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The USS Philadelphia ... Recaptured? Checks in U.S The INA Quarterly Volume 27· No.4 Winter 2000 3 The Last Field Season on the Pepper Wreck: A Preliminary Analysis of the Hull Filipe Castro MEMBERSHIP Institute of Nautical Archaeology P.O. Drawer HG 10 The Artifacts from Sao Juliao da Barra College Station, TX 77841-5137 Sara R. Brigadier Learn firsthand of the latest discov­ 13 Underwater Archaeological Evidence from Pantelleria eries in nautical archaeology. Mem­ Marco E. Chioffi and Sebastiano Tusa bers receive the INA Quarterly and other benefits (see INA Quarterly 16 Diving into Knowledge:Two Schools for Scientific Divers 25.1,27). William H. Charlton Jr. Researcher (students only) ..... $25 Seafarer .................. $40-99 20 Notes from the Cenotes Surveyor .............. $100-249 William H. Charlton Jr. Diver ................... $250-499 Restorer ................ $500-999 24 Notes From The Cenotes-Dos Curator ........... $1,000-$2,499 William H. Charlton Jr. Excavator ........... $2,500-4,999 Archaeologist ...... $5,000-9,999 Navigator .......... $10,000-24,999 25 Profile: M. Gail Vermillion Anchor ..........$25,000 and over 26 The USS Philadelphia ... Recaptured? Checks in U.S. currency should be made payable to INA. The portion of any do­ Brett Phaneuf nation in excess of $10.00 is a tax-de­ ductible, charitable contribution. 28 Historic Shipwrecks: Discovered, Protected, and Investigated By Valerie Fenwick and Alison Gale Reviewed by Christine Powell 29 News and Notes On the cover: Divers lift a frame from the Pepper Wreck near Lisbon, Portu­ 30 In Memoriam gal. Photo: Guilherme Garcia. Willard Newell Bascom 31 Index Volume 27 © November 2000 by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. All rights reserved. INA welcomes requests to reprint iNA Quarterly articles and illustrations. Articles for publication should be submitted in hard copy and on a 3.25 diskette (Macintosh, DOS, or Wmdows format acceptable) along with all artwork. Please address all requests and submissions to the Editor, INA Quarterly, P.O. Drawer HG, College Station, TX 77841-5137; tel (979) 845-6694, fax (979) 847-9260, e-mail [email protected]. The Home Page for INA is at http://nautarch.tamu.edu/ina/ The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit scientific and educational organization, incorporated in 1972. Since 1976, INA has been affiliated with Texas A&M University, where INA faculty teach in the Nautical Archaeology Program of the Department of Anthro­ pology. The opinions expressed in Quarterly articles are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute. The INA Quarterly was formerly the INA Newsletter (vols. 1-18). Editor: Christine A. Powell The Last Field Season on the Pepper Wreck: A Preliminary Analysis of the Hull Filipe Castro It is almost as satisfying to reach a milestone in a The wreck is located within an area that might be significant project as to look back on a completed job well termed an archaeological complex, a relatively small stretch done. The fourth and final season on the Pepper Wreck (Site of sea bottom containing several shipwrecks (fig. 1). The SJB2) finished in August 2000, at least in terms of the field strong dynamics of the sea and the annual shift of sedi­ work. The ship, believed to be Nossa Senhora dos Martires, ments have combined to mix the artifacts from several sank at the mouth of the Tagus River at Sao Juliao da Barra wrecks. This site is an interesting and rich ship graveyard, just outside Lisbon on September 15, 1606. INA joined the but it is also a true nightmare for archaeologists. The materi­ Instituto Portugues de Arqueologia (IP A), which sponsored al culture represented in the collection of artifacts encom­ the excavation through its underwater archaeology depart­ passes a period of over 350 years. According to a CNANS ment, the Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Nautica e Sub­ database, many wrecks were lost at the "mouth" of the Ta­ aquatica (CNANS). In this last season, we were also gus, a general designation that encompasses a very exten­ sponsored by MARCASCAIS, the company that manages sive area. Fortunately, the area of the fortress of Sao Juliao the new marina of Cascais, where our boats were stationed. da Barra is small and well defined. The official documents The Pepper Wreck, thought to be the remains of an refer to most vessels wrecked here specifically as being lost early seventeenth-century Portuguese East Indiaman, was off the fort, rather than at some less precise designation. These discovered in 1994. Excava- known sites date from the tion, begun in 1996, yielded a 10: late sixteenth century to the collection of thousands of ar- middle twentieth century (ta­ .. ~ .. tifacts, as well as part of the '26j ble 1). The records often cor­ hull structure (see INA Quar­ respond with and explain the terly 26.4, 12-15). Our objec­ provenience of artifacts re­ tives in 2000 were to complete trieved or located near Sao the recording of the remain­ 9 Juliao da Barra. ing hull timbers to permit 8 The first challenge of study, analysis, and partial re­ this study has been the iden­ construction of the hull. tification of the Pepper ,~~":'''''' Some of the timbers , .