germans wanted the Charles was originally educated at the them to torpedo targets while submerged, island for their own purposes. On 13 th Fremantle School in Southampton until the it should be remembered that in 1915 November, 1943, by mounting a mini- family moved to Parkeston where he torpedoes were not as accurate as they are

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on the North Sea occupied by the Germans. The reports of the time say that Brussels was taken by destroyers; however, I believe that five destroyers would be a little bit excessive and it was more likely that she was captured by torpedo boats or something similar. After a short period in Zeebrugge “Brussels” was taken up the canal to Bruges. Capt Fryatt, his officers and crew were taken off the ship and after a few days in Bruges Town Hall were sent to the civil internment camp of Ruhleben near to Berlin. The stewardesses were moved about SS BRUSSELS quite a bit, Bruges, Ghent and Cologne today and it was usually more efficient for towards the ship very fast. Capt Fryatt was before being sent to a camp at them to surface and shell them with their ordered to stop and did so. He realised that Holzminden, near Hanover. It would appear deck guns, although this exposed them to this was one of the new, large and fast that the Germans didn’t know what to do being rammed, even by unarmed vessels. boats from Kiel and he would be unlikely to with female prisoners-of-war; however, it is my belief that they were being honourable Also in February, in response to the German outrun it so, when the Germans reduced speed and were preparing to board, he and chivalrous. It was, after all, a different announcement, Winston Churchill, First Lord world from today. Some three months later of the Admiralty, ordered that all British ordered full speed and attempted to ram the U-boat, again acting on Admiralty the stewardesses were handed over to the merchant vessels must not surrender to neutral Dutch and repatriated to Harwich. submarines, but do their utmost to escape. instructions. The U-boat was forced to crash-dive; however, it is not sure whether The Germans provided them with rail In the event escape from the U-Boat was tickets for their journey. not possible they must “steer straight for “Brussels” actually hit the U-boat. her at your utmost speed” and the sub “will Capt Fryatt saw the periscope as he passed Capt Fryatt had been in Ruhleben camp for probably then dive”. This latter order over the U-boats position, and one of the about a month when he and his First Mate became known as the “ramming order”, firemen in the Engine Room heard a bang Hartnell were informed that they were although the Admiralty deliberately did not on the ships side, but nothing more. Capt being charged with the sinking of a U-boat use the word “ramming” anywhere in its Fryatt was quite sure that he had damaged and were to be returned to Bruges for trial orders. In addition, crews of U-Boats were or sunk the boat as he stated that, in his by Court Martial. It was stated that the to be treated as felons and not prisoners of opinion, it was very unlikely that the craft Germans had discovered the gold watches, war and could be shot if it wasn't could have got clear when he saw the with the engraving of his actions the convenient to take them prisoner. Captains position of the periscope when it came to previous year, in his belongings that had of merchant ships that surrendered could the surface. Later when the “Brussels” was been confiscated, however, I think it face prosecution in Britain. dry-docked there was no evidence of unlikely that the master would carry such items in his baggage. I think that it is more When accosted by the U-boat, Capt Fryatt contact on the ship’s bottom. On this occasion the Lords Commissioners again likely that a German Fifth Columnist in obeyed the instructions of the First Lord London reported the name to Berlin. and did not stop but ordered his engineers sent a commendation to the Company and to make maximum speed and headed for gave Capt Fryatt a gold watch with this The Germans knew that U-33 had not been the neutral waters of Holland 40 miles engraved on the back:- sunk. At the time of the trial in 1916, the away, he was chased all the way by the U- “Presented by the Lords Commissioners boat was attached to the Constantinople boat. The normally 14-knot “Wrexham” of the Admiralty to Chas. Algernon Flotilla and operating in the Black Sea achieved 16-knots and arrived safely, apart Fryatt Master of the S.S. 'Brussels' in against Russian shipping. They, the Germans from burnt and blistered funnels. Great recognition of the example set by that that is, had a distinct horror of ‘ franc- Eastern Railway received a commendation vessel when attacked by a German tireurs’ – combatants posing as unarmed from the Lords Commissioners of the submarine on March 28th, 1915” civilians who could take advantage of truce Admiralty on the master’s actions. Great conditions and overcome their captors. The Germans, as you could imagine, were During the 1870 Franco-Prussian war, Eastern Railway presented Capt Fryatt with not best pleased and although they did not an engraved gold watch which stated:- French civilian sharpshooters, referred to as know the name of the captain, SS ‘franc-tireurs’ had killed many Prussian “Presented to Captain C. A. Fryatt by the “Brussels” was definitely a marked ship. soldiers and the Germans had never Chairman and Directors of the G.E The following year, on 23 rd June 1916, “SS forgotten that. They intended to try Capt Railway Company as a mark of their Brussels”, Capt Fryatt still in command, was Fryatt as a ‘ franc-tireur’ . It was about as appreciation of his courage and skilful en route from Hook of Holland to Tilbury serious a charge as could be brought and a seamanship on March 2nd, 1915”. when it is said that lights were shown from war of words began between the British Later that month, Sunday 28 th March, Capt the beach and a flare was fired. A and German governments. The British Fryatt, this time in command of SS passenger is reported to have remained on Government claimed that Capt Fryatt was “Brussels”, was on passage from Tilbury to deck and signalled to shore. The ship was not a civilian and was wearing uniform at Rotterdam when a U-boat, believed to be intercepted by five German destroyers and the time of the incident. The Germans U-33, surfaced close by and headed taken as prize to Zeebrugge, the only port replied that Capt Fryatt was not wearing a www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 27 Features

