DOCSLIB.ORG

EPHESOS AFTER ALEXANDER ----- Socio-Political Transformations in Western Asia Minor During the Early Hellenistic Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EPHESOS AFTER ALEXANDER ----- Socio-Political Transformations in Western Asia Minor During the Early Hellenistic Period EPHESOS AFTER ALEXANDER ----- Socio-Political Transformations in Western Asia Minor during the Early Hellenistic Period Paul Ioan Vădan Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Paul Ioan Vădan, 2011. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND ABSTRACTS.…………………………………………… iii-iv ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION: AFTER ALEXANDER............................................................ 1-4 CHAPTER I: THE LIBERATION OF EPHESOS................................................... 5-30 CHAPTER II: EPHESOS AND THE DIADOCHOI............................................... 31-67 CHAPTER III: THE EPHESOS MEETING........................................................... 68-88 CHAPTER IV: EPHESOS IN THE IONIAN CONTEXT....................................... 89-118 CONCLUSION: HELLENISTIC PATTERNS........................................................ 119-120 APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 121-126 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 127-132 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to my thesis supervisor Professor Hans Beck whose invaluable advice and support have allowed me to fulfill my dream of becoming a historian. My success also owes much to Professor Michael Fronda whose guidance and understanding have made me a better scholar and person. I would also like to thank my colleagues Eric Brousseau, Brahm Kleinman, Catherine McPherson, Claire Sandoe, and Parrish Wright for their editorial work, and more importantly for their friendship - sine vobis non valeo! My deepest gratitude goes especially to my loving family. The successful completion of this thesis stands as a testament to their efforts and care for my wellbeing. Last but not least, I would also like to thank the Government of Canada for giving my family the opportunity to aspire towards our utmost potential, unhindered in our pursuit of happiness. Mulţumesc! iii ABSTRACT The present study deals with the socio-political transformations in the city of Ephesos in the early Hellenistic period. It shows that during the tumultuous months after the death of Alexander the Great, the Ephesian community sought to re-establish internal and regional stability by appealing to the Macedonian Successors for support. This was achieved at the meeting of Ephesos in the summer of 322 BC, as attested by a detailed epigraphic study of a series of local inscriptions (I. Ephes. 1430-1437). The meeting addressed issues over Ionian democracy and privileges, as well as Macedonian hegemonia, in conformity with the precedents set by Alexander. Its successful conclusion saw Ephesos emerge as the leading and representative member of the Ionian koinon. RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a comme sujet les transformations sociopolitiques dans la cite d'Ephesos dans la haute période hellénistique. Elle montre que pendant les mois tumultueux après la mort d'Alexandre le Grand, la communauté d’Éphèse a cherché à rétablir la stabilité interne et régionale en appelant aux Successeurs Macédoniens. Ce but a été atteint lors de la réunion a Ephese pendant l'été de 322 av-JC, comme il est atteste par un étude épigraphique détaillé d'une une série des inscriptions locales (I. Ephes. 1430- 1437). La réunion a abordé des questions concernant la démocratie et privilèges Ioniennes, aussi que la hegemonia Macédonienne, en conformité avec les précédents mis pas Alexandre. Son succès a vu émerger Ephese en tant que membre dirigeant et représentant du koinon Ionienne. iv ABBREVIATIONS FGrH. Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der Grieschichen Historiker I. Ephes. Keil, J. Die Inschriften von Ephesos I. Eryth. Engelmann H. and Merkelbach, R. Die Inschriften von Erythrai I. Magn. Kern, O. Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander I. Prien. Hiller von Gaertingen, F. Die Inschriften von Priene IG Inscriptiones Grecae ÖJI Jahresheften Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut RE Pauly, A., Wissowa, G. and Kroll, W. Realencyclopädie des classischen Altertumswissenschaft Tod Tod, Marcus. Greek Historical Inscriptions SIG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum v INTRODUCTION: AFTER ALEXANDER No instance in antiquity has more vividly displayed the authority, charisma and significance of a single man as the moment of Alexander the Great's death in the afternoon of June 11, 323 BC. Plutarch recounts the scene: Even so, having lost Alexander, his power gasped, struggled, and festered through the likes of Perdikkas, Meleagros, Seleukos, Antigonos, who, as it were, provided still a warm breath of life and blood that still pulsed and circulated. But at length as the host was wasting away and was perishing, it generated around itself maggots, as it were, of ignoble kings and of leaders in their last death-struggle.1 This bitter and reproachful tone imposes an unfair verdict of failure, indecisiveness, and waste upon the centuries between Alexander's death until the advent of Rome. Yet such a claim is an illusion supported by academia's retrospective standpoint that tends to ignore the resilient continuities and dynamic changes that molded the "Hellenistic" Age. Indeed, modern authors such as David Braund have claimed that Alexander imposed "a new world order" but had left the self-proclaimed Diadochoi with the burden to give it shape and meaning,2 as they became involved in "a great funeral contest over him."3 But such an exclusive focus of historiography on "great people" who make "important decisions" of monumental consequences obscures the fact that beyond these lies a variegated array of smaller kingdoms, armies, and cities with distinct traditions, conditions and interests. 1 Plut. Mor. 337A. 2 David Braund, "After Alexander: The Emergence of the Hellenistic World, 323-281 BC". A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Ed. by Andrew Erskine, 19 (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2005). 3 Arr. Anab. 7.26.3. - 1 - The purpose of this study is to shift the focus from such a grand-scale survey approach and instead concentrate on specific local conditions and developments in order to evaluate how individual communities received and dealt with, in their own way, the demise of Alexander. Quintus Curtius reports that "the report of such great disaster was not contained within the city walls, but had spread through the region nearest to Babylon and from there through a great part of Asia on this side of the Euphrates."4 I will therefore adopt a case- study approach that I hope will assess the immediate impact of such news on a particular community most accurately. The city of Ephesos in Western Asia Minor serves this purpose well: it was a very old polis with a history ingrained in Greek culture and identity. Moreover, Ephesos' strategic location and prosperous harbor made it a very influential presence in local and regional developments. Also, the local Artemision is a rare archaeological case that has provided historians with sufficient, although scanty epigraphic evidence that allows us to reconstruct the events and the regional socio-political transformations during the confusing months after the summer of 323 BC. Lastly, the Ephesians developed a strong personal bond with Alexander the Great, which they exhibited as they showed their utmost consideration towards their liberator, benefactor, and protector. For this reason I will begin my thesis with a study of Alexander's advent in Western Asia Minor. I will focus mostly on the democratic restoration at the expense of the pro-Persian 4 Curt. 10.5.18. - 2 - oligarchs at Ephesos, while drawing attention to Alexander's role as the personal guarantor and benefactor of the city's democratic government. This will allow me to emphasize the importance of Alexander's reign by presenting his death as the catalyst for regional insecurity and confusion that threatened the socio-political cohesion and internal stability of Ephesos. In the second chapter, I will provide a chronological reconstruction of the events taking place in Asia Minor from the death of Alexander up until the crossing of Krateros into Europe. I propose that the crossing was undertaken from the Ephesian harbor, and served as a unique opportunity for the Ephesian community to re-establish channels of interaction with the Macedonian strategoi in its efforts to maintain internal stability. I have based my arguments on close readings of primary literary sources whose translations I have closely examined and in several critical instances also corrected, so as to provide a most accurate version of the historical narrative. The core of my thesis is constructed around epigraphic evidence. As a result, I have dedicated the third chapter to a detailed epigraphic study of the Artemision inscriptions which attest to an ad-hoc meeting of the Macedonians as a result of Krateros' return in the Aegean. Preliminary conclusions have led me to dispute the concept of a cohesive Macedonian empire, as regional commanders sought clarifications with regard to the Babylon Settlement and to their own positions. I further argue that the occasion allowed the Ephesian democrats to safeguard the support of the Macedonian generals for their government, as well as their continued devotion towards the temple of Artemis. - 3 - In exchange, the Ephesians offered pledges of loyalty in the wake of increasing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts
