MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Vliv Kultury Na Sebevražednost: Analýza Kulturně-Historických Faktorů U Severských Zemí

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Vliv Kultury Na Sebevražednost: Analýza Kulturně-Historických Faktorů U Severských Zemí MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra sociologie Vliv kultury na sebevražednost: analýza kulturně-historických faktorů u severských zemí Diplomová práce Vypracoval: Bc. Jakub Roubalík Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Tomáš Katrňák, Ph.D. Brno 2017 1 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím níže uvedených zdrojů a literatury. V Brně dne 3. 1. 2017 ………………………………… 2 Tímto bych chtěl poděkovat vedoucímu práce doc. PhDr. Tomáši Katrňákovi, Ph.D. za trpělivé a podnětné vedení mé diplomové práce. 3 1 Obsah 2 Úvod ................................................................................................................................... 5 3 Sociologie sebevraždy ........................................................................................................ 9 3.1 Před Durkheimem – historický a myšlenkový kontext ................................................ 9 3.2 Durkheimova koncepce sebevraždy .......................................................................... 11 3.3 T. G. Masaryk a teorie sebevraždy ............................................................................. 13 4 Sebevražednost a kultura .................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Problém definice kultury ........................................................................................... 15 4.2 Stigmatizace sebevraždy ............................................................................................ 17 4.3 Problém mezikulturního srovnání .............................................................................. 20 4.4 Problém validity u oficiálních statistik ...................................................................... 22 5 Vybrané oblasti a země ..................................................................................................... 24 5.1 Zpráva WHO o sebevraždách .................................................................................... 24 5.2 Sebevražednost ve světovém a evropském srovnání ................................................. 25 5.3 Skandinávský „sebevražedný“ fenomén .................................................................... 26 5.3.1 Hendinův klíčový výzkum Dánska, Švédska a Norska ...................................... 28 5.3.2 Kritika Hendina .................................................................................................. 30 5.3.3 Současnost: Dánsko, Švédsko, Norsko............................................................... 31 5.4 Baltské státy a sebevražednost ................................................................................... 35 5.4.1 Litva a sebevražednost........................................................................................ 37 5.4.2 Lotyšsko a sebevražednost ................................................................................. 41 5.4.3 Estonsko a sebevražednost ................................................................................. 42 5.5 Zjištění: komparace Skandinávie a Baltu .................................................................. 43 6 Diskuze: potenciální vliv dalších dimenzí ........................................................................ 46 6.1 Role genetiky u sebevražednosti ................................................................................ 46 6.2 Efekt globalizace ........................................................................................................ 49 7 Závěr ................................................................................................................................. 51 8 Seznam použité literatury ................................................................................................. 54 9 Jmenný rejstřík ................................................................................................................. 59 10 Seznam tabulek a grafů..................................................................................................... 61 11 Abstrakt ............................................................................................................................ 