Index

A.G. Spalding & Brothers, 45, 117 and boxing, 23, 46, 271, 276–277, Aamidor, Abraham, 75, 251 280–282, 284, 436–438, 442, 446, 472, Aaron, Hank, 645–646 492, 628, 638–639 Abbott, Jim, 194 and car racing, 315 Abbott, Margaret, 465, 509 and Cold War, 76, 85, 371–372, 391, Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 88, 250, 257, 447 447, 492 Abelson, Donald, 372 and college football, 87–88, 217, 445 Abrams, Roger, 165, 185 and college sport, 255–257, 436 Abramson, Jesse, 347 and cycling, 121, 439, 638 Abreu, Christina, 281, 420, 558 and CYO, 142 acculturation, 40, 169, 207, 423, 424 and elite sports, 302–304 theories of, 412–413 and golf, 294–295, 300–301, 303–304, 309 see also assimilation; ethnicity; ­immigration and hunting, 482 Achorn, Edward, 162 integration, 73–74, 87–89, 144, 189–191, Adams, Daniel, 635 255–257, 443–445, 513, 558–561 Adams, Mary Louise, 91–92, 494 and jockeys, 437, 483 Addams, Jane, 129; see also settlement and major leagues, 89, 144, 155, 168, 181, houses 183, 188–191, 193, 195, 443–444, 448, Adelman, Melvin, 3, 4, 13, 16, 25–29, 34, 558–559, 642, 645 119, 132, 158, 160,COPYRIGHTED 225, 273, 338–339, manliness, MATERIAL 484, 488, 491–493, 623 359, 408, 458–463, 467, 482, 483–484, and military, 168, 190–191, 443 527, 535, 578–569 and minor leagues, 144 Adelson, Bruce, 72 and NBA, 88–89, 257–259, 262, 448–449, African Americans, 36, 46–47, 434–449 491, 537, 648 and , 75, 89, 144, 246–249, 252, and Negro leagues, 63–64, 144, 167–168, 254–259, 261–262, 507–508, 537, 181, 420, 439–442, 444, 484, 493, 512, 622–623 531–532 black power, 446–447 and NFL, 73–74, 222–223, 233–235, black press, 558 444–445, 646, 648

A Companion to American Sport History, First Edition. Edited by Steven A. Riess. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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and Olympics, 389, 391, 396, 511, 513, and Olympics, 642 561, 562 and track, 90 prejudice, 405–406, 470, 488, 558–559 Ameche, Alan, 227–128 slavery, 337, 435–437, 455, 502 America’s Cup, 119–120, 123 and swimming, 435–436, 502 American Association, 114, 137, 156, 164, and tennis, 300, 303, 305, 446, 448, 440, 642 513–515, 562 American Basketball Association (ABA), 259, and track, 344, 347, 349–350, 442–443, 261 513, 514, 641 American Basketball League (ABL), 75 and white media, 558–561 American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 92, and women, 69, 91, 99, 254, 301, 304, 93, 232, 283, 351, 386, 540, 565–567, 305, 349–350, 446, 448, 507–508, 589, 649 511–515, 561–562 see also Arledge, Roone; Monday Night see also Ali, Muhammad; Ashe, Arthur; Football; Wide World of Sports, The Flood, Curt; ; American College of Sports Medicine, 124 Johnson, Jack; Louis, Joe; military; New American exceptionalism York Rens; Robinson, Jackie; Russell, football, 237 Bill; Smith, Tommie sports, 13, 89, 100, 523 Africans, 176 American Farmer, The, 555 apartheid, 85 see also American Turf Register and Aiello, Thomas, 187 Sporting Magazine Alamillo, José M., 364, 420–421 League, 221, 225, 229, Alcindor, Lou: see Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem 261, 534, 535, 566, 589, 647 alcohol, 19, 122, 125, 164, 275, 483, 610, American Jockey Club, 37, 463 634, 640–641, 644 , 45, 137, 156, 164–165, Alcott, Amos Bronson, 604 529, 530, 541, 588, 643 Alexander, Charles, 45, 67, 161, 164–165, see also major league 178–179, 186–187, 344, 410, 528, 563 American Olympic Committee, 341, Alexander, George E., 299 382–384, 393 Alfieri, Gus, 251, 649 American Professional Football Association Ali, Muhammad, 87, 95, 272, 282–283, 370, (APFA), 222, 223 386, 436, 446–447, 492, 580, 639–640, American Revolution, 21, 133, 502, 527, 603 648 American Society for the Prevention of All American Football League, 87, 221, Cruelty to Animals, 458 225–227, 534 American Tennis Association, 305, 513 All-American Girls Professional Baseball American Turf Register and Sporting League (AAGPBL), 185, 189, 513, 532 Magazine, 553–555 Allen, Forest C. “Phog,” 637 Anderson, Dave, 272 Allison, Davey, 325 Anderson, Eric, 92 Allison, Dean, 283 Anderson, Jack, 273 Allison, Lincoln, 339, 351, 360 Anderson, Lars, 261–262 Alpert, Rebecca, 5, 189, 532 Anderson, Nancy Fix, 338 Altherr, Thomas L., 335–337, 406, 407–408 Andrews, David L., 448–449 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 52, 90, 141, Angell, Roger, 182 250, 253, 340–345, 346, 349–351, 382, Anglo-American society, 21, 22, 43, 408, 383–384, 390–391, 464, 513, 640 423, 490, 500 Amateur Sports Act (1978), 350, 386 Annapolis, MD, 131, 446 amateurism, 5, 6, 41, 43–44, 45, 52, 96, 155, Anson, Cap, 159–160, 632 158, 204, 213–214, 251, 275, 334, 338, Anthropology Days (1904), 51, 421–422 340–341, 351, 372, 382, 408, 463, 488, anti-Semitism, 66, 224, 300, 388, 389, 514, 581, 635, 642 416, 609 British, 382 Antwerp Olympics (1920), 344, 346, 510 and football, 41, 64 Appel, Marty, 160–161, 410

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Arcidiacono, David, 167 aviation, 123, 462 Ardell, Jean, 185, 512, 532 Axtell, James, 22 Ardolino, Frank, 159 Axthelm, Pete, 261 arenas, 7–8, 37, 75, 113, 116, 126, 249, 254, 577–578, 583, 590–591 backcountry, 17, 22, 274, 337, 408 and boxing, 538, 580, 582 see also folk games as contested cultural sites, 24, 301 badminton, and Chinese Americans, 422, 491 and cycling, 538 Baer, Clara, 252 and early basketball, 75, 249 Baer, Max, 278 and NBA, 257, 258, 536, 592 Bain-Selbo, Eric, 76 and NHL, 75, 116, 592 Baker, Aaron, 625 outdoor ballparks as, 277 , 115, 583 public financing of, 146, 577, 593 Baker, Hobey, 607 and track, 344, 345, 469 Baker, Norman, 339 and WNBA, 254 Baker, Philip, 342–343 see also Baker, William J., 49, 70, 345, 367, 396, Arledge, Roone, 92–93, 96, 227, 232, 351, 443, 605, 611, 641 540, 566–567, 649 Baldwin, Douglas, 67 Armstrong, Christopher, 462 Baldwin, Peter, 140 Armstrong, Henry, 280, 442 Bale, John, 348 Armstrong, Louis, 623 Balliotti, Raymond, 230 Ashe, Arthur, 296, 297, 303, 305, 306 Balter, Sam, 368 as historian, 347, 349, 435 Baltimore, MD, 136, 143, 304, 467 Ashford, Emmett, 181 antebellum black athletes in, 436, 437 Asian Americans, 7, 422–423 and racing, 463 see also Chinese Americans; Filipino and YMHA, 609 Americans; Japanese Americans Baltimore Colts, 73, 225, 227, 228, 588–589, Asinof, Eliot, 170, 619 593, 646 assimilation, 35, 36, 40, 43, 141–142, 184, Baltimore Elite Giants, 64, 174 188, 209, 247, 248, 262, 335, 406–407, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 120 411–413, 416–417, 422–424, 643 , 98, 146, 167, 186, 193, see also acculturation 529, 587, 643 Astley Belt races, 339, 469 and Camden Yards, 116, 146, 539, 592 Athens Intercalated Games (1906), 382 Baltimore Ravens, 221, 231 Athens Olympics (1896), 341, 380, 381, 395 Baltimore Stallions, 231 athletic clubs, 6, 32, 46, 135, 141, 142, 247, Baltzell, E. Digby, 296, 300 250, 275, 300, 334, 339–344, 346, 347, Bannister, Roger, 348, 351 350 Barber, Red, 187, 563 elite, 37, 44, 52, 463–465 bare-knuckle fighting era, 6, 23–24, 46, 272, ethnic, 408, 416 273, 482–483, 580, 637 women’s, 48, 464–465 Barkow, Al, 296, 300 athletic revolution, 84, 95–96, 351 Barney, Robert K., 6–7, 367, 381, 385, 387, Atlanta, GA, 36, 117, 158, 221, 258, 277, 389, 391–393, 395–396, 411, 540 304, 325 Barrow, Ed, 519 Atlanta Braves, 192, 590, 592, 645–646 Barry, Dan, 193 Atlanta Olympics (1996), 394, 516 Barth, Gunther, 36, 137 Audubon Society, 39 baseball, 45 automobile, 110, 111, 121, 122, 143 and African Americans, 46–47, 167–168, car racing, 313–329, 360–363, 472 439–440, 491 stadium parking, 146, 592 amateur era, 157–158 see also France; NASCAR; stock-car racing antebellum era, 25, 28, 582 Automobile Club of America (AAA), 315, and ballparks, 136, 581 316, 320 and Barzun, Jacques, 25

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character building, 465, 467, 484 Stockings; ; Negro and Chinese Americans, 422 leagues and Civil War, 28, 157–158 basketball, 249–250 and cricket, 28, 360, 408 and AAU, 250–251, 253, 513 and Cuba, 51, 163 and African Americans, 47, 249–250, and democracy, 143, 214 444–446, 506, 508 and Dominican Republic, 64 and Catholics, 507, 608 ethnicity, 141, 609–610 and Chinese, 249, 422 first professionals, 52 and Cold War, 86 in Hawaii, 423 ethnicity, 40–41, 249, 406, 414–416, 418 historiography, 2–4, 14, 45, 155–157, and film, 628 159–160 industrial leagues, 471, 641 imperialism, 51 and jazz, 622–623 and Japan and Japanese Americans, 51, and Jews, 41, 249, 251–252, 414–415, 163, 422–423, 493 506, 507, 609 journalism, 562, 581, 649 journalism, 556 and Latinos, 420 and Latinos, 421 and Little League, 145 Native American, 48–49 manliness, 484, 555 and Olympics, 40, 251, 368–369, 385–386 metropolitan New York, 135–136 origins, 247–248, 251–252, 636–637 middle-class clubs, 37, 135, 459, origins of jump shot, 251 465, 483 playgrounds, 261–262 modernization, 132, 133 professional, pre NBA, 248–249 and music, 621–622 and religion, 607 National Association of Base Ball Players and settlement houses, 43 (NABBP), 135 and social class, 465, 469, 471–473, 506 National Association of Professional Base and social mobility, 472–473 Ball Players (NAPBBP), 37, 136, 163, and women’s six-person game, 253 164 see also American Basketball Association as national pastime, 28, 44, 73, 92, 110, (ABA); American Basketball League 113, 114, 117, 135, 221, 589, 593 (ABL); Chamberlain, Wilt; college and nationalism, 50 basketball; Gottlieb, Eddie; Harlem origin myths of, 13, 135, 155–157, 362, Globetrotters; Jordan, Michael; 380, 580–581, 635 Lapchick, Joe; McLendon, Gordon; positive ideology of, 117 Naismith, James; New York Rens; professionalization, 15, 163–164 National Basketball Association; National progressivism, 40 Basketball League; Russell, Bill; women; and radio, 85, 563–564 Wooden, John and religion, 140, 182, 261, 606, 609–610 Basketball Association of America, 75, and sandlots, 144, 606 257–258 and settlement houses, 609 Bass, Amy, 85, 369, 389, 447, 492 and the South, 77 Batchelor, Dean, 322 and sporting goods, 117 bathing, 37, 502, 510 terminology, 182 “Battle of the Sexes” (1973), 90, 302, 308, urbanization, 113, 114, 141–142, 145 494–495, 515, 650 and women, 48, 68, 169, 184–185, 189, Bauer, Sybil, 510 191, 465, 471, 485, 495, 512–513, Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO), 532–533 98 and working class, 46, 135–136, 142, Beane, Billy, 97, 194 459–460, 468, 470 Becker, Carl M., 65–66, 73, 222–223 see also Eckfords; Brooklyn Bederman, Gail, 47, 481, 490 Excelsiors; Cartwright, Alexander; Beecher, Catharine, 503 Chadwick, Henry; Cincinnati Red Beecher, Henry Ward, 605

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Beekman, Scott M., 495, 538 BMX cycling, 113 Bell, Bert, 223, 225, 232, 535 boarding schools, 42, 462, 489 Bellah, Robert N., 612 and Native Americans, 51, 169–170, 422, Bellamy, Robert, 7, 182–183, 540, 564–565, 487 568, 570–571 Boddy, Kasia, 272 Belmont, August II, 463 Boddy, William, 328 Belmont, NY, 123, 298 Bodner, Allen, 278, 415 Bender, Albert “Chief ,” 169 bodybuilding, 485 Bendix Trophy, 123 body culture, 47–48, 51–52, 406, 411 Bennett College, 252, 446, 508 Bonds, Barry, 126, 180, 194, 646 Bennett, James G., 123, 315, 342, 462 boneshaker, 121 Beran, Janice, 50, 253, 507 bookmakers, 38, 39, 469 Berenson, Senda, 48, 251–254, 414, Boone and Crocket Club, 39, 463 506–507, 637 boosterism, 71, 113, 205, 214, 248, 257, Berg, Moe, 187–188, 644 473, 559, 594, 611 Berg, Patty, 301, 512 see also urban boosters Bergh, Henry, 458 Booth, Douglas, 35, 616 Berkow, Ira, 188, 649 Borgeson, Griffith, 320–321 Berlage, Gai, 48, 185, 512, 532 Borish, Linda, 4, 7, 34, 41, 48, 96, 406, Berlin Olympics (1936), 70, 345, 367–369, 407, 414, 501, 503, 505, 506, 507, 509, 383, 389–391, 392, 442 510, 610 and politics, 385 Boston Arena, 116 see also Owens, Jesse Boston Braves, 146, 160, 587 Berlin, Ira, 22 Boston Celtics, 259, 260, 448, 491, 648 Bernstein, Mark, 41, 64 Boston Garden, 116, 592 Berryman, Jack, 555 , 71, 97, 144, 171, 191–192, Betts, John R., 2, 14–15, 26, 34, 111–112, 643, 645 120, 527, 554, 555, 616, 617 Boston Red Stockings, 117, 159 Bibb, Henry, 435–436 Bouton, Jim, 95, 192, 194 bicycle, 44, 47, 48, 111, 313, 439, 467, 480, Bowden, Mark, 227 506, 509, 538, 589, 638 bowling, 46, 48, 90, 131, 139, 141, 144, and auto racing, 122, 315, 318–319 145, 416, 419, 601 six-day races, 116, 121–122 and class, 464, 469, 471, 472, 474 technological innovation, 121–123, 315 boxing, 6, 23–24, 28, 33, 35, 65, 271–286, and women, 44, 48, 121, 509 424, 527–528, 538, 582 see also BMX cycling; Taylor, Marshall W. and African Americans, 37–39, 268, 277 “Major” biographies, 638–640 billiards, 33, 45, 46, 456, 464, 469, 471, and British, 273 474, 482, 483 cartoons, 71, 629 Billick, Brian, 231 Catholic Youth Organization, 142, 608 biomechanics, 124 and Cleaver, Eldridge, 271 Bissinger, H.G., 99 and Cosell, Howard, 283, 649–650 Bjarkman, Peter C., 248, 364, 532 in the Depression, 67–68 Black Sox Scandal, 35, 45, 62, 63, 156, and drugs, 285 170–171, 178, 186, 410, 486–487, 619 and elite, 135, 457, 462 Blackmar, Elizabeth, 37, 458 ethnicity, 39–41, 409, 414–415, 417, 419 Blanchard, Kendall, 22 and film, 276, 278, 626–628, 631 Bleibtrey, Ethelda, 510 and Irish, 39, 134, 409 Block, David, 157 and Italians, 415 Bloom, John, 182, 416, 422, 487, 566, and Jews, 41, 141–142, 414–415, 609 622, 649 manliness, 33, 286, 457, 461, 480, Bloyce, Daniel, 363 482–483, 490–492 Blumin, Stuart, 459 middle-class opposition to, 35, 49, 458

