Warning: We Are Not Ready for the Next Pandemic

MAY 15, 2017

WARNING: WE ARE NOT READY FOR THE NEXT PANDEMIC

SCIENCE KNOWS HOW TO FIGHT AN OUTBREAK— BUT POLICY STILL GETS IN THE WAY BY BRYAN WALSH HOW TO KEEP THE WORLD SAFE BY BILL GATES

time.com VOL. 189, NO. 18 | 2017

6 | Conversation The View The Features Time Off △ 8 | For the Record Ideas, opinion, What to watch, read, A trained pig innovations  The Pandemic Panic see and do backstage at The Brief Pandemics are the biggest global one of the last News from the U.S. and 21 | A physicist’s security threat that countries aren’t 51 | Groundhog performances of around the world new book debunks ready for.Scientific understanding Day and the rise of Ringling Bros. and popular myths Broadway musicals 11 | of infectious disease is better than Barnum & Bailey In his first 100 about aliens based on movies days,President ever, but policies and healthcare Circus, in Baltimore on April 28 Trump struggled 25 | The real history systems are decades behind 53 | Reviews: to parlay private- of Cinco de Mayo ByBryan Walsh32 The Handmaid’s sector expertise into Tale and Guardians Photograph by public-sector wins 26 | The truth about of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Andres Kudacki for how much salt is in The Future of Korea TIME 14 | Ian Bremmer: popular foods Moon Jae-in, the front runner in 56 | Paula Hawkins’ Venezuela is on the South Korea’s upcoming presidential latest novel, Into the brink of collapse 27 | The irony in election, believes in engaging with Water Starbucks’ Unicorn 15 | North KoreaBy Charlie Campbell40 Tribute to Frappuccino craze 59 | Susanna the late director Schrobsdorff: Jonathan Demme 28 | What smart- The Circus Leaves Town Privilege is in the home gadgets mean eye of the beholder 16 | The challenges A vestige of a time when enter- for the future of tainment was a lot harder to come by, of building a 60 | privacy Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey 9 Questions border wall, by the for Olive Kitteridge numbers 31 | Jon Meacham folds its tent after a 146-year run author Elizabeth ON THE COVER: on the implications ByDavid Von Drehle44 Strout Ebola virus under a of Trump’s selective microscope. Image use of history by Henrik5000— Getty Images

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Making my rounds ﬁ lling propane tanks with the person who feeds me, I’ve learned a few things. Like how propane is a clean, reliable, and effi cient energy source. It also fuels some great outdoor living (and I should know about outdoor living).

Learn more at proudlypropane.com Conversation

INSIDE THE GALA On April 25, dozens of the world’s most influential people gathered at New York City’s Jazz at Lincoln Center for the annual TIME 100 gala. “Influence has a cost,” said TIME editor-in-chief Nancy Gibbs during her opening remarks, citing the challenges of effecting change in business, politics, health care and more. “But the reward is great as well, What you [especially] for those who bring us together.” said about ...

THE TIME 100 Sarah Deschamps of Naples, Fla., was one of many readers who praised TIME’s annual list of the world’s most influential people, calling it a much-needed reminder that “there are people reaching high, and bringing us up with them.” Others thought the issue was missing several ‘Your issue players, including on “The former TIME 100 100 Most members Bernie Influential Sanders, Hillary People” is a Clinton and Elon coffee-table Musk. Refinery29’s keeper.’ Sesali Bowen, meanwhile, spotlighted the GAIL S. MARSHALL, Swan Lake, N.Y. diverse range of talent TIME recognized, both on the list and as writers. “Not only is TIME honoring people of color as influential, it also trusts that people of color are among the experts who can support its claims,” she wrote. “To all of the other awarding bodies and institutions: This is how it’s done.”

“LET’S TALK ABOUT GRIEF” Many readers BUZZ- Leslie Jones (right, responded literally to the cover line on TIME’s WORTHY with tablemates April 24 issue, in which Facebook’s Sheryl Sandberg RuPaul and Megyn opened up about life after losing her husband. How this year’s Kelly) tweeted that Patricia Hathaway of Annapolis, Md., said that TIME 100 she “had a ball” Sandberg managed to convey the feelings she has reacted on been “unable to express” in the wake of the loss of social media her husband of 27 years. But Ron Hoag of Oviedo, Fla., whose daughter died two years ago, noted that Sandberg’s struggle is not new: “It’s unfortunate that it takes someone with Ms. Sandberg’s network and stature to bring the subject of grief Transgender-rights to everyone’s attention.” As Mary Ann Wolpert activist Gavin Grimm of Lancaster, Pa., a nurse who has worked in (in tie) posted a bereavement care for 40 years, put it, “We all live in photo with his mother a bubble until the unthinkable happens.” Deirdre and couple Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively

TALK TO US SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ▶ In “The Beginning of the End” (April 24), two photo ▽ ▽ captions misstated the locations in Mosul of a police sniper post and a nearby alley. They were in SEND AN EMAIL: FOLLOW US: the Aqeedat neighborhood. In the TIME 100 issue (May 1/May 8), we misidentified Ed Sheeran’s [email protected] facebook.com/time 2016 Grammy Awards. “Thinking Out Loud” won Song of the Year, but not Record of the Year. Please do not send attachments @time (Twitter and Instagram) From left: Blake Lively, Ryan Reynolds, TIME editor-in-chief Nancy Gibbs, Viola Davis and spouse Julius Tennon shared a table STRIKE A POSE Geneticist A sampling of the partygoers George Church in TIME’s photo booth delivered a toast

Fan Women’s March Bingbing organizers Linda Sarsour (in hijab) and Carmen Perez were among the many fans of John Legend’s performance

Margot Robbie and husband Tom Ackerle y

Trevor Noah Ava took a selfie DuVernay with Riz Ahmed

John Legend posted a video of his daughter Luna saying “Dada” when she saw his face on the cover of TIME