62 12 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 63 4 2 Úvod Sebevražda je aktem vědomým, kdy jedinec se rozhodne ukončit své působení na tomto světě násilnou smrtí. Faktory vedoucí k tomuto rozhodnutí jsou podle pionýrských autorů o sebevraždách důsledkem společenské situace. Podle Durkheima se jedná o určité suicidogenní proudy panující ve společnosti, které mají specifický vliv na chování jedince. To zmiňuje také nepřímo Masaryk, kdy jeho analýza statistik míry sebevražednosti napříč evropskými zeměmi ho vede k závěru, že sebevražda je jev sui generis. Jinými slovy míry sebevražednosti se různí napříč evropskými zeměmi, ale ve svém národním kontextu zůstávají relativně stabilní, což je hypotéza Durkheimova. S určitou rezervou lze tedy hovořit o jakési kulturní podmíněnosti, díky které se statistiky odlišují napříč zeměmi. Masaryk ke kulturní podmíněnosti dodává povahu fyzické přírody kromě faktorů uvedených Durkheimem.1 Role kultury vybízí k tomu, abychom se ji snažili rozebrat více ve vztahu se sebevraždou. Je nutno připustit, že kulturní kontext je pouze jedním z několika faktorů mající vliv na míru sebevražednosti. Nicméně je to důležitý faktor, zejména podle aktuální literatury (Hjelmeland 2010, Hjelmeland a Knizek 2010), která hledá další dimenzi pohledu na sebevražednost, proto bude v mojí práci hlavním předmětem sociologického úsilí. Předchozí práce věnující se sebevražednosti na českém území se věnovaly více otázkám deskripce sociologie sebevraždy (Agakishieva 2015) nebo problematice sociálních determinantů sebevraždy (Tyrychtrová 2013, Katrňák a Tyrychtrová 2016). Populární větví sociologie, resp. diplomových prací zabývajících se sebevraždou, je také porovnávání základních sociálních determinantů u vybraných zemí Evropy, často v porovnání s Českou republikou. Této tématice se kromě jiných věnovaly práce Antonové (2013) či Strnadové (2015). Je tak vidět, že užití sociálních a socioekonomických faktorů je poměrně dominantním přístupem k sebevraždě. Má práce se bude chtít pohybovat trochu jiným směrem, po inspiraci z jakéhosi kulturního manifestu uveřejněného v online impaktovaném časopisem Suicidology online (Hjelmeland a Knizek 2010) a načrtnout roli kultury na sebevraždy. Jsem si vědom, že ve spojení s kulturou a jejím pojmoslovím nepanuje v sociologické obci příliš velká shoda, naopak pojem kultury je více problematický než mnohdy užitečný. Přesto se nenechám odradit tímto teoretickým rozpoložením a pokusím se vhodně implementovat dimenzi kultury ke vztahu k sebevražednosti. Také omezím konceptuální zátěž pojící se sebevražedností, která 1 I když je tomu vlastně naopak, neboť Masaryk napsal svou práci o několik let dříve a je to tedy Durkheim, kdo se jeho prací mohl inspirovat. 5 udělala ze sebevraždy pojem obtížně uchopitelný a problematický k výzkumu. V podobném duchu představím kulturní dimenzi jako hodnotnou alternativu (nebo jako vhodný komplementární nástroj) k převládajícímu výzkumu pomocí kvantitativních technik, které v současnosti dominují. Domnívám se, že právě alternativa kulturní dimenze je nezbytnou součástí porozumění vnímání a postojům k sebevraždám, která se díky mnoha faktorům (pohlaví, kultura, stigma, tabu, náboženství, pospolitost) může odlišovat od statistických údajů. Obsah práce bude následující.2 V první kapitole se zaměřím na základní teorie sebevraždy, jak ji popisovali Durkheim, Masaryk, s přesahy do role kulturních vlivů, které v jejích klasických knihách naleznu. Dále k lepšímu uchopení použiju kritické reflexe dalších sociálně-vědních autorů z nedávné doby, aby tak poznatky byly co nejnovější. Tento referenční rámec poskytne výchozí bod pro další práci s rolí kultury. Na tuto základní konceptualizaci navážu dalšími autory, zejména současnými, kteří znovu posuzovali sebevraždy a zaměřovali se více na roli kultury. Zaměřím se rovněž na nedostatky a kritiku, které tento postup může nabývat. Další větší kapitola poslouží jako krátké představení situace sebevražednosti ve světovém měřítku, s tím, že se budu hlavně soustředit na země z evropského prostředí. Pro tuto práci jsem zvolil Skandinávii3, která díky své geografické poloze bývá často spojována se specifickou kulturou, kde sebevražednost je poměrně častá (Szalavitz 2011). Na tomto příkladu se budu snažit poukázat na složitost aspektu sebevražednosti, který proniká do mnoha sociálně-kulturních aspektů. Jako dodatek ke skandinávským zemím jsem si zvolil země Baltu, které jsou zajímavé nejvyšší mírou sebevražednosti v Litvě v rámci Evropy, a proto svůj výklad budu soustředit hlavně na ni. Do Baltu patří také Estonsko a Lotyšsko, které nedisponují tak vysokými údaji sebevražednosti a zároveň předchozí výzkumné úsilí bylo nevalné. Představím tak jejich jednotlivé charakteristiky, doplněné zejména kvalitativním popisem načteným z různorodých zdrojů, který by měl vytvořit komplexní pohled a důvody, proč země mají vyšší míry sebevražednosti než ostatní, jsou-li při tom geografickými sousedy. Nakonec v diskuzi se budu zabývat dalšími vlivy, které mohou mít vliv na sebevražednost a v posledních letech jejich určitou redukci. Ať už to bude kapitolka o validitě a kvalitě dat nebo globalizačních vlivech. Globalizace zde bude představena jako jakýsi externí faktor, 2 V našem putování a porovnání mezi kulturními a geografickými předpoklady
Recommended publications
  • Lithuanians and Poles Against Communism After 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom?