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journalism, 142, 553–556, 558, 562, Brooklyn Eckfords, 135–136 579–580 Brooklyn Excelsiors, 136, 460 and Latinos, 285, 421 Brosnan, Jim, 192, 194 and military, 490–491 Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players, and organized crime, 280 45, 160, 164 Police Gazette, 138, 274 Broun, Heywood Hale, 557, 560, 561 and Polish Americans, 419 Brown, Jim, 226, 234, 235, 447 politics, 134, 275–276 Brown, Paul, 226 racism, 271–272, 279 Browning, Reed, 63, 162 and radio, 564, 586 Bruce, Janet, 64 rules, 273, 274 Brundage, Avery, 70, 344, 366, 384, 640 slaves, 482 amateurism, 350–351 and television, 281, 284, 565, 580 Berlin Olympics 70, 344, 345, 390–391, 642 trainers, 272 international politics, 85, 384–385, whiteness, 286 387, 391 and women, 48, 285, 516, 562 Brunson, James E. III, 168 and working class, 38, 46, 48, 273, 461, Brunswick Company, 141 469–471, 482–483, 579 Bryant, Howard, 192, 645–646, 651 see also Ali, Muhammad; bare-knuckle Bryant, Jennings, 552–554, 569 fighting era; Dempsey, Jack C.; Fox, Bryant, Paul “Bear,” 77, 647 Richard Kyle; International Boxing Club Buffalo, NY, 229, 315, 410, 534, 536 of New York; Johnson, Jack; Louis, Joe; Buffalo German YMCA team, 40, 114 Madison Square Garden; male bachelor buffalo hunt, 39 subculture; Marciano, Rocky; Rickard, Buffalo soldiers, 491 George Lewis “Tex”; Sullivan, John L. Buford, Kate, 170, 224, 367, 396, 422, Braddock, James J., 278, 442, 639 640–641 Bradford, William, 19, 601, 613 Bull Durham (film, 1988), 97, 624 Bradley, Bill, 260, 261 Bullock, Steven, 71, 528, Brailsford, Dennis, 272, 335–336 Bundgaard, Axel, 42, 462, 489 Branca, Ralph, 190–191 Bunk, Brian, 277 Brashler, William, 188 Burgos, Adrian, Jr., 168, 184–185, 189, 364, Brasswell, Michael C., 612 420, 441, 493–494, 532 Breen, Timothy, 16–18, 21, 408, 456 Burk, Robert F., 15, 62, 98, 165, 185, Brigham Young University, 88, 490, 608 194, 531 Briley, Ron, 625–627 Burns, John M., 320 British, the Burns, Ken, 180, 623–624 international competition, 389 Burns, Tommy, 439 sports, 272, 273, 335, 337–339, 360–363, Bushman, Richard L., 132 365, 408 Butterworth, Michael L., 493–494 car racing, 360–363 golf, 293, 315, 327 Cahn, Susan K., 79, 91, 145, 346, 350, 446, Brooklyn baseball, 135, 136, 156–157 511, 513–514 Superbas, 167 Caledonian Games, 337, 408, 469 Union Grounds, 181 Camden Yards (Baltimore), 116, 146, see also ; Brooklyn 539, 592 Dodgers; Brooklyn Eckfords; Brooklyn Cammeyer, William H., 136, 581 Excelsiors; Robinson, Jackie Camp, Walter, 52, 223, 495, 533–534, 583, Brooklyn Cyclones, 195 607, 636 Brooklyn Dodgers, 46, 166–167, 180, Canada 190–191, 407, 586–588 minor leagues, 184 integration, 72, 87, 180, 190, 443–444, and US sports relations, 22, 69, 364, 537 529, 645 women’s baseball, 512 move west, 76, 146, 190–191, 587 see also

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Canseco, Jose, 98, 194 Chandler, Albert “Happy,” 189, 644 Canton, OH, 142, 222, 224, 534 Chandler, Alfred, 524–525, 539 Caponi-Tabery, Gena, 250, 622 Chandler, Joan M., 73, 567, 629 car racing, 313–329, 360–363, 472 Channing, William Ellery, 604–605 see also France; NASCAR; stock-car racing Chapman, David L., 52, 411, 486, Carbo, Frankie, 280 538, 637 Caribbean, and baseball, 50, 185, 365, 420 Chapman, Ray, 63 Carlisle Indian School, 235, 341, 381, 396, Chariots of Fire (film, 1981), 345 487, 640 Charles Town, 131, 456 see also Thorpe, Jim Chase, Hal, 171 Carlos, John, 88, 349, 369, 391, 447, Chavez Ravine (Los Angeles), 587 492, 561 Cherokees, 501 Carnegie, Tom, 320 Chicago Bears, 65, 223, 646, 647 Carnera, Primo, 278–279, 417 Chicago Bulls, 262, 592 Carney, Gene, 63, 171 Chicago Coliseum, 116 Carr, Joseph F., 223, 225 Chicago Cubs, 171, 513, 533, 564 Carroll, Brian, 183, 441, 559–560 see also ; Wrigley, William Carroll, John M., 64–65, 73, 211, 214, Chicago Defender, 183, 559, 560 223–224, 488, 534, 646 Chicago to Evanston Race (1895), 122 Carroll, William, 322 Chicago Hebrew Institute, 41, 141 Cartwright, Alexander, 156–157, 159, Chicago School of Sociology, 133, 413 582, 635 Chicago Tribune, 225, 553, 556, 580 Carvalho, John, 557 Chicago White Sox, 166, 171, 363, 417, Cash, John David, 166–167 465, 484–485, 529, 560, 563, 591 Casway, Jerrald, 161, 410 see also Black Sox Scandal; Comiskey, Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), 142, Charles; Comiskey Park 471, 608 Chicago White Stockings, 45, 49, 117, 159, Catholics, 409, 410, 412, 419 161, 512, 583, 635, 642 assimilation, 142, 602 see also Chicago Cubs and football, 215, 647 children’s sport, 95 and higher education, 215, 253, 462, see also youth sport 507, 608 China, 89, 365 and immigrants, 40, 134, 409 Olympic diplomacy, 85, 366, 371 manliness, 608 ping pong diplomacy, 6 and Olympic boycott, 344 and US sport, 50 prejudice, 300 Chinese Americans, 249, 407, 422, 506 sport and church attendance, 608 assimilation; 184 Sunday play, 610 ethnic sports clubs, 184 and women, 253, 507 Christgau, John, 250–251 see also Catholic Youth Organization Cincinnati Red Stockings, 15, 113, 136, 158, (CYO); Irish and Irish Americans; 159, 484, 527, 581, 582 Lombardi, Vince; Novak, Michael; Cinderella Man (film, 2005), 68, 278, 626 City College of New York (CCNY), 74 Cavallo, Dominick, 36, 423 Civil War, 25, 28–29, 114, 118–119, Cayleff, Susan E., 70, 301, 346, 503, 512, 157–158, 211–212, 437, 458, 459, 462, 641, 650 463, 482, 484–485, 528, 605, 635 CBS, 92, 93, 347, 386, 567, 589, 594 Clarke, Deborah, 328 Central Park, 37, 140, 458 Clarke, Sally H., 318 Century, Douglas, 278, 415 Clay, Cassius: see Ali, Muhammad Chadwick, Henry, 137–138, 159, 484, 554, Cleaver, Eldridge, 271, 282 562, 649 Clemens, Roger, 194 Chalberg, John, 72 Clemente, Roberto, 144, 182, 184, Chamberlain, Wilt, 255–256, 258, 260–261 192–193, 646

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Cleveland Browns, 221, 225–226, 445, 593 Wilt; Molinas, Jack; Naismith, James; Cleveland Browns Stadium, 593 National Collegiate Athletic Association Cleveland Spiders, 167, 169 (NCAA); Wooden, John. Coachman, Alice, 513, 562 college football, 5, 41–42, 44, 47, 52, 61, Coad, David, 493 64–65, 202–219, 222, 396, 486, 580, Cobb, Ty, 62, 67, 138, 156, 161–162, 178, 646–48 186, 557–558, 643 administrative control, 64 Cobb, W. Montague, 347 and African Americans, 88, 216–219, 434, cockfighting, 16, 18, 131, 455–458, 461, 443, 445, 646 481–483, 603 amateur ideal, 96, 213–214, 488 Coenen, Craig, 66, 73, 99, 226–227, 534 basketball’s origins, 607, 636 Cohen, Greta, 69 as a civil religion, 76 Cohen, Lizabeth, 142, 470 coaches, 636, 647 Cohen, Stanley, 254–255 and Cold War, 76, 86, 94 Cold War, 6, 75–76, 84–86, 227, 348–351, and College Football Association, 92–93 366–367, 369–372, 380 commercialism, 213–219, 533, 534 and African Americans, 85, 86, 88, 369, conferences, 93–94, 583 371–372, 442, 446, 491, 514 conflicts with academics, 206–207 and American values, 236–237, 626 critiques of the NCAA as cartel, 93–94 and basketball, 88–89 as cultural text, 41–42 and boxing, 285 democratizing of, 462 Carter, Jimmy 370 and education, 94 and college sport, 76, 86, 88, 93–94 as elite sport, 44, 207–209, 212, 462 critiques of sport, 94 ethnicity, 208–210, 418, 419, 462 and film, 626 expansion, 209, 406, 462 globalization, 89 faculty control, 203–204 government, 76 and films, 628 home front, 85–86 and gambling, 75, 76, 255 integration, 87–88 and high school football, 143 and Latinos, 89 industrialization, 207–214, 219 and literature, 619 innovation, 211 and major league baseball, 87 integration, 74, 86–88, 216–219, 256, manliness, 91–92 445, 551 media, 92–93 intersectional games, 210 “Miracle on Ice,” 373 journalism, 42, 50, 61, 98–99, 556–557, Moscow Boycott, 85 561, 619 nationalism, 86 masculinity, 47, 202, 207–210, 212, 462, and NFL, 534–535 486–491, 496 Olympics, 85, 366–367, 369, 370–372, mass transit, 115 385, 391, 394, 446, 514 and media, 93, 214–215, 551, 564, and physical fitness, 86 629–630 and track, 349–351 and militarism, 490 and the USSR, 251, 285, 349–350, 367, and modernity, 203, 209–212, 214, 219 370–372, 385, 514 as national spectacle, 210–212 and women, 85, 86, 89–91, 350, 514 and nationalism, 50 Coleman, Annie Gilbert, 407, 494 and Native Americans, 396, 487 college basketball, 254–257 and NCAA, 204–205, 215–216, 218, and integration, 255–257, 445 248, 254 NIT tournament, 254 and press, 557, 561, 564, 619 and point-fixing scandals, 74–75, 254–255 and pro football, 142, 214, 223, 225, and UCLA dynasty, 257 226 see also Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem; basketball; professional coaches, 42, 47, 52 Berenson, Senda; Chamberlain, progressivism, 275

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college football (cont’d ) ethnicity, 39, 50, 140–141, 143–144, 147, and race, 216–219, 423, 434, 443, 445, 183, 247, 249–250, 253, 256, 258, 262, 487–488, 561, 640 303, 409, 424, 532, 536, 609 and radio, 215, 470, 551, 564, 570, in small towns, 534 585–586, 591, 629 sports fans, 73, 526, 529, 537 reform, 94–96, 203–207 and religion, 601, 607 regional identity, 210–213, 385 and women, 474, 507–509 and religion, 499, 608, 611 Comstock, Anthony, 458 rituals of spectatorship, 214 Congress of Industrial Organizations, 142 rules, 495 Conn, Billy, 279, 409 and the South, 76, 77, 210–213, 611 contests, defined, 1 as southern sport, 77 Cook, Kevin, 230 stadiums, 115–116, 210, 248, 385, 577, Cookie Cutter stadiums, 590–591 583–584 Cooperstown, NY, 5, 97, 636 student control, 64, 202 Baseball Hall of Fame, 195 Thanksgiving Day games, 208–209, 213 myth of baseball’s origin, 13–14, 156, Title IX, 515 187, 581 transportation, 115 Copeland, Lillian, 346–347, 511 and television, 92–93, 214–216, 564, 565, Corbett, James J., 46, 52, 275, 409, 492, 567, 570, 629–630 554, 580, 638 and University of Chicago, 64–65 Cosell, Howard, 232, 283, 416, 566, and University of Notre Dame, 65, 649–650 215, 608 Costas, Bob, 182 and women, 208–209 Cotswald Games, 336 see also Camp, Walter; Grange, Red; Cottrell, Robert, 186, 441, 644 National Collegiate Athletic Association Coubertin, Baron Pierre de, 85, 367, (NCAA); Rockne, Knute; Stagg, Amos 381–383, 385, 392, 642 Alonzo; Warner, Glenn S. “Pop.” Country Club, The, 464 College World Series, 97 country clubs, 6, 66, 294–295, 297, 464, Colman, Benjamin, 20 508, 513 colonial era, 4, 8, 13–23, 27, 112, 131, 273, County Stadium (Milwaukee), 587 335–337, 407–408, 454–456, 481, 495, Couvares, Francis, 38, 424, 468 526, 580, 620 Crabb, Richard, 317 religion, 602–603 Cramer, Richard Ben, 188, 418, 633 women, 501–502 Crawford, Russ, 5, 75–76, 86, 88 see also gambling; horse racing; Native Crawford, Scott A.G.M., 326, 328 Americans Creamer, Robert, 71, 186, 188, 411, 643 Columbia University Crepeau, Dick, 62, 630 basketball fixes, 255 crew: see rowing student rebellion, 86 Cribb, Tom, 23, 36 televised baseball, 588 cricket, 5, 25, 28, 39, 43, 89, 137, 155, 158, Comiskey, Charles, 171, 363, 410 159, 295, 360, 363, 408, 455, 457, 459, Comiskey Park, 115, 591 470, 483, 527, 554–555, 604, 649 communication revolution: see film, Crispus Attucks High School (Indianapolis), journalism; radio; telegraph; television 256 community, 4, 13, 23, 36, 140, 286, 295, Croker, Richard, 610 336, 361, 382, 410, 415–416, 418–421, croquet, 32, 44, 48, 134, 467, 504–505 437, 622 Crosley Field (Cincinnati), 115 and African Americans, 88, 438, 441, 444, Cuba, 371 446–447, 449, 491, 507 and baseball, 51, 72, 89, 163, 189, 364, and Asian Americans, 367, 388, 407, 423 441, 493 and car racing, 322, 324 and boxing, 281, 420, 558 and class, 18, 38, 66, 462, 464, 469, 474 Cuban Giants, 168

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Cuban X-Giants, 440, 532 Dixon, George, 275, 438 Culin, Stewart, 22 Dixon, Jane, 562 Cunningham, Carson, 99, 251 Dizikes, John, 635 Curd, Ed, 75 Djata, Sundiata, 305, 513 Curtis Cup, 511 Doby, Larry, 87 Curtis, William B., 340 Domer, Thomas, 76, 85–86 Cusic, Don, 621 Dominican Republic, baseball in, 50, 51, 64, cycling: see bicycle 89, 363, 420, 442 Czech Americans, 38, 411, 413, 418 Donovan, Frank, 316, 325, 327–328 doping, 98, 121, 124–126, 339 Daily Worker, 189, 443, 560 Doubleday, Abner, 143, 156–157, 187, 581, Dallas Cowboys, 593–594 635, 636 Dallas Texans, 647 Douglas, Bob, 75, 250 Daniel, Pete, 326 Douglas, James “Buster,” 284 Daniels, Bruce C., 209–21, 408, 602–603 Douglass, Ann, 48 Darwin, Bernard, 293 Douglass, Frederick, 435, 438, 492 Davies, Richard O., 4, 34, 74, 96, 227, 282, Dover, Robert, 336 307, 406, 500, 565 Doyle, Andrew, 211–212, 611 Davis, Bummy, 280 drag racing, 6, 316, 322, 324, 474 Davis Cup, 297, 302, 306 Drake, Robert, 279, 559 Davis, Laurel, 620–621 Drape, Joe, 495 Dawidoff, Nicholas, 187–188 Dream Team, 88–89 Dawkins, Marvin P., 303 dry-lakes racing, 314, 321–322, 324 Dawson, Kevin, 435–436, 482, 502 Dulles, Foster Rhea, 2, 14, 34, 36 Day, Dave, 273 Duquesne Gardens (), 116 Daytona Beach, FL, 122, 319, 324 Durocher, Leo, 192 De la Teja, Jesus F., 23, 419 Duryea, 315–317 de Wilde, Ari, 538 Dux basketball team, 609 Dean, Pamela, 252 Dyreson, Jodella, 23, 419 Deerfoot (Louis Bennett), 338 Dyreson, Mark, 5, 50–51, 70, 344, 366, Dees, Mark L., 323 381–382, 388, 394, 420, 442–443, 490, Deford, Frank, 67, 161, 302, 611 629–630 Delehanty, Ed, 161, 410, 642 Dellinger, Susan, 171 Early, Gerald, 180, 492 Demas, Lane, 88, 217–218, 445 Echevarría, Roberto González, 163, 364 Dempsey, Jack, 61, 68, 142, 276–278, 538, Edelman, Ro, 510 557, 580, 586, 638–639 Ederle, Gertrude, 510 and Tunney Fight of 1927, 65, 557, 580 Edwards, Bob, 187 Desch Obi, T.J., 436 Edwards, Harry, 88, 95, 349, 389, 391, 492 Detroit Tigers, The, 529 Egan, Pierce, 556 Deveney, Sean, 171 Eig, Jonathan, 72, 187, 190, 411, 644 Devine, Christopher, 159 Eisen, George, 70, 368, 390, 405, 406, 414 Dewey, Don, 171 Eisenberg, John, 229 Dewey, Godfrey, 393 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 76, 85, 308 Di Salvatore, Bryan, 45, 160, 164 electricity, 111, 116–117, 563 Dickson, Paul, 182, 191 Elfers, James E., 51 Didrikson, Babe, 67, 68–70, 77, 185, 253, Eliot, Charles, 486, 619 294, 301, 346–347, 511–512, 562, 640, elite sports, 7, 16–17, 27–28, 35, 37, 39, 641, 649 41–42, 44, 50–51, 64, 68, 383, digital platforms, 7, 568–571, 594 454–459, 461–468, 471, 473, 580 DiMaggio, Joe, 71, 184, 188, 189, 417–418, and prejudice, 416 585, 644 technological innovations, 118, 120, Dinces, Sean, 393 125–126