Arianna Hufﬁngton, who Sarah wrote Demi Lovato’s Paulson TIME 100 tribute, shared a photo of the two hugging at the gala

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CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: LANDON NORDEMAN FOR TIME; KEVIN MAZUR—GETTY IMAGES FOR TIME; BOOOTH.TV FOR TIME (4); COURTESY JOHN LEGEND; COURTESY ARIANNA HUFFINGTON; COURTESY ACLU; COURTESY LESLIE JONES; KEVIN MAZUR—GETTY IMAGES FOR TIME; LANDON NORDEMAN FOR TIME For the Record

Number of 8-oz. cups of coffee that is safe to drink a day, according to a scientiﬁc review ‘If the election of more than 400 coffee-related studies 4 conducted from 2001 to 2015 had been on Oct. 27, I would be ‘IF YOUR BABY your President.’ Seacrest American IS GOING Idol host Ryan HILLARY CLINTON, former U.S. Secretary of State and presidential candidate, arguing Seacrest is set to that she was “on the way to winning” the 2016 election until the FBI reopened its be Kelly Ripa’s new TO DIE AND investigation into her private email server and WikiLeaks published hacked emails permanent Live! co-host IT DOESN’T ‘We are a HAVE TO, pragmatic GOOD WEEK IT SHOULDN’T and civilized BAD WEEK MATTER HOW movement. MUCH MONEY

We do not hate Bering Sea President Trump YOU MAKE.’ the Jews.’ revoked Obama’s Executive Order JIMMY KIMMEL, TV host, $2,000 HAMAS, the Palestinian militant group, protecting it from tearfully warning that Trump health proposals would in a new manifesto that appears to oil drilling moderate its stance on Israel; it was price out many children Amount of cash that and adults with pre-existing 6-year-old Jasper released ahead of Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ meeting with conditions, after emergency Dopman found in President Trump on May 3 surgery on his newborn son a bank bag on the ground near his Massachusetts school; he received an Outstanding Citizen C$FFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQLVDIXQGDPHQWDOKXPDQULJKW Award on April 27 for turning the bag JIMMY WALES, Wikipedia founder, after Turkey blocked access to the crowdsourced online encyclopedia because over to the police, it refused to remove content that the Turkish government deemed offensive who determined that the money had been lost by a restaurant employee C7+,6,61270< TIME FOR DESIGN BIRD BROWN BY ILLUSTRATIONS 10 Number of Orange Is )$8/7%87, 07$.,1* the New Black episodes that hackers leaked ahead of the 5(63216,%,/,7< show’s fifth-season JA RULE, premiere, after Netflix rapper and co-founder of Fyre Festival, after poor planning forced organizers to cancel the luxury music event (tickets cost as much as $12,000), leaving many attendees refused to pay ransom stranded in the Bahamas; he’s now the target of a $100 million class action

SOURCES: ASSOCIATED PRESS; CNN, VARIETY; FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY Pre-Collision1 with Pedestrian Detection2 standard.

Pedestrians can come out of nowhere. So Pre-Collision with Pedestrian Detection can help spot them and brake for you. It’s just one of the standard Toyota Safety Sense™ P (TSS-P)3 features that give you more peace of mind.

Options shown. Dramatization. 1. The TSS Pre-Collision System is designed to help avoid or reduce the crash speed and damage in certain frontal collisions only. It is not a substitute for safe and attentive driving. System effectiveness is dependent on road, weather and vehicle conditions. See Owner’s Manual for additional limitations and details. 2. The Pedestrian Detection system is designed to detect a pedestrian ahead of the vehicle, determine if impact is imminent and help reduce impact speed. It is not a substitute for safe and attentive driving. System effectiveness depends on many factors, such as speed, size and position of pedestrians, and weather, light and road conditions. See Owner’s Manual for additional limitations and details. 3. Drivers are responsible for their own safe driving. Always pay attention to your surroundings and drive safely. Depending on the conditions of roads, weather and the vehicle, the system(s) may not work as intended. See Owner’s Manual for additional limitations and details. ©2017 Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.

‘PRODUCTION IS IN FREE FALL, INFLATION IS IN THE TRIPLE DIGITS AND HUNGER IS NOW A COMMON PROBLEM.’ —PAGE 14

Trump in the Rose Garden shortly after tweeting on May 2 that a shutdown is still possible

POLITICS AS DONALD TRUMP’S WHITE HOUSE unexpected impediment: Republicans continued in hyperdrive to promote in the House and Senate, where party The budget his first 100 days as a breakout reality- leaders have for years honed world- battle shows show hit, congressional aides a few class obstructionist skills. Many blocks east were negotiating a deal have criticized Trump’s dreams of that Trump to avert a disastrous government a $1 trillion infrastructure plan, a shutdown over the current funding border tax that would cost middle- needs to read agreement. The more than $1 trillion, class families dearly and especially a almost 1,700-page bill, which keeps the prompt repeal of Obamacare that, for the fine print lights on through September, served now, seems back on the shelf. Trump By Philip Elliott as a reality check for the President: found himself repeatedly bedeviled the 535 voting members of Congress and outgunned. “It’s not fair,” Trump cannot be ignored. “I think he needs told Fox News in an interview on the to understand our democratic system eve of his 100-day mark. “It forces you and our separation of branches,” to make bad decisions. I mean, you’re says Democratic Senator Ben Cardin really forced into doing things that of Maryland. “This is not running a you would normally not do except for business. This is running a country.” these archaic rules.” Trump used the No lesson has been so stinging for word archaic three more times in 20 the neophyte President. His campaign minutes. Around the White House, promises face delay at the hands of an Trump huffed that he hasn’t yet been GETTY IMAGES PHOTOGRAPH BY MARK WILSON 11 TheBrief