    Lithuanians and Poles against Communism after 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom? The project has been co-financed by the Department of Public and Cultural Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs within the competition ‘Cooperation in the field of public diplomacy 2013.’ The publication expresses only the views of the author and must not be identified with the official stance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The book is available under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0, Poland. Some rights have been reserved to the authors and the Faculty of International and Po- litical Studies of the Jagiellonian University. This piece has been created as a part of the competition ‘Cooperation in the Field of Public Diplomacy in 2013,’ implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2013. It is permitted to use this work, provided that the above information, including the information on the applicable license, holders of rights and competition ‘Cooperation in the field of public diplomacy 2013’ is included. Translated from Polish by Anna Sekułowicz and Łukasz Moskała Translated from Lithuanian by Aldona Matulytė Copy-edited by Keith Horeschka Cover designe by Bartłomiej Klepiński ISBN 978-609-8086-05-8 © PI Bernardinai.lt, 2015 © Jagiellonian University, 2015 Lithuanians and Poles against Communism after 1956. Parallel Ways to Freedom? Editet by Katarzyna Korzeniewska, Adam Mielczarek, Monika Kareniauskaitė, and Małgorzata Stefanowicz Vilnius 2015 Table of Contents 7 Katarzyna Korzeniewska, Adam Mielczarek, Monika Kareniauskaitė, Małgorzata
    [Show full text]
  • When the Victim Is a Woman
    Chapter Four 113 When the Victim is a Woman he demographics of armed violence are and suffering, especially given that violence T often described in general terms. Men— against women seldom occurs as an isolated especially young men—are determined incident. It is often the culmination of escalating to be most likely to kill and be killed. Women, it aggressions that in some cases lead to fatal out- is often said, are affected in different ways: as comes. Moreover, when a woman is killed, there victims, survivors, and often as single heads of are also frequently indirect casualties; perpetra- households. Yet on closer inspection these crude tors sometimes commit suicide while also taking WHEN THE VICTIM IS A WOMAN generalizations are found wanting. This chapter the lives of others, including children, witnesses, unpacks global patterns of armed violence directed and bystanders. Many women who endure abusive against women. It focuses on ‘femicide’—the and violent relationships also commit suicide in killing of a woman—as well as sexual violence order to end their misery. The sharp increase in committed against women during and following reported suicide and self-immolation among Afghan 1 armed conflict. women is attributed to severe forms of psycho- logical, physical, and sexual violence, including 2 Men generally represent a disproportionately forced marriage (MOWA, 2008, pp. 12–13). high percentage of the victims of homicide, while 3 women constitute approximately 10 per cent of The violent killing of any individual is a tragedy 4 homicide victims in Mexico, 23 per cent in the with traumatic knock-on effects; it generates far- United States, and 29 per cent in Australia (INEGI, reaching repercussions that reflect the victim’s 5 2009; FBI, 2010; ABS, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Naujasis Židinys-Aidai
    naujasis židinys-aidai Laiškas redaktoriui Nustebimai ViLius Bartninkas 1 Guoda azGuridienė stabilumas – misija neįmanoma 57 Gailių klano premija 2015 Vytautas aLišauskas Laudatio kun. juliui sasnauskui OFM 3 aPŽVaLGa Pastabos Mantas Tamošaitis. Literatūrinis metų derlius: Laurynas PeLuritis ar gražiai nuaugęs ir apie ką? Pastebėjimai Kariuomenė ir laisvė 5 po Vilniaus knygų mugės 59 Katarzyna Korzeniewska. istorikai, sociologai Įžvalgos ir sovietmečio konferencijos 62 kęstutis k. Girnius Lietuvos užsienio politika déjà vu 6 Mažvydas Jastramskis. ar pakeis Lietuvą tiesioginiai merų rinkimai? 65 Visuomenė egidijus Vareikis. Poncijaus Piloto danutė GaiLienė. savižudybės Lietuvoje: pėdomis: žmogaus teisės – kieno vardu? 68 sociokultūrinis kontekstas 10 Knygų mugė 70 Atmintis oLeksandra GaidaJ. „Viso gero, Leninai!“: Užsklanda sovietinės atminties paveldas Vidurio ukrainoje 20 BaziLiJus aGriPa 50 BVP procentų: (Lietuvos kariūno sapnas) 72 Istorija JuozaPas BLaŽiūnas. Pasakojimas apie „beveik“ LdK kolonijas Gambijoje ir Tobage 29 Akademybė toMas dauGirdas Gardžių bandelių patriotizmas 38 Kas pasaulyje ne taip GiLBert k. ChestertoN. Beprotiška būtinybė 40 skilčių logotipai: Įžvalgos – Gordon Edvard Craig. Book of Penny Toys. 1899. iliustracija. Medžio raižinys; Akademy- Proza bė – Gargulė (Oksfordas, naujoji kolegija); Nustebimai – ernst theodor aMadeus hoffMann. XViii a. nežinomo anglų autoriaus graviūros frag mentas. Panelė de skiuderi (ii): Pasakojimas iš Viršelyje – Gintaras Znamierowski. „Pavasario aidai“ iš cik- Liudviko XiV laikų 43
