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Ecography ECOG-04347 Speed, J Ecography ECOG-04347 Speed, J. D. M., Skjelbred, I. Å., Barrio, I. C., Martin, M. D., Berteaux, D., Bueno, C. G., Christie, K. S., Forbes, B. C., Forbey, J., Fortin, D., Grytnes, J.-A., Hoset, K. S., Lecomte, N., Marteinsdóttir, B., Mosbacher, J. B., Pedersen, Å. Ø., Ravolainen, V., Rees, E. C., Skarin, A., Sokolova, N., Thornhill, A. H., Tombre, I. and Soininen, E. M. 2019. Trophic interactions and abiotic factors drive functional and phylogenetic structure of vertebrate herbivore communities across the Arctic tundra biome. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.04347 Supplementary material Appendix 1 Supplementary methods and results. Table A1. Full list of 76 Arctic vertebrate herbivore species indicating those used in this study and those used by Barrio et al. (2016). GenBank accession numbers are shown for the four genetic markers for all included species. Species names according to IUCN and Birdlife International. Species Used by Genetic Used in Notes cytB COI 12S ND4 Barrio et data current al. 2016 available study Dicrostonyx groenlandicus 1 1 1 KJ556713.1 JF456464.1 AF128937.1 Dicrostonyx hudsonius 1 1 1 AJ238436.1 JF456491.1 Dicrostonyx nelsoni 1 0 0 Dicrostonyx nunatakensis 0 0 0 Dicrostonyx richardsoni 1 1 1 AJ238435.1 JF443818.1 Dicrostonyx torquatus 1 1 1 KT867537.1 Dicrostonyx unalascensis 1 0 0 Dicrostonyx vinogradovi 1 0 0 Lemmus amurensis 0 1 1 FJ025979.1 Lemmus lemmus 1 1 1 JX483908.1 Lemmus portenkoi 1 0 0 Lemmus sibiricus 1 1 1 AY219144.1 Lemmus trimucronatus 1 1 1 AF119276.1 JF456714.1 AF128943.1 Synaptomys borealis 1 1 1 AF119259.1 JF457125.1 AF128932.1 Arvicola amphibius 1 1 1 KM005047.1 AY332681.1 AF128938.1 Alticola lemminus 1 1 1 KJ556633.1 Microtus miurus 1 1 1 EF608581.1 Microtus abbreviatus 1 1 1 AF163890.1 1 Species Used by Genetic Used in Notes cytB COI 12S ND4 Barrio et data current al. 2016 available study Microtus oeconomus 1 1 1 KP190237.1 KP190307.1 AJ616853.1 Microtus middendorffii 1 1 1 AF163898.1 HM137740.1 Microtus gregalis 1 1 1 KP190244.1 KP190315.1 Microtus levis 1 1 1 FJ641161.1 EF608582.1 FJ619947.1 EF608583.1 Microtus pennsylvanicus 1 1 1 KF948531.1 KM189812.1 JN393216.1 U83806.1 Microtus longicaudus 1 1 1 KF964344.1 JF456725.1 AF128936.1 Microtus chrotorrhinus 1 1 1 AF163893.1 Microtus xanthognathus 1 1 1 AF163907.1 Microtus hyperboreus 1 1 1 HM137736.1 Myodes gapperi 1 1 1 DQ323950.1 JQ350489.1 U83808.1 Myodes rutilus 1 1 1 JX477342.1 HM165297.1 Myodes rufocanus 1 1 1 KR059903.1 JF693313.1 Sicista betulina 1 1 1 KP715861.1 Apodemus sylvaticus 1 1 1 KM582049.1 KP869163.1 AJ311131.1 Urocitellus parryii 1 1 1 Synonym: AF157931.1 KM537933.1 Spermophilus parryii Marmota broweri 1 1 1 JN024621.1 Marmota camtschatica 1 1 1 AF100715.1 JF313276.1 Marmota monax 1 1 1 AF157953.1 JF456717.1 AY227529.1 JF313286.1 Marmota caligata 1 1 1 KJ458055.1 JF313275.1 Castor canadensis 1 1 1 KY321562.1 LC144616.1 AY012111.1 JQ663965.1 Ondatra zibethicus 1 1 1 KT376465.1 JF456977.1 JN315625.1 U83809.1 Erethizon dorsatum 1 1 1 KC463889.1 JF456596.1 AY012118.1 Ochotona hyperborea 1 1 1 KR076823.1 DQ347441.1 AY012127.1 EU549756.1 Ochotona turuchanensis 1 1 1 EF567056.1 DQ347468.1 2 Species Used by Genetic Used in Notes cytB COI 12S ND4 Barrio et data current al. 2016 available study Ochotona collaris 1 1 1 KP411020.1 Lepus americanus 1 1 1 KM261475.1 U58923.1 Lepus arcticus 1 1 1 HQ596461.1 JF443819.1 Lepus othus 1 1 1 HQ596479.1 Lepus timidus 1 1 1 DQ882959.1 HM232960.1 HM232960.1 Rangifer tarandus 1 1 1 Both wild and semi- KJ138217.1 JF443494.1 AY184438.1 domestic populations used in current study, while Barrio et al. 2016 used only wild populations Ovibos moschatus 1 1 1 U17862.1 JF443354.1 AY670662.1 Alces alces 1 1 1 KC337273.1 KX859263.1 Alces americanus 1 1 1 M98484.1 JF443170.1 Ovis dalli 1 1 1 AF034728.1 JF443359.1 AY670664.1 Ovis nivicola 1 1 1 AJ867265.1 Y09259.1 Bison bison 1 1 1 AF036273.1 JF443195.1 Ovis aries 1 1 0 Excluded as non-native domestic livestock within study region Cygnus columbianus 1 1 1 Including Cygnus EU585642.1 DQ433560.1 columbianus ssp. bewickii Cygnus cygnus 1 1 1 EU585643.1 GU571360.1 AY164523.1 Cygnus buccinator 1 1 1 AY509690.1 AY666404.1 U59667.1 Anser brachyrhynchus 1 1 1 EU585614.1 GU571244.1 Anser albifrons 1 1 1 EU585612.1 DQ433314.1 AY164531.1 3 Species Used by Genetic Used in Notes cytB COI 12S ND4 Barrio et data current al. 2016 available study Anser anser 1 1 1 AY427814.1 GU571242.1 AY164530.1 DQ468124.1 Anser fabalis 1 1 1 EU585618.1 FJ808625.1 AY164514.1 Anser erythropus 1 1 1 EU585617.1 GU571729.1 Chen caerulescens 1 1 1 Synonym: Anser DQ434537.1 caerulescens Chen rossii 1 1 1 EU914156.1 DQ434538.1 U83734.1 Chen canagica 1 1 1 EU585615.1 AF173714.1 Branta canadensis 1 1 1 EU585629.1 DQ434443.1 AF173715.1 Branta hutchinsii 1 1 1 AY072593.1 DQ434479.1 Branta bernicla 1 1 1 HM063580.1 GU571279.1 HM063557.1 Branta leucopsis 1 1 1 EU585630.1 GU571283.1 Branta ruficollis 1 1 1 EU585631.1 Anas penelope 1 1 1 AF059107.1 GU571239.1 AY164518.1 Anas americana 1 1 1 AF059103.1 DQ433309.1 Lagopus lagopus 1 1 1 EF571187.1 GU571438.1 AF222583.1 Lagopus muta 1 1 1 AY156346.1 DQ433738.1 KC785614.1 Lagopus leucura 0 1 1 AF230171.1 DQ433716.1 AF222584.1 Total 73 74 70 4 Figure A1 The phylogenetic tree of 70 Arctic vertebrate herbivore species. The five main clades are coloured. From top: Anseriformes (light blue), Galliformes (dark blue), Lagomorpha (yellow), Rodentia (red), Artiodactyla (green). 5 Table A2. Description of the functional traits used to develop the functional classification of Arctic vertebrate herbivores. Abbreviations for trait categories in the column Trait quantification refer to abbreviations used in Appendix S4. Numeric values for factors refer to the order for ordered factors. Trait Trait function Trait quantification Variable type Importance of Forbs If the herbivore species feeds mainly on Scored 0-3 depending on the frequency in diet. Discrete, ordered from main arctic forbs, it will likely have a large impact 0; non-existing low to high importance functional on this plant functional group 1; low importance, (0-10% of an average diet or in diet groups of Graminoids If the herbivore species feeds mainly on known usage from only some populations; diet plants in the graminoids, it will likely have a large proportions above 0.5 should be infrequent) herbivore’s diet impact on this plant functional group 2; medium importance (10-50% of an average diet Shrubs If the herbivore species feeds mainly on or used by most populations during most seasons; shrubs, it will likely have a large impact proportions can vary from low to high) on this plant functional group 3; high importance (>50% of an average diet or Mosses If the herbivore species feeds mainly on known usage of medium to high proportions from mosses, it will likely have a large impact all populations and seasons) on this plant functional group Lichens If the herbivore species feeds mainly on lichens, it will likely have a large impact on this plant functional group Diet type How selective or generalist a herbivore According to Shipley et al 2009: Factor, ordered from species is will determine if its impacts Obligatory generalist (OG, 1) generalist to specialist affect only certain plant species, or the Facultative generalist (FG, 2) effects spread across several plant Facultative specialist (FS, 3) species Obligatory specialist (OS, 4) Gut type Gut morphology will determine what Type of gut: Factor, ordered from plants or plant parts can be eaten by undifferentiated (U, 1) inefficient to efficient the herbivore hindgut fermenter (HF, 2) ruminant (R, 3) 6 Trait Trait function Trait quantification Variable type Belowground feeding Belowground feeding by herbivores can Type of belowground feeding: Unordered factor have distinct impacts on vegetation Burrowing (B) Grubbing (G) None (N) Body mass Key variable in trophic ecology, Body mass (grams) Continuous reflecting both feeding and predation ecology. Mobility Wide ranging herbivores will have an Ability to move between the 100x100 km pixels Binary impact on vegetation over larger spatial used in analyses: scales than herbivores with reduced Yes (1) mobility No (0) Group size summer Larger groups of herbivores foraging Group size categories: Factor, ordered from together will have a more intense effect solitary (S, 1) solitary to large groups on vegetation and behaviour in relation small group (SG, 2) to predation family group (FG, 3) winter Larger groups of herbivores foraging large group (LG, 4) together will ha e a more intense effect on vegetation and behaviour in relation to predation Population dynamics (cyclicity) The effects of herbivores can also vary Prevalence of cyclic populations: Factor, ordered from low over time, from variable (cyclic) impacts non-cyclic (NC, 1) to high degree of when herbivores have peaks in cyclic/non-cyclic (C/NC, 2); when some populations temporal variation in abundance, to uniform (noncyclic). of a species cycle and others do not. population size These affect trophic dynamics in Cyclic (C, 3) relation to vegetation and plants. Litter/clutch size Larger litter/clutch sizes underlie Litter size, number of offspring per year.
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