able to translate his real estate skills into legislative CRIME wins. He fumed that cable news cast him as a loser Where pirates still in the budget, even as his aides were promoting it. TICKER Trump took to Twitter, renewing threats of a “good roam the seas shutdown” in September and changing Senate rules Incidents of piracy at sea in West Africa to make it easier to score wins. On the rule change, Walter Scott killer almost doubled last year, according to a new the top Republican in the Senate, Mitch McConnell, pleads guilty report by Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP). Here, three of the world’s piracy hot spots: responded, “That will not happen.” A white former South None of the drama reflected the contents of Carolina police officer a budget that allows the government to avoid pleaded guilty to an embarrassing shutdown. Lawmakers boost civil rights violations spending to the Pentagon by $15 billion (well for the fatal shooting short of the $54 billion Trump wanted) and to the of Walter Scott, an unarmed black man, National Institutes of Health by $2 billion (Trump in 2015. Michael sought to gut the popular medical research labs). Slager’s state murder Republicans can cite both as reasons to cheer. “I trial collapsed with think it’s important that we govern and not just shut a hung jury last year, down the government,” said Senator John Cornyn of but he now faces a life sentence. The news Texas. “I think we need to move on.” came the same week Meanwhile, the spending stopgap preserves a white police officer in The Aris 13 was hijacked off programs at the Environmental Protection Agency Dallas was dismissed Somalia in March and provides none of the $1.4 billion Trump from the force over the fatal shooting of wanted to start building a wall along the U.S.- NIGERIA a black 15-year-old. The spring of 2016 saw a spike Mexico border—moves that Democrats can claim Roy Oliver fired his in attacks off Nigeria, linked as victories. In fact, the bill explicitly blocks Trump rifle into a car, killing to militant activity. The OBP Jordan Edwards. The from even firing up the cement trucks for that wall. recorded 18 kidnapping assaults teenager’s family now Also gone were conservative dreams of defunding on merchant vessels between wants Oliver charged Planned Parenthood and punishing sanctuary cities March and May, while some 96 with murder. that don’t comply with federal immigration law; the sailors were abducted. White House caved on demands for both. U.S. issues travel Despite the setbacks, Trump tried to project a alert for Europe victory even as his own party took greater control SOMALIA The U.S. State Attacks off the Horn of Africa of international affairs, typically the President’s Department issued have decreased since 2011, realm. The measure doubles the number of visas a summer-long travel but the OBP warns of a looming for workers from abroad, adds another 2,500 visas alert for Europe, resurgence due to “decreased for Afghans who helped the U.S. military and warning citizens of vigilance.” In March, Somali pirates sets aside $100 million to fight Russia’s influence “the continued threat seized an oil tanker, the first major of terrorist attacks” hijacking there in five years. operations—all of which may be overshadowed after recent incidents by 140-character tirades once Trump learns about in the U.K., France and the pet projects and special provisions tucked Sweden. Al-Qaeda and SULU AND CELEBES SEAS into the bill. “Obviously, I wish he’d think twice ISIS have the “ability Piracy across Asia fell overall in before he tweeted,” said Senator John McCain, the to plan and execute 2016, but kidnappings rose in terrorist attacks” in Arizona Republican who led the charge to add to the waters between Indonesia, Europe, it said. Malaysia and the Philippines, the Pentagon’s AmEx. Some officials dodged the where the al-Qaeda-linked group President in the hallways, opting to stick to the West Eminem sues Abu Sayyaf is active. Merchant ships Wing’s second floor where he seldom wanders. New Zealand party and tourist yachts are now at risk. SHIP: AP; DRESSES: PATRICK BAZ—AFP/GETTY IMAGES; BAZ—AFP/GETTY PATRICK DRESSES: AP; SHIP: This spending bill only gets Washington to the Eminem is suing start of October. Then, White House officials say, New Zealand’s ruling they can take up the ideas again. Maybe, mused National Party over TIME FOR GEE MARTIN BY DATA: ILLUSTRATION one, Trump might acquaint himself with those music used in a 2014 DIGITS “archaic” processes of Washington that allowed campaign ad. Eight Mile Style, a publishing a bipartisan group of lawmakers at the Capitol to group representing the outmaneuver him. After all, funding the massive rapper, alleges that government in concert with Congress is far tougher the theme used in the 9,932 than issuing an ultimatum. Chuckled one aide to ad—titled “Eminem Number of government workers ﬁred in Senate Democrats: just wait until the Supreme Esque”—was too close to Eminem’s song Tanzania on April 28 for forging academic Court hands him his first defeat.—With reporting by “Lose Yourself.” records; the country is trying to stamp out SAM FRIZELL and ZEKE J. MILLER corruption among its 550,000 civil servants

12 TIME May 15, 2017 DATA

WIND POWER ON THE RISE

More than 54 gigawatts of wind- power capacity was installed globally in 2016, according to the Global Wind Energy Council, with turbines now in more than 90 countries. Here, a sample of the 10 countries that installed the most capacity last year, and how much annual power demand they meet by wind:

