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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 054 708 HE 002 349 AUTHOR Spencer Richard E.; Awe, Ruth TITLE International Educational Exchange. P. Bibliography. INSTITUTION Institute of International Education, New York N.Y. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 158p- AVAILABLE FROM Institute of Internationa Education, 809 United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017 EDRS PRICE MF-S0.65 HC-$6.58 DESC IPTORS *Bibliographies; *Exchange Programs; *Foreign Students; *International Education; International Programs; *Research; Student Exchange Programs; Teacher Exchange Programs ABSTRACT This bibliography was undertaken to facilitate and encourage further research in international education. Sources of the data include library reference works, University Microfilms containing PhD dissertations, US government agencies, foundations and universities. Entries include publications on the International Exchange of Students, Teachers and Specialists and cover: selection, admissions, orientation, scholarships, grants, foreign student advisors, attitudes, and adjustment, hospitality of host country, community relations, academic achievement, returnees, follow-up evaluations, brain drain, professional educators, specialists, US nationals abroad, foreign students and visitors in the US, personnel and program interchanges, immigration policies, international activities of US universities. Entries on.Educational Curriculum cover: English as a second language, linguistics and other languages, courses of study. The last 3 sectional entries are: General Works on International Educational and Cultural Exchange; Cross-Cultural and Psychological Studies Relevant to Educational EX hange; and Bibliographies. (JS) o;c;lopD10-01.0 1 2405-010° w,64.'<cm -10 2B164. 01-0122 1.roz1;x2 .clito ccrupw00 -p 44u2u7LE°- 01-:<-,-.1-01wouuxoctzio 0014.0) 0 MO 'W 0042MOZ WICL,TA° 3 mulwan. 411 :IZI01/1°4 t4. INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE -4- a)A BIBLIOGRAPHY 4:3 by Richard E. Spencer and Ruth Awe The University of Illinois OTHER IIE PUBLICATIONS English Language and Orientation Programs in the United Stales. 1969. $1.00. Graduate Study in the United States.1967. 40 cents. Intemational Awards in :he Arts: ForGraduate and Professional Study. 1969. $3.00. Open Doors:Report on International Exchange. Statistics and text. Annual. $3.00. The Two-Year College in the United States. 1967, reprinted in 1969 with a list of new colleges. 30 cents. (Bulk-order discounts are available on all of theabove.) Handbook on International Study: ForForeign Nationals. Available in 1971. $5.00. Published by the Institute of International Education 809 United Nations Plaza, New York, N. Y. 10017 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70-140130 Standard Book No. 87206-042-X RICHARD E. SPENCER It is with deep regret that the Institute of Intemational Education notes the untimely death of Professor Richard E. Spencer on January 24, 1970, at the age of 42. Dr. Spencer, who was professor of educational psychology and head of the University of Illinois Measurement and Research Division, received his B.S. degree in psychology from Hobart College, his M.A. from the University of Colorado, and his Ph.D. from 'the University or Illinois. After spending two years in Kabul, Afghanistan, as a specialist in measure- ment and evaluation, he developed a continuing interest in improving testing and evaluation for English-speaking foreign language students and for foreign graduate students coming to the United States. He published nine articles and produced 27 research reports in this field. He recently served as a measurement consultant in Bolivia, Afghanistan, and Iran. At the time of his death, he was organizing the development of a Measurement and Research Center in Iran and an academic intern program in a cooperative arrangement between the Uni- versity of Illinois and the University of Tehran. He left his wife, Mima Bloy Spencer, and seven children. Dr. Lawrence M. Aleamoni of the University of Illinois assumed the re- sponsibility for reading proofs and acting on Dr. Spencer's behalf in the final stages of production of this book. Dr. Spencer completed the manuscript before his death. Kenneth Holland President Institute of International Education iii CONTENTS Page Richard E. Spencer I ntroch teflon Bibliographical Methodology and Limitations 3 Descriptions of Bibliographical Divisions 4 Abbreviations InterrItional Exchange of Students, Teachers, and Specialists 7 A. Selection / Admissions / Orientation 7 B. Scholar'ips / Grants 14 C. Foreign student Advisers , ...... .... 