    [Show full text]
  • The Political and Social Consequences of Romas Kalanta's
    A Death Transformed: The Political and Social Consequences of Romas Kalanta’s Self Immolation, Soviet Lithuania, 1972 Amanda Jeanne Swain A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: Glennys Young, Chair James Felak Guntis Smidchens Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History © Copyright 2013 Amanda Jeanne Swain University of Washington Abstract A Death Transformed: The Political and Social Consequences of Romas Kalanta’s Self Immolation, Soviet Lithuania, 1972 Amanda Jeanne Swain Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Glennys Young History “A Death Transformed: The Political and Social Consequences of Romas Kalanta’s Self- Immolation, Soviet Lithuania, 1972” explores Soviet and post-Soviet interpretive narratives and political practices in response to two days of street demonstrations that followed the 1972 suicide of a nineteen-year-old man in Soviet Lithuania. My analysis reveals that Communist authorities and participating youth viewed the demonstrations as a struggle over the acceptable boundaries and content of modern Soviet youth culture. Despite extensive evidence that by 1972 youth were actively negotiating the boundaries of what were acceptable activities, Communist authorities and young people operated within an ideological framework that denied young people’s capacity to express discontent with the Soviet system. In post-Communist Lithuania, social and political elites constructed narratives of May 1972 that reclaimed agency by representing the demonstrations alternatively as nationalist dissent, civil resistance or Sixties-style youth protest. The diversity of narratives reflected on-going debates about the nature of post-Communist Lithuanian identity. This work seeks to make significant contributions to the historiography of the Soviet Union and to scholarship on the politics of memory and European integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of the International Scientific Conference on Medicine Organized Within the Frame of the 78Th International
    Issued since 1920 2020 VOLUME SUPPLEMENT 1 56 ABSTRACTS ABSTRACTS accepted for the International accepted for the International Scientific Conference Scientific Conference on Medicine on Medicine organized within the organized within the frame frame of the 78th International th of the 78 International th Scientific Conference Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia of the University of Latvia February 22, 2020 Riga, Latvia Riga, Latvia ISSN 1648-9233 Issued since 1920 Volume 56, Supplement 1, 2020 Abstracts accepted for the International Scientific Conference on Medicine organized within the frame of the 78th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia Riga, 2020 ISSN 1648-9233 Issued since 1920 Volume 56, Supplement 1, 2020 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. Dr. Edgaras Stankevičius Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania ASSOCIATE EDITORS Prof. Salvatore Di Somma Prof. Dr. Michael Christ Prof. Dr. Vytenis Arvydas Skeberdis University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania Prof. Dr. Gaetano Isola Prof. Dr. Vita Mačiulskienė University of Catania, Catania, Italy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Prof. Dr. Andrius Macas Kaunas, Lithuania Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Prof. Dr. Simone Ferrero Kaunas, Lithuania University of Genova, Genova, Italy Prof. Dr. Bayram Yılmaza Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey Assoc. Prof. Dr. Julius Liobikas Prof. Dr. Giovanni Tarantino Prof. Dr. Abdonas Tamošiunas Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, University of Naples Federico II | UNINA, Kaunas, Lithuania Naples, Italy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Dr. Ludovico Abenavoli Prof. Robert R. Birge Dr. Agustin Castiella Prof. Dr. Vincenzo Desiderio “Magna Græcia” University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Donostia University Hospital, University of Campania “Luigi Catanzaro, Ital USA Donostia, Spain Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Towards Suicide Among Regional Politicians in Lithuania, Austria, Hungary, Norway and Sweden