1 China 168,732 MW SPRING STORMS Stephanie Quezada looks at the damage in her father’s church in Canton, Texas, on April 30 as severe (4% of total storms tore through the South and Midwest over the weekend, claiming more than 15 lives and injuring dozens. The storms power) left a trail of devastation in Texas, Mississippi and Arkansas, flattening homes, cutting power lines and causing at least five tornadoes. Photograph by Sarah A. Miller—Tyler Morning Telegraph/AP 2 U.S. 82,184 MW (5.5% of total power) WORLD 4 Changing the laws that India let rapists wed victims 28,700 MW (9.1% of total ON APRIL 23, JORDAN’S CABINET RE- power) voked a law that allows rapists to avoid 7 jail terms if they marry their victims. Turkey Parliament is due to vote on ratifying 6,081 MW the change in May, the latest move in (7.3% of total the Middle East against similar laws: power) 8 THE LOGIC Between 2010 and 2013, The Netherlands 159 rapists in Jordan took advantage 4,328 MW of the law, which was cast as the lesser (8.9% of total evil in brutally patriarchal societies. power) Supporters argued that marriage △ that would pardon men convicted of sex protected the victims’ reputation and Artist Mirelle with underage girls if they married. prevented “honor killings.” Honein and nonprofit Abaad SLOW CHANGE At least six countries in REFORMS WON Public outrage has campaigned against the region, including Tunisia, Libya, and led to change: Morocco scrapped its Lebanon’s law on Lebanon, retain the loophole, a legacy version of the law following the suicide rape by hanging of the French colonial era. Activists say of a 16-year-old who was forced to wedding dresses on nations must be pressured to abolish marry her rapist in 2012. In 2016, mass nooses in Beirut these kinds of patriarchal customs. protests led Turkey to withdraw a bill —TARA JOHN 13 TheBrief

THE RISK REPORT government can’t be taken for granted. Venezuela nears a The nation’s political structure is also TICKER at risk. Maduro has effectively shut down tipping point, and a the opposition-controlled national assem- violent endgame bly and banned opposition leader Henrique YouTubers lose Capriles from seeking office for 15 years. A access to kids By Ian Bremmer bid by Pope Francis to broker a deal has gone nowhere. Mike and Heather Martin, creators of IT’S EASY TO SEE WHY HUGE NUMBERS OF In the past, the Venezuelan government’s YouTube channel furious Venezuelans have hit the streets main advantages were the strength of its grip DaddyOFive, lost in recent weeks. Years of mismanagement on institutions of power, particularly the custody of two of their have left the country’s oil-export-dependent courts, and the inability of a fractious oppo- five children after economy in a shambles. To appease the sition to unite behind a single idea or can- posting clips online featuring controversial angry poor, President Nicolás Maduro didate. Now that dominance of institutions “pranks” on their announced a 60% increase in the minimum gives the government full responsibility for kids. The children’s wage on May 1. That won’t reverse the a country close to a breakdown, and the op- biological mother won decline of a country where production is in position is united in desperation. Venezu- emergency custody. free fall, inflation is in the triple digits and ela’s economy isn’t going to get better. The Kabul bombing kills hunger is now a common problem. It’s hard price of oil won’t move anywhere near the at least 8 to find time for work while standing in line level that can keep this boat afloat anytime for the few remaining staples most of the soon, and the government is running out of A suicide bombing public can afford. gimmicks. a block away from the U.S. embassy in The latest protests, and government re- Maduro remains in power because the Kabul killed at least sponse to them, have pushed Venezuela closer leftist Chavista movement has remained al- eight Afghan civilians to the brink of collapse. Demonstrations have most entirely united around the man Chávez and wounded three turned violent, with both protesters and po- anointed his successor. The police have kept U.S. soldiers. An lice fueling the fire. There have been deaths, the opposition contained, with help from ISIS affiliate claimed responsibility while the though there are few reliable estimates of how state-backed gangs. The President hasn’t yet Taliban announced a many. Riots have erupted even in working- had to call in the army, which may not prove spring offensive vowing class Caracas neighborhoods that have been loyal enough to open fire on desperate civil- “complex martyrdom loyal supporters of Maduro and his mentor, ians. That would prove the decisive moment. attacks.” the late Hugo Chávez. These people are hun- If the military becomes Maduro’s last option, Healthy school gry too, and their continuing loyalty to the he’s probably finished. □ lunches at risk

U.S. Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue says he will roll back part of a healthy school-lunch initiative started by former First Lady Michelle Obama. Restrictions on salt will be weakened, and schools in certain states will be allowed to serve fewer whole grains. Merkel condemns Chechen gay purge

German Chancellor Angela Merkel has urged Russian President Vladimir Putin to ensure the safety of LGBT people across the region following reports of gay men being persecuted in Chechnya. A protester in Caracas rioted against the Maduro government in April Milestones DIED RETIRED Swiss climber Dale Ueli Steck, who set several Alpine Earnhardt records, while Jr. preparing to climb Mount Everest, at 40. HE NEVER WON HIS ▷ Author Robert sport’s top title. But M. Pirsig, the championship who wrote the drought did nothing philosophical to thwart the love novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle NASCAR fans had for Maintenance, at Dale Earnhardt Jr., who 88. announced on April 25 ▷ Jean Stein, that he’s retiring known for her from racing after this pioneering oral histories season. He’s won the including 1982’s Most Popular Driver Edie: American Award for 14 years Girl, at 83. running. As the son DECLARED of the legendary Dale Earnhardt, he both A form of Demme (seen here in 1993) won his first and only Oscar for bankruptcy by inherited his fame and directing The Silence of the Lambs Puerto Rico, earned it. In 2001, he which owes won a race at Daytona creditors some DIED $73 billion. five months after his Governor Jonathan Demme dad died in a crash Ricardo Rosselló Iconic filmmaker there. With his down- requested home Southern drawl, bankruptcy THERE ARE PLENTY OF MODERN-DAY DIRECTORS WHO ARE COOL, Earnhardt Jr. never protection to restructure the as Jonathan Demme was, and some who perhaps have as much lost his everyman vibe. U.S. territory’s heart. But no one else has shown such perfectly balanced NASCAR attendance debts in court. proportions of both. and ratings have RESIGNED In obvious ways and in subtle ones, Demme, who died on April 26 slumped, and the sport Bill Shine, as at age 73, approached every project with an unapologetically liberal can ill afford to lose its co-president bent and, even more important, with supreme compassion for the off- biggest draw. Junior, of Fox News, kilter beauty of everyday Americans. You can see that in movies like however, has pledged following the 1993’s Philadelphia, one of the first Hollywood films to deal openly to stay involved in auto dramatic ousters with AIDS and homophobia, and 1977’s Handle With Care, about a racing. NASCAR needs of host Bill O’Reilly and group of people in small-town Nebraska whose lives intertwine in him, even out of the chief executive a kind of rambunctious mess. Demme created characters who take driver’s seat. Roger Ailes chances, who define themselves two and three times over—like Lulu —SEAN GREGORY amid allegations (Melanie Griffith) in 1986’s Something Wild, a hot ticket in a flapper’s of sexual bob who kidnaps straitlaced banker Jeff Daniels, whisking him off on harassment. a crime spree. His career was a kind of coffee shop where everyone SIGNED could come together and find something to talk about, or laugh about. An agreement Sure, we have only one life to live. But even though we’re fond of between the telling ourselves that life is short, in reality—if we’re lucky enough to Writers Guild of America live a normal life span—it’s actually quite long, or at least capacious. and movie and Demme’s films, at their best, assured us that there was always room TV studios on for more—more wildness, more heartbreak, more work, more joy, May 2, averting a more love. He was unfailingly generous with us, his audience, and he strike at the last sought to bring us closer rather than divide us. Maybe that’s why it moment. hurts so much to lose him.—STEPHANIE ZACHAREK VENEZUELA: CRISTIAN HERNANDEZ—EPA; DEMME: COURTESY TRISTAR PICTURES; EARNHARDT: WILFREDO LEE—AP TheBrief

