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Geochemical Reconnaissance of the Mid-Cretaceous Anoxic Event in the Santos Basin, Brazil

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Geochemical Reconnaissance of the Mid-Cretaceous Anoxic Event in the Santos Basin, Brazil Reviste Brasileira de Oeociencias 18(3):273-282. setembro de 1988 GEOCHEMICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS ANOXIC EVENT IN THE SANTOS BASIN, BRAZIL MITSURU ARAI· ABSTRACT The reconnaissance of the Mid-Cretaceous anoxic event in the offshore Santos Basin (BraziD is the result of several biostratigraphical and organic geoc hemical investigations carried out by Petrobras. T he geochemical evidence of anox ia was identified at wildcats located in the centra l-southwestern part of the San tos Basin, where, dif feren tly from the remaining of the basin, the CenomanianlLower Turonian seque nce was not affected by the reg iona l erosional event that occurred in the Late Turonian. The sequence contains organic carbon-rich strata, with enrichment ofsapropelic an d humic organic matt er deposited duri ng the seco nd global anoxic event of the Cretaceous, the environment varyi ng from midd le neritic to upper bathyal. The average geoc hemical charac teristics of this sequence are the best in the basin: 1.2 to 1.8% weight total organic carbon (fOC), 2 to 4 kg HClt.rock (hydrocarbon source potential) and 200 to 300 mg.HClg.TOC (hydrogen index). However, these data suggest that it should be regarded as a mod erate hydrocar bon source rock, even in places where the sequence is encountered within the "oil generation window". RES UMO RECO NHECIM ENTO GE OQ ufMICO DO EVE NTO AN6xICO MESOCRETAclCO NA BACIA DE SANTOS , BRAS IL. 0 reconheci mento da anoxia oceanica do "Mesocreteceo" na Bacia de Santos ~ consequencia cia reali zacj o de numerosos estudos geoqufmicos e bioestratigratlcos pela Petrobras nos dltimos anos. As evidencias geoq uimicas da anoxia foram constatadas nos pecos explorat6rios situados na parte centro- sudoeste do sltic sedimentar, onde, ao contrario de grande parte do restan te da bacia , a seq uencia do Cenomaniano -Eoturoniano se encontra preservada do evento erosive regional que ocorreu no Neoturoniano . Esta seque ncia contem siltciclasticos fines, ricos em materias orginicas sapropellca e hdmica, depositados em embiente neritico medic a batial superior durante 0 segu ndo eve nto an6xico oceanico do Cretaceo (EAO-2). As ceracterfsticas geoquimicas medias da sequencia - carbo na orgdnjco total (COT) de 1,2 - 1.8 % peso, potencial gerador de 2 - 4 kg HClt.rocha e £ndice de hidrogenio de ~OO - 300 mg HCI g.COT - sao suflc ientes para strud- Ie, apenas, como um gerador modesto de hidrocarbonetos junto a Mens ond e a sequencia se encontra dentro da zona catagc netica (matura). INTRODUCTION The identification of layers of black authors. correlating this with the second Cre taceous global shale deposited in basins along the Brazilian continen tal anoxic even t (OAE-2). Viviees (1986) reaffirmed prev ious margin during the Mid-Cretaceous anoxic event has been observations and located the aforementioned intervals in the made possible chiefly by two major undertakings. both Cenomanian/Mid -Turonian Seque nce. initiated at end of the 1960's: intensified hydrocarbon This study presents succint organic geochemical data on exploration on the Brazilian continental shelf and the Deep the Santos Basin as surveyed by Petrobras in rece nt years. It Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). DSDP data have revealed intends to offer an important contribution to the general study widespread distribution of black shales synchronically of the OA E-2, given that data concerning the western parI of deposited in almost all oceans during the Middle Cretaceous the northern South Atlantic must at present rely solely on (Mobertly & Larson 1975, Schlanger et al. 1976). Schlanger DSDP findings, which are limited 10 Site 356, the only & Jenkyns (1976) postulate that this was induced by a global Brazilian coastal hole to reach the Middle Cretaceous. oceanic anoxic event (OAE). Occurring in the Evidence for Mid-Cretaceous anoxia in the Santos Basin is Cenomanian/Turonian, the Mid-Cretaceous OA E (OAE·2) also an important indication that the OAE-2 did indeed occur was the most notable of all Cretaceous anoxic events. more in the far southwestern part of the Mid-Cretaceous intense than both the preceding (the OAE-l in the Angola-Brazil Basin (Fig. 2). Aptian! Albian) and the subsequent (the OAE-3 in the Coniacian/S antonian), according to Arthur & Schlanger THE S ANTOS BASIN The Sanlos Basin is located on (1979) and Jenkyns (1980) (Fig. 1). the continental shelf offsoutheastern Brazil, betwee n latitud es Along the Brazilian continental margin . especially in the 23' and 28'S. Totally submersed, it is bordered on the wesl basins north of parallel 300S, there is practically no record of and northwest by the Santos Hinge Line. on the north by the the Aptianl Albian OAE (OAE-I) since marine conditions Cabo Frio High, on the east by the Sao Paulo Platea u, and on would