    Suicidology Online 2010; 1:79-87. ISSN 2078-5488 Original Research Attitudes towards suicide among regional politicians in Lithuania, Austria, Hungary, Norway and Sweden Paulius Skruibis1, Danute Gailiene1, Heidi Hjelmeland2,3, Reinhold Fartacek4, Sandor Fekete5, Birthe Loa Knizek2, Peter Osvath5, Ellinor Salander Renberg6, Rudolf R. Rohrer4 1 Vilnius University, Lithuania 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 3 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway 4 Paracelsus University, Salzburg, Austria 5 University of Pècs, Hungary 6 Umeå University, Sweden Submitted to SOL: 2nd May 2010; accepted: 19th September 2010; published: 25th September Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare attitudes towards suicide among regional politicians in five European countries, namely Austria, Hungary, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Attitudes of politicians are important as they are key persons in a suicide prevention context. All these countries differ significantly with respect to suicide rates and suicide prevention strategies. Previous research has shown that more permissive attitudes towards suicide are prevalent in countries with higher rates of suicide. Thus, we would expect that regional politicians in these countries would hold rather different attitudes towards suicide. The Attitudes Towards Suicide questionnaire (ATTS) was employed in the study. The results indicated that the acceptance of suicide was higher among Lithuanian, Hungarian and Austrian politicians (high suicide rate, no national prevention strategies), than among Norwegian and Swedish politicians (relatively low suicide rates, national prevention strategies). The same split in attitudes between low and high suicide rate areas was found concerning preparedness to help a person in a suicidal crisis. The only significant difference between male and female politicians was found with respect to perceived preventability of suicide, with male politicians being slightly more optimistic than female politicians.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Medicine Conference of the Baltic Medico-Legal Association
    Forensic Medicine Conference of the Baltic Medico-Legal Association BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Tallinn, Estonia 21st – 22nd of September 2017 Organised by EFSI Conference organizing committee President of the Conference Prof Marika Väli Secretary of the Conference Mrs Kertu Kulm Members: Mrs Heldi Kase Mrs Jana Tuusov Mrs Mailis Tõnisson Mrs Mariliis Tüvi Mrs Aime Riikoja Mrs Merike Rump Invited speakers Burkhard Madea, MD Professor of Forensic Medicine Chairman of Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn Germany Antti Sajantila, MD Professor of Genetic Forensic Medicine Professor in charge of teaching Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki Finland Ilkka Ojanperä, MD Professor of Forensic Toxicology Head of department Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki Finland Dear colleagues and friends On behalf of Estonian Forensic Science Institute, I sincerely welcome all the participants of the Conference of the Baltic Medico-Legal Association here in Tallinn. Tallinn is the capital city of Estonia and was established in the early medieval era and Tallinn Old Town is one of the best-pre- served Hanseatic town centres in the world. At the time of the BMLA 2017, Estonia is holding its first pres- idency of the Council of the European Union. This means that Estonia will be responsible for defining the Council of European Union positions while considering the interests of all member states, including the legal-medical and forensic science area. It is great honour for EFSI to organize this meeting and the organizing committee has done its very best to ensure the smooth course of the scientific and social program. Since now, over 100 international participants have registered their attendance to the conference and 55 abstracts have been received for oral and poster presentations.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Lithuania; Is Bullying a Key Player?
    Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Lithuania; Is Bullying a Key Player? MGH301: Epidemiology and biostatistics with special reference to social epidemiology Introduction Suicide is a public health problem worldwide, and one of the leading causes of death among adolescents (Zaborkis, Ilionsky & Heinz, 2018, WHO 2018a). Lithuania has the highest suicide mortality rate in the world, 31.9 per 100 000 population compared to a region average of 15.4, and high rate of suicide among adolescents (WHO 2018b). Another public health concern in Lithuania is the high levels of bullying among adolescents (Strukcinskiene, Andersson, & Janson, 2011). Bullying can be both physically and mentally and lead to both physical and mental health issues (Hertz, Donato, & Wright, 2013; Rivers 2013). Bullying can occur both in a specific environment and on the internet and social media anonymously (Zaborkis, Ilionsky, Tesler & Heinz, 2018; Mark et al., 2013). Research has shown a significant association between bullying and suicidality (Hertz, Donato, & Wright, 2013; Rivers 2013) Previous research on suicide in Lithuania (and Eastern Europe) has focused the role of the Soviet Union and the structural changes in post-Soviet countries (Minagawa, 2012), and on socioeconomic factors related to the recession in 2008 (Stankunas, Lindert, Avery, & Sorensen, 2013), as well as the role of the family (Zaborkis et al., 2018; Mark et al, 2013). To date no research has focused solely on the association between bullying and suicidality in Lithuania. This study will contribute to filling this gap and add to the body of research on suicide in Lithuania. For the purpose of this study the main outcome is suicide ideation as it is a significant precursor of suicide (Mark et al, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Psychosocial Autopsy Study of Suicide in Lithuania: Gender Differences
    LIAUGAUDAITE, ZEMAITIENE, RASKAUSKIENE et al. Psychosocial Autospy Study of Suicide Psychosocial Autopsy Study of Suicide in Lithuania: Gender Differences Savižudybių psichosocialinės autopsijos tyrimas Lietuvoje: lyčių skirtumai Vilma LIAUGAUDAITE1, Nida ZEMAITIENE2, Nijolė RASKAUSKIENE1, Laura DigrytE-Sertvytiene2, Irina BANIENE2, Valija SAP2, Alicja JUSKIENE1 1Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania 2 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Department of Health Psychology, Kaunas, Lithuania Summary SANTRAUKA Background. Psychosocial autopsy is one of the most valuable Įvadas. Psichosocialinės autopsijos tyrimas grindžiamas duomenų methods to examine the relationship between antecedents and suicide. rinkimu iš artimųjų/pažįstamų/draugų ar asmenų, gerai pažinojusių This method involves collection of data from relatives/acquaintances/ nusižudžiusius asmenis. Šie duomenys gali padėti atkurti friends or people who known well the suicide completers. This can nusižudžiusių asmenų psichosocialinę aplinką ir tokiu būdu suprasti help reconstruct the psychosocial environment of suicide completers savižudybių aplinkybes. and understand the circumstances of their death. Tikslas. Ištirti nusižudžiusių asmenų psichosocialinių veiksnių Aim. This study aimed to examine gender differences in psychosocial skirtumus tarp lyčių, naudojant psichosocialinės autopsijos metodą. factors among suicide completers. Metodai. Tyrimo imtį sudarė 145 nusižudę asmenys, kurių artimiausi
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are Suicides So Widespread in Catholic Lithuania?