MAP KEY Barriers to a border wall Illegal = 10,000 ALTHOUGH THE LATEST SPENDING BILL DID NOT INCLUDE FUNDS FOR IT, entries APPREHENDED President Donald Trump is not backing down from his pledge to build a nearly 2013–15 SHOWN IN GRAY 2,000-mile wall along the Mexican border. Designs are being solicited, and construction of prototype barriers is scheduled to begin in San Diego this summer. Existing Pedestrian But fulfilling Trump’s signature campaign promise won’t be easy. Mexico says it fencing Vehicle None won’t pay, Democrats are opposed, and even GOP allies suggest a wall spanning the full border is unrealistic. Here are some other challenges facing the project:

r L.A. CALIFORNIA e iv R o d ARIZONA

o 97,000 l o Phoenix 53,000 C NEW 19,000 MEXICO San Diego Calexico 393,000 San Ysidro Yuma Tijuana Mexicali Sonoran 61,000 San Desert Luis Río Colorado U.S. MEXICO BAJA Columbus CALIF. Sasabe Palomas WEATHER Gulf of Nogales Douglas San Diego County has California 14 miles of multilayer Nogales Agua fencing, plus cameras and DEADLY TERRAIN Prieta lights. But people can still Barriers and patrols Cananea Nuevo scramble across under in cities have funneled Casas the blankets of fog migrants to the Sonoran Grandes common to Desert. While some make SONORA the area. it across the waterless SIGHT LINES expanse on foot, Some existing fence thousands have segments obscure views. perished. Before landing-mat panels Pacific were replaced in Nogales, Ocean agents couldn’t see smugglers coming or the rocks sometimes thrown.

Checking the ﬂow

APPREHENSIONS ON WHERE MIGRANTS COME FROM MAINTAINING THE FENCES 1.5 million THE MEXICO BORDER $784 Honduras Average cost to repair each breach 1 million % Mexico 10 408,870 El Salvador 56% 13% 9,287 500,000 Number of breaches from 2010 to ’15 Guatemala Other 17% 4% 0 $2.3 billion 2000 ’05 ’10 2016 BASED ON APPREHENSIONS IN 2015 Total fencing costs from 2007 to ’15 Current barriers The U.S. first began erecting physical fencing in 1990, though most was built beginning in 2006. Today roughly one-third of the Southern BOLLARD FENCE STEEL MESH LANDING MAT NORMANDY border features Constructed of This modern style Made from Army- These crisscrossed barricades of some type: upright posts of fencing is double- surplus carbon posts are meant to embedded in the layered, which steel laid down for impede vehicles. ground, these makes it harder for helicopters in the But smugglers have barriers are designed border crossers to Vietnam War, it’s one driven over them by to deter mass cut through it with of the oldest types of laying down wooden crossings. bolt or pipe cutters. barriers used. ramps.

EROSION AND PEDESTRIAN VEHICLE DRAINAGE ISSUES Border towns have flooded when fencing hampered water flow. Outside El Paso, accumulated debris and sand reduced the The entire border barrier’s height spans 1,991 miles— Las by 2 ft. A RIVER RUNS Cruces that’s nine times the THROUGH IT distance from Earth MidlandA 1970 treaty with to the International Mexico stipulates that Space Station El Paso Odessastructures should not disrupt the natural flow of TIME GRAPHIC BY EMILY BARONE Ciudad the Rio Grande, whose AND LON TWEETEN Juárez winding path makes construction TEXAS difficult. R 9,000 i o G ra nd e LAND RIGHTS Much ofAustin the Texas 51,000 border is private CHIHUAHUA BIG BEND ranchland. Of hundreds NATIONAL U.S. of lawsuits filed over PARK parcels taken for the Presidio MEXICO 100 MILES Del Rio SecureSan Fence Act of 100 KM 2006, a fifth are still Ojinaga Antonio Ciudad outstanding. Acuña Chihuahua COAHUILA Eagle Piedras Pass Negras 124,000 Gulf of DISRUPTING WILDLIFE Mexico THE PROTOTYPES Big Bend National Park is known for its 531,000 biodiversity. Animals Laredo 4 to 8 here would suffer if a Nuevo Number of designs to be wall hindered migration Laredo selected for prototypes routes or access to food and water. $20 million Cost to build the prototypes Roma (funding already appropriated) NUEVO McAllen Brownsville SOURCES: GAO; DHS; FEDBIZOPPS LEÓN 473 .GOV; UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Reynosa Number of companies expressing (FENCE LOCATIONS); NEWS REPORTS; Matamoros CRS. NOTE: ILLEGAL ENTRIES 2013–15 Monterrey initial interest in wall construction FROM FEBRUARY 2017 GAO REPORT. LightBox Day of devotion Kashmiri Muslims pray as a holy relic—a whisker believed to be from the beard of the Prophet Muhammad— is displayed at the Hazratbal shrine in Srinagar, India, on April 28. On 10 occasions each year, thousands of Muslim faithful throng the shrine to pray and catch a glimpse of the relic.