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elite sports (cont’d) Evans, Christopher H., 612 see also African Americans; athletic clubs; Evensen, Bruce, 68, 557 automobile; boxing; car racing; college Ewing, Buck, 162 football; colonial era; country clubs; gender; golf; fox hunting; honor; horse Fainaru-Wada, Mark, 194 racing; hunting; polo; tennis; track and Falcons, 38, 418 field; upper class; urbanization; women; fans, 1, 5 yachting and air races, 123 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 603–105 baseball, 63–64, 115, 137, 144–145, 156, Engelmann, Larry, 67, 302, 510, 650 158, 161, 164–166, 180–182, 188, 190, English colonists, 16, 18–20, 335–336, 407, 192, 416–417, 444, 564, 581, 584, 454–457, 502, 578 644–645 English festive culture, 20 basketball, 248, 251, 256, 260, 449 English sports, 13, 23, 42, 134, 159, 335, boat racing, 120 338, 457, 459, 462, 464 boxing, 39, 281, 438, 580, 637–638 cricket, 360, 527 car racing, 313, 324–328 soccer, 360–361 and class, 466, 468–470, 472, 474 track, 381 and consumer culture, 61 Entine, Jon, 443, 616 cycling, 121 entrepreneurs, 7, 26, 28, 32, 37, 45, 52, and drugs, 124–126 114–115, 141, 474, 523–541, 644 and ethnicity, 405, 416–417 and African Americans, 144, 167–168, football, 66, 210, 214, 218, 221, 232, 250, 420, 440–441, 484, 525–531 237, 494 and automobile, 317 and mass transit, 115 and baseball, 47, 51, 52, 117, 136–139, and media, 67, 580, 587–588, 594 159, 415, 484 and sports books, 1, 651 and basketball, 416 and stadiums, 584–588, 592–594 and boxing, 138, 279, 409 tennis, 510 and colonists, 131, 455 see also women and cycling 121 Fea, John, 392–393 and Jews, 415–416 , 156, 166, 530 NHL, 525–536 Federal League v. Organized Baseball (1922), and pro football, 410, 534–535 166 and sport ideology, 141 Federation of Women’s Athletic Clubs, and sporting goods, 251 464 see also Comiskey, Charles; Fox, Richard Felber, Bill, 63, 167 Kyle; Spalding, Albert G.; sporting goods Fellowship of Christian Athletes, 611 and mass production femininity, 67, 85, 252, 285, 350, 464–466, Ephross, Peter, 181 471, 485, 508 Epstein, Charlotte, 510–511 feminism, 3, 7, 69, 72, 209, 300, 471, 479, Erenberg, Lewis, 68, 279–280, 283, 442, 639 495, 503, 504 Ernst, Joseph, 52, 637 and sport, 48, 69, 91, 185, 212, 300, 302, Erving, Julius, 88, 261, 448 446, 515, 562 ESPN, 65, 89, 262, 540, 553, 567, 568, 570, Fenway Park, 115, 167, 472, 585 594, 630, 642, 646, 648 Festle, Mary Jo, 90, 446 Espy, Richard, 85, 366, 385 Fidler, Merrie, 189, 513, 532 ethnicity, 33–34, 39–41, 405–419 Field of Dreams (film, 1989), 96, 97, 163, prejudice, 292 185, 186, 619 urbanization, 423–424 field hockey, 113, 501 see also acculturation; African Americans; field sports, 39, 555 assimilation; baseball; basketball; see also fishing; fox hunting; hunting bowling; boxing; community; football; Fields, Sarah, 285 immigration; working class; women; figure skating, 91–92, 494 names of particular ethnic groups Filipino Americans, 184

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film, 61, 68, 124, 565, 615–617, 619, 621, football, pro, 221–237 623–628 pre-1920, 39, 46, 65–66, 142, 222–224, and baseball, 96–97, 179, 184, 186, 188, 534 189, 194, 415, 421, 564, 643 working class, 46, 470 and boxing, 276, 280–281, 638–639 (Pittsburgh), 115, 584 and football, 94, 99, 213–214, 223, 224, Ford, Henry, 315, 317, 319 226, 228, 229 Ford, Liam T.A., 65 and Olympics, 347, 395 Foreman, George, 282–283 and women, 414, 512 Fort, Rodney D., 93, 530 Finoli, David, 71, 182 Fort Wayne Pistons, 146, 249, 255 Fischer, David Hackett, 15–16, 22, Fortunato, John A., 569–570 336–337 Foss, Joe, 229, 234 Fisher, Carl G., 320 Foster, Mark, 323 Fisher, Donald M., 258, 421, 487, 537 Foster, Rube, 186, 189, 440–441, Fisher, Marshall Jon, 302 531, 644 fishing, 20, 131, 419, 454, 456, 464, 472, Fountain, Charles, 649 505, 555, 604 four-minute mile, 348 Fitts, Robert, 187–188, 192, 363, 365, 423 Fowler, Bud, 440 Fitzpatrick, Keene, 343 fox hunting, 294, 456 Fitzsimmons, Bob, 275, 554, 576 Fox, Jack C., 320 Fleitz, David, 159–160, 169, 409 Fox network, 570, 594 Fletcher, Marvin E., 491 Fox, Richard Kyle, 46, 138, 274–275, 409, Flink, James J., 317, 323 434, 438, 538, 554, 556 Flood, Curt, 193, 448, 493, 646 France, 85, 121, 123, 297, 305, 510, 584 Flowers, Tiger, 277, 640 and automobile, 315, 316, 318, 327, 539 folk games, 13, 25, 96, 113, 114, 337 and Olympics, 369, 383 Follis, Charles W., 233 France, Bill, 77, 100, 324–325 football, 64–66, 98–100 Frankfurt School, 132 and anti-Semitism, 224 Franklin, Benjamin, 336 coaches, 647 Franks, Joel, 184, 364, 422, 423 and drugs, 233 Frazier, Joe, 282–283, 640 entrepreneurs, 410, 535, 537 Fredrickson, George, 462 ethnic players, 418–419 Freedman, Andrew, 532 fans, 237 Freedman, Stephen, 466–467 and integration, 87, 232–235, 444–445 Freidman, Benny, 224, 473 and labor relations, 236 Friday Night Lights, 99 and manliness, 47, 462, 486–489, Frommer, Harvey, 170 490–491, 494, 556 frontier sport, 1, 14, 17–18, 23, 34, 110, and media, 232 207, 337, 408, 421, 461, 538 as national pastime, 236–237 Frost, Mark, 193, 307 and nationalism, 50 Frothingham, Octavius, B., 604 and press, 553, 556 Furst, Terry, 555 and radio, 588–589 reform, 95 Gaelic Athletic Association, 410 Rozelle Era, 228–230 Galenson, David W., 297 stadiums, 146–147, 590–591 gambling, 25 and television, 92, 96, 110, 146, 538, 540, and African Americans, 420 565–567, 589 and baseball, 45, 62, 136, 138, 156, 157, and travel, 146 164, 170–171, 425, 555, 627 and youth, 452 and basketball, 254–255 see also All American Football League; and blood sports, 458, 461 college football; football, pro; high and boxing, 24, 272, 276, 278 school sport; Monday Night Football; colonial, 16, 18, 20, 23, 131, 408, ; Super Bowl 526, 602

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gambling (cont’d ) George, Nelson, 88, 259, 623 corruption, 121 Gerlach, Larry, 45, 155, 181, 386, 411, 623 crime syndicates, 113, 138, 278 German Americans, 22, 39–40, 58, 388, in England, 336, 456–458 407, 411 fixes, 156, 171, 254–255 and baseball, 470 and hockey, 535 and Jews, 66, 300, 609 and horse racing, 16, 18, 20, 39, 68, 410, and Turners, 38, 407, 506 456–457, 463, 537, 578 Germany and Irish, 410 and boxing, 271, 442, 639 male bachelor subculture, 460–461, 482 drugs in East Germany, 125 moral opposition to, 49, 131, 134, Nazi Olympics, 347, 369, 383, 458, 602 388–391, 560 in New Orleans, 114 and Olympics, 366, 371, 384 and pro football, 222, 225, 410, 535, 648 and playground movement, 360 and running, 338, 538 and sports, 302, 337 working class, 468–469 see also Sandow, Eugen see also Black Sox Scandal Giamatti, A. Bartlett, 182, 418 Gammel, Irene, 285 Gibson, Althea, 86, 300, 305, 446, Gans, Joe, 460, 640 513–514, 562 Gargano, Anthony, 231 Gibson Girl, 44 Garrett, Bill, 255, 445 Gibson, Josh, 181, 184, 188, 441–443 Garvey, Ed, 236 Gifford, Frank, 227, 588–589 gay athletes, 91–92, 194–195, 237, 504 Gildea, William, 73, 276, 438, 640 see also lesbian athletes Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 47, 48, 506 Geertz, Clifford, 16, 18, 42, 484 girls, 48, 69, 90, 117, 143, 185, 253, 343, Gehrig, Lou, 182, 187, 411, 585, 644 352, 446, 471, 485, 495, 507, 512, Gems, Gerald R., 3–5, 7, 25, 29, 34, 43, 516, 610 46–48, 50, 96, 142, 208, 209, 250, 361, Gleaves, John, 339, 345 527, 608 Glenn, Rhonda, 301 on ethnicity, 406–407, 411, 413, 416, Glickman, Marty, 72, 345 420–421, 424 Glidden Tour, 169, 315, 317 on women, 501–502, 506, 516 globalization, 6, 89, 96, 181, 194, 251, 342, gender, 90–92, 96, 111, 121, 122, 131, 360–363, 365, 366, 371–362 137, 567 Glory Days (Museum of the City of and African Americans, 436, 446 New York), 190 and auto racing, 328, 329 Gmelch, George, 365 and baseball, 169, 182, 185, 189 Godfrey, George, 437 and basketball, 247, 252–254, 259, Golden Age of Sport, 61–67, 509, 539, 608 262, 263 Golden Gloves boxing tournament, 226, and boxing, 273, 281, 284–286 553, 608 and business, 532, 539–540 Goldstein, Herbert S., 50 and class, 455, 464 Goldstein, Richard, 189, 528 and college football, 214, 232, 237 Goldstein, Warren, 4, 28, 33, 43–44, 96, and elite sports, 292, 293, 295, 296, 158–159, 406, 464, 468, 480–481, 484, 300–302, 309 500, 527 and ethnicity, 407, 411, 414, 420, 424 Golenbock, Peter, 190, 325 and films, 624–626 golf, 6, 100, 113, 145, 292–296, 556, and international sport, 384, 388–389, 391 620, 626 and manliness, 479–496 and African Americans, 303–305 and media, 568, 569 biographies, 306–308 and women, 500–516, 561–562, 650 country club, 66, 539 gentry, 16–17, 131, 335–336, 408, 456, and gender, 300 558, 610 and lower class, 470, 472

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and middle class, 467, 511 and major league baseball, 62–63, 67, origins, 296–298 187–189, 528, 563, 586, 608 prejudice, 300 New Deal, 60–61, 66, 130, 140 public courses, 467, 470, 610 and Olympics, 70, 379, 392–393, 511, 562 and Scots, 408–409 and pro football 223, 235, 648 and sporting goods, 118, 139 and track, 345–346, 473, and upper class, 37, 43–44, 463–465, Great Planters of Virginia, 455, 456, 458, 508–509 578 and women, 48, 68–69, 90, 301, 465, , 146, 223, 470 508–509, 511, 512, 641 Green, Ben, 250, 537 see also country clubs Green, Elijah “Pumpsie,” 192, 444 Gonzales, Pancho, 308, 420–421 Green, Harvey, 207, 485 Good, Howard, 627 Green, Shawn, 195 Goodman, Cary, 36, 114 Greenberg, Hank, 187–188, 414, 415 Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 180 Greenberg, Murray, 224 Goodyear, Charles, Jr., 118 Greenleaf, William, 317 Gordon, Milton, 413 Greenlee, Gus, 189, 420, 441–442, 531, 648 Gorhams, 168, 532 Gregorich, Barbara, 169, 512, 532 Gorn, Elliott, 4, 22, 33, 43–44, 447, 464, “Gridiron, U.S.A.,” 211 480–481, 500 Griffith, Emile, 281, 558 and Ali, Muhammad, 447, 492, 640 Grimsley, Will, 294, 296, 298 and boxing, 23, 46, 273–274, 277, 458, Grundman, Adolph, 250–251, 385–386 461–462, 469, 482–483, 492, 538, 579 Grundy, Pamela, 48, 69, 90, 99, 145, and gouging, 17–18, 29, 408, 409 252–254, 488, 493, 507–508, 515 and manliness, 24, 46–47, 96, 406, 460, Gruver, Ed, 229 468, 469 Gulick, Luther, 42, 52, 140–141, 247, 343, Gottlieb, Eddie, 249, 260, 532 489, 606, 636 Goudsouzian, Aram, 6, 100, 255, 256, 259, gun-making, 112 491, 648 Gurock, Jeffrey, 49–50, 414, 608–609 gouging, 17, 18, 29, 274, 461 Guschov, Stephen, 158, 581 as ritualized behavior, 18 Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri, 51, 163, 185, 365 Gould, Stephen Jay, 182 Guts Muth, Johann, 337 Gould, Todd, 248–249 Guttmann, Allen Graham, Billy, 611 and Brundage, Avery, 70, 344, 350–351, Graham, Tom, 255, 445 366–367, 396 Grand Prix racing, 315, 316, 320 and fine art, 620 Grange, Red, 61, 65, 211, 214, 224, 473, and the Frankfurt School, 132 488, 534, 586, 646 and imperialism, 50, 89, 361 Grant, Madison, 412–413 and Japan, 365 Graziano, Rocky, 417 and media, 96 Great Depression, 5, 60, 67, 179, 187–189, and modernity and sport, 25, 34, 109–111, 379 119, 125–126, 131, 132, 272, 359 and African Americans, 441–443, 639 and Olympics, 70, 85, 365, 380, 501–502 and basketball, 250, 254 and Weber, Max, 109–110, 272 and boxing, 67–68, 278–280, 417, and women, 69, 501–502, 642 492, 639 and car racing, 321 Hagen, Walter, 293, 307 and CYO, 142, 608 Halas, George, 224, 535 declining access to sports, 66, 471 Halberstam, David, 71, 188, 261–262, and gender 68–70 564, 648 government promotion of sports, 66, Ham, Eldon, 563 471, 586 Hamilton, Billy, 162 and horse racing, 68 Hammond Pros, 142, 444

