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Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Continuous-Time Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Continuous-time balanced-integrator bandpass filters in BIMOS-2 Trilsbeek, W.W.E. Award date: 1995 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain Eindhoven University ofTechnology Department ofElectrical Engineering Electronic Circuit Design Group Continuous-Time Balanced-Integrator Bandpass Filters InBIMOS-2 W.W.E. Trilsbeek Graduation report Period : september 1994 - april 1995 Place : ICLab Philips Sound & Vision Eindhoven Supervision ICLab Philips Sound & Vision : Ir. J.G. Sneep University OfTechnology Eindhoven : Prof. Dr. Ir. W.M.G. van Bokhoven The department ofelectrical engineering of the Eindhoven University ofTechnology does not accept any responsibility regarding the contents of student project and graduation reports Abstract Two balanced-integrator bandpass fIlters have been designed in a new technology called BIMOS-2 to provide for frequency selectivity before demodulation of FM audio signals in a VHS VCR. Existing transconduetor-C fIlters designed in BIMOS-1 teehnology, suffer from some major drawbacks that can be solved by using tbe baIanced-integrator fIlter technique; high sensitivity to stray capacitors and poor dynamic range (for small signals tbe signal-to-noise ratio is a problem for large signals tbere is excessive distortion). The prototype of tbe transconduetance-C fIlter is reviewed and minimized, yielding an enormous gain in chip­ area. Signal Flow Graph teehniques transform tbe passive ladder prototype sixth-order elliptic bandpass fIlters to an active fIlter that uses balanced integrators as main building blocks. MOS resistors are used instead of diffused resistors to obtain a voltage controlled time constant, thus eliminating the effect of many fabrication and environmental variations. Compensating capacitors account for phase shifts in MOS transistors due to intrinsic capacitances, while balanced amplifiers are used to cancel all even order transistor non-linearities. Applying a WfL dimension of 15/7.5 for tbe MOS resistors tbe influence of the compensation capacitor value on the fIlter charaeteristics is minimal, while the gate voltage control range is sufficient to account for both process as weIl as temperature variations. The designed balanced amplifier meet the high gain-bandwidth requirement of about 600 MHz posed on it. A compensation RC-network assures stability at high frequencies. 'Over-compensation' of the MOS resistors partly eliminates phase-shifts of the balanced amplifier, obtaining an optimally flat fIlter design over the passband. To assure temperature stability an extensive automatic tuning circuit is designed; over a temperature range from 25 to 125 ·C and a supply voltage range from 4.75 to 5.5 Volt, a frequency shift of approximately 2 kHz is obtained. A fIlter with expeeted good immunity to power supply and temperature variations, process variations and parasitic capacitances was realised and simulation results are presented. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. The LC-prototype filter 3 3. Signal Flow Graph method 7 4. MOS resistors 13 4.1 Introduction 13 4.2 Non-linearity cancellation 14 4.3 Compensation ofparasitic capacitances 16 4.4 NMOS or PMOS transistors, WL - ratio 19 s. The rulIy balanced amplifier 22 5.1 Introduction 22 5.2 Transconductance enhancement 23 5.3 Negative input resistance 25 5.4 The load circuit 29 6. The tuning circuit 32 6.1 Introduction 32 6.2 Common-mode input voltage and tail current 33 6.3 Gate control voltage 34 7. Chip implementation 37 Zl Introduction 37 Z2 Layout setup 37 Z3 BIMOS-2 versus BIMOS-1 38 8. The fmal filter circuit and the butTers 40 8.1 Introduction 40 8.2 The buffers 40 8.3 Simulation results ofthe final filter circuit 42 9. Conclusions 46 10. Rererences 47 Appendices 48 Appendix I: prototype f1Iter characteristics Al Appendix 2 : ideal balanced-integrator f1Iter charaeteristics A2 Appendix 3 : effect of finite De gain and non-dominant poles of the balanced amplifier A3 Appendix 4 : balanced amplifier charaeteristics A4 Appendix 5 : characteristics of the tuning circuit, variations with temperature A6 Appendix 6 : buffer simulations, slew rate effects A8 Appendix 7 : charaeteristics of the fmal balanced-integrator f1Iter AlO Appendix 8 : the circuits Al4 Appendix 9 : the fmal layout of both bandpass f1Iters, tuning circuit and buffers A21 Philips Sound &. Vision Continuous-Timt: BaJanct:d-Intt:grator Bandpass Filtt:rs In BIMOS-2 1. Introduction In integrated filter design many techniques are