    THE NATURE OF HELLENISTIC DOMESTIC SCULPTURE IN ITS CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig I. Hardiman, B.Comm., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton, Advisor Dr. Timothy J. McNiven _______________________________ Advisor Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Graduate Program in the History of Art Copyright by Craig I. Hardiman 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation marks the first synthetic and contextual analysis of domestic sculpture for the whole of the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE). Prior to this study, Hellenistic domestic sculpture had been examined from a broadly literary perspective or had been the focus of smaller regional or site-specific studies. Rather than taking any one approach, this dissertation examines both the literary testimonia and the material record in order to develop as full a picture as possible for the location, function and meaning(s) of these pieces. The study begins with a reconsideration of the literary evidence. The testimonia deal chiefly with the residences of the Hellenistic kings and their conspicuous displays of wealth in the most public rooms in the home, namely courtyards and dining rooms. Following this, the material evidence from the Greek mainland and Asia Minor is considered. The general evidence supports the literary testimonia’s location for these sculptures. In addition, several individual examples offer insights into the sophistication of domestic decorative programs among the Greeks, something usually associated with the Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • (1988) 116–118 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt Gmbh, Bonn
    E. BADIAN TWO POSTSCRIPTS ON THE MARRIAGE OF PHILA AND BALACRUS aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 73 (1988) 116–118 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 116 TWO POSTSCRIPTS ON THE MARRIAGE OF PHILA AND BALACRUS Waldemar Heckel (ZPE 70,1987,161-2) has done a service to prosopography of Alexander and the Diadochoi by his acute demonstration that the marriage of Phila and Balacrus, Alexander's satrap of Cilicia, must be accepted as historical fact. In view of the inadequacy of our source for the connection (the writer of romance, Antonius Diogenes, as recorded by Photius), it had been inconclusively discussed ever since Droysen first accepted it and then changed his mind about it.1) The dedication by an Antipater son of "Balagros" indeed establishes the fact. There is perhaps slight further confirmation for the identification discovered by Heckel in the spelling of "Balagros": the inscription coincides with Photius in this detail, and the spelling is a very rare variant.2) a.) Heckel should not, however, be followed in his acceptance of the authenticity of the letter cited by the Greek novelist. His statement that Photius "preserves, on the testimony of Antonius Diogenes, the details of a letter ..." is followed by his use of the letter in order to show that Phila cannot have been with her husband when he cook over the satrapy of Cilicia, since he still wrote to her from Tyre. In fact, there cannot be any doubt that the letter is fictitious: it pro- vides the setting for Diogenes' romance and the details are historically worthless.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the Hellenistic World
    Part I THE MAKING OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD K2 cch01.inddh01.indd 1111 99/14/2007/14/2007 55:03:23:03:23 PPMM K2 cch01.inddh01.indd 1122 99/14/2007/14/2007 55:03:23:03:23 PPMM 1 First Steps 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 June 323 Death of Alexander the Great; outbreak of Lamian War 322 Battle of Krannon; end of Lamian War 320 Death of Perdikkas in Egypt; settlement of Triparadeisos 319 Death of Antipater 317 Return of Olympias to Macedonia; deaths of Philip Arrhidaios and Eurydike 316/15 Death of Eumenes of Kardia in Iran 314 Antigonos’ declaration of Tyre; fi rst coalition war (Kas- sander, Lysimachos, and Ptolemy against Antigonos) 312 Battle of Gaza; Seleukos retakes Babylon 311 Treaty ends coalition war 310 Deaths of Alexander IV and Roxane I From Babylon to Triparadeisos The sudden death of the Macedonian king Alexander, far away from home at Babylon in Mesopotamia on June 10, 323, caught the world he ruled fully unprepared for the ensuing crisis. Only two of the men who founded the dynas- ties of kings which dominated