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Hardy, Stephen and basketball, 260 on Boston sport, 25, 36, 133, 423, 464, biographies, 635–650 509, 527, 536, 616 and boxing, 68, 142, 276–277, 409, 629 on entrepreneurs, 474, 525 compensatory, 61 and historiography, 4, 34 ethnicity, 39–40, 405, 406 and hockey, 536 and fiction, 618 and sporting goods, 337, 539 and film 621, 627 Hargreaves, John, 359–360 and football, 42, 65, 95, 208, 213 Harlem Globetrotters, 248, 250, 258–260, and golf, 195, 204 372, 491, 532, 537 and horses, 471 Harlem Renaissance Five: see New York Rens Irish, 39, 46 harness racing, 25, 26, 119, 132, 458, 579 Italians,188, 416, 418 Harris, Cecil, 305, 306 and Jews, 188, 192, 414 Harris, David, 232–233, 535 and Olympics, 251 Harris, Franco, 418 and Poles, 419 Harrison, Lester, 537 and sportswriters, 138, 213–214, 553 Harrison, Walter, 414 and upper class, 462 Hartmann, Douglas, 350, 369, 447, 449, and working class, 469 492 see also Ali, Muhammad; Dempsey, Jack; Harvard Stadium, 584 Grange, Red; Louis, Joe; Owens, Jesse; Harvard University, 124, 248, 434, 486, 583 Robinson, Jackie; Ruth, Babe; Sullivan, Haupert, Michael, 528 John L. Hauser, Thomas, 282, 284, 640 heroines, 446, 490. 510, 650–651 Hawaii, sport in, 50, 157, 159, 184, 246, Herskowitz, Mickey, 227, 231 422–423, 635 Hetrick, Thomas, 167 Hawkins, Connie, 261, 648 Hietala, Thomas, 68, 276, 639 health reform, 2, 15, 25–27, 43, 48, 96, 132, Higginson, Thomas W., 459, 503, 605 141, 144, 169, 252, 437, 457–459, Higgs, Robert, 49, 612, 618 465–467, 472, 480–481, 532, 555, high school sport, 42–43, 60, 91, 94, 605–606 99–100, 142–143, 145, 295, 421, 466, and women, 501–506 471–472 Heaphy, Leslie, 5, 183 and African Americans, 347, 507, 586 Hearst, William Randolph, 554 basketball, 253, 255–256, 648 Heenan-Sayers fight (1860), 273, 635 baseball in Japan, 163 Heiskanen, Benita, 285, 420, 538 football, 65–66, 87, 99, 143, 208, 295, Heitmann, John, 318, 323 419, 421, 471, 472 Hellerman, Steven, 360, 361, 523, 538 and girls, 69, 90, 253, 507 Helyar, John, 97–98, 185 track, 334, 346, 351 Henderson, Edwin Bancroft, 46, 250, 259, Higham, John, 68, 139, 345, 396, 418 347, 435, 449 Hillenbrand, Laura, 641–642 Henderson, John, 308 Himes, Cindy, 48, 464 Henderson, Robert W., 156, 299 Hirsch, James, 191, 645 Henderson, Russell, 256 historically black colleges, 77, 508, 637 Henry, Harley, 619 Hoberman, John, 125–126, 443 Herbert, Henry William (Frank Forester), Hobsbawm, Eric, 460, 465 555 Hofheinz, Roy, 590 Herman, Daniel J., 112 Hofmann, Annette, 40, 389, 411, 506 heroes, 4, 6–8, 61, 75, 314, 351, 586, 611 Hogan, Ben, 307 African American, 68, 72, 232, 276, 282, Holliman, Jennie, 1–2 304, 406, 438, 442, 447, 559, 562, 629 Holm Eleanor, 510, 511 and baseball, 45, 68, 95, 126, 136–137, Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, 459 156, 161, 165, 178–180, 186, 188, 190, Holt, Richard, 165–176 192, 557–558, 616 home front, and sports, 71

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Homestead Grays, 188, 443 Hulme, Derick L., Jr., 370–371 homoeroticism, 92, 483, 486 Hult, Joan, 501, 507, 514 honor human growth hormones, 84 and amateurism, 296 Hunt, Lamar, 221, 228, 229, 535, 539, 647 and baseball, 161, 203 Hunt, Thomas M., 371 Black Sox Scandal aftermath, 485 Huntington, Roger, 320, 323, 325 and boxing, 24, 46, 134 hunting, 112, 131, 194, 419, 454, 456, 463, and Cobb, Ty, 161, 643 466, 468, 472, 481–483, 501, 505, 555, and college football, 488 603 and elite, 295, 457 The Hurricane (film, 1999), 624–625 and hunting, 481 Husing, Ted, 347, 564 and Irish, 134 Huizinga, Johan, 14, 612 male bachelor subculture, 24, 134, 461 manliness, 481, 496 ice skating, 32, 121, 134, 412, 455, 464, and slavery, 435, 436 502, 505, 603 and the South, 187, 212, 481–483, 643 Immaculata College, 253, 507, 515 and Virginia gentry, 408, 456 immigration, 33, 39–41, 50, 139, 166, 184, and working class, 134, 469, 482–483 202, 219, 249, 252, 274–275, 406, 555, Hopsicker, Peter, 388, 393, 416 606 Horger, Marc, 247–248 see also ethnicity horse racing imperialism, 50–51, 89, 207, 361, 420, 424 in antebellum era, 482, 555, 578, 579 Inabinett, Mark, 649 and art, 620 incandescent light bulbs, 116 and auto racing, 122 Indianapolis, 314, 320–321, 328, 471, 510 black jockeys, 495 industrialization, 2, 4–5, 13, 14, 25, 26, bookmakers, 469 32–34, 45, 47, 49, 112–114, 119–120, and class, 537 132, 163, 179, 202–203, 219, 274, 320, colonial, 16, 17, 21, 112, 131, 456–457, 342, 459, 460, 465, 482, 487, 529, 555, 495, 526, 578 606, 611 and elite, 32, 37, 131, 456, 457, 495 and masculinity, 207–212 and film, 68 Ingrassia, Brian M., 7, 206, 489 and gambling, 469, 578 Inness, Sherrie A., 619 and harness racing, 119 International Amateur Athletic Federation and Irish, 410 (IAAF), 342 journalism, 555 International Boxing Club of New York, 538 machine politicians, 138 International Boxing Commission, 280 manliness, 495, 578 International Olympic Committee, 361, 366, modernization, 112 381, 383, 386–387, 395, 397, 540, 569 in New Orleans, 36 International Young Men’s Christian and politics, 537 Association Training School, 140 popularity, 28, 43, 138, 463, 579 Irish and Irish Americans racetracks, 579 and baseball, 39, 40, 409–410, 460, 470 and reformers, 35, 49, 578 and basketball, 249, 415–416 revival in 1920s, 68 and boxing, 39, 134, 406, 409, 472, transportation innovations, 111 483, 609 urbanization, 114, 527 and Catholic Youth Organization, 142 hot rodding, 6, 314, 321–324, 325, 327–329 and college football, 65, 462, 564, 608 Hotaling, Richard, 68, 437, 495 and gambling, 39 Houston Astrodome, 146, 494, 580, 590 and horse racing, 39, 410 Howell, Colin, 364 immigrants, 134, 405–407, 409, 412 Howell, Mark D., 326 and machine politics, 39, 134 Hudson, David L., Jr., 301 male bachelor subculture, 134 Hulbert, William, 45, 117, 136, 138, 164 and Olympics, 388, 470, 630

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Irish and Irish Americans (cont’d) Jerome Park, 37, 463, 579 and prejudice, 407, 409–410 Jewish Americans, 40, 412, 414–416, and pro football, 410 608–610 social and athletic clubs, 142 and anti-Semitism, 66, 294, 300, 388, 416 sports as an avenue of social mobility, and baseball, 181, 184, 188, 189, 192, 409–410, 472 532, 644 and track and field, 340–341, 382, 388, and basketball, 249, 252, 416 416, 470 and boxing, 273, 278, 416, 472 traditional games, 39, 410 and football, 224 working class, 39, 460, 468 and German Jews, 66, 609 see also names of individual athletes, coaches, and golf, 294, 300 and entrepreneurs and heroes, 188, 192, 273 Irish American Athletic Club, 343–344, 346 and sports, 41, 49–50, 72, 141–142, 540 Irish, Ned, 254 and track, 340, 388, 416 Irsay, James, 593 and women, 252, 346–347, 506–507, Isaac, Rhys, 198 509–510, 637 Isaacs, Neil, 248, 258, 535, 618 see also Cosell, Howard; Glickman, Marty; Isenberg, Michael, 46, 274, 409, 483, 538, Greenberg, Hank; Koufax, Sandy 637–638 Jockey Club, The, 463 Italian Americans, 184, 405, 407, 412, jockey clubs, 37, 131, 135, 138, 300, 416–418 456, 463, acceptance of, 184 Johnson, Ban, 165, 530, 643 and baseball, 184, 417–418 Johnson, Elmer L., 49 and boxers, 278, 280, 417, 472 Johnson, Jack, 46, 47, 68, 272, 276, 439, and football, 418 442, 481, 492, 559, 628, 629, 638–639 and Olympics, 418 Johnson, James, 277 and track, 418 Johnson, Lyndon B., 371 see also acculturation; assimilation; Johnson, M. Mikell, 304 DiMaggio, Joe; Lombardi, Vince; Johnson, Timothy A., 621 Marciano, Rocky Johnson, Walter, 162, 186 Ivy League, 41, 93, 135, 246, 341, 583–584 Johnson, William O., 566 Jones, Bobby, 66, 293, 307, 509 Jable, J. Thomas, 22, 42, 46, 336, 408, 526 Jordan, Michael, 88–89, 147, 262, 361, Jackson, Peter, 275, 438–439, 448–449, 648 Jacobs, Mike, 279, 280, 538 journalism, 7, 41–42, 262–263, 274, 368, 370, Jacobson, Matthew, 405 501, 552–563, 567, 569–570, 578, 649 Jaher, Frederic C., 416 Judaism and sport: see acculturation; Jahncke, Ernest Lee, 383 assimilation; Jewish Americans; Young Jamail, Milton H., 364, 383 Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA); James, Bill, 97, 179–180, 194 Young Women’s Hebrew Association James I of England, 19, 601 (YWHA) Japanese and baseball, 51, 89, 163, 185, 187, 192, Kahanamoku, Duke, 423 363, 365, 512 Kahn, Roger, 191 at LA Olympics, 367–368, 388, 559 Kahout, Martin, 171 and NFL, 231 Kaliss, Gregory J., 255–257, 445 torturing of Zamperini, 396–397, 641–642 Kallen, Horace, 412 and YMCA, 50 Kanin, David B., 85, 366, 370, 385 Japanese Americans, 422 Kashatus, William, 169, 192, 643 and baseball, 71, 182, 184, 422–423, 493, Kasson, John F., 486 513 Kaszuba, Dave, 562 Jay, Kathryn, 73, 75, 96, 227, 513 Katchen, Alan S., 344, 416 Jeffries, Jim, 47, 138, 276 Katen, Brian, 326

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KDKA (Pittsburgh), 564, 586 Lacy, Sam, 74 Keller, Richard, 618 Ladd, Brian, 318 Kelly, Jason, 277 Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), Kelly, Mike “King,” 39, 52, 137, 156, 294, 301, 305, 512, 641 160–161, 410, 642 LaFeber, Walter, 262, 361–362, 648 Kelly, Tara Kathleen, 482 Lake Front Park (Chicago), 583 Kemper, Kurt, 5, 76, 86–87, 94 Lake Placid Winter Olympics (1932), 388, Kennedy, John F., 234, 445 392–394, 416 Kennedy, John H., 47, 304 Lake Placid Winter Olympics (1980), Kerr, Roy, 162 372, 387 Keys, Andrew, 277 Lallement, Pierre, 121 Keys, Barbara, 279, 361 Lamb, Chris, 72, 183, 558, 560, 561, 645 Khan, Abraham Iqbal, 448, 493 La Motta, Jake, 280, 417 Kidd, Bruce, 535–536 Lamster, Mark, 51, 159, 363 Kimball, Richard, 8, 49, 489–490 Lanctot, Neil, 47, 63, 189, 440, 441, Kime, Beverly Rae, 318 531–532 Kimmel, Michael, 47, 480 Langford, Sam, 277 Kindred, Dave, 283 Landis, Kenesaw M., 62–63, 156, 160, 170, King, Billie Jean, 90, 297, 302, 308, 186, 194, 485, 530, 560, 644 494–495, 514, 515, 539, 650 Laney, Al, 297 King, Don, 282–284 Lansbury, Jennifer, 562 Kingdome (Seattle), 591 Lapchick, Joe, 251, 649 Kinsella, W.P., 619–620 Latinos Kirby, Gustavus T., 383, 385 and baseball, 62, 88–89, 168, 184–185, Kirsch, George, 28, 44, 66, 100, 114, 363–364, 419–421, 444, 493, 532 156–158, 295, 298, 304, 406, 408–409, and boxing, 285, 472, 538, 627 483–484, 527–528, 539 and football, 421 Kiviat, Abel, 416 Laux, James M., 318 Klein, Alan M., 185, 364–365, 419 Layden, Elmer, 225, 284 Kleinfeld, Sonny, 320 League of American Wheelmen, 37–38, 121, Klitschko, Wladimir, 285 467, 638 Knickerbocker, Wendy, 49 League of Their Own, A (film, 1992), 189 Knight Commission on Intercollegiate League Park (Cleveland), 115 Athletics, 94 Leavy, Jane, 190, 192, 415, 644 Koch, James, 93 Lebow, Fred, 538 Kohn, Alfie, 94–95 LeCompte, Mary Lou, 48, 411, 419 Koppett, Leonard, 74, 179, 258, 261 LeCompte, Tom, 308 Korea, and baseball, 365 Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher, 188 Korr, Charles, 193, 531 Leifer, Eric, 164 Korsgaard, Robert, 339–340, 342 Lenglen, Suzanne, 67, 302, 510, 650 Koufax, Sandy, 415, 644 Leonard, Benny, 415, 609 Kramer, Jack, 308 Leonard, Buck, 443, Krause, Kevin M., 304 Leonard, David, 448–449 Kriegel, Mark, 214, 646–647 Leonard, Sugar Ray, 283 Krout, John Allen, 1, 2, 14 lesbian athletes, 91–92, 301–302, 471, Kruger, Arnd, 368–369, 388–389 511, 515 Kuklick, Bruce, 182, 539 Lester, Robin, 3, 41, 64–65, 203, 647, Kuska, Bob, 75, 250 Levine, Peter, 41, 45, 72, 141, 159, 184, Kusz, Kyle W., 626 249, 300, 414, 484, 527, 609, 635–636 Levitt, Daniel, 166, 529–530 labor aristocracy, 458, 460, 466 Levy, Alan, 161, 226, 282, 639 labor-management relations, 7, 45, 156, Lewis, Michael, 194 163–166, 372 Liberti, Rita, 252, 446, 508

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Life and Times of Hank Greenberg, The Madison Square Garden, 116, 121, 251, 254, (film, 1998), 188, 415 277, 279, 339, 345, 349, 469, 538, 580, Light, Jonathan Fraser, 182 582, 590–592, 612 Lindbergh, Charles, 123 Mahler, Jonathan, 193 Lipsyte, Robert, 95, 348 Mahoney, Jeremiah T., 344, 384, 390–391 Lipton, Sir Thomas, 120 major league baseball, 62–64, 181–182 Liston, Charles “Sonny,” 282, 639 in the 1920s, 63, 186–187 Little League, 145, 313, 472, 495, 512 in the 1940s, 188–190 Littlewood, Thomas B., 226 in the 1950s, 72–73, 190–192 Lloyd, Earl, 258 in the 1960s–1970s, 96–98, 192–193 Lomax Michael, 47, 167–168, 225–226, 233, and African Americans, 144, 183, 470, 234, 236, 440–441, 484, 532 492–493 Lombardi, Vince, 229, 230, 418, 647 and American Association, 164 Los Angeles Coliseum, 116, 146, 385, 582, and American culture, 36, 616–617 587, 589 American League, rise of, 156, 164, 165 Los Angeles Lakers, 260 and Asian Americans, 184 Los Angeles Olympics (1932), 69, 116, audiences, 33, 584, 594 347, 368, 385, 387, 388, 393, 511, and ballparks, 142, 146–147, 182, 539, 559, 562, 641 582, 584, 589–591 see also Didrikson, Babe baseball creed, 36 Los Angeles Olympics (1984), 85, 368, 371, biographies, 45, 160–162, 642–646 385, 386, 393–395, 515, 595 Black Sox Scandal, 35, 63, 170–171, , 87, 535 484–485, 617 Louis, Joe, as heavyweight champion, and boosterism, 146 279–280, 409, 442 as business, 525–531 as hero, 7, 272, 417, 559, 629 and Cold War, 86 and Johnson, Jack, 68, 492, 559 and Continental League, 587–588 and Schmeling, Max, 68, 271, 559, compared to soccer, 539 629, 639 costs of attending games, 472 Lovesey, Peter, 338–339, 345 and Czechs, 413 Lowe, Stephen R., 307 Dodgers–Giants rivalry, 190–191, 587 Lowenfish, Lee, 188, 528, 529, 531, 645 and entrepreneurs, 136–138, 159, 185, Lowry, Philip, 590, 424, 484, 528–530 Lucas, Charles J.P., 392 ethnicity, 39–41, 184, 405, 407, 424 Lucas, John A., 338, 340–342, 344, 346, expansion, 76, 588 382–384 fans, 182, 471, 472, 584 Luckman, Sid, 142 and Federal League, 166 Lucsko, David, 6 and fiction, 618–620 Luke, Bob, 64, 189 and films, 96, 623–624, 626–627 Lumpkin, Angela, 299, 301–302 fire-resistant ballparks, 115–116, 142, Lussana, Sergio, 273, 436, 482 577–578, 584–586 first World Series, 165–166 MacAloon, John J., 381 franchise shifts, 146, 191, 587, 591 MacCambridge, Michael, 73, 92, 99, franchise values, 593 228–231, 566, 647 and gambling, 35 MacDonald, Charles Blair, 297–298 and gays, 194–195 Macfadden, Bernarr, 51–52, 467, 637 and German Americans, 40, 411, 470 Macht, Norman, 160, 187, 410, 484, 643 and globalization, 362–365 Mack, Connie, 160, 186–187, 484, 529, 643 and heroes, 52, 156, 159–160 MacPhail, Bill, 589 historiography, 36, 76, 97, 151, 155–156, MacPhail, Larry, 530 158–159, 177–181, 525–526, 541 Madden, Bill, 193 and integration, 72, 87, 188–192, Madden, John, 231 443–444, 492–493, 558–561