available to implement analogue, sampled-data or digital filters. Where the division hetween the analog and digital filters is located and which tecbnique is the most suitable for a specitic application depends on power consumption and performance. Additionally production costs have to he kept to a minimum, so the required chip-area should he minimized using a suitable teehnology. In the case of a hi-ft VHS video-recorder FM sound recording is used for reproducing stereo sound with high quality. Tbe two carrier frequencies of the modulated audio signals are 1.4 MHz and 1.8 MHz (in PAL­ mode). To provide for frequency selectivity hefore demodulation of the two audio FM signals two analog bandpass filters are required. Integration of the bandpass filters is attractive as they replace the large and expensive LC-filters. When integrating active RC-filters some difficulties have to he coped with. Process, temperature and environmental variations, parasitics and fabrication tolerances put strong demands on chip integration and predictability of performance. A frrst implementation of the bandpass filters is made in a teehnology called BIMOS-1 using tuned transconductors, so-called transconductor-C or OTA-C filters. Although these filters meet the specifications they have several major drawbacks : 2 • chip-area much too large : ca. 3.4 mm ; • high sensitivity to stray capacitors : these capacitors directly shunt the integration capacitors; • poor dynamic range - for small signals, signal-to-noise ratio is a problem; - for large signals there is excessive distortion. Tbe frrst problem probably can he solved by applying a new teebnology, called BIMOS-2, and by reviewing the topology of the already implemented transconduetance-C filters. A filter technique that seems to have an answer to the last two problems is the balanced-integrator teehnique : • the balanced-integrator structure is inberently less insensitive to stray capacitors; • the noise is merely determined by the resistors in the filter; • the balanced structure eliminates a large part of the non-linearity in the filter. In this report the usefulness of balanced integrators as the major building blocks for the VHS - FM audio bandpass ftlters is examined. Tbe simulation and test results of the bandpass ftlters designed in BIMOS-1 using transconductors, can directly he compared to the bandpass ftlter design in BIMOS-2 based on balanced integrators. In this way a good evaluation of the new technology BIMOS-2 is possible, while on the other band some of the disadvantages of the 'old' transeonductance-C filter can he eliminated. 1 Philips Sound 4t Visioll Co1/lillUous-Time BaJanced-Integrator Bandpass Filters lil BIMOS-2 The design objectives for the two bandpass filters were : -3 dB Bandwidth (BW. ) 300 kHz • 3dB • Centre frequencies (fd and f.,.,) 1.4 MHz 11.8 MHz • Stopband attenuation fç ±250 kHz > 9 dB fç ±400 kHz > 30 dB • Group delay variations in pass band < 1IJ.s • Temperature drift < 200 ppmfK 25°C < T < 125 °C • Supply voltage 4.75 V < V~p1y < 5.5 V • Power consumption < 12 mAl 5 V • RMS noise voltage density at output port < 1.5 IJ.V I v'Hz • Chip area < 1 Olm? The Signal Flow Graph (SFG) teehnique is used for designing the balanced-integrator filters. This technique transforms a passive ladder prototype filter into an active fJlter which bas integrators as the basic unit. The prototype chosen is presented in Sectïon 2, while the transition to a balanced-integrator configuration with the SFG method is descrihed in Section 3. High quality sound reproduction demands the control of the filter response lo he very accurate. Therefore undesirable variations as mentioned above, have lo he taken into consideration. To obtain control of the filter response, a variabie and controllable time constant is necessary within the filter. This is achieved by introducing MOS transistors hehaving as voltage-controUed, variabie resistors. Section 4 presents the MOS transistor as a variabie resistor, and describes some techniques lo compensate for stray capacitance and non­ linearity effects. Balanced amplifiers are used lo partly cancel some of the non-linearity effeets in the two fJlters. The balanced amplifier is presented in Sectïon 5. Automatic on-chip tuning is implemented for setting the two bandpass fJlters lo the desired frequencies every time the VCR is switched on. In a bias circuit the value of the MOS-resistors in the fJlters is tuned with a reference current. This current is aceurately generated by a DAC and enables the designer lo shift the fJlter curves over the frequency axis at will.
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