the history of the Hellenistic world were even present at Babylon when he died, and only one of them was suffi ciently promi- nent among the offi cers who assembled to debate the future to be given an independent provincial command: Ptolemy, now in his early forties, was appointed to distant Egypt (though with Alexander’s established governor, Kleomenes, as his offi cial deputy). Seleukos, also present at Babylon, but some K2 cch01.inddh01.indd 1133 99/14/2007/14/2007 55:03:23:03:23 PPMM 14 PART I THE MAKING OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD ten years younger, became cavalry commander in the central government, a post which under Alexander had been equivalent to the king’s deputy but now was envisaged as being purely military.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Successors
    Perdiccas, 323-320 Antigonus (western Asia Minor) 288-285 Antipater (Macedonia) 301, after Ipsus Lysimachus (Anatolia, Thrace) Archon (Babylon) Lysimachus (Anatolia, Thrace) Ptolemy (Egypt) Asander (Caria) Ptolemy (Egypt) Seleucus (Babylonia, N. Syria) Persia to Alexander the Great Atropates (northern Media) 315-311 Alexander’s Seleucus (Babylonia, N. Syria) Eumenes (Cappadocia, Pontus) vs. 318-316 Cassander Cassander (Macedonia) Laomedon (Syria) Lysimachus Daniel 11:1-4 Antigonus Demetrius (Cyprus, Tyre, Demetrius (Macedonia, Cyprus, Leonnatus (Phrygia) Ptolemy Successors Cassander Sidon, Agaean islands) Tyre, Sidon, Agaean islands) Lysimachus (Thrace) Peithon Seleucus Menander (Lydia) Ptolemy Bythinia Bythinia Olympias (Epirus) vs. 332-260 BC Seleucus Epirus Epirus “And now I will tell you the truth. Behold, three more kings are going to arise Peithon (southern Media) Antigonus Greece Greece Philippus (Bactria) vs. Aristodemus Heraclean kingdom Heraclean kingdom Ptolemy (Egypt) Demetrius in Persia. Then a fourth will gain far more riches than all of them; as soon as Eumenes Paeonia Paeonia Stasanor (Aria) Nearchus Olympias Pontus Pontus and others . Peithon Polyperchon Rhodes Rhodes he becomes strong through his riches, he will arouse the whole empire against the realm of Greece. And a mighty king will arise, and he will rule with great authority and do as he pleases.” (Dan 11:2-3) 320 330310 300 290 280 270 260 250 Antipater, 320-319 Alcetas and Attalus (Pisidia ) Antigenes (Susiana) Antigonus (army in Asia) Arrhidaeus (Phrygia) Cassander
    [Show full text]
  • Eumenes by Plutarch
    Eumenes By Plutarch (legendary, reigned 197 B.C.E. - ca. 160 B.C.E.) Translated by John Dryden Duris reports that Eumenes, the Cardian, was the son of a poor wagoner in the Thracian Chersonesus, yet liberally educated, both as a scholar and a soldier; and that while he was but young, Philip, passing through Cardia, diverted himself with a sight of the wrestling matches and other exercises of the youth of that place, among whom Eumenes performing with success, and showing signs of intelligence and bravery, Philip was so pleased with him as to take him into his service. But they seem to speak more probably who tell us that Philip advanced Eumenes for the friendship he bore to his father, whose guest he had sometime been. After the death of Philip, he continued in the service of Alexander, with the title of his principal secretary, but in as great favour as the most intimate of his familiars, being esteemed as wise and faithful as any person about him, so that he went with troops under his immediate command as general in the expedition against India, and succeeded to the post of Perdiccas, when Perdiccas was advanced to that of Hephaestion, then newly deceased. And therefore, after the death of Alexander, when Neoptolemus, who had been captain of his life-guard, said that he had followed Alexander with shield and spear, but Eumenes only with pen and paper, the Macedonians laughed at him, as knowing very well that, besides other marks of favour, the king had done him the honour to make him a kind of kinsman to himself by marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • Eumenes of Cardia Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity
    Eumenes of Cardia Mnemosyne Supplements history and archaeology of classical antiquity Series Editor Hans van Wees (University College London) Associate Editors Jan Paul Crielaard (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Benet Salway (University College London) VOLUME 383 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mns-haca Eumenes of Cardia A Greek among Macedonians By Edward M. Anson LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Left coin: silver tetradrachm depicting Ptolemy I Soter, issued by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC); right coin: silver tetradrachm depicting Zeus, issued in the reign of Philip II, King of Macedonia (359–336 BC). Courtesy of the author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anson, Edward. Eumenes of Cardia : a Greek among Macedonians / by Edward M. Anson. — Second edition. pages cm — (Mnemosyne Supplements, History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, ISSN 2352-8656 ; volume 383) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-90-04-29715-9 (hardback : alk. paper) — isbn 978-90-04-29717-3 (e-book) 1. Eumenes, of Cardia, 362 B.C. or 361 B.C.–316 B.C. or 315 B.C. 2. Greece—History—Macedonian Hegemony, 323–281 B.C. 3. Macedonia—History—Diadochi, 323-276 B.C. 4. Generals—Greece—Biography. i. Title. DF235.48.E96A57 2015 938’.07092—dc23 [B] 2015017742 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. The first edition of this title was published as volume 3 in the Brill series Studies in Philo of Alexandria, under ISBN 978-03-91-04209-4.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Language and Dialect in Ancient Macedonia
    E2 — ALEXANDER’S LEGACY: GREEK AS A WORLD LANGUAGE New Light On… Lecture – The Language of the Macedonians (MJCS) Language and Dialect in Ancient Macedonia: General Issues THE MACEDONIAN KINGDOM CA. 336 BC (Map via Wikimedia Commons) • Evidence for Language and Dialect in the Macedonian Kingdom: - Direct Evidence (i.e. archaeological remains) o Coin Legends o Epigraphic Documents - Indirect Evidence (i.e. via medieval MSS traditions) o Mentions of literary authors remarking on the language o ~140 glosses and material in the Lexicon of Hesychius o Mythological, personal, and local onomastics recorded in literary authors • Two Important Facts: 1. All surviving linguistic evidence is written in Greek 2. The Greek attested already shows a great deal of dialectal diversity within the area controlled by the Macedonian kingdom: o West Ionic in Euboean colonies o Insular Ionic in Cycladic colonies o Attic in former member states of the Delian League o Corinthian at Potidaea 1 E2 — ALEXANDER’S LEGACY: GREEK AS A WORLD LANGUAGE New Light On… Lecture – The Language of the Macedonians (MJCS) o Attic-Ionic koiné in Macedonian official inscriptions Regarding the ‘Greekness’ of the Macedonians and their Language(s) • Evidence from literary sources is divided on the original ethnic and linguistic identity of the Ancient Macedonians: o Hesiod fr. 7: Eponymous ancestor Μακεδών born to Zeus and one of Deucalion’s daughters. o Herodotus (5.22, 8.137-139) strongly states a belief that Macedonians were Greeks o Thucydides (2.80.5-7, 2.81.6, 4.124.1) possibly considers Macedonians to be βάρβαροι. o Aristotle (1324b) includes Macedonians in a list of ἔθνη with despotic practices (ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι πᾶσι τοῖς δυναµένοις πλεονεκτεῖν), but makes no reference to language.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHN WALSH, Antipater and Early Hellenistic Literature
    Antipater and Early Hellenistic Literature* John Walsh INTRODUCTION It is well known that there was a flowering of Greek literature under Alexander and in the period after his death – at least in terms of the quantity of works, even if some may dispute the quality. A vast array of histories, memoirs, pamphlets, geographical literature, philosophical treatises, and poetry was written during this period, and the political fate of the Greek world in its domination by Macedon and the Successor kingdoms was tied to an increasing tendency for kings to be patrons of literature. Many works were now produced at royal courts, under the patronage of the Successors or by partisan individuals who had served under various kings.1 Antipater, Alexander’s regent in Macedonia, has a neglected but interesting connection with literature in the early Hellenistic era. Antipater was certainly overshadowed by both Philip and Alexander, and the other Diadochs, and his place in the development of Hellenistic intellectualism and literature has been overlooked in modern scholarship. First, in Sections I and II below, I show that Antipater, as Philip had done before him, had a role in the development of Hellenistic literature and was himself an author. There were also intriguing, if speculative, connections between Antipater’s court and the emerging tradition of historical epic. Secondly, in Section III, I trace how Antipater suffered unduly from hostile historiographical traditions directed at him by the propaganda of rival Diadochs, particularly those produced under Ptolemy and the Antigonid partisan Hieronymus of Cardia. I. ANTIPATER’S WORKS2 A passage in the Suda provides some tantalising evidence of Antipater as a writer of history and letters: Antipater was the son of Iolaus, of the city Paliura in Macedonia.