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and Irish Americans 39, 409–410 male bachelor subculture, 28, 33, 36, 46, 48, and Italian Americans, 184, 417–418 134, 274, 406, 409, 458, 460–461, 469, and Japanese, 89, 184, 365, 493 482–483, 556, 579, 593 and Jewish Americans, 41, 184, 188, 189, Malloy, Jerry, 168 414–415, 417 Maltby, Marc S., 46, 65–66, 73, 222, 534 and journalists, 137, 156, 553–554, 556, managerial revolution, 524 558–559, 565, 585, 649–650 Mandell, Richard D., 70, 368, 380–381, and labor relations, 97–98, 156, 165, 185, 390, 617 448, 531 Mangan, J.A., 69, 236, 360, 503 and Latinos, 89, 184–185, 420–421, 493 Athletic Club, 340 manliness, 484–485, 492–494 Manley, Effa, 64, 189, 512, 531 and memory, 557–558 manliness: see masculinity and middle class, 472, 473 Mantle, Mickey, 95, 190, 644 as model for pro leagues, 535, 536 Mara, Wellington, 230, 231, 471 and money ball, 194 Maraniss, David multipurpose stadiums 116, 589–592 and Clemente, Roberto, 193, 646 myths and realities, 36, 617 and Lombardi, Vince, 230, 418, 647 and , rise of, 32, 33, 117, marathon race, 41, 343, 346, 350, 389, 392, 136, 155–156, 165 414, 418, 515, 538 nationalization of, 61 Marble, Alice, 302, 513 and Native Americans, 169–170, 421, 636 March Madness, 92, 93 and night baseball, 471 Marciano, Rocky, 280–281, 417 players, 160–162 Margolick, David, 68, 279, 639 and Players’ League, 164 Marichal, Juan, 192, 420 and Polish Americans, 419 Maris, Roger, 194 positive ideology, 484, 636 Markovits, Andrei, 89, 100, 360, 361, profits, 528 523, 538 and radio, 73, 570, 585–586, 630 Marks, Patricia, 48 and railroads, 110, 111, 113 Marquess of Queensberry, 554 and religion, 49, 489, 610–612 Marshall, William, 71, 189 retro ballparks, 592 Martin, Charles, 73–74, 76, 87, 216–217, rotisserie leagues, 126 254, 256–257, 445 sabermetrics, 97 Martin, Harry Brownlow, 293, 298 and salaries, 98, 473 Martin, Jay, 157 socioeconomic backgrounds of players, 473 Martin, Scott, 24 and steroids, 96, 98, 126, 194, 493–494 Marvin, Carolyn, 70, 391, 416 Sunday baseball, 49, 610–611 Marxism, and sport history, 34, 36, 43, 132, team histories, 63, 166–167, 186 359, 361 and telegraphy, 585 masculinity, 5, 7, 18, 24, 33, 35, 46–47, 49, and television, 73, 110, 122, 144, 177, 84, 91–93, 96, 190, 232, 479–495 182–183, 539–540, 568–569, 588, 589 and African Americans, 262, 281, 284, and unionization, 193 439, 481, 482, 491–492 urban politics, 138, 581–582 and auto racing, 320, 326 and urbanization, 36, 39, 113, 130, and baseball, 484, 491, 494, 627, 643 136–138, 142, 146, 185 and body building, 485–486 wooden ballparks, 115 and boxing, 271–272, 280, 281, 284–286, and working class, 142, 471, 473 556, 626, 637–638 and World War II, 71 and boys, 481–485 see also names of prominent ballplayers, and class, 408, 424, 466, 481–496 officials, and owners and college football, 202–203, 207–210, Major League Baseball Players Association, 212, 487–489, 491, 534 96, 531 and ethnicity, 286 Malamud, Bernard, 63, 618–619 and homosexuality, 494

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masculinity (cont’d ) Mexico City Olympics (1968), 349–350, and horse racing, 495 369, 389, 391, 447, 492, 561, 641, 648 and hunting, 482 Michigan Stadium (), and international sport, 490, 492 116 and military, 490–491 middle class, 32, 44, 132, 134, 458–460, and NFL, 494 465–468 and photography, 620–621 and African Americans, 250, 252, 347, and prep schools, 489 439–440, 448, 646 and race, 249, 285, 420, 439, and amateurism, 339–340 487–488, 493 antebellum opposition to sport, 7, 24, 28, and women, 488, 495, 516 133, 134 and wrestling, 495 and athletic clubs, 44, 341, 466 see also muscular Christianity and auto racing, 325 mass media: see film; journalism; radio; and baseball clubs, 32, 37, 135, 158, 459, television 465, 472, 473, 483, 635 Massillon, OH, 222 and baseball fans, 165, 414, 460, 472 Masur, Louis P., 165–166 baseball control lost, 136 Mather, Richard, 336, 602 and bowling, 472 Mathewson, Christy, 137–138, 161, 171, and boxing, 35, 49, 458, 459, 483 584, 607 and Central Park, 458 Mayo, James, 44, 294, 297 and company baseball teams, 466–467 Mays, Carl, 63 and cricket, 459 Mays, Willie, 191, 645 and croquet, 44, 467 McCarthy, Larry, 39, 409 and cycling, 44, 467 McCarthy, Todd, 327, 328 ethnic sport entrepreneurs, 424 McCarthy, Tom, 318 fear of ethnicity, 134 McChesney, Robert, 552–554 and films, 626 McClellan, Keith, 65–66, 222, 343, 347 and football, 215, 487 McClendon, John, 258–259, 637 and golf, 295, 467, 511 McConnell, Stephanie Wilson, 370 and gymnastics, 472 McDaniel, Pete, 304 and harness racing, 119, 458 McDonald, Mary G., 407 and health reformers, 503 McGeehan, W.O., 553, 557 and high school, 143 McGimpsey, David, 97, 619 and manliness, 135, 466, 512 McGraw, John J., 161, 167, 187, 410, 643 and media, 553 McLendon, Gordon, 563 and periodicals, 37 McLeod, Ken, 622 positive sport ideology, 2, 24, 27, 130, McNamee, Graham, 563–564 134–136, 139, 459, 461, 466, 483, 507 McShane, Clay, 318 and social sports, 32 Meggyesy, Dave, 95, 235 sport historiography, 33, 34 Melendy, Royal L., 140 and sports clubs, 37, 43 Melnick, Ralph, 48, 251–252, 414, 506, 637 and suburbanization, 66, 133, 143–144, Melville, Tom, 164, 360 319, 471–472 Memorial Stadium (University of Illinois), and swimming, 472 583 and target shooting, 467 Mendoza, Daniel, 273 and tavern owners, 455 Messenger, Christian, 618 and technological advances, 2 Messner, Michael, 91 and tennis, 472 Metcalfe, Alan, 364 and television, 472 Metcalfe, Ralph, 345, 559 and track and field, 340 Metlife Stadium (Meadowlands, NJ), 593 and women, 44, 48, 121–122, 131, 136, Mexican Americans, 182, 285, 308, 324, 143, 249, 350, 446, 464, 465, 467, 364, 419, 420, 429 505–509

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and women sport reform, 32, 467, 472, Motley, Marion, 234, 445 503 Mott, Frank, 554 and Young Men’s Christian Association, Moyle, Clay, 277 466 Mrozek, Donald, 35, 43, 207, 461, 485, 508 middle-class values Mount Holyoke College, 504 and baseball 37, 483–484 Muldoon, William, 495 and major leagues, 136–137 Mundelein, Cardinal George Henry, 142 Mikan, George, 75, 250, 258 Municipal Stadium (Cleveland), 116, military, the, 35, 50, 51, 66, 71, 123–124, 146, 582 168, 188, 211–212, 418, 442, 490–491, Murdock, Eugene, 165, 530, 643 525, 538 Murphy, Isaac, 52, 437 Miller, Andrew C., 628 Murray, William, 369 Miller, Geoffrey, 366 muscle cars, 5–6, 314, 322 Miller, James B., 529 muscular Christianity, 8, 42, 49, 140, 207, Miller, Marvin, 97–98, 531 247, 489, 603, 605–606, 611, 636 Miller, Patrick B., 76–77, 87, 435, 488, see also Protestants; religion 508, 583 Musial, Stan, 419, 644 Miller, Peter, 184 Muybridge, Eadweard, 124 Mills, Abraham G., 13 Myers, Lon, 52, 340, 416 Mills Commission, 13, 635 myths, 36, 62, 65, 155–158, 224–225, 227, Mills, Dorothy Jane Seymour, 2–3, 62, 97, 237, 324, 362, 388, 464, 617, 643–644, 155, 158, 163, 165, 168–169, 178, 651 195, 635, Milwaukee, WI, 122 Naismith, James, 15, 42, 140–141, 247–248, Milwaukee Braves, 146, 191, 192, 258, 587 251–252, 607, 636–637 Milwaukee Brewers, 193–194 Namath, Joe, 229–230, 646–647 Ming, Yao, 89 NASCAR, 4, 6, 77, 100, 122, 313, 314, Minneapolis Lakers, 75, 250, 258 323–329, 539, 556 Miracle (film, 2003), 626 Nathan, Daniel, 35, 63, 170, 484–485, Mississippi State University, 256 619–620, 625, 630 Model T, 319 Nathanson, Mitchell, 180 Modell, Art, 593 Nation of Islam, 282, 447, 640 modernization, 3, 14, 25–28, 34, 51, National Agreement (1903), 165 111–114, 116–117, 119, 126, 132–133, National Air Races, 123 163, 359–360, 365, 460 National Association of Amateur Athletes of Molinas, Jack, 255, 648 America (N4A), 340 Molineaux, Tom, 23, 436 National Association of Base Ball Players, Monday Night Football, 92, 232, 538, 135, 157, 439 565–566, 650 National Association of Colored Women, Moneyball (film, 2011), 97, 194 252 Monmouth Park (NJ), 579 National Association of Intercollegiate Moody, Dwight L., 49 Athletics, 218, 259 Moore, Glenn, 555–556 National Association of Professional Base Ball Moore, Louis, 7, 437–438 Players (NAPBBP), 37, 136, 159, 163, Moorhouse, H.F., 323–324, 474 429 Morgan, Edmund, 20 National Basketball Association, 74–75, 258, Mormino, Gary Ross, 416–417 262–263, 536 Mormons, 49, 489–490, 608, 610 arenas, 592, 594 Morris, Peter, 157–158, 160 Connie Hawkins ban, 648 Moscow Olympics (1980), 85, 370, 386–387 cost of attendance, 472 Moses, Robert, 191, 587 and fixes, 255 Moss, Richard J., 294, 509 and gambling, 564 Motley, Bob, 184 and globalization, 89

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National Basketball Association (cont’d) era of Pete Rozelle, 228, 534–535, 566, individual biographies, 258 588–589 and integration, 75, 88, 250, 258 and NFL Europe, 231 and Jews, 414 and fans, 237, 472, 589 oral history, 258 finances, 236, 535, 594 origins, 75, 99, 248, 249, 257–258, 537 franchise shifts, 593 and race, 262, 448, 449 and gender, 237 and radio, 564 labor relations, 236 and rivalries, 160, 261 and marketing, 494 and small city franchises, 414 and media, 92, 227–228, 232 social origins of players, 473–474 and minor rivals, 231 twenty-four second clock, 258 and owners, 410, 471, 648 and WNBA, 254, 515 and race, 73–74, 87, 233–236, 444–445 see also Boston Celtics; Chamberlain, Wilt; social origins of players, 473 Jordan, Michael; Los Angeles Lakers; stadiums, 593–594 ; Portland Trail Blazers; and television, 566–570, 589, 594 Russell, Bill see also All American Football League; National Basketball League, 75, 146, 257, American Football League; Bell, Bert; 472, 537 Grange, Red; Lombardi, Vince; Rozelle, National Collegiate Athletic Association Pete (NCAA), 5 National Football League Players Association and AAU, 344, 346, 386 (NFLPA), 235 and AIAW, 514 National Hockey League, 117, 146, basketball point shaving, 64 535–536, 592 basketball tournament, 248, 255–257 National Hockey League Players’ Association, counterfeit amateurs, 96 536 as economic cartel, 93–94, 533 National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), Knight Commission, 94 322 and NIT, 254 National Invitational Tournament, 254 non-revenue producing sports, 352 National League: see major league baseball and race, 218 national pastime, 2, 5, 14, 51, 62, 67, 76, 89, and profits, 215 91, 97, 99, 110, 114, 117, 126, 135, and reform, 93–94, 204–205 137, 157–159, 162–163, 165, 179–180, rise of, 41, 64, 93–95 441, 443, 485, 493, 512, 532, 566, as rule maker, 141 612, 630 and television, 92–93, 215–216, 218, 570 origins of, 156–157, 195 Title IX, 515 and football, 568, 646 unfair practices, 204 and NASCAR, 325 and track, 346 National Police Gazette, 138, 274–275, 346, whiteness, 262 409, 469, 487, 538, 554–556, 579, 585, and women, 90 619, 638 National Education Association, 143 nationalism, 23, 33, 38, 39, 50, 68, 235–237, National Football League, 5–6, 61, 65–66, 272, 341, 364, 366–367, 410, 437, 465, 73–74, 87, 89, 92, 99, 122, 146, 490, 509–510, 528, 557, 569 221–223, 235, 396, 410, 444, 470–471, Native Americans, 7, 16, 22, 169–170, 494, 533–534, 588–589, 611, 646–647 421–422 and AFL, 221, 229–230, 534 and baseball, 2, 169–170 and the All American Football Conference, in colonial era, 337, 501 225–226, 534, 535 and football, 224, 235, 487 biographies, 65, 646–648 and , 421 and drugs, 233 and women, 48–49 and early NFL, 65–66, 221–225, 470, see also Anthropology Days (1904); 534, 589 Thorpe, Jim

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Natural, The (film, 1952), 63, 618–619 see also Adelman, Melvin; Brooklyn Natural, The (film, 1984), 96, 186, 621, Dodgers; Central Park; Irish and Irish 626 Americans; Jewish Americans; Kirsch, Nauright, John, 4, 35, 222, 302–303 George; Madison Square Garden; New Navratilova, Martina, 91, 302 York Giants (baseball); NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of (football); New York Knickerbockers; Oklahoma (1984), 92, 557 ; New York Original Neal-Lunsford, Jeff, 73, 565 Celtics; New York Rens; New York Neary, Timothy B., 142 Yankees; , NY; Riess, Negro leagues, 63–64, 144, 183–184, Steven A.; Robinson, Jackie; Yankee 187–189, 191, 249, 441–443, 484, Stadium 531–532, 537 New York Giants (baseball), 137, 146, 161, Nelson, Battling, 438 187, 189–191, 363, 532, 584, 643 Nelson, Byron, 307 move west, 146, 587 Nelson, Mariah Burton, 237 New York Giants (football), 73, 224, 227, Nelson, Murry, 75, 249, 258, 415, 536–537 231, 588–589, 593–594, 646 Nemec, David, 160, 164 New York Herald, 123, 342, 462, 554–555, New Deal: see Great Depression 579, 649 new immigrants: see Italian Americans; Jewish New York Knickerbockers, 156–157, 459, Americans; and Polish Americans 581, 635 New Orleans New York Knicks, 251, 260, 649 and baseball, 440 New York Mets, 195, 590, 627 and boxing, 46–47, 275, 341 , 136 and football, 221, 234, 237, 591 New York Original Celtics, 75, 248–251, and horse racing, 458 415–416, 649 and race, 47, 344, 440 New York Rens, 75, 144, 248, 250, 259, 623 sports in, 25, 29, 114, 120, 236, New York State Racing Commission, 253 252, 591, 616 New York University, 216 New York Association for Improvement of New York Yacht Club, 135, 457, 553 the Breed (NYAIB), 578 , 71, 95, 171, 187, 190, New York Athletic Club, 37, 52, 340, 463 192, 193, 417, 558, 564 , 114, 130 and profits, 527–529, 594 antebellum sport, 25–29, 131, 132, 135, , 585, 592–594 156–158 see also DiMaggio, Joe; Gehrig, Lou; Ruth, and air racing, 123 Babe and amateur baseball, 135, 156–158 Newell, Pete, 251 and auto racing, 122 Newport, RI., 37, 299, 462 basketball scandals, 74–75 newspapers: see journalism and boxing, 15, 134 Nicholson, James C., 52, 495 colonial sport, 131 Nicklaus, Jack, 294, 307–308 Counter-Olympics (1936), 70 night baseball, 182, 187 and elite, 120, 132, 135 Nike, 89, 262, 361, 449, 501, 648 and golf, 66 Nixon, Richard, 6, 99, 371, 563 and horse racing, 131 Noll, Roger, 526 and journalism, 137, 138, 213 Nomo, Hideo, 89 and middle class, 124; 1920s, 63 Norris, James, 280 and politics, 134, 136 North American Society for Sport History and railroads, 120 (NASSH), 3, 65, 84, 616 Progressive Era sport, 35–36, 42, 43, North Texas State College, 74 46, 52 Norwegians, 412, 511, 641 and trotting, 119 Novak, Michael, 261, 612 urbanization, 114, 119, 132, 134 Nucciarone, Monica, 157, 635 and working class, 136 Nugent, William Henry, 554–555