Photograph by Yawar Nazir— Getty Images

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before anything else, we’re all human rethink your bias at lovehasnolabels.com ‘UNICORNS HAVE TRAVELED A LONG WAY TO BECOME DRINKS.’ —PAGE 27

A new book posits that alien encounters would be far more benign than they appear in the movies; Arrival, above, is more realistic than most

SCIENCE WHEN THE MARTIANS FIRST LAND not as far-fetched as it once seemed: on Earth in the 1996 sci-fi comedy since NASA launched its Kepler mis- Why aliens Mars Attacks!, for a moment it ap- sion in 2009, researchers have discov- would pears all will be fine. “We come in ered thousands of new planets and peace,” says their leader, as the music “revolutionized our concept of how (probably) swells and a dove soars overhead. many habitable worlds could exist,” Seconds later the Martian pulls out a writes astrobiologist Nathalie Cabrol come in laser gun and opens fire on a crowd of in one of the book’s essays. human onlookers. Yet another block- But while Hollywood suggests we peace buster alien invasion has begun. should expect to battle their inhab- By Sarah Begley That’s Hollywood, of course. But itants, science tells a different story. the melodrama underscores one of Here, five popular alien myths that humanity’s most widely held fears: Aliens debunks. that if and when we do encoun- MYTH NO. 1 ter extraterrestrial beings, they will Aliens would eat us wreak all kinds of havoc, much as they do in the movies. Movies like The Blob and Critters Or will they? For his new book, imagine aliens harvesting humans for Aliens: The World’s Leading Scien- food, an unpleasant prospect. But it tists on the Search for Extraterrestrial doesn’t track with the science of nu- Life, quantum physicist Jim Al-Khalili trition, writes astrobiologist Lewis asked a series of experts to explore Dartnell. In order for aliens to get how humans might actually make nourishment from eating us, their contact with aliens. The possibility is bodies would have to be capable of COURTESY PARAMOUNT PICTURES AND HYBRIDE TECHNOLOGIES 21 The View

processing our molecules (like amino acids and BOOK IN BRIEF sugars). And that requires having a similar bio- VERBATIM The hidden stars chemistry—a long shot for a species that hails ‘I used to get of champion teams from a different world. offended by things that WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE MYTH NO. 2 athletes who make their teams great, we Aliens would breed with us were said to tend to think about high-scoring hot- Both of this summer’s extraterrestrial block- me, or how I shots. But in his new book The Captain busters, Alien: Covenant and Guardians of the Gal- was seen. Now Class, Sam Walker argues that while star axy Vol. 2, involve human-alien hybrids. But given I educate. If I players help, the true hallmark of a top- that we can’t even reproduce with our nearest get pissed off, tier team is a captain who works hard evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee, it’s “over- I’ll educate in a behind the scenes. Consider the ultra- whelmingly improbable” we could do so with sassy way.’ dominant 1996–99 aliens, according to Dartnell. U.S. women’s soccer PRIYANKA CHOPRA, team. You may re- MYTH NO. 3 actor, on dealing with cultural insensitivity Aliens would look like us member the “tele- genic goal-scoring Human evolution depended on so many unique heroines Mia and unpredictable factors, it’s near impossible Hamm, Julie Foudy that an extraterrestrial species would have hu- and Brandi Chas- man-like features, like the aliens in The Day the tain,” Walker writes, Earth Stood Still and Star Trek. It’s far likelier, but the force behind writes neuroscientist Anil Seth, that they’d be as their 94% win-or- different as the octopus, “our very own terres- draw rate came from trial alien,” which has a high level of intelligence, captain Carla Overbeck, who passed a decentralized nervous system and an alternative the ball whenever she got it, rarely left style of consciousness. the pitch, outlasted and chastised her teammates in drills—and carried their MYTH NO. 4 Aliens would be “living” creatures bags to their hotel rooms. Overbeck’s hard work, Walker writes, “allowed her Even restrained films like Arrival get this one to amass a form of currency she could wrong, according to some scientists. Should aliens spend however she saw fit,” which she contact us, cosmologist Martin Rees believes we used “to ride her teammates when they will hear not from fellow organic creatures, but needed to be woken up.” And that, from the robots they produced, who can, in the- he concludes, is what drove them to ory, live forever. greatness. —SARAH BEGLEY

MYTH NO. 5 Aliens would steal our water and metal The aliens in Independence Day famously arrive to CHARTOON strip Earth of its resources. But again, that logic Early social-media crusades doesn’t add up, writes Dartnell. Most of our metal is in the Earth’s core, not its crust; asteroids would be far better targets for mining. And icy moons, like Jupiter’s Europa, would be easier places to stock up on water. They’re uninhabited, and they don’t have Earth’s strong gravitational pull. So if aliens aren’t interested in harvesting our lands or our bodies, why would they make contact? Dartnell suspects a purer motive: curiosity. “If aliens did come to Earth,” he writes, it would probably be “as researchers: biologists, anthropol-

ogists, linguists, keen to understand the peculiar IMAGES GETTY CHOPRA: workings of life on Earth, to meet humanity and learn of our art, music, culture, languages, philos- ophies and religions.” Presumably, we would hide our alien movies. □

