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Op Amps for Everyone This Page Intentionally Left Blank Op Amps for Everyone Op Amps for Everyone This page intentionally left blank Op Amps for Everyone Fifth Edition Bruce Carter Analog Signal Chain and Power Supply Specialist, Texas, USA Ron Mancini Consultant, USA Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-811648-7 For information on all Newnes publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Mara E. Conner Acquisition Editor: Tim Pitts Editorial Project Manager: Charlotte Kent Production Project Manager: Mohanapriyan Rajendran Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals This book is dedicated to Dr. Tracy Fanarada brilliant scientist and great role model for young women (and young men) seeking a career in the sciences. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................. xv List of Tables .................................................................................................xxiii Foreword ........................................................................................................xxv Chapter 1: The Op Amp’s Place in the World...................................................... 1 1.1 The Problem........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Solution........................................................................................................... 1 1.3 The Birth of the Op Amp...................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 The Vacuum Tube Era....................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 The Transistor Era ............................................................................................. 3 1.3.3 The IC Era.......................................................................................................... 3 Reference ...................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations....................................... 7 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions ................................................................................ 8 2.3 The Noninverting Op Amp.................................................................................. 9 2.4 The Inverting Op Amp ...................................................................................... 11 2.5 The Adder........................................................................................................... 12 2.6 The Differential Amplifier................................................................................. 12 2.7 Complex Feedback Networks............................................................................ 14 2.8 Impedance Matching Amplifiers ....................................................................... 15 2.9 Capacitors........................................................................................................... 16 2.10 Why an Ideal Op Amp Would Destroy the Known Universe.......................... 17 2.11 Summary ............................................................................................................ 18 Chapter 3: Single-Supply Op Amp Design Techniques ......................................... 21 3.1 Single Supply Versus Dual Supply ..................................................................... 21 Chapter 4: DC-Coupled Single-Supply Op Amp Design Techniques....................... 31 4.1 An Introduction to DC-Coupled, Single-Supply Circuits................................... 31 4.2 Simple Application to Get You Started .............................................................. 31 4.3 Circuit Analysis.................................................................................................... 33 vii Contents 4.4 Simultaneous Equations....................................................................................... 38 4.4.1 Case 1: VOUT ¼þmVIN þ b.......................................................................... 39 4.4.2 Case 2: VOUT ¼þmVIN À b.......................................................................... 43 4.4.3 Case 3: VOUT ¼mVIN þ b.......................................................................... 46 4.4.4 Case 4: VOUT ¼mVIN À b.......................................................................... 49 4.5 Summary .............................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 5: On Beyond Case 4.......................................................................... 53 5.1 A Continuum of Applications ............................................................................. 53 5.2 Noninverting Attenuator With Zero Offset ......................................................... 54 5.3 Noninverting Attenuation With Positive Offset .................................................. 54 5.4 Noninverting Attenuation With Negative Offset ................................................ 54 5.5 Inverting Attenuation With Zero Offset.............................................................. 55 5.6 Inverting Attenuation With Positive Offset......................................................... 56 5.7 Inverting Attenuation With Negative Offset ....................................................... 56 5.8 Noninverting Buffer ............................................................................................. 57 5.9 Signal Chain Design ............................................................................................ 58 Chapter 6: Feedback and Stability Theory.......................................................... 59 6.1 Introduction to Feedback Theory ........................................................................ 59 6.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations............................................................ 59 6.3 Feedback Equation and Stability......................................................................... 62 6.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits................................................................... 65 6.5 Bode Analysis Applied to Op Amps................................................................... 68 6.6 Loop Gain Plots Are the Key to Understanding Stability ................................. 71 6.7 The Second-Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions...................... 74 References................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 7: Development of the Nonideal Op Amp Equations............................... 77 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 77 7.2 Review of the Canonical Equations .................................................................... 78 7.3 Noninverting Op Amps........................................................................................ 80 7.4 Inverting Op Amps .............................................................................................. 82 7.5 Differential Op Amps .......................................................................................... 84 7.6 Are You Smarter Than an Op Amp? .................................................................. 85 Chapter 8: Voltage-Feedback
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