0002085035.INDD 679 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 680 index

O’Brien, Michael, 647 and anti-Semitism, 344, 367–369, 388, O’Brien, Parry, 348 389–391, 416 O’Hanlon, Timothy P., 42 and art, 607 O’Malley, Walter, 182, 191, 530, 586–587 and basketball, 89, 99, 251, 259 O’Neill, Buck, 180 biographies, 396–397, 640–642 ,194 and boxing, 283 Obama, Barack, 246 and boycotts, 344, 349, 367–371, 385, Oerter, Al, 348 390–391 Ohio Stadium (Ohio State), 116 and Cold War, 75–76, 85–86, 348–349, Ohio State University, 86, 94, 116, 210–211, 366, 371–372 442, 511, 583, 641 commercialization of, 386–388, 465, 540, Okrent, Daniel, 193 636 Oldfield, Barney, 315, 319–320, 328 and counter Olympics (1936), 474 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 140 and drugs 125, 348 Olympia (1937), 347 and ethnicity, 388–389, 411, 414, 416, Olympic Games 418, 470 (1896), 33, 341, 381 failed Olympic stadiums, 116 (1900), 341, 381, 509 and film, 626 (1904), 40, 48–49, 51, 367, 381, 392 historiography, 380–384 (1908), 341, 389 and (men) 616; (women) 516 (1912), 367, 381, 610 and journalism, 557, 559, 561, 562 (1920), 48, 345, 383 Los Angeles Coliseum, 116, 385 (1924), 383, 509–510, 511 and Lucas, John A., 382–384 (1928), 346, 383, 511 and NCAA, 344 (1932), 69, 347, 367–368, 392–393, 511, Olympic Century Series, 395 559, 562 Olympism, 350 (1936), 70, 345, 367–369, 389–391, 559 and politics, 384–388 (1948), 513 promotion of American culture, 344 (1952), 348 and race, 388, 422–423, 559 (1956), 259, 348 and religion, 414, 610 (1960), 349, 492, 514 rise of the Sporting Republic, 490 (1964), 349 and soccer (women), 515–516 (1968), 85, 88, 95, 257, 349–350, and television, 351, 387, 565, 567, 569, 369–370, 447, 492, 648, 649 649–650 (1972), 95, 642 and track and field, 334, 339, 341, (1976), 254, 515, 591 342, 344–348, 446, 503, 504, (1980), 85, 283, 370–371, 385, 386, 626; 514, 515, 610 winter, 394 and women, 48, 69, 254, 349–350, 389, (1984), 368, 385, 386, 394 446, 465, 509–511, 513, 515–516, (1992), 89 562, 610 (1996), 394, 516 and wrestling, 95 see also individual Olympic locations see also Anthropology Days; Brundage, Olympic Games, Winter Avery; Cosell, Howard; Didrikson, Babe; (1932), 388, 392–394, 416 Kahanamoku, Duke; Owens, Jesse; (1960), 393–394 Rudolph, Wilma; Sullivan, James E.; (1980), 372, 387 Thorpe, Jim. (2002), 372, 386, 394–348, 394–395 Oorang Indians, 224 Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), oral history, 89, 160, 181, 223, 227, 229, 88, 447, 492 230, 234, 260–261, 507, 510, 531, 539, Olympics, 6, 50–51, 70, 85, 341, 360, 540, 562, 640 366–372, 379–397 organized crime, 6, 35, 113, 138, 278, 280, and African Americans, 347, 389, 442, 446, 320, 410, 495, 537 447, 492, 513, 514, 559, 562, 648, 649 Oriard, Michael

0002085035.INDD 680 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 681

and college football, 41–42, 61, 88, 94, 96, 114, 316, 337–339, 434, 457, 462, 98–99, 142, 206, 211, 213–214, 537–538, 555, 627 217–218, 222, 228–230, 232–233, 486, Penn, William, 336, 603 494, 533–534, 557, 564, 619, 629 Pennington, Richard, 216 and gender, 466, 486–488, 491 ’s Great Law (1682), 603 and literature, 618 Pérez, Louis A., Jr., 51, 163, 364 and pro football, 73, 236, 472, 540, 566 performance enhancement drugs, 98, on religion and sport, 604 126, 623 Oriole Park at Camden Yards (Baltimore), Perkins, Brett, 210 116, 146, 539, 592 Perry, Fred, 308 Ortega, Gaspar, 281, 640 Peterson, Harold, 157, 635 Osborne, Ben, 195 Peterson, Jason 561 Ouimet, Francis, 307 Peterson, Richard F., 408 Owens, Jesse, 7, 70, 345, 349, 351, 367, Peterson, Robert, 47, 64, 73, 74, 183, 226, 372, 396, 442–443, 559, 640–641 248, 440–441, 531, 534, 536 Ownby, Ted, 212, 482 Peterson, Todd, 168 Oxendine, Joseph, 421 Pettegrew, John, 487 Pfister, Gertrud, 4, 34, 48, 96, 406, 411, 501 Packer, Jeremy, 323 , PA, 116, 123, 134, 136, 158, Pacquiao, Manny, 285 249, 252, 253, 260, 277, 296, 336, Paige, Satchel, 27, 184, 188, 441–442, 644 347, 408, 459, 483, 507, 557, 578, Palace of the Fans (Cincinnati), 115, 584 580, 589 Pallone, Dave, 194–195 colonial, 131–132, 455–457 Palmeiro, Raphael, 493 Philadelphia 76ers, 260 Palmer, Arnold, 295, 307–308, 346, 541 Philadelphia Athletics, 115, 160, 182, Palmer, Bryan, 38 186–187, 410, 439, 484, 529, 539, (Princeton), 116, 583 584, 587 Paret, Benny “Kid,” 281, 420, 558 , 223, 226, 535 Park, Roberta, 69, 408, 411, 422, 502, 604 Philadelphia Phillies, 115, 183, 189, 249, parks, public, 33, 145 528, 583, 590, 646 in Boston, 36 Philadelphia SPHAs, 248–249 Central Park, NYC, 37, 140, 458 Philadelphia Warriors, 249, 260 and elites, 458 Phillips, Murray G., 615–616, 630 lower class, and oppositional culture, 38 physical education, 3, 40, 48, 49, 247, 406, and middle class, 37 411, 421, 437, 465, 502–504, 506–508, in New York, 37, 40, 458, 467 636 park movement, 165 and women, 86, 90, 169, 251–252, 502 and progressivism, 40 Piccolo, Brian, 647 small, 43 Pierce, Daniel S., 76–77, 100, 326–327, and segregation, 37 539 and urbanization, 140 Pieroth, Doris, 69, 393, 511 and Worcester, MA, 38 Piersall, Jimmy, 192 see also Olmsted, Frederick Law; Pietri, Dorando, 418 playgrounds Pietrusza, David, 182, 186, 415, 530, Parrington, Vernon Louis, 121 643–644 Pasadena, CA, 146, 343, 645 Pinehurst (NC) country club, 294 Paterno, Joe, 418, 647 Pittsburgh Courier, 183, 559–560, 646 Patterson, Floyd, 281–282, 639, 645 , 221, 226, 231, 410, 418, Paxson, Frederic, 1–2, 14, 23, 34, 110–112, 647–648 119–120 Pittsfield, MA, 157, 580 Peacock, Byron, 384 play movement, the, 35, 36, 243, 423 Peary, Danny, 181 Players’ League, 45, 156, 160, 162, 164, pedestrianism (race walking), 33, 48, 111, 555–556, 561–562

0002085035.INDD 681 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 682 index

Playground Association of America, 52, 140, prize fighting: see boxing 607 pro football: see football, pro playgrounds, 33, 36–37, 40, 48, 75, 133, Proctor, Nicolas, 481–482, 488 140, 246, 247, 257, 261, 350, 360, 411, Proia, Paul, 161 422, 423, 471, 490, 552, 607 Pronger, Brian, 92 Plimpton, James, 110, 118–119, 283 Protestants, 20, 140, 141 point-shaving scandals, 74–75, 254–255 and college football, 208 Polish Americans, 38, 412, 418–419 and elite, 296, 464 politics, 90, 538, 612, 621–622, 625–626 evangelicals, 49 basketball, 258 and masculinity, 487 baseball, 193 and Olympic boycott (1936), 344, 391 boxing, 282 and prejudice, 300 Cold War, 76, 390, 534, 619 prep schools, 489 foreign affairs, 89, 285 and reformers, 33 and gender, 90–91, 389 sport and salvation, 602 Olympics, 6, 85, 366, 370–372, 384–388, and Weber, Max, 109 390, 394 see also Gulick, Luther; muscular and race, 193, 250, 255–257, 275, 277, Christianity; Puritans; Sabbath, the; 280, 304–305, 445, 447, 491, 558, 562 Social Gospel Movement; Sunday see also urban politics baseball; Sunday, Billy; Sunday blue laws; Pollard, Fritz, 73, 223–224, 233, 444, 445, Young Men’s Christian Association 488, 646 (YMCA) Pollock, Alan, 189 Providence Steamrollers, 589 Pollock, Syd, 532 Pruter, Robert, 6, 42–43 polo, 32, 37, 135, 300, 462–463, 607 Public Broadcasting System, 93 Polo Grounds, NY, 115, 277, 582–585 Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL), Pompez, Alex, 189, 420, 441, 532 343 pool halls, 35, 38, 469, 482 Puerto Rico, 50, 132, 420, 441 poolrooms, 469 Pulitzer, Joseph, 554, 580 Poole, Gary Andrew, 225 Pulitzer Speed Trophy, 123 Pope, S.W., 4, 35, 304, 341, 622, 623 Pullman Athletic Association, 39, 408, 470 Porter, William Trotter, 554 Pullman, George, 39, 470 Portland Trail Blazers, 261 Pullman Strike (1894), 139 Portsmouth Spartans, 66, 222 Purdy, Ken, 327 positive sports ideology, 2, 7–8, 40, 132, Puritans 135, cr 459, 465, 467, 484, 485, 607 and attitudes toward recreation, 19–20, see also sports creed 131, 336, 408, 601–603 Post, Robert C., 324 sporting pastimes of, 20–21, 602 Pound, Richard W., 371, 387–388, 395–396 Putnam, Robert D., 144, 145 Powel, Harford, 636 Putney, Clifford, 49, 207, 489, 606 Powers, Ron, 567 Pyle, Charles C. “Cash and Carry,” 224 Powers-Beck, Jeffrey, 169–170, 421 Prager, Joshua, 191 Quakers, 22, 196, 336, 408, 456, 578, 603 Pratt, Richard Henry, 487 Quinn, Kevin, 236 Prebish, Charles S., 612 Quinn-Ives Act (1945), 180 Prefontaine, Steve, 352 Quirk, James P., 526, 529, 530 prep schools, 300, 462 see also boarding schools racetracks, 125, 456, 463, 468, 579 Presidential Physical Fitness Test, 86 see also horse racing. Price, Joseph, 182 Radbourn, Charles, “Old Hoss,” 162 Princeton University, 116, 190, 205, 261, Rader, Benjamin, 3–4, 96, 295, 472 341, 343, 345–347, 380–381, 382, 491, on baseball, 28, 33, 45, 62, 97, 98, 161, 583, 588, 644 178–179, 528, 643

0002085035.INDD 682 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 683

on clubs, 44, 295, 464 and fear of immigrant religions, 35, 38, 40 and gender, 481, 500–502 and football, 213, 608 on heroes, 61, 277 and moral reform, 49 and modernization, 3–4 and muscular Christianity, 247, 489–490, on subcommunities, 35, 421 605 on television, 73, 92, 227, 232, 281, 539, and 1936 Olympic boycott, 384 567, 588, 629 and Olympism, 350 on women, 4 and prejudice, 88, 412, 608 radio, 60, 61, 62, 67, 113, 123, 131, 553, religion as barrier, 292, 309, 414, 482 562–564, 567, 585–586 and self-segregating through sport, and baseball, 62, 67, 177, 187, 528, 556, 141–142, 424, 429 558, 564, 565, 585, 586, 630 and the South, 611 and boxing, 271–272, 279, 586 sport as civil religion, 76, 612 broadcasters, 416, 556, 563–564, 650 and starting times of events, 213 and college football, 61, 73, 93, 99, and Transcendentalists, 604 142, 208–209, 215, 225, 491, 534, using sport to promote morality, 607 564, 629 using sport to raise membership, 608 making heroes, 225, 586 and women, 507 mass audiences, 470 see also Catholic Youth Organization and pro football, 73 (CYO), Jewish Americans; Mormons, and track, 347 muscular Christianity; Protestants; and television, 588 Puritans; Roman Catholics; Sabbath, the; Rae, John Bell, 317–318, 323 Social Gospel Movement; sportianity; Ragen Colts, 142 Young Men’s Christian Association railroad, 32, 111, 582 (YMCA); Young Men’s Hebrew and baseball, 110, 114, 440 Association (YMHA) and college sport, 115, 583 Remnick, David, 282, 640 fight unions, 470 reserve clause, 45, 156, 160, 164–165, 181, locomotive races, 120 193, 236, 448, 524, 526–527, 530–531, and pro football, 46 541 tests of speed, 124 retro ballparks, 8, 97, 116, 146, 577–578, and welfare capitalism, 470 592 Rainsford, William S., 606–607 see also Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rappoport, Ken, 229–230, 248 Rhoden, William, 234, 435, 437, 444 Reach, Al, 52, 583 Ribowsky, Mark, 63, 566, 649–650 Reaves, Joseph A, 51, 365 Rice, Grantland, 204, 213, 553, 556, 636, Rebels of Oakland (film, 2003), 228 649 Rebels with a Cause (film, 1995), 229 Richmond, Peter, 231, 539 recreational sport, 25, 45 Rickard, George Lewis “Tex,” 142, 276–278, Reel, Guy, 46, 274, 409, 556 538 Regalado, Samuel Rickenbacker, Eddie, 320–321 and Japanese American baseball, 71, 422, Rickey, Branch, 62, 72, 178, 180, 188, 493, 513 190, 233, 443, 529, 530, 560, 611, and Latino baseball players, 89, 182, 184, 644–645 364, 419, 420 Riess, Steven A. Reid, John, 298 on baseball, 36, 49, 155, 158, 160, 185, Reid, William, 47 410, 415–416, 482, 527–528, 610, Reilly, Edward, 97 617, 623 religion, 4, 8, 49–50, 601–625 on basketball, 88 and assimilation, 142 on billiards, 46 as barrier to play, 292, 309, 414, 482 on boxing, 46, 273, 275, 280, 538, 609 and culture, 182, 208 on class, 7, 454–474 and fan interest, 272 on ethnicity, 406, 409, 414, 423

0002085035.INDD 683 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 684 index