~; Wreck, designated as SJB2 in ).:.::' were raised and some left in 11 13 the map of the complex. One situ, protected from the strong 3 important clue was a thin 6 17 dynamics of the sea under a ~\ 14 layer of peppercorns, cover­ layer of sandbags. We inspect­ SJB2-Nossa"Seri!0f8dosMatfires ing the hull timbers. These ed a new area scarcely one hun­ extended over a very large dred meters from the SJB2 site, Map: F. Castro area that contained a very ho­ where timber remains had mogeneous collection of ar­ been spotted last winter by our Fig. 1. The S/B2 shipwreck site. tifacts from the late sixteenth longtime collaborator and close century and early seven­ friend Carlos Martins. This experienced diver has found most teenth century. The Chinese, Japanese, and Burmese pottery of the sites around Sao Juliao da Barra, and has been our found in the pepper layer can be dated to this same period. best guide to archaeological sites on that rough bottom. Un­ It bears a great resemblance to the ceramics collection of the fortunately, a layer of sand no less than two meters thick, as Manila galleon San Diego, wrecked in the Philippines in 1600. well as a strong current, prevented us from reaching the re­ The porcelain, from the Wan-Li period, is from the 1590s mains in the three trial trenches we opened. and 1600s. An astrolabe found within the site bears the date As always happens in underwater archaeology, the of 1605, establishing the earliest possible year for the wreck. conservation and analysis of the artifacts will go on for a The evidence we have uncovered points to one par­ long time, as will reconstruction of the hull. Indeed, the ticular vessel, presumably built in Lisbon: Nossa Senhora hull has shown to be the most important artifact on this dos Martires. It was employed in the Carreira da India, the site. Although the remains consist only of a very small lengthy voyage between Goa and Lisbon. Martires wrecked portion of the bottom of the ship, these timbers, with con­ off Sao Juliao da Barra in 1606 on a return voyage from struction marks engraved on their faces, speak volumes. Cochin on the Malabar coast of India. The proposed identity 3 INA Quarterly 27.4 Table I. List of Wrecks in Slio Julilio da Barra Year Ship Provenience Comments 1587 San Juan Baptista Lisbon Near the fortress 1606 Nossa Senhora dos Martires Cochin, India Under the walls of the fortress 1625 Stio Francisco Xavier Co chin, India Presumably near, south of the fortress 1704 English vessel (70 cannons) Near the fortress 1733 Union St. Malo, France Near the fortress 1753 Dutch vessel Presumably near, east of the fortress 1802 English vessel Near the fortress WWI Maria Eduarda Viana, Portugal Presumably near, west of the fortress 1966 Santa Mafalda Near the fortress (Source: CNANS Database) of the wreck is reinforced by the presence of a large quantity many other books. The fourth is perhaps the most interesting of peppercorns, indicating a bulk cargo of pepper, and there­ and elusive of them all, since the author is virtually unknown in fore an Asian origin for the trip of the wrecked vessel. Study spite of the magnificent self-portrait and signature with which of the woods utilized-cork oak (Quercus suber) and wnbrella he opens his book. It is called Livro de Tra{Xls de Carpintaria, dated pine (Pinus pinea)-and the scantling dimensions leave no 1616, and signed by a Manoel Fernandez, shipwright. doubt that this is a Portuguese-built hull. From these texts, we have a fair idea of how these During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a vessels were designed and built. However, when it comes to small fleet would leave Lisbon for India almost every year, details, we have few certainties, many doubts, and a great making this voyage the longest regular route of its time. The deal of ignorance about the shipwrights' methods, tech­ Portuguese designed and built the ships specifically to sus­ niques, and practices. The ability to answer such questions tain a six-month-Iong trip. They had to offer enough space is why nautical archaeology is such an important contribu­ for their crew and passengers, together with their victuals, tor to maritime history. and leave enough free space for the large amounts of mer­ The remains of the SJB2 hull consisted solely of a por­ chandise brought back on the return trip. Their main cargo­ tion of the keel, eleven frames, an apron, and an area of plank­ peppercorns-was a very light commodity to store in the ing covering around twelve by seven meters (fig.
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