and that the gentlemen on the benches would retire and consider the verdict. He also said that he would do everything possible to help him him. Capt Fryatt was found guilty and sentenced to death. First Mate Hartnell was also found guilty but his sentence was commuted. The sentence was confirmed by the Kaiser and at 19:00 that evening Capt. Fryatt was executed by firing squad and was buried in a small cemetery just outside Bruges that the Germans used for burying Belgian "traitors". An execution notice was published in German, Dutch and French (see below) announcing the death of Fryatt. It was signed by Admiral Ludwig von Schröder. A translation of the execution notice reads as follows: NOTICE. The English captain of a merchant ship, Charles Fryatt, of Southampton, though he did not belong to the armed uniform but the livery of the Great Eastern Majesty's Government consider that the act forces of the enemy, attempted on March Railway Company. Even then the British did of a merchant ship in steering for an enemy 28th, 1915, to destroy a German not believe that Capt. Fryatt would actually submarine and forcing her to dive is submarine by running it down. For this he be sentenced to death. essentially defensive, and precisely on the has been condemned to death by This exchange between the governments same footing as the use by a defensively- judgment this day of the Field Court later led King George V to create the armed vessel of her defensive armament in Martial of the Naval Corps, and has been ‘Merchant Navy’ with an official uniform order to resist capture, which both the executed. A ruthless deed has thus been (Actually, King George wished to call the United States Government and his Majesty's avenged, belatedly but just. Signed VON service the ‘Royal Merchant Navy’, but Government held to be the exercise of an SCHRÖDER, Admiral Commandant of the there were a few objections to this, mainly undoubted right.' Naval Corps, Bruges, July 27th, 1916. from shipowners, especially when King The reply of the American Ambassador to On 31 July 1916, Prime Minister H. H. George in many post-war speeches referred these notes, dated July 29th, states they Asquith issued a statement in the House to the ships as 'my merchant navy'). Prior requested an opportunity to engage of Commons. to that time the service had been known as Counsel, but the German Foreign Office “I deeply regret to say that it appears to the ‘Mercantile Marine’. had stated it was impossible to grant a be true that Captain Fryatt has been On 20 th July, the Foreign Office wrote to postponement because the witnesses from murdered by the Germans. His Majesty's the US Embassy the following:- the submarine could not be further Government have heard with the utmost detained, and that a Major Neumann, in 'Sir E. Grey would be greatly obliged if the indignation of this atrocious crime Civil life an attorney and justizrat, had been against the laws of nations and the United States Ambassador at Berlin could appointed as defending counsel. Somewhat usages of war. Coming as it does be requested by telegraph to take all unusual perhaps that a military officer contemporaneously with the lawless possible steps to secure the proper should defend a naval case cruelty towards the population of Lille defence of Captain Fryatt in the event of and other occupied districts of France, it the court-martial being held, and if his Capt. Fryatt was tried as a ‘franc-tireur’ at a shews that the German High Command, Excellency could be informed Court Martial on 27 July 1916. The Court under the stress of military defeat, have confidentially that his Majesty's Martial was held at Bruges Town Hall. The renewed their policy of terrorism. It is Government are satisfied that, in President of the Court at Bruges Town Hall, impossible of course to conjecture to committing the act impugned, Captain July 27th, 1916 was Commander Von Yorke, what atrocities they may proceed. Fryatt acted legitimately in self-defence senior naval officer at Bruges and for the purpose of evading capture Zeebrugge. He also acted as interpreter. Late His Majesty's Government desire to or destruction’ in the course of the trial Major Neumann repeat emphatically their resolve that entered and stated he was for the defence. such crimes shall not, if they can help it, And again on 25 th July, the Foreign When Captain Fryatt rose to speak go unpunished. When the time arrives Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, wrote to the US Neumann asked him to sit down as he they are determined to bring to justice Embassy the following note: - stated that the Court would not understand the criminals whoever they maybe and 'Should the allegations on which the charge him, and he (Neumann) spoke no more until whatever position they may occupy. In against Captain Fryatt is understood to be the end of the trial when he passed a few such cases as these the authors of the based be established by evidence His words in German to the officers presiding. system under which such crimes are Majesty's Government are of opinion that He then informed Captain Fryatt he had committed may well be the most guilty his action was perfectly legitimate. His been found guilty of being a ‘ franc-tireur’ of all. The question of what immediate