Riess, Steven A. (cont’d) Rockne, Knute, 65, 94, 213–214, 223, 489, and globalization, 359 491, 608, 647 historiography, 3, 4, 25, 26, 34, 36–37, 43, Roden, Donald, 51, 163, 365 111–112, 133, 135, 138, 155, 222, 342, rodeo, 48, 419, 616 406, 423, 466, 482, 617 Rodney, Lester, 189, 415, 443 on horse racing, 35, 52, 68, 495, 537, Roessner, Lori Amber, 557–564 578–579 , 92, 119 Jewish Americans, 41, 72, 414–415, 538, roller skating, 48, 119 609–610 Roman Catholics, 602, 612 on Los Angeles Coliseum, 385 and assimilation, 142 on politics, 275 and colleges, 215, 253, 462, 608 on race, 88 and Continental Sunday, 610 and social mobility, 407, 410 and CYO, 142, 471, 608 on Sunday sports, 49, 610 immigrants, 40, 134, 409, 412 on technology, 111, 114 and Olympic boycott (1936), 344 on urbanization, 26–28, 34, 36–37, 43, and parish teams, 419 113–114, 133, 135, 406, 482, 527–528, and prejudice against, 300 592, 616 and pro football, 410, 647 Riggin, Aileen, 510 and promoting membership, 608 Riggs, Bobby, 90, 297, 302, 308, 494–495, and women, 253, 507 650 see also Novak, Michael; University of Riley, James, 64, 183 Notre Dame Ring of Fire (film, 2005), 281 Romano, Frederic V., 577, 628 Ring, Jennifer, 169, 185, 485, 492, 512 Rominger, Donald, 71 Ritchie, Andrew, 47, 439, 538, 638 Romney, Mitt, 394 Ritter, Lawrence, 62, 160, 181, 642 Rondionne, Troy, 281 rivalries, 28, 32, 66, 167, 203, 210, 248, Rooney, Art, 228, 410, 471, 647–648 282–284, 306–308, 483, 581, 649 (Jersey City), 586 road-course racing, 6, 314 Roosevelt, Theodore, 47, 135, 139, 382, Roberts, Randy, 6 385, 392, 462–463, 486, 490 and boxing, 273, 275, 638 Rose Bowl, 86, 94, 146, 561, 564, 582 Chamberlain–Russell rivalry, 260 Rose, Pete, 194 and Jack Dempsey, 68, 277, 638, 639 Rosen, Charles, 74, 254, 257, 260, 261 on Jack Johnson, 46, 276, 439, 481, 638 Rosenberg, Charles, 503 on Joe Louis, 280, 442, 492, 639 Rosenberg, Norman, 63 on Oscar Robertson, 256 Rosenthal, Elaine, 509 and television, 72–73, 96, 227, 232, 282, Rosenwald, Julius, 141 540, 566 Rosenzweig, Roy, 37, 38, 423, 458 on Mike Tyson, 284 Ross, Barney, 278, 415, 609 Robertson, Lawson, 342, 343 Ross, Charles K., 74, 233, 444 Robertson, Oscar, 256 Ross, Edward Alsworth, 412 Robertson, Robert J., 304 Ross, J. Andrew, 7, 523, 536 Robertson, Thomas Heard, Jr., 294 Rothstein, Arnold, 415 Robeson, Paul, 223, 444, 445 Rottenberg, Simon, 591 Robinson, Elizabeth, 511 Rotundo, E. Anthony, 47, 480 Robinson, Frazier, 184 rounders, 143, 157, 363 Robinson, Jackie, 3, 63, 64, 71, 72–73, 77, round-the-world race, 315 87, 144, 181, 190, 255, 372, 440, Roush, Edd, 171 443–444, 492, 493, 529, 559–561, 562, rowing, 44, 111, 135, 139, 140, 205, 342, 622, 644–645 461, 464, 486 Robinson, Ray, 65, 161 Roy, Jesse K., 434, 449 Robinson, “Sugar” Ray, 280, 417 Rozelle, Pete, 92, 228–229, 235, 534–535, Rochester Royals, 258, 416, 537 566, 589

0002085035.INDD 684 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 685

Ruck, Rob, 36, 51, 64, 89, 144, 164, Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan, 6, 370–371 184–185, 250, 261, 364–365, 420, Saratoga, and college track, 462 441–442, 444, 491, 531–532, 647–648 Saratoga Racetrack, 68, 579 Rucker Tournament, 261 Scandinavian Americans, 38, 346, 405, 407, Rudolph, Wilma, 350, 377, 446, 514 412, 511, 608, 641 “Rumble in the Jungle,” 283 Schaap, Jeremy, 70, 278, 367 Runfola, Russ, 91 Schechter, Rabbi Solomon, 609 Runstedtler, Theresa, 46, 276, 439, 638 Scheurer, Timothy E., 621 Rupp, Adolph, 75, 257 Schiff, Andrew, 159, 649 Ruppert, Jacob, 187 Schlesinger, Arthur, Sr., 2, 36, 132 rural sport, 1–2, 14, 21. 112, 135, 165, 252, Schmeling, Max, 68, 271, 278, 279, 442, 326, 335, 455–456, 482, 505, 603, 559, 629, 639 610, 628 Schmidt, Raymond, 64, 210–211, 301, 488 Russell, Bill, 251, 255, 258, 259–261, Schoenfeld, Bruce, 300 446–448, 491, 648 Schulberg, Budd, 272, 278, 284 Russo, William, 628 Schumpeter, Joseph, 513 Ruth, Babe, 3, 40, 60–63, 70, 156, 162, 178, Schuylkill River Colony (Philadelphia), 179, 181–182, 186–187, 192, 195, 277, 131, 456, 363, 411, 585, 586, 624, 627, 643, 645 Scots Irish, and frontier sports, 22, 408 Ryan, Nolan, 494 Scott, Charlie, 256, 445 Ryan, Paddy, 138 Scott, Jack, 95 Ryczek, William, 157, 164, 231 Scottish Americans, 408, 462 see also Caledonian Games Sabbath, the, 19, 20, 49, 131, 136, 137, 187, Scully, Vince, 177 335, 468, 470, 601–602, 607, 610 Seabiscuit (film, 2003), 68, 471, 624–625, see also Sunday baseball; Sunday blue laws; 642 Sunday, Billy Seib, Philip, 161 Sabo, Donald, 91 Seidel, Michael, 188, 418 sabermetrics, 97, 180–182, 194 Selig, Allan H. “Bud,” 179, 194, 530 Sachs, Wolfgang, 318 semipro baseball, 46, 169, 440 Sack, Allen, 96 semiprofessional football, 222 safety, 44, 45, 121, 509 Senn, Alfred E., 366, 385 see also bicycle Seoul Olympic Games (1988), 371 saloons, 134, 138–140 settlement houses, 33, 40–41, 43, 48, 49, as athletic venues, 469, 479 141, 248, 414–415, 465, 469, 506–507, and gambling, 46, 585 609–610 male bachelor subculture, 33, 38, 409, Seward, George, 338 472, 479, 483 Seymour, Dorothy: see Mills, Dorothy Jane and reformers, 467 Seymour and sports entrepreneurs, 166, 176 Seymour, Harold, 14, 28, 45–46, 178 Salt Lake City, UT, 49, 490, 610 on the 1920s, 62, 156, 178 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics (2002), 373, on African Americans, 168 386–388, 394–396 on the American Association, 164 Sammons, Jeffrey T., 46, 67–68, 276, on the American League, 156, 165 279, 282 assessments of, 2–3, 156, 178, 526 San Antonio TX, 23, 143 on early baseball, 155, 158 San Francisco 49ers, 221, 225, 230–231 on the Federal League, 166 San Francisco Giants, 192, 420, 591 on gambling, 35, 156, 170 Sanders, Rick, 95 on the rise of the National League, sandlot baseball, 2, 8, 36, 64, 144, 145, 155, 155–156, 163, 526 250, 491, 606 on women, 159 Sandow, Eugen, 52, 411, 485–487, 538, 637 Shafer, Ronald, 166–167 Saperstein, Abe, 250, 258, 532, 537 Shaikin, Bill, 85, 371

0002085035.INDD 685 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 686 index

Shea Stadium (New York), 590 Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 503 Sheil, Bishop Bernard J., 142, 608 Snead, Sam, 307 (Philadelphia), 115, 182, 539, sneakers, 75, 118, 126 584 Snyder, Brad, 188, 193, 444, 448, 646 Shields, Francis X., 300 soccer, 229, 314, 360, 362, 410, 538–539, shooting, 48, 131, 455, 464, 467, 526, 636 556, 605 and American exceptionalism, 100, Shropshire, Kenneth L., 234–235, 262, 538–539 280, 448 and class, 474 Silber, Irwin, 189, 415 and ethnicity, 419, 420, 422 Silver, Mike, 278 and NASL, 647 Silverdome (Pontiac, MI), 591 and women, 89, 515–516 Silvia, Tony, 563, 630 and youth, 145 Simmons, Bill, 262–263 social control, 4, 35, 36, 40, 50, 360, 361, Simons, William, 560 466, 610 Sinnette, Calvin H., 303–304 Social Gospel Movement, 8, 49, 606–607, six-day bicycle racing, 116, 121, 122, 125, 609 338–339, 538 social reform, 36, 135, 139, 206–209, Skelly, Jack, 275 275, 458 skiing, 118, 407, 412, 494, 513, 539 Society for the Suppression of Vice, 458 Skinner, John Stuart, 555 Sockalexis, Louis, 169 Sklaroff, Lauren Rebecca, 279 softball, 90, 420, 422, 471, 485 Skydome (Toronto), 591 and women, 90, 145, 185, 254, 407, 471, Slater, Duke, 224 495, 501, 511–513 Slaves, 17–18, 87, 337, 437, 455, 481, 502 Sokol, 38, 413 Sloane, William Milligan, 341, 380–382, 385 Soldier Field (Chicago), 65, 116, 146, 471, small parks, 43, 140, 465 580, 582 Smalley, Andrea L., 39 Solomon, Burt, 167 Smith, Andrew R.M., 6, 283 Somers, Dale A., 25, 29, 36, 46, 47, 275, Smith, Anthony F., 568 616 Smith College, 251, 504, 506, 637 Sosa, Sammy, 194 Smith, Curt, 563 Southeastern Conference, 76, 86, 257 Smith, Doug, 305 southern, 8, 16–17, 22, 36, 40, 76–77, 455, Smith, Harold, 283 456, 502 Smith, John Matthew, 257, 447 and boxing, 274, 279–280 Smith, Kevin, 438 and football, 212–213, 583 Smith, Leroy “Tex,” 323 and golf, 294 Smith, Leverett, 61 and honor, 408, 481–482 Smith, Lissa, 501 and horse racing, 456–458, 578 Smith, Maureen, 8, 234, 367, 447 and NASCAR, 325–326 Smith, “Red” (Walter W.), 649 and racism, 88 Smith, Ron, 590 and religion, 8, 49, 610–611 Smith, Ronald A., 41, 64, 203–205, 207, and resistance to integration, 144, 213, 215–216, 218, 341, 345, 447, 486, 216–217, 256–257, 445, 559, 638 514, 533, 564, 570, 583–584, 586, 629 and women, 502 and radio, 93 see also cockfighting; college football; and reform, 93–94 gouging; stock-car racing Smith, Sam, 262 Sowell, Mike, 63, 161, 562 Smith, Thomas, 73–74, 234, 445 Spahn, Warren, 192 Smith, Tommie, 88, 349, 369–370, 372, Spalding, Albert G., 45, 635–636 391, 492, 561 and American invention of baseball, 143, Smith, Ursula, 48–49 580–581, 635 Smith, Wendell, 443, 560–561 as baseball star, 138, 159, 635

0002085035.INDD 686 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 687

as propagandist for baseball, 159, 484, boxing, 67, 277, 483 485, 512, 584, 636 National Football League, 222, 228–229, as self-made man, 159 231–233, 236, 594 and sporting goods, 117–118, 141, 341, sporting goods, 118, 136, 361, 465 363, 465, 484, 527, 635 wrestling, 495 and sporting publications, 137, 139, 636 Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961, 563, 567 as White Stockings owner, 138, 159–160, sports cars, 1, 314, 326–329 583 sports cartels, 93, 96, 523–525, 533 and world tour (1888–9), 51, 159, 363, sports clothing, 509 465, 635 uniforms, 117, 141, 145, 182, 507 Speaker, Tris, 162 sports creed, 2, 4, 7–8, 27, 135, 459, 465 Spears, Betty, 406, 421 St. Louis Browns, 146, 166, 529, 587 Sperber, Murray, 65, 94, 204–206, 213–215, St. Louis Olympics (1904), 392 218, 647 stacking, 233–235 Spirit of the Times, 553–555, 579, 585 stadiums, 7–8, 49, 60, 65, 96–97, 113, Spivey, Donald, 188, 216, 275, 644 115–117, 146, 167, 191, 210, 216, 226, sportianity, 611 230, 234, 248, 277, 342, 471, 489, 539, sport 577, 582, 580–591 and anti-communism, 86, 366–367, 371, and public subsidies, 526, 530, 587–594 385 see also major league baseball, and ballparks; and art, 168, 324, 617, 620–621, 631 major league baseball, and multipurpose and citizenship, 43, 420, 437, 442, 485, stadiums 638 Stagg, Amos Alonzo, 41, 64–65, 140–141, and communism, 95, 163 203, 247, 343, 462, 488, 533, 607, 647 and the counterculture, 3, 88, 95–96 Stallings, George, 171 and fight for integration of baseball, 183, Stanford, Leland, 124 189, 415, 443, 558, 560 Stanford University, 115, 116, 251, 583 and forming social networks, 133 Stannard, Henry, 338 and gender, 47–49; see also masculinity; Staudohar, Paul, 236 women , 226 history and theory, 25, 34–36, 38, 72, 109, steamboats, 111, 115, 119, 120 235, 295, 413, 436, 448, 461, 538, 612 Steidel, David, 229 and literature, 8, 63, 99, 179, 186, 414, steroids, 84, 98, 125, 194, 348, 495, 623 617–620, 631 Stevens, David, 45, 160, 164 and music, 8, 323, 449, 585, 615, Stevens, Harry M., 582, 635 621–623 Stevens, J.D., 559 science, 124–126 Stevens, John C., 338, 457 and social mobility, 36, 39, 45, 65, 364, Stewart, Paton, Jr., 437 367, 405, 407, 409–410, 412, 417, 454, stock-car racing, 6, 122, 313, 314, 316, 460, 472–474, 512, 608 324–326, 328, 474 sporting fraternity, 7, 458, 461 Stockholm Olympics (1912), 342–343, 396 sporting goods and mass production, 5, 44, Stone, Toni, 185, 191 111, 112, 117–121, 126, 342, 524 Stotz, Carl, 145 Sporting Life, 558, 561, 562 Stout, Glenn, 167 Sporting News, The, 62, 178, 553, 557–558, Streible, Dan, 68, 276, 627–628 561, 585, 624, 636, 643 “strenuous life,” 135, 139, 462, 466, 486, Sports Bay, Cathedral of St. John the Devine 606, 610 (New York), 607 Strode, Woody, 234, 445 sports as big business, 5, 7, 523–541 structural assimilation, 141, 413 baseball, 28, 45, 50, 62–64, 98, 115, see also acculturation; assimilation 136–138, 144–145, 156, 159, 164, Struna, Nancy, 18–23, 28, 112, 131, 336, 179, 185, 189, 191, 193, 440, 441, 408, 455, 481, 495, 501, 502, 526 484, 559, 588 Stuart, Dan, 275

0002085035.INDD 687 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 688 index