    religions Review Why Are Suicides So Widespread in Catholic Lithuania? Danute˙ Gailiene˙ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Vilnius, Universiteto 9/1, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania; [email protected] Received: 20 December 2017; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 5 March 2018 Abstract: Religion as a protective factor against suicide was introduced in Durkheim’s theory of suicide and analysed from various perspectives in multiple studies. The Lithuanian case is intriguing because before WWII, along with Catholic Poland, it showed much lower suicide rates than its Protestant neighbours Latvia and Estonia. However, today Lithuania is among the leading countries in terms of the prevalence of suicide. Interestingly, not much has changed in Lithuania in terms of religious denomination—about 80% of population call themselves Catholic. The aim of this article was to explore which factors might have affected religions’ protective function against suicide during radical historical processes. The method of study consists of an analysis of historical sources, and of recent studies in suicidology and sociology of religion about suicide and religion in Lithuania. The results of this analysis show that two factors seem to be most important—heroicizing resistance suicides and experiencing long-term politics of atheisation. Keywords: religion; suicide rates; Lithuania 1. Introduction Religion as a protective factor against suicide was first introduced in Durkheim’s (Durkheim 1979) theory of suicide. He observed that the Protestant countries in Western Europe have higher suicide rates than the Catholic ones and related it to the stronger social cohesion and social integration among Catholics. Since then the association between religion and suicide has been analysed from various perspectives in multiple studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Silence on the Endemic Suicides in Lithuania: Background, Causes, and Prospective Solutions
    Dominican Scholar Honors Theses Student Scholarship 5-2017 Silence on the Endemic Suicides in Lithuania: Background, Causes, and Prospective Solutions Monika Barta Dominican University of California https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2017.HONORS.ST.17 Survey: Let us know how this paper benefits you. Recommended Citation Barta, Monika, "Silence on the Endemic Suicides in Lithuania: Background, Causes, and Prospective Solutions" (2017). Honors Theses. 18. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2017.HONORS.ST.17 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Dominican Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Dominican Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Silence on the Endemic Suicides in Lithuania: Background, Causes, and Prospective Solutions Abstract Suicide has long plagued Lithuania, establishing the small country as one of the global leaders in suicide mortality. The gravity of this nationwide issue may be the result of a variety of factors, including the country’s traumatic history, societal standards and taboos, high rates of alcohol consumption, and underdeveloped prevention programs. This research paper analyzes several decades of data obtained from prior studies to assess the underlying causes and contributing factors to Lithuania’s high rates of suicide. The primary goal of this paper is to raise awareness of Lithuania’s suicide epidemic and to propose feasible methods to ameliorate the
    [Show full text]
  • Sąvokos – Padėjimas Nusižudyti Ir Autanazija
    MYKOLO ROMERIO UNIVERSITETO TEISĖS FAKULTETO BAUDŽIAMOSIOS TEISĖS KATEDRA DAIVA RAPEČKAITĖ BAUDŽIAMOSIOS TEISĖS IR KRIMINOLOGIJOS STUDIJŲ PROGRAMA II kursas, BTKmd8-01 grupė PADĖJIMAS NUSIŽUDYTI KAIP PAVOJINGA VEIKA PAGAL LIETUVOS IR KITŲ VALSTYBIŲ BAUDŽIAMUOSIUS ĮSTATYMUS Magistro baigiamasis darbas Darbo vadovas – doc. dr. Laurynas Pakštaitis Vilnius, 2009 Turinys ĮVADAS............................................................................................................................................... 3 1 PADĖJIMAS NUSIŽUDYTI IR EUTANAZIJA. TERMINŲ VARTOJIMO PROBLEMATIKA............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 EUTANAZIJA, JOS RŪŠYS .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2 MIRTIS, KAIP GYDYMO ŠALUTINĖ PASEKMĖ (DVIGUBŲ PASEKMIŲ PRINCIPAS)................... 10 1.3 PADĖJIMAS NUSIŽUDYTI (ASISTUOTA SAVIŽUDYBĖ) ............................................................. 13 2 PADĖJIMO NUSIŽUDYTI ĮTEISINIMO PRAKTIKA PASAULYJE............................. 15 2.1 VALSTYBĖS, KURIOSE ĮTEISINTAS PADĖJIMAS NUSIŽUDYTI ................................................. 15 2.1.1 JAV ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Šveicarija........................................................................................................................ 18 2.2 VALSTYBĖS, KURIOSE ĮTEISINTAS
    [Show full text]