only exte nd to this region later in the Albian. On the the south by the F1orian6polis Platform. other hand, the Cenomanianrruronian OAE (OAE-2) has The basin was first identified during seismic refraction been reported in several o f Brazil's coastal basins. studies undertaken by Columbia University's Lamont The present paper deals with the Santos Basin. where Geological Observatory in 1960, but it was only one decade strata correlated with the anoxic event were first recognized later that it was fonnally designated the San tos Basin. upon throu gh paleoecological interpretation of foraminifera the 1970 publication of Miranda's interpretation of the latest (Koutsoukos 1982). These .strata revealed geochemical geophysical data reported by Petrobras, charac teristics indicative of a cyclical alternation of anoxic Evolution of the Santos Basin closely resembles that of and oxigen-rich conditions (Gibbon s et al. 1983). The authors other basins along Atlantic continental margin. It includes the did not link their observations to the global anoxic event, but Lake. Gulf. and Sea rnegasequences, which represent respec­ Viviers (1985) iden tified foraminifer fauna suggestive of tively the rift, proto-oceanic, and oceanic phases of the model anoxia in the organic carbo n-rich intervals mentioned by the proposed by Asmus & Porto (1980) . Its stra tigraphic • PetrobnislCen peslDivex. Ilha do Fundao, Quadra 07, CEP 2 19 10, Rio de Janeiro , RJ, Braz il 274 Revista Bra.rikira de Geocuncias, Volume 18. 1988 CHANGES OF SEA LEVEL STAGNATION MYBP STAGE Falling Rising INTENSITY 65.-------,.......,-----------,--- -------, MAESTRICHTIAN 75 CAMPANIAN SANTONIAN 85 CONIACIAN TURONIAN t== ==:=> OAE2 95 CENOMANIAN 105 ALBIAN OAEI APTIAN BARREMIAN HAUTERIVIAN 125 1-------1 VALANGINIAN BERRIASIAN adopted h om ARTHUR 8 SCHL ANGER (1979) Figure 1 « Relative sea-level stands and intensity of anoxic events in the Cretaceous period (aJaptedfrom Arthur & Schlanger 1979) column is made up of units wich are synchronically represen­ •• ted in other Brazilian coastal basins. The geological column shown in figure 3 presents latest AFRICA available geological data (Pereira et at. 1986). The operational basement (base o f the known sedimentary C.VERDE 15 sequence) in the Santos basin consists of basic volcanic rocks BASIN 120 Ma old, overlain with Lake megasequence sediments o q (Guaratiba Fonnation or Pre-Salt Secti6n) . Unlike its ~ S\. <::r neighboring Campos Basin, this rnegasequence has not been ''lc".'::::J <7 studied in depth, drilling so far having been limited to three wells which have only indicated lithologic types characteristic 8 ofproximal facies (alluvial fan and fan-delta). SOUTH BRAZIL Evapo rites of the gulf megaseq uence were deposited over BAS IN sediments of the rift stage, constituting the Pro to-oceanic AMERICA o Phase. o These evaporites (Sao Vicente Formation) stre tch to the outermost portion of the Sao Paulo Plateau, reach ing thicknesses of 2,000 to 2,500 m at their depocenter (Pereira et al. op.cit.). Initiated in the Albian, the compactional displacement of this immense salt layer contributed substantially to structuralization of the basin. Representing the last major phase in tectonic and depositional evolut ion, i.e.• the Oceanic Phase . deposition of the Sea Megasequence (Post-Salt Section) began during tbe Albian. In the Early/ Middle Albian an extensive carbonate platform covered the evaporites (Guaruja Formation). It was impeded only at the borders adjacent to emergent lands, where coarse fan-delta deposits were dominant. Owing to the low sea-level stand and to the degree of oxigenation of the environment, the Lower to Middle Albian sequence is devoid oforganic-rich rocks. The Late Albian was characterized by a marked sea-level Figure 2 - Location of Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the rise, inducing the progressive submergence of the car bonate present South Atlantic Ocean. Isobaths in meters. Sites with platform from then until the Middle Turonian. As a result, the drilled mid-Cretaceous andlor older sequences are shown by black circles. Sites with mid- Cretaceou s not reached or absent are shown by open circles Revilla Brasdeira de Geociencias, Volume 18, 1988 275 CHRONOSTR ATl GRAPHY ~y~ P£"IOO/ EPOCH / AGE I' L IOC fNf " IOCEN E OLIGOCE NE EOCE N E P"' LE OCEN E .....RIN E Z .. ..AASTRICHTlAH Z SANTOS F M. 0 CAMPAN' ''' N Z ... AIHOI,'IlAI'f '" ..-,.T U ItOI'f I AI'f .- • IL HA BEL;::;g ... CENO.....NIA N '" ...J 100 "o I- 0 ... 0 u "O~IAN ' GUAR U JA ,.- "L8 IA H POllS F.. 110 .. FM . ....... • 0: APTIAN sAO VICE H TE FM EvAPORITIC 120 U - / 7'" - - GU ARATI 8 A FM r. """.. .. .. -- - N ON BO N EOC O" IAN , , "I ll. R I PrlI E , , , , , , , B "'SALT 14 0 l", '' , , , , r. ~ ~ ~ ;' :111': '1 111llI + . + 1" -t l' l' "'t~ P"E • C A M BRIAH +•• . • • • • •• + + + + + B" l M E NT CO "P LEx Figure 3 - Schematic geologic column ofl ire Santos Basin formerly typical carbonate platform became increasingly Laborat6rio do Sever de Geoqufmica, Drvisilo dL' 1:\ plor'l\.; ao, terrigenous.
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