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THE UNIVERSITY of HULL What Kind of Space Does Sheffield

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THE UNIVERSITY of HULL What Kind of Space Does Sheffield THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL What Kind of Space Does Sheffield International College Provide for Its Students and Principal Stakeholders? Being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the University of Hull by Kevin Richard Smith, MA (Cantab); MEd (TESOL), The Victoria University of Manchester; MBA, University of Warwick; dip. RSA (TEFLA) March, 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 6 Frontispiece ....................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Personal interest..................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 – The University Context: Global and Local Challenges for UK HE ............ 18 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Historical Background ........................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 The University ................................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 Kaplan and the for-profit international pathway college ................................ 24 2.3 Contemporary Context – Global Trends ............................................................... 28 2.3.1 The Growth of Internationalisation in Higher Education ............................... 28 2.3.2 Globalisation and Higher Education ............................................................... 28 2.3.3 Emerging trends .............................................................................................. 34 2.3.4 The alternate view ........................................................................................... 39 2.3.5 Summary ......................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3 - Theories, Concepts and Terminology: their relevance to the research ........ 44 3.1 The Third Space .................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Spaces: educational, organizational and cultural................................................... 46 3.2.1 Educational Space ........................................................................................... 46 Page 2 3.2.2 Organizational Space ...................................................................................... 50 3.2.3 Cultural Space ................................................................................................. 52 3.3 Limitations of previous research ........................................................................... 53 Chapter 4 - Methodological Considerations ................................................................... 55 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Methodology, reliability and validity .................................................................... 56 4.3 Research Design .................................................................................................... 59 4.3.1 Case Study ...................................................................................................... 59 4.3.2 Sample ............................................................................................................ 62 4.3.3 Methods of data collection .............................................................................. 64 4.4 Ethics ..................................................................................................................... 71 4.4.1 Ethics Approval .............................................................................................. 71 4.4.2 Role of the Researcher .................................................................................... 74 4.5 Summary................................................................................................................ 78 Chapter 5 - Results drawn from Archival Sources, Questionnaires & Interviews.......... 80 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 80 5.2 Educational Space ................................................................................................ 81 5.2.1 What is the genesis of SIC and others of its type? ......................................... 81 5.2.2 What are the educational goals of the College and are they achieved? .......... 86 5.2.3 Summary: The genesis of the College, its goals and their achievment ........ 109 5.3 Organizational Space ........................................................................................... 110 5.3.1 The relationship between the College have and principal stakeholders ....... 110 Page 3 5.3.2 How effective have these relationships been in delivering the goals? ......... 113 5.3.3 Summary ....................................................................................................... 113 5.4. Cultural Space .................................................................................................... 113 5.4.1 To what extent does SIC provide a ‘Third Space’ for its stakeholders? ...... 113 5.4.2 Summary ....................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 6 – Discussion.................................................................................................. 118 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 118 6.2 Educational Space ............................................................................................... 119 6.2.1 What is the genesis of SIC and others of its type? ....................................... 119 6.2.2 The educational goals of the College and their achievement ....................... 123 6.3 Organizational Space ........................................................................................... 128 6.4 Cultural Space ..................................................................................................... 135 Chapter 7 – Concluding observations and recommendations ....................................... 138 Appendix A: International Pathways Colleges in the UK (August 2013) .................... 144 Appendix B: The Kaplan International College Graduate Outcomes ........................... 145 Appendix C: Survey Statements and Interview Questions ........................................... 147 Appendix D: Academic Programmes at SIC ................................................................ 152 Appendix E: Sample interview transcripts .................................................................... 156 References ..................................................................................................................... 187 Page 4 Acknowledgements This has been a journey which started in 2006. Being entirely self-funded my first acknowledgement must go to my wife who has seen thousands of pounds either poured down the drain or invested in our future – it all depends on her perspective. I feel a research project coming on already. She is to be doubly thanked as every holiday opportunity that we have had over the period has been given over to my studies. Thank-you, Debra, for your unwavering support and sacrifice. I must also acknowledge another in that regard, Professor Mike Bottery, my doctoral supervisor whose confidence in my ability to complete this thesis successfully has sustained me through the times when I felt it could not be done. Thank-you, Mike, for your support and belief. Central to this thesis has been the willingness of survey respondents and interviewees to give freely of their time. To them, I am indebted. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the students and staff of Sheffield International College, that Third Space which offers us a glimpse into the future, where students become intercultural speakers, where differing organizations can learn to accommodate each other and in so doing, to create a very exciting test-tube of experiment and opportunity, and a place where cultures mix and mingle so that we may learn to ‘elude the politics of polarity and emerge as the others of ourselves.’ Page 5 Abstract This thesis is concerned with one example of the recent phenomenon of International Pathway Colleges, Sheffield International College. It is a case study designed to answer initial questions and identify areas for future research, which uses the lens of The Third Space (Bhabha, 1994) to investigate the educational, organizational and cultural aspects of the College. Chapter one presents a series of research questions to support the investigation. Chapter two’s literature review uses a framework suggested by Ridley (2008) to establish background, context, theories and concepts, terminology and previous research and its limitations. An ever-evolving HE sector and a for-profit educational and media
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