JOHN ATKINSON, WRONG HANDS

22 TIME May 15, 2017 The Holy Land Revealed Taught by Professor Jodi Magness THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL TIME ED O T FF LECTURE TITLES I E IM R L 1. The Land of Canaan 70% 2. The Arrival of the Israelites 3. Jerusalem—An Introduction to the City off 4. The Jerusalem of David and Solomon O 6 5. Biblical Jerusalem’s Ancient Water Systems 2 R 6. Samaria and the Northern Kingdom of Israel DE AY R BY M 7. Fortiﬁ cations and Cult Practices 8. Babylonian Exile and the Persian Restoration 9. Alexander the Great and His Successors 10. The Hellenization of Palestine 11. The Maccabean Revolt 12. The Hasmonean Kingdom 13. Pharisees and Sadducees 14. Discovery and Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls 15. The Sectarian Settlement at Qumran 16. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Essenes 17. The Life of the Essenes 18. From Roman Annexation to Herod the Great 19. Herod as Builder—Jerusalem’s Temple Mount 20. Caesarea Maritima—Harbor and Showcase City 21. From Herod’s Last Years to Pontius Pilate 22. Galilee—Setting of Jesus’s Life and Ministry 23. Synagogues in the Time of Jesus 24. Sites of the Trial and Final Hours of Jesus 25. Early Jewish Tombs in Jerusalem 26. Monumental Tombs in the Time of Jesus 27. The Burials of Jesus and James 28. The First Jewish Revolt; Jerusalem Destroyed 29. Masada—Herod’s Desert Palace and the Siege 30. Flavius Josephus and the Mass Suicide 31. The Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans 32. Roman Jerusalem—Hadrian’s Aelia Capitolina 33. Christian Emperors and Pilgrimage Sites Unearth Ancient Secrets 34. Judaism and Synagogues under Christian Rule 35. Islam’s Transformation of Jerusalem from the Holy Land 36. What and How Archaeology Reveals With a rich history stretching back over 3,000 years, the Holy Land (the area in and around modern-day Israel) is a sacred land for three The Holy Land Revealed major faiths and the setting for defining events in religious history. Course no. 6220 | 36 lectures (30 minutes/lecture) And with the help of information uncovered at various archaeological sites, historians have shed intriguing new light on our understanding of this area—and its powerful role in religious history. SAVE UP TO $275 Comb through these remains for yourself with The Holy Land Revealed, an unforgettable experience that will add new dimensions to your understanding of the millennia-long story of this dynamic DVD $374.95 NOW $99.95 region. Delivered by archaeologist and Professor Jodi Magness, these +$15 Shipping, Processing, and Lifetime Satisfaction Guarantee 36 lectures give you an insider’s look at ruins, artifacts, documents, CD $269.95 NOW $69.95 and other long-buried objects that will take you deep beneath the +$10 Shipping, Processing, and Lifetime Satisfaction Guarantee pages of the Bible. Priority Code: 141573

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play at www.instant.me a new video network obsessed with your fave digital stars

BIG IDEA Flying jet taxis Imagine hailing a ride with your phone and having an electric plane arrive to whisk you away. DATA That’s the vision of German startup Lilium, which is developing a five-seat electric jet that can THIS take off and land vertically, enabling it to serve some of the world’s densest cities. The key is JUST IN a series of engines that can rotate 90 degrees; this allows the jets to reach horizontal flying speeds of up to 186 m.p.h. (faster than many helicopters) and then descend straight down once A roundup of new and they’ve reached their destination. But the jets are far from being commercially ready: Lilium only noteworthy insights just completed its first set of test flights in Bavaria, using a two-seat prototype. —Julia Zorthian from the week’s most talked-about studies:

1 YOU CAN WILL YOURSELF TO OVERCOME HEARTBREAK A study published in the Journal of Neuroscience found that telling people who recently went through breakups that a placebo nasal spray would make them less sad while viewing photos of their exes did in fact dull their sadness, according to brain scans— suggesting that just believing in heartbreak relief has benefits.

2 ADJUSTING YOUR THERMOSTAT MIGHT BOOST YOUR METABOLISM A report in Building Research & Information found that varying living HISTORY temperatures between mildly cool and warm The surprising evolution of Cinco de Mayo can combat obesity by making inhabitants TO MANY AMERICANS, CINCO DE MAYO IS A tions, says David E. Hayes-Bautista, author burn more energy and improving overall day for eating Mexican food and imbib- of El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition. metabolic health. ing liberally. But the real history is far more (The first took place in Tuolumne County politically charged. in California.) Soon they started a network 3 It started in the 1860s. France wanted to of organizations to support the fight against TEENS SHOULDN’T expand its empire into Mexico, and Napo- slavery both in Mexico and the U.S. START SCHOOL leon III ordered his troops to head toward But in the 1930s, though, as the Civil War BEFORE 8:30 A.M. Mexico City to overthrow Mexico’s democrat- became a more distant memory, Cinco de The American Academy ically elected President Benito Juárez, while Mayo’s significance as a civil rights holiday of Sleep Medicine Abraham Lincoln was preoccupied with the started to fall by the wayside. By the 1980s officially took the stance that middle Civil War. The hyperorganized French forces and 1990s the number of Hispanic consum- and high schools were widely expected to triumph, leading to a ers had risen dramatically, and marketers— should begin no earlier new Mexican monarchy that would side with especially within the spirits industry—seized than 8:30 a.m. so the Confederacy. the moment. They made the holiday ubiqui- that teens—who are But then, on May 5, 1862, the Mexican tous by turning it into a general celebration predisposed to staying up later—can gain forces defeated the French in the Battle of of Mexican-American culture, and the parties sleep more and focus Puebla. That surprise victory galvanized rage on today. —OLIVIA B. WAXMAN better. —J.Z. Latinos who had come north during the