    [Show full text]
  • As Alexander Says. the Alexander-Dream Motif in Plutarch's
    ARTÍCULOS Cuadernos de Filología Clásica Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos ISSN: 1131-9070 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/CFCG.63590 As Alexander says. The Alexander-dream motif in Plutarch’s Successors’ Lives Dámaris Romero-González1 Recibido: 22 de Enero de 2018 / Aceptado: 25 de Noviembre de 2018 Abstract. The importance of being related to Alexander was a key element after his death, and it was shown when he appeared to his Successors in dreams (the Alexander-dream motif). Plutarch inserts the Alexander-dream motif in his Lives three times (Eum. 6.5, Pyrrh. 11.2, Demetr. 29.1), all of them in a very similar context. Though the apparition of Alexander in dreams in the Lives could be considered as a Plutarchan invention (and it is in two of them), Plutarch means to employ it as a resource for his objective: to exemplify the character of the protagonist of the Life. Keywords: Plutarch, Alexander the Great, dreams, Demetrius, Eumenes, Pyrrhus. [es] Como Alejandro diga. El motivo del sueño de Alejandro en las Vidas de los Diádocos en Plutarco Resumen. La importancia de estar relacionado con Alejandro fue una pieza fundamental después de su muerte, y se manifestó cuando se le presenta en sueños a sus sucesores (el motivo del ‘sueño de Alejandro’). Plutarco introduce este motivo en sus Vidas en tres ocasiones (Eum. 6.5, Pyrrh. 11.2, Demetr. 29.1), todas ellas dentro de un contexto muy similar. Aunque la aparición de Alejandro en sueños en las Vidas podría considerarse como una invención plutarquea (y en dos sueños lo es), Plutarco busca usarlos como recurso para cumplir su objetivo: ejemplificar el carácter del protagonista de su Vida.
    [Show full text]
  • Eumenes, Neoptolemus and "PSI" XII 1284 Bosworth, a B Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 3; Periodicals Archive Online Pg
    Eumenes, Neoptolemus and "PSI" XII 1284 Bosworth, A B Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 3; Periodicals Archive Online pg. 227 Eumenes, Neoptolemus and PSI XII 1284 A. B. Bosworth N 1932 E. Breccia discovered a small scrap of papyrus at Kom Ali I el Gamman near Oxyrhynchus. Once discovered it waited nearly twenty years for publication. The editio princeps of 1951 was the work of Vittorio Bartoletti, aided by suggestions from Maas and Jacoby.1 The papyrus itself consists of three columns, numbered consecutively 81-83, of which the central column is preserved almost complete. Those to right and left are defective except for a few letters at the extremities which defy reconstruction.2 The script belongs to the late second century. I shall first give the text with rudimentary critical apparatus and then a translation of the consecutive narrative. ]!,TE"e [we cp]9flfPwTarrjV 7ToL[~e]ff!' r9~e i7T7T[E"v]eLv [T]~V 0tPW €7TEXcfJpoVV [€]v TagE [£] oi S€ KaT67TLv av.rwv, oeo£ imrije, fJ T [V]XOL ~g!}'59!,TL~OV wc lmO rfj gVVEXE{~ [T]WV fl~~cP!, cWa~:rEAoVvTE[C] ~v EP./-'O/\!}!,, a \, TWVA" L7T7TEWV. E"VP.EV1JC OE,"" wc( 'T7}VI TE SV'}'K/\T/CLVI:. I \ TOV- svvac-I:. 5 7TLCp.oV 7C!W Ma'5~S6vwV7TVK~V KaTELSEV Kat aVTOVC T~j~ yvcfJp.a[LC] EC, TO"'".... E7TL 7Tav KLVOVVEVELV~ " EPPWP.EVOVC,, 7TEP.7TELI av1"'0 LC .!:t,EVVLav~ I avopaJI ~ p.aKE"Sovt~ov7a rfj <p [W ]vfl, <ppacaL KEAEvcac WC KaTU c76p.a P.€V ou p.aXEL7aL aUToLc 7Tapa'5[oAov]~wv S~ T[fi] TE i7T7TC[) Kat TaLC TWV tPLAwv 7agECLV E"t[p]gOL aUTovc TWV E7TL7[rySEl]wv' oi S€, El Kat [EL] 10 7Tapv IXp.axol TLVEC ccptc [L]!, St;JKOVCLV aM' OtJT' [«Xv] Tep ')IE ALP.ep EVt V9~[V] avTLT[ 1 vO/Ll'O]r'TEC Latte: perhaps E1TtVOOV]r'TEC (cf Arrian 1.23.5 [see below]).
