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Forest Evergreenness and Tree Endemism in the Central Western Ghats, Southern India

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Forest Evergreenness and Tree Endemism in the Central Western Ghats, Southern India OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Forest evergreenness and tree endemism in the central Western Ghats, southern India Divakar K. Mesta & Ganesh R. Hegde 26 May 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 6 | Pages: 11743–11752 10.11609/jot.3173.10.6.11743-11752 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Publisher & Host Partners Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11743–11752 Forest evergreenness and tree endemism in the central Western Ghats, southern India Communication Divakar K. Mesta 1 & Ganesh R. Hegde 2 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1,2 Postgraduate Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad, Karnataka 580003, India 1 Present address: Department of Botany, Carmel College of Arts, Science and Commerce for Women, Nuvem, Salcete, OPEN ACCESS Goa 403001, India 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected] Abstract: Forests of the Western­­­­ Ghats are well known for their evergreenness and high endemism. The present study carried out in the Sharavathi River Basin in the central Western Ghats of India is to fnd the relatonship between forest evergreenness and tree endemism. The study was carried out from 2000 to 2006 and the methodology followed is a combinaton of transect and quadrat method nested with smaller quadrats for shrub layer and herb layer. A total of 51 endemic tree species belonging to 20 families were recorded. The results reveal that the compositon of endemic tree populaton is closely associated with the evergreenness of the forest. With the increase in evergreenness, endemism also increased and almost all the endemic trees of the region occurred in very high evergreen class. Many of them were exclusively found in very high evergreen forests and ground layer data support this observaton. Such narrow distributon of endemics makes them most vulnerable to extncton. The present study will be helpful in understanding the associaton of endemic trees with evergreenness of forest and will be useful in conservaton as well as restoraton of these endemic trees in their natural habitats. Keywords: Climax forests, evergreenness, paleoendemics, transect, tree endemism, Western Ghats. DOI: htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3173.10.6.11743-11752 Editor: S.R. Yadav, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2018 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # 3173 | Received 28 November 2016 | Final received 12 February 2018 | Finally accepted 25 March 2018 Citaton: Mesta, D.K. & G.R. Hegde (2018). Forest evergreenness and tree endemism in the central Western Ghats, southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(6): 11743–11752; htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3173.10.6.11743-11752 Copyright: © Mesta & Hegde 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Funding: Logistc support from Dr. T.V. Ramachandra, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Insttute of Science, Bangalore. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Author Details: Dr. Divakar K. Mesta holds a PhD from Karnatak University, Dharwad and has several years of forest feld experience in the central Western Ghats. His major feld of interests are feld taxonomy, evergreen forest ecology, endemic plants and Myristca swamps and presently works as a Assistant Professor in Botany. Dr. Ganesh R. Hegde, Professor of Botany Kranatak University, Dharwad is actvely engaged with ecology and plant diversity studies. He has guided research works pertaining to taxonomy of angiosperms of Dharwad District, Kumta Taluka of Utara Kannada District and Hillocks of neighbouring Dharwad District. He has several new records of angiosperm plants from Karnataka to his credit. Author Contributon: DKM is involved in planning feld work, data collecton, compilaton, analysis of diferent parameters and preparaton of the manuscript. GRH is actvely involved in data analysis, preparaton of manuscript, discussion and interpretaton of results. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Karnatak University Dharwad for the facility. DKM expresses his grattude to Dr. T. V. Ramachandra for all the support and facility during the present investgaton and to the Principal Sister Aradhana A.C., Carmel College for her encouragement. We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestons in improving the manuscript. 11743 Evergreen forests and tree endemism Mesta & Hegde INTRODUCTION to about 1,343m at Kodachadri Hill (Mesta 2008). The rock formaton is Archaean complex, the oldest The Western Ghats, being one of the 35 global rock of the earth crust (Krishnan 1974). A narrow strip biodiversity hotspots (Marchese 2015), is very rich in of low land in the western side is covered by alluvium. plant diversity and endemism (Nayar et al 2014). Most of Lateritc exposure of the tertary type as well as more the arboreal taxa (63%) of the Western Ghats are endemic recent is common in the river basin especially in the to the region and the evergreen forests are characterised coastal lowland. The soils are basically derivatves of by a very high percentage of endemic species (Ramesh the Dharwar system and the main soil types of the river 2001). The evergreen forests in southern peninsular basin are coastal alluvium and lateritc (Saldhana 1984; India are mainly restricted to the Western Ghats and the Ramaswamy et al. 2001). tree endemism in the region shows lattudinal variaton The average rainfall received is around 3,500– with highest endemism in the southern Western Ghats 4,000 mm, extending from June to September. The and gradually decreasing through the central Western relatve humidity in the coast is 95% where as in the Ghats to the norhern Western Ghats (Pascal 1988). The plains it is about 75%. The mean annual temperature evergreen forests of the central Western Ghats act as ranges between 160C and 230C according to alttude a transiton zone forming the northern limit for many (Pascal 1982). The average minimum and maximum evergreen and endemic trees (Mesta 2008). Endemics temperature is about 15–38 0C. are of high conservaton value, as they are very much The major vegetaton type in the basin includes restricted in distributon and could be lost forever due to evergreen and semi-evergreen climax forests of human-induced threats (Nayar 1996; Miara et al. 2018). Persea macrantha–Diospyros spp.–Holigarna spp. Like other parts of the tropics, the Western Ghats are type and Diospyros spp.–Dysoxylum malabaricum– also one of the highly human impacted mountainous Persea macrantha “Kan” type (Pascal 1988). Part of tracts of the world and various anthropogenic actvites region belongs to Poeciloneuron facie of Dipterocarpus have led to the grim biodiversity scenario; pushing many indicus–Diospyros candolleana–Diospyros oocarpa type plant species to one or the other category of threat. in Kodachadri and Karani. In additon, there are other Most of the red listed tree species of India (53 out of secondary formatons like moist deciduous, savanna to 96) are endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar & Sastry woodland savanna, shola type and various monoculture 1987, 1988, 1990), indicatng the heavy threat to them. plantatons. The evergreen forests correspond to the The present study carried out in the Sharavathi River Basin (SRB) in the central Western Ghats of India aims at fnding the relatonship of forest evergreenness and tree endemism in the region. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study Area The study was carried out in the SRB, one of the major west fowing rivers of the central Western Ghats of Karnataka State, India (13.7–14.430N & 74.4–75.330E) (Fig. 1). The forests range from climax evergreen to evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous through which several major streams and substreams fow out forming the major source of water. Topographically the river basin includes three belts, a coastal tract with broad winding lagoons, rich plains, and wooded hills running to the sea; a central belt of the lofy Sahyadris covered with magnifcent forests; and the eastern upland, which is undulatng and thickly wooded in the west and in the east passes into a bare level and thickly peopled plain. The elevatons vary from sea level Figure 1. Study area showing sampling sites 11744 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11743–11752 Evergreen forests and tree endemism Mesta & Hegde “west coast tropical evergreen forests” (Group1/A-C/4) percentage endemic tree populaton has been calculated of Champion & Seth (1968). for each evergreen class by pooling all the transect data of respectve evergreen class. The endemic trees are Sampling Methods listed based on the atlas of endemics (Ramesh et al. The tree sampling method followed for the present 1997) and other regional foras (Cooke 1967; Saldanha study is a combinaton of transect and quadrat method 1984, 1996; Dasappa & Swaminath 2000; Mohanan & nested with smaller quadrats for shrub layer and herb Sivadasan 2002). The importance value index (IVI), layer (Chandran & Mesta 2001; Mesta 2008).
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