22 D. Attitudes / Adjustment 24 E. Hospitality of Host Country=2ommunity Relations 38 F. Academic Achievement 42 G. Returnees / Follow-up Evaluations 47 H. Brain Drain 51 I.Professional Educators / Specialists 53 J.U.S. Nationals Abroad 55 K. Foreign Students and Other Foreign Visitors in the United States_ .......... .........,......... ... 67 L .Personnel and Program Interchanges 8 I M. Immigration Policies 115 N. International and Overseas Activities of U.S. Universities 116 II.Educational Curriculum I 21 A. English as a Second Language .. ... .......... .. 121 B. Linguistics and Other Languages 122 C. Courses of Study 124 III.General Works on International Educational and Cultural Exchange 133 IV.Cross-cultural and Psychological Studies Relevant to Educational Exchange 151 V.':iibliographies 1,5 6 INTRODUCTION In April, 1967, Dr. Spencer was invited to present a paper on the academic performance of foreign students to the Seminar on Research in Programs for Foreign Students held at Michigan State University in August, 1967. The participants spent a week on intensive review of published research in inter- national educational exchange since 1960. They reviewed admissions, the foreign student's adjustment to new environment, his academic achievement, his role as a cross-cultural representative, and his role as a returnee or permanent resi- dent. In the process, they investigated 262 publications. It was immediately apparent that the body of existing research on international educational exchange presents a number of problems for anyone attempting to use it and build on it. (I) Studies vary consi,'...T.rablyin the type of data collected on foreign students. Few common variables (or marker variables) such as age, sex, previous education, ctc., arc to be fou.ad in much of the literature. (2) Very little research has been done re!a'.ive to students' objectives in urdertaking foreign study, nor to institutions' and nations' objectives in pro- viding opportunities for study. The relationship between covert and overt objectives, and the objectives of the foreign student in relation to those of his native cultAre, country, or government as well as to those of the receiving in- stitution, society, or government, tend to be unexraessed and unmeasured. (3) The research designs of foreign-student studies leave much to be desired, Definition of terms, application of appropriate statistical mockls, and selection of appropriate or adequate population samples are at variance with accepted research techniques and ophistication. (4) Most research tends to be local, parochial, and nonlongitudinal. Little in the way of pooled, long-term, large-sample research was found. (5) Those research findings that do exist in the,literature tend to end in the literature. There is very little indication that much has been done about the findings, or that the findings were or ever would bc checked by any cross- validation study. (6) Most research tends to be superficial and nongeueralizable, performed by individuals with, perhaps, a passing interest in the problem. It is evident that little governmental or private funding for this area of research is available. Re- search funding for this educational activity is wholly inadequate. (7) Most studies do not refer to, or take into consideration, psychological or cross-cultural problems or research performed on general second-culture variables, nor do they relate to Americans abroad. (8) There is considerable emphasis on English-language proficiency as it relates to foreign-student achievement. However, there is a concurrent lack of experimentation onintelligence,native-languageproficiency, and aptitude variables, (9) Selection, admissions, and instructional programs carried out experi- mentally as a basis for research are almost totally lacking. The review of the research indicated a paucity of experimental studies but a very large number of qualitative essays, ad hoc demonstratives, and variations of practices. They were frequently based on observation in only one setting, and with only one group of foreign students. li would appear that foreign-student programs are developed, organized, and administered without systematic re- search effort, and that selection and instructional programs are based largely on unvalidated intuition and hunch. Several bibliographies have been attempted. Some have been published: (1) The Institute of Advanced Projects at the East-West Center, Hawaii, started to develop a comprehensive annotated bibliography in1964. (2) United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Cross-cultural education: A bibliography of government-sponsored and private research ,nt foreign students and trainees in the U.S. and in other countries, 1946-1964.Washington, D.C.: USDS,1965. (3) Dedijer, S.Brain drain and brain gain.A bibliography on migration of scientisti, engineers, doctors, and students. Lund, Sweden: Research Policy Program, 1967. (4) Crabbs, R. F., and Holmquist, F. W.United States higher education and world affairs.New