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Petroleum Geology and Resources Of IRC.760S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 760 Petroleum Geology and Resources of Southeastern Mexico, Northern Guatemala, and Belize Petroleum Geology and Resources of Southeastern Mexico, Northern Guatemala, and Belize By James A. Peterson GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 760 Major reserves of oil occur in Cretaceous and Paleocene microfractured dolomite reservoirs on salt structures in the Reforma and offshore Campeche areas of southeastern Mexico 1983 United States Department of the Interior WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary Geological Survey Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Peterson, James A. Petroleum geology and resources of southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and Belize. (Geological Survey circular ; 760) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.4/2:760 1. Petroleum Mexico. 2. Petroleum Guatemala. 3. Petroleum Belize. I. Title. II. Series. QE75.C5 no. 760 557.3s [553.2'82'0972] 83-600170 [TN873.M6] Free on application to Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, U. S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 ASSESSMENT OF RECOVERABLE ENERGY RESOURCES The World Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) intends to develop reliable and credible estimates of undiscovered recoverable petroleum resources throughout the world. Initial program efforts have focused on the major producing areas of the world to gain a broad geological understanding of the characteristics of petroleum occurrence for purposes of resource assessment, as well as for analysis of production potential. Investigations of production potential are carried out in cooperation with other U.S. Government agencies; specifically, the studies of the main free world exporting nations, of which this study is a part, are carried out in cooperation with the Foreign Energy Supply Assessment Program of the Department of Energy. The estimates represent the views of a U.S. Geological Survey study team and should not be regarded as an official position of the U.S. Government. The program seeks to investigate resource potential at the basin level, primarily through analogy with other petroleum regions, and does not necessarily require, therefore, current exploration information that is commonly held proprietary. In conducting the geological investigations, we intend to build a support base of publicly available data and regional geologic synthesis against which to measure the progress of exploration and thereby validate the assessment. Most of these investigations will lead directly to quantitative resource assessments; resource assessment, like exploration, to be effective, must be an ongoing process taking advantage of changing ideas and data availability the results produced being progress reports reflecting on a state of knowledge at a point in time. Because this program is coordinated with the USGS domestic assessment program and both utilize similar techniques for assessment, the user can be assured of a thread of consistency permitting comparisons between the various petroleum basins of the world, including the United States, that have been assessed in the overall USGS program. In addition to resource estimates, the program provides a regional base of understanding for in-country exploration analysis and for analysis of media reports regarding the exploratory success or failure of ventures in studied areas. Other U.S. Geological Survey publications relating to the assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable petroleum resources include the following: Open-File Report 81-0986 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of Persian Gulf basin and Zagros fold belt (Arabian-Iranian basin)" Open-File Report 81-1027 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources, Volga-Urals basin, U.S.S.R." Open-File Report 81-1142 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of Indonesia" Open-File Report 81-1143 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of northeastern Mexico" Open-File Report 81-1144 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and Belize" Open-File Report 81-1145 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of Trinidad" Open-File Report 81-1146 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of Venezuela" Open-File Report 81-1147 "Assessment of conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of the West Siberian basin and Kara Sea basin, U.S.S.R." Open-File Report 82-0296 "Assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of the Middle Caspian basin, U.S.S.R." These reports are available from the Open File Services Section, Branch of Distribution, USGS, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. CONTENTS Abstract .__...._--._.._---_------------ J Petroleum geology Continued Introduction ....._..._................... 1 Tertiary clastic deposits -Continued Veracruz basin ..................... 24 Geography ..........__......_......._ 1 Reservoirs __.......-__.__..__----. 24 Sources of data ....................... 2 Source rocks ......__........--.._. 24 Regional geology ......................... 2 Regional cap rocks _........___-_.--. 24 Introduction ____......_____........_.. 2 Traps .._......._-_-......._----- 26 Stratigraphy ____........__........._. 4 Analogs ..__......._-_._....-_-.-- 26 Paleozoic ......................... 8 Mesozoic and lower Tertiary carbonate complex . 27 Lower Mesozoic .................... 8 Reforma shelf ........-........---- 27 Upper Jurassic ..................... 8 Campeche shelf ......_._____..._--. 27 Cretaceous ....................... 8 Rubelsanto area (Guatemala) ___________ 32 Tertiary ......................... 9 Reservoirs ___________.______.__--. 34 Structure ........................... 16 Source rocks ______________________ 35 Sierra Madre del Sur ................ 19 Regional cap rocks ......__-.----..-_ 36 Sierra Madre Oriental ................ 19 Traps ................._.--.--... 36 Yucatan platform ................... 20 Analogs _..____----..------------- 36 Gulf Coast Tertiary basins ............ 20 Pre-Oxfordian Mesozoic clastic deposits ....... 36 Veracruz basin .................. 20 Paleozoic rocks ____.-.-._-.----------_- 36 Isthmus Saline basin ......___..... 21 Giant fields ....................... ^.. 37 Comalcalco basin ................ 21 Tertiary basin fields _________________ 37 Macuspana basin ................ 21 Reforma fields ..........-....-.---- 37 Reforma shelf ..................... 21 Offshore Campeche fields __________.-. 37 Campeche shelf _._......._......... 22 Summary ___________-_-._-___------- 37 Offshore salt structure province ......... 22 Genesis of the petroleum deposits ------- 37 Peten basin ....................... 22 Information summary ________________ 39 Petroleum geology --.._......__........... 23 Resource assessment ___._-.._------------- 40 Introduction -.....__....._............ 23 Procedures _____..._----------------- 40 Tertiary clastic deposits ................. 23 Assessment ....--..-.---------------- 4^ Isthmus Saline and Comalcalco basins ..... 23 Comments ____--__.-.--_.------._---- 40 Macuspana basin ._._-......._...... 23 Selected references ___.._------.----------- 43 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. Map showing location of southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and Belize assessment region .. 2 2. Map showing location of oil and gas fields, important dry holes, and recently reported discoveries, north­ western Guatemala and southeastern Mexico _..___-______._.-----.--._----------- 3 3. Regional structure map of southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize ..........-.----..-._ 4 4. Stratigraphic correlation chart of southern Mexico and Guatemala _.__.-_.-----.--.-------- 6 5. South-north structural-stratigraphic cross section A-A', southern Chiapas State to offshore Tabasco State, Mexico ........................................................... 7 6. West-east structural-stratigraphic cross section A'-B, offshore Tabasco State to Yucatan Peninsula . 10 7. South-north structural-stratigraphic cross section C-C", southern Guatemala to eastern Tabasco State, Mexico ................................................................ 11 8. West-east structural-stratigraphic cross section D-D', Veracruz basin ______________________ 12 9. Northwest-southeast structural-stratigraphic cross section E-E', Sigsbee Knolls area to Yucatan Peninsula ______________________________________________________________ 13 Page FIGURES 10-14. Isopach maps showing: 10. Approximate thickness in meters, partly restored, of pre-Oxfordian Jurassic and Triassic rocks, southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize ........................._--.... 14 11. Approximate thickness in meters, partly restored, Upper Jurassic Oxfordian through Tithonian rocks, southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize .....................__.... 15 12. Approximate thickness in meters, partly restored, total Cretaceous rocks, southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize .._......................_...-_..._--._.-_-__-_ 16 13. Approximate thickness in meters, lower Tertiary (Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene) rocks, mostly restored, in Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico, and Guatemala-Belize areas ........ 17 14. Approximate thickness in meters, upper Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene) rocks, mostly restored, in Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico, and Guatemala-Belize areas........__..__._.___ 18 15. Structure of top of Miocene Encanto Formation, Cinco Presidentes oil field .................. 25
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