Page 28 • The Journal • Issue 1/2019 www.hcmm.org.uk Obituary

training establishment at Shotley and representatives from all departments of the Great Eastern Railway and organisations in Harwich and Dovercourt. Immediately preceding the coffin were the Bishops of Chelmsford, Colchester and Barking. The Salvation Army and Naval Bands played funeral music en route. His widow was presented with the insignia of the Belgian Order of Leopold that had been posthumously awarded to Capt. Fryatt. Capt. Fryatt was also posthumously awarded the Belgian Maritime War Cross. My thanks to the Great Eastern Railway Magazine and the Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History at the University of York for much of the information contained in this article.

action can be taken is engaging the review panel, Eduard Bernstein and Oskar earnest attention of the Government Cohn, dissented because in their opinion Obituary and I hope very soon to announce to the Fryatt's sentence had been a severe House of Commons what we can do”. infringement of international law. Captain Doctor Peter Geoffrey WIDD The Directors of the Great Eastern Railway In 1919, Fryatt's body was exhumed and Master Mariner MNI BSc MA PhD returned to the United Kingdom for burial. promptly accorded Capt Fryatt’s widow a February 1, 1946 - January 15, 2019 life pension of £250 per annum; and the His coffin was landed at Dover, and Government granted £100 per annum transported by South Eastern and Chatham Peter Widd spent the first ten years of his beyond the pension to which she would be Railway in carriage PMV132 to London. On 8 sea career was with Shell Tankers, entitled under the Board of Trade scheme July 1919, his funeral was held at St Paul's qualifying as a Master at the age of insuring merchant seamen. Captain Fryatt Cathedral. Hundreds of merchant seamen and twenty-seven, and after four years piloting was insured with the Provident Clerks' widows of merchant seamen and fishermen in East Africa, he began on the Thames as Association who very speedily, dispensing attended. Representing the Government were a Trinity House sea Pilot in 1979, later a with all formalities as a mark of sympathy, many members of the Admiralty, the Board of Port of London pilot. He became a river arranged to pay the £300 due to the Trade, the Cabinet and the War Office plus and bridge pilot eventually becoming a widow. The Royal Merchant Seaman's many serving RN personnel. Senior Thames Pilot, and Admiralty choice Orphanage offered to educate two of The band of the Great Eastern Railway, Pilot bringing warships, in and out of Fryatt's seven children. augmented by drummers from the Royal London, from all over the world. He was The King expressed his indignation and Marines, played the Dead March . Eternal also responsible for many high profile jobs, abhorrence at the execution of Fryatt in Father, Strong to Save and Abide with Me taking HMS BELFAST in and out of London a letter to Mrs Fryatt. In the letter, he were sung, and a blessing given by the on its way to a Portsmouth in 1998. He also wrote:- Bishop of London. After the service at St also brought some sections of the London Eye up the Thames to Westminster in "The action of Captain Fryatt in defending Paul’s his body was taken to Liverpool St Taklift barges, and also brought a wingless his ship against the attack of an enemy for onward passage to Dovercourt. The supersonic Concorde downriver on a barge submarine was a noble instance of the route of the coffin to Liverpool Street on its way to Edinburgh. resource and self-reliance so characteristic station was lined with people. of his profession." Capt Fryatt was buried at All Saints' Alongside all this he pursued an academic Church, Upper Dovercourt. His coffin was career, gaining an OU Maths degree, an After the war, on 2 April 1919, a German carried from the station to the church on a MA at University of Greenwich in Marine International Law Commission named the gun carriage. Thousands of people lined the Terrorism and a PhD in Human Rights and "Schücking Commission", after its route from Dovercourt station, via the Seafarer. He retired from piloting chairman Walther Schücking, reconfirmed Kingsway, Marine Parade and Fronks Road aged 60, but continued as a marine Fryatt's sentence: to the churchyard. On Marine Parade some consultant for Ove Arup engineering and "The execution by shooting of Captain 1500 schoolchildren, and their teachers, as a Mentor and Admiralty High Court of Charles Fryatt, which was given by the lined the route. Special Constables assisted Appeal Nautical Assessor for the Court Martial Bruges, due to the sentence regular police to keep the route clear. The Honourable Company. He was appointed a of the court martial proceedings on 27 July procession lead by the police and the Government examiner inspector, running 1916, contains no violation of Shotley Band included the Mayor and several high profile public enquires such international law, The Commission councillors, local MP Major H K Newton, as the Swansea Barrage and various apologizes most vividly for the hurry in Lord Claude Hamilton MP, chairman of offshore windfarms and port extensions. which the judgement was enforced." Great Eastern Railway, and other officials, He died suddenly and unexpectedly and is The Commission's ruling was not military personnel and crew members from survived by his wife, Sarah, three children unanimous. Two members of the legal the ships in the harbour, the boys from the and four grandchildren. www.hcmm.org.uk The Journal • Issue 1/2019 • Page 29 Events Diary

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Page 30 • The Journal • Issue 1/2019 www.hcmm.org.uk Merchandise

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