Stump, Al, 558, 643 television, 5, 6, 7, 93, 96, 113, 131, 472, suburbia, 5, 37, 44, 61, 66, 77, 113, 131, 553, 564–570, 588, 629, 630 133, 135, 143, 146, 198, 215, 295, 319, and boxing, 281–284, 565, 580 464, 471–472, 528, 587, 588, 591 Cold War sports, 349 Suggs, Welch, 514–515 and college football, 92–93, 215–216, 218, Sullivan, Dean, 45, 156 557, 564, 567, 570, 629 Sullivan, James E., 52, 340–343, 382–383, decline of sandlot sports, 144–145 385, 389, 392 digital media, 570–571 Sullivan, John L., 39, 46, 138, 274–275, fan communities, 93, 569 409, 483, 492, 495, 556, 580, 637–638, and golf, 307 Sullivan, Russell, 280, 417 and major league baseball, 62, 97, 146, Sullivan, Yankee, 556 179, 182–183, 190, 528, 568–569, Sunbelt, 61, 62, 76, 113, 143, 588 Suncoast Dome (St. Petersburg, FL), 591 and NASCAR, 122, 313 Sunday baseball, 49, 164, 610 NBA, 146, 258, 260, 261, 537, 569 Sunday, Billy, 49, 156, 162, 489 and NFL, 73, 92, 96, 99, 146, 224, Sunday blue laws, 468, 470, 610 226–233, 236, 534–535, 540, 557, Super Bowl, 92, 99, 221, 226, 230, 232, 565–566, 588–590, 648 235, 494, 534, 567, 589, 594, 647 and Olympics, 251, 368, 386–387, 395, Superdome (New Orleans), 591 569 Surdam, David G., 99, 185, 187, 528–529, sport in the 1950s, 72–73, 77 537 sport post-1950s, 92, 565–569 Susman, Warren, 213–214, 487 sports programming, 99 Sutton, May, 508 and tennis, 515 Suzuki, Ichiro, 89 and track, 349, 351 Swanson, Richard A., 391, 406, 421 and women’s sport, 90 Swedish gymnastics system, 406, 412, 467 and wrestling, 565 Swift, Tom, 169 see also Arledge, Roone; ESPN; Monday swimming, 113, 118, 388, 392, 414, 423, Night Football 435, 454, 472, 482, 501–502, 505, 506, Tennessee State University, 259, 350, 446, 510–511, 513, 603, 604 514 swimming pools, 37, 118, 140, 295, 464, tennis, 67, 140, and art, 607 471, 472, 511, 609 and biographies, 308, 309, 509–510, 513, 650 Taft, William Howard, 44, 308 and class, 6, 32, 37, 43, 44, 48, 66, 292, Tagliabue, Paul, 228–229 463, 467, 472, 508–509, 557 Taiwan, 89, 349, 365–366 and equipment, 110, 118 Tammany Hall, 134, 136, 610 facilities, 140, 295, 462, 464, 470–472 taverns, 23, 28, 29, 131, 133–135, 455, 460, historiography, 67, 292, 294, 296–297 461, 469, 491, 502, 526, 565, 579, 648 and homosexuality, 302 see also saloons manliness, 480 Taylor, Chuck, 75, 251 origins of, 298–299 Taylor, Marshall W. “Major,” 47, 121, 439, and prejudice, 300 538, 638 professional, 515, 557, 647, 650 technology, 26, 28, 34, 44, 65, 109–126, and race, 303–306, 446, 508 178, 279, 282–283, 286, 297 and sociability, 145 and ballparks, 584, 590 and television, 488 and business, 525, 527 welfare capitalism, 470–471 and media, 361, 555, 568–569, 588, 594 and women, 90, 301–302, 464–465, and motor sports, 313, 316, 318, 320, 329 494–495, 501, 506, 508–509, 513–515, and track and field, 337, 342, 348, 351 650 Telander, Rick, 261 see also African Americans; American Tennis telegraph, 111, 563, 585 Association; “Battle of the Sexes”

0002085035.INDD 688 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 689

(1973); country clubs; Davis Cup; names professional, 39, 46, 52, 350–352, 469 of individual players progressivism, 342 Texas Western University, 257 pedestrianism, 337–339, 350 Theberg, Nancy, 91 and religion, 611 Thelin, John, 74, 205 and science, 348–349 Theory of the Leisure Class (Veblen, 1899), and traditional games, 39, 410 461 and US–USSR dual meets, 349, 371, 372 Thomas, Damion, 76, 306 and women, 68, 253, 346–347, 349–350, Thomas, Ron, 75, 88, 258 446, 501, 511–514, 562, 564 Thompson, Teri, 194 and working class, 46, 469, 474 Thomson, Bobby, 189–191 and YMCA, 140 Thoreau, Henry David, 603–605 see also Didrikson, Babe; New York Athletic Thorn, John, 157, 170, 171, 180, 190, Club; Olympic Games; Owens, Jesse; 216, 635 Thorpe, Jim; women thoroughbred racing: see horse racing traditional sports, 51, 109, 118, 313, 408, Thorpe, Jim, 367, 396, 422, 640–641 422, 423 Thrasher, Frederic, 179, 223–224, 341–342 trainers, 122–123, 125, 203 Tignor, Stephen, 309 Transcendentalists, 603–605 Tilden, Bill, 67, 296–297, 302, 557, transcontinental air racing, 203 Tillman, Pat, 647 transportation innovations, 2, 5, 26–28, Title IX, 7, 90, 94, 253, 254, 350, 352, 471, 110–111, 114–115, 119–122, 133, 140, 495, 514–515 142, 163, 191, 342, 394, 509, 579 tobacco, 19, 325, 490, 610 and automobile racing, 313–329 and colonial gambling, 16, 18, 131, 456 trotting: see harness racing Tolan, Eddie, 347, 559 Truman Sports Complex (Kansas City, MO), Tom Brown’s Schooldays (Hughes, 1857), 591 339, 605 Trumpbour, Robert C., 7, 115, 539 Tosches, Nick, 282, 639 Tudor, Deborah V., 624 Townsend, Kim, 47, 486 Tunney, Gene, 65, 142, 278, 557, 580, track and field, 334–352 586, 639 and African Americans, 347, 349–350, Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1, 14, 34, 446, 511, 513–514, 562 110, 202 and Amateur Athletic Union, 341–342, Turner, James C., 273 344 Turner, Ted, 567 athletic clubs, 340–341, 343–344, Turner, Victor, 413 463–464 turners, 38, 40, 42, 407, 411–412, 413, and Chinese, 422 459, 506 and coaches, 343, 345 Turrini, Joseph, 100, 349–351, 371–372 colonial, 336–337 Tye, Larry, 188, 441, 644 company-sponsored, 471 Tygiel, Jules, 3, 71–72, 97, 144, 178, 179, and elite, 44, 463; and ethnic, 41, 52, 141, 190, 443–444, 484, 492, 528–529, 560, 343, 408–409, 416, 418 563, 623–625, 644 and high school, 143, 346–346 Tyson, Mike, 283–284 historiography, 100, 335 indoor, 116 Udall, Stewart, 234 intercollegiate, 462 Ueberroth, Peter, 394 Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Umphlett, Wiley Lee, 533, 617–618 Athletes of America, 342 Union Course (Long Island), 338, 579 and journalism, 351 Union Grounds (Brooklyn), 581 manliness, 51 unions, 62, 163, 460 marathon, 346 sports promotion, 38, 469–470 and Mexican Americans, 420 sports unions, 39, 96, 193, 235, 531, 536 mile run, 345–346 Unitas, Johnny, 228, 589, 646

0002085035.INDD 689 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 690 index

United Center (Chicago), 592 Vinokur, Martin Barry, 370–371 foreign relations, 6, 70, 75, 76, Vogan, Travis, 628 85–86, 207, 279, 283, 285, 359, Volti, Rudi, 318 361–362, 366, 368–372, 386, 390, 616 vulcanized rubber, 111, 118 United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA), 298–299, 513, 515, 557 Waddell, George “Rube,” 161 United States Olympic Committee, 17, 341, Wagner, Hans-Peter, 10 350, 380, 382–383, 386–387, 394–395 Wagner, Honus, 40, 162, 411, 529, 584 University of Alabama, 75 Wagner, Robert, 191 University of Chicago, 3, 65, 203, 277, Wakefield, Wanda Ellen, 50, 490, 491 297, 413 Walker, Francis Amasa, 129 University of Kentucky, 75 Walker, J. Samuel, 256 University of Mississippi, 87 Walker, James R., 7, 540, 564, 565, 568, University of North Carolina, 256, 445 570–571 University of Notre Dame, 3, 280, 608 Walker Law (1920), 277, 538 University of San Francisco, 255, 259, 648 Walker, Moses Fleetwood, 440, 558, 642 upper class, 7, 21, 28, 33, 37, 43–44, 48, 90, Walker, Welday, 440 169, 200, 294–295, 327, 364, 424, walking city, 27 456–458, 461–466, 495, 509, 555, 620 Wall, Maryjean, 495 see also elite sports Walton, Bill, 257, 261 urban boosters, 113, 136, 137, 142, 143, Ward, Arch, 225, 226, 553 205, 277, 317, 393, 531, 534, 581 Ward, Geoffrey, 46, 180 urban politics, 6, 35, 40, 43, 46, 113, 138, Ward, John Montgomery, 45, 160, 164 409–411, 495, 530, 537, 539, 648 Ware, Susan, 69, 90, 302, 650 urbanization, 3–5, 13, 25–26, 28, 34, 36–37, Warner, Glenn S. “Pop,” 472, 487 45, 49, 111–114, 119–120, 130–147, Warner, Patricia C., 70, 502 163, 167, 178–179, 202, 212, 274–275, Washington (DC), 75, 250, 588, 606 277, 295, 342, 406, 409, 460, 465, 468, and racism, 445, 508 482, 611 Washington, Booker T., 224 see also Adelman, Melvin; baseball, and Washington, Denzel, 625 ballparks; elite sports; ethnicity; Hardy, Washington, George, 468 Stephen; journalism; middle class; parks, Washington, Kenny, 87, 445 public; Riess, Steven A.; stadiums; Washington Nationals, 582 working class. Washington, Ora, 252, 305 USA Track & Field (USATF), 341 Washington Park Jockey Club (Chicago), 463 USA–USSR dual meets, 349, 371 Washington Redskins, 74, 225, 234, 445 Washington Senators, 162, 184, 188, Valenzuela, Fernando, 89 443, 588 Van der Ahe, Chris, 166 Wassong, Stephen, 360, 381 Van Natta, Jr., Don, 69–70, 308 water polo, 392 Vanderbilt Cup, 314, 318, 320 Watterson, John Sayle, 41, 64, 88, 204–205, Vanderbilt, William K., Jr., 315–316, 318, 582 216, 308, 533 Vardon, Harry, 306 Weaver, Buck, 186 Varner, Monika 169, K., 295 Webb, Bernice Larson, 247, 636–637 Vassar College, 504, 512 Webb, Robert H., 328 Vaux, Calvert, 140 Weber, David J., 23 Veblen, Thorstein, 461 Weber, Max, 109–110, 112, 272, 384 Veeck, Bill, 191, 529 Weisberger, Bernard, 166 Verbrugge, Martha H., 48, 503–504 Weiss, Alta, 169 Vertinsky, Patricia, 48, 51, 389, 501, welfare capitalism, 38–39, 470–471 503–506 Welky, David, 559, 562 Vetenniemi, Erkki, 343, 345 Wenn, Stephen R., 70, 283, 368, 370, 372, Vincent, Ted, 39, 339 386–388, 390, 395, 569

0002085035.INDD 690 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM index 691

Wenner, Lawrence, 552, 568–569 and automobile racing, 327, 328 Westchester Polo Club, 37, 462 and baseball, 2–3, 5, 7, 46, 136, 195, 471, Weston, Edward P., 537 512–513 Whalen, Thomas, 167, 259 and basketball, 48–49, 99, 145, 155, 169, Wheaton, William R., 157, 298, 635 180, 183, 185, 247, 249–254, 471, Wheeler, Robert H., 44, 367, 396, 556, 640 506–508 When We Were Kings (film, 1996) and bowling, 145 white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), and boxing, 67, 285, 516 33, 49 character building, 134 White, Bill, 193 and Catholicism, 507 White, G. Edward, 165, 179, 528 challenge accepted norms, 44 White, Jeremy, 393 and coed sports, 134 White, Sol, 46, 168, 440, 531 and Cold War, 85–86 White, Stanford, 116 college sport, 48, 95, 189 Whiting, Robert, 89, 365 colonial era, 18, 21, 24, 336, 501–502 Whitman, Malcolm D., 299 and country clubs, 464, 508–509 Whitney, Caspar, 52, 382–383 and croquet, 504–505 Whitney, William, 463 crowd behavior, 131 Whyte, William F., 416 and cycling, 91, 121–122, 509 Wide World of Sports, The, 92, 351 and elites, 44, 48, 67, 131, 301–302, Wiebe, Robert, 35, 585 464–465, 508–509 Wiggins, David K., 47, 66. 87, 166, 262, and exercise, 48, 467, 472, 504–506, 605 302–304, 306–308, 337, 347, 349, feminine sports, 513 405–406, 414, 435, 437, 439 feminism, 479 Wiggins, Robert, 166 and football, 208–210 Wiggins, William H., 629 and gender, 237, 361, 479–480, 508, 627 Wilkes, George, 555 and golf, 44, 66, 91, 100, 294, 295, Williams, Doug, 235 300–301, 303–304, 309, 465, 508–509, Williams, Lance, 194 511 Williams, Serena, 305–306, 446, 448 health reform, 44 Williams, T. Harry, 156 and hunting, 39 Williams, Ted, 71, 187–189, 644 in manly sports, 92 Williams, Venus, 305–306, 446, 448 and Jews, 41, 251–252, 300, 346–347, Williamsburg, VA, 131, 456 414–415, 506–507 Williamsport, PA, 145 and jogging, 472 Willis, Chris, 223, 346 lesbianism, 91 Wills, Harry, 639 manliness, 93, 479, 481–486, 488–489, Wills, Helen, 67, 297, 302, 509–510, 650 491, 492 Wilson, Harold E., 386, 394, 396 media, 48, 93 Wiltse, Jeff, 37 and middle class, 44, 48, 121–122, 131, Wind, Herbert Warren, 293, 297, 298 136, 464, 465, 467 Windship, George, 485 Native American, 501 Winkle, Kenneth, 98, 194 and Olympics, 383–384, 511–514, 516, Winston Cup races, 325 562 Winthrop, John, 336, 602 opinion makers, 467–468 Winton, Alexander, 315, 319 physical educators, 86, 465, 504–506 Witherspoon, Kevin B., 8, 369 positive benefits of sport, 134, 503–504 women, 4, 90–92, 501 prejudice, 300 African American, 91, 303–304, 309, race, 249, 388, 422 349–350, 436, 446, 482, 492, 494, and reform, 32, 467, 472 507–508, 513–514, 562 rural sport, 505 and AIAW, 514 and ski jumping, 389 antebellum era, 24, 328, 503–504, 605 and slaves, 436, 482, 502

0002085035.INDD 691 3/1/2014 10:08:52 AM 692 index

women (cont’d) 348, 384, 396–397, 418, 442, 443, and softball, 471, 513 445, 490–491, 512–513, 534, 588, as spectators, 131, 136, 481–482, 584 641–642, 644 sports clothing, 48 wrestling sports historiography, 69 amateur, 17, 135, 435, 436, 454, 482, sportswriters, 561–562 495, 515, 606, 607 and swimming, 388, 511 professional, 77, 495, 538, 565, 616 and tennis, 67, 299, 301–302, 309, 446, Wright, Harry, 159 494–495, 508–510, 513–515, 562 Wright, James 299 Title IX, 471, 495, 514–515 Wright, Johnny, 645 track and field, 86, 336, 339, 346–347, Wright, Orville, 123 349–350, 383–384, 511–512, 514–516, Wright, Wilbur, 123 562 Wrigley Field, 116, 585 and working class, 48, 460, 471, 472, Wrigley, Philip K., 189, 513, 533 474, 513 Wrigley, William, 564 and YWCA, 506, 507 WTBS, 93 and YWHA, 506, 507 Wushanley, Ying, 90, 514 see also All-American Girls Professional Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, 17, 457, 481 Baseball League (AAGPBL); Didrikson, Babe; Federation of Women’s Athletic yachting, 25, 32, 37, 43, 44, 111, 120, 456, Clubs; femininity; feminism 457, 463, Women’s Athletic Club of Chicago, 464 Yale University, 1, 115, 116, 140, 204, 212, Women’s National Basketball Association 255, 418, 462, 533, 534, 583, 636 (WNBA), 254 Yamamoto, Eriko, 367–368, 388 Women’s Professional Basketball League Yankee Stadium, 116, 271, 277, 585, (WBL), 254 592, 611 Women’s Western Golf Association, 300 Yates, Brock, 320, 327 Wong, James, 536 Yep, Kathleen, 249, 422 Wooden, John, 257, 649 Yeshiva University, 609 Woods, Tiger, 100, 295, 304, 308, 311, 448 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), Woodward, C. Vann, 211, 213 8, 40, 49–50, 52, 140–141, 208, 247, Woodward, Kath, 285 251–252, 342, 422, 466, 470, 506, working class, and baseball, 46, 135–136, 605–607, 636, 142, 459–460, 468, 470, 471, 473 Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA), and boxing, 38, 46, 48, 273, 461, 8, 50, 415, 506–507, 609 469–471, 482–483, 579 Young Women’s Christian Association and football, 46, 470 (YWCA), 506, 508 and gambling, 468–469 Young Women’s Hebrew Association and honor, 134, 469, 482–483 (YWHA), 506 and track, 46, 469, 474 Young, David C., 381 see also African Americans; ethnicity; Irish; youth sport, 60, 145, male bachelor subculture; masculinity; Yu, Henry, 304–305 urbanization Yu, Junwei, 365 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 471, 586 Zamperini, Louis, 345–346, 396–397, 418, World Professional Basketball Championship, 641–642 250 Zang, David, 95, 168, 642 World Team Tennis, 647 Zeiler, Thomas W., 51, 159, 363 World War I, 68, 383, 392, 490, 509, 513, Ziemba, Joe, 223 528, 562, 583–584, 585, 645 Zimbalist, Andrew, 185, 194, 523–524, World War II, 60–63, 71–73, 86, 123, 251, 530–531, 538–539, 568, 570–571 254, 279, 281, 302, 308, 321, 327, Zuppke, Bob, 488

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