    [Show full text]
  • The Macedonian Patriot: the Diadoch Craterus Edward M
    The Macedonian Patriot: The Diadoch Craterus Edward M. Anson Much has been written concerning the man whom Alexander “honored most” (Plut. Alex. 47. 10) who was described as the king’s “most loyal follower” (Arr. Anab. 7. 12. 3), generally recognized as his closest companion after Hephaestion (Diod. 17. 114. 1-2), and among Alexander’s commanders “arguably the best” (Heckel 1992: 107), but who in the final analysis failed to become one of the major players in the aftermath of Alexander’s death. He has been termed “the right man, in the wrong place, at the wrong time” (Ashton 1993: 131); proclaimed that he “lacked that fine edge of ruthlessness necessary for supreme power” (Green 1990: 8). This paper will suggest that Craterus was not the victim of being in the wrong place at the critical time, caught between Macedonia and Babylon, nor did he lack the ability to be ruthless, but was in the final analysis a Macedonian patriot (as noted by Heckel 1992: 107), who was content to serve the royal family and his kingdom. As Plutarch (Alex. 47. 10) comments, Craterus was “king loving.” It was in defense of his king and country that Craterus could be quite ruthless. While Waldemar Heckel’s claim that the oft termed “Philotas Plot” against the life of Alexander was in reality a plot against the life of Philotas orchestrated by Craterus and others in part due to their personal ambitions (Heckel 1977: 9-21; 1992: 115-118; 2006: 27-33, 218-19), this is too strong an indictment of Craterus’ personal ruthlessness, but it is a clear example that the friend and Somaphylax was capable of savagery in defense of the crown.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82860-4 — The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest 2nd Edition Table of Contents More Information Contents List of illustrations xix List of maps xxiii Preface to the second edition xxv List of abbreviations xxvii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Reign of Alexander (texts 1–25) 18 1 The Parian Marble (264/3): Alexander’s reign and the age of the Successors to 301 19 2 The origins of Alexander’s war on the Persians 23 3 The beginning of Alexander’s reign and the sack of Thebes (336/5) 24 4 The start of the expedition to Asia (spring 334) 26 5 Alexander in Asia Minor, administration and politics (334) 28 6 Letter of Alexander to Chios (332?) 30 7 Alexander’s manifesto to Darius after Issus (332) 31 8 The foundation of Alexandria (332/1) 33 9 Alexander’s visit to the oracle of Ammon (332/1) 35 10 The destruction of Persepolis and its palace (May 330) 36 11 The triumph of the Macedonians: a contemporary Athenian view (summer 330) 38 12 Alexander’s attempt to introduce obeisance (‘proskynesis’) at his court 40 13 The mutiny at the Hyphasis (326) 43 14 ‘Maladministration’ in Alexander’s empire 44 15 Cleomenes of Naucratis 45 16 Harpalus 46 17 The marriages at Susa and Alexander’s generosities (324) 47 18 The mutiny at Opis and the feast of reconciliation (324) 50 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82860-4 — The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest 2nd Edition Table of Contents More Information Contents
    [Show full text]