BIG IDEA: COURTESY LILIUM IDEA: COURTESY BIG gold rush, leading to spontaneous celebra- ▶ For more on these stories, visit time.com/history The View Health

NUTRITION Surprising news about salt By Mandy Oaklander FINALLY, SOME RELIEF FOR PEOPLE WHO EAT TOO MUCH SALT (89% OF AMERICANS, TO BE EXACT): A NEW study found that healthy people who reported eating more sodium had no higher blood pressure than those who ate less—suggesting the risks of sodium for healthy people may be somewhat overblown. More research is needed before health experts agree on how much salt is safe. But the news is fortunate, given how easy it is to ingest huge amounts, especially dining out. In another recent study, people walking out of fast-food restaurants were asked to guess how much sodium they had just eaten. The average estimate was 650% too low. Sodium shows up where you least expect it: in food additives and as a preservative to extend shelf life. Even foods that don’t taste salty— like pastries, doughnuts and bread—can speed you toward the recommended daily cap of 2,300 mg.

REDUCED-FAT BLUEBERRY MUFFIN MILK SHAKE FLOUR TORTILLA 540 MG SODIUM 1,050 MG SODIUM 600 MG SODIUM Just one muffin can pack 23% of your It’s dessert, but a milk shake can be You’re more than a quarter of the way to your recommended daily sodium limit. Many baked surprisingly rich in sodium as well as sugar. daily sodium limit with a tortilla from Chipotle, goods contain leavening agents with sodium— With a large-size Oreo chocolate shake from before you even put anything in it. Add white like baking soda and baking powder—as well Sonic, you’d be sipping almost half a day’s rice—let alone other toppings—and you’re as sodium-based additives. worth of sodium. almost to 1,000 mg. JAVIER SIRVENT FOR TIME (6) TIME FOR SIRVENT JAVIER MINESTRONE SOUP CEDAR-GRILLED LEMON CHICKEN CHOCOLATE-FROSTED DOUGHNUT 1,600 MG SODIUM 2,440 MG SODIUM 340 MG SODIUM Soup may seem healthy, but a large 16-oz. Even though it’s on Applebee’s “lighter fare” Even something as sweet as a doughnut bowl of classic minestrone from Hale and menu, this dish exceeds the upper daily limit can pack 14% of your recommended daily Hearty Soups has about 70% of your daily salt for sodium. Grilled chicken is naturally low in sodium. Treats sold at restaurants often have allotment. Chicken stock, a common soup sodium, but when you’re dining out, you can’t sodium-filled ingredients designed to improve base, is chock-full of sodium. control the seasonings. consistency and shelf life.

TRENDS Purple coffee, rainbow toast and the politics of unicorns By Nate Hopper

WHENEVER I’M FEELING DOWN ABOUT the world, I drink poison. Not quick- acting poison. The stuff with a longer half-life: sugary delights that get my heart thrumming. America seems to do the same. For five days, starting on April 19, the country gorged half a meal of calories in one limited-release Starbucks candy drink: the Unicorn Frappuccino. It was a sensation within a larger sensation of unicorniness: pastel streaks known as “unicorn hair”; ice cream branded “unicorn food”; and, coming to New York, a store for the species. What’s going on? The story is a thoroughly modern-America blend. It may have started with food stylist Adeline Waugh, 27, who begot a concerns. Over the past year its stock Through a series of mistranslations, “unicorn food” craze when she tinted has remained relatively stagnant—at the unicorn’s tale entwined with that of healthy toast with natural ingredients least in part because of its recent poli- the Bible. The animal came to symbolize (beetroot, chlorophyll) to make it more ticking. After Trump debuted his initial Christ—and young women’s chastity. No Instagram-friendly. As Waugh told the travel ban in January, then CEO How- longer could only “many men” tame the New York Times, “The entire point ... ard Schultz announced a plan “to hire beasts. Instead, as Saint Isidore of Seville was to show people that healthy food can 10,000 [refugees] over five years” across wrote, “If a virgin girl ... bares her breast be fun and exciting—especially to give to 75 countries. Protesters threatened boy- to it”—or, per other translations, her your kids.” Soon, though, the technique cotts. Customer support dropped. Inves- “lap”—“all of its fierceness will cease.” spread to cakes and hot chocolate tors rebelled. One, the National Center Today, as toys and cartoons, unicorns covered in Lucky Charms. for Public Policy Research, a libertarian still represent purity, but also convey Waugh had another impulse: think tank and shareholder, declared: autonomy to young girls: magical crea- “Sometimes with everything going on in “Coffee has no political allegiance.” (The tures with abilities others can’t possess. the world, people just want to play with organization told TIME it was unavail- This all seems fittingly sweet—and their food or look at pictures of food that able to comment on the politics of uni- sour: a social-media entrepreneur be- is brightly colored and happy and fun.” corns.) While it’s doubtful the beverage gins a trend to get kids to eat healthily. The Unicorn Frappuccino debuted was a direct reaction to all this, once it Followers douse it in sugar. A corpora- during a brief approval spike for Presi- arrived, Starbucks’ stock trended toward tion criticized for its progressive politics dent Donald Trump, which has since the stars. joins the movement apolitically; a sad settled back into the trough. Mean- America guzzles more sugar into war- while, Americans wondered if nuclear UNICORNS HAVE TRAVELED a long way less bliss. The item becomes a status war with North Korea would become to become drinks. According to 2009’s token; it infantilizes those who bought inevitable, watched one of their most The Natural History of Unicorns by geog- it. And everything is tied up in a Euro- powerful TV anchors get fired amid rapher Chris Lavers, they first entered pean mistranslation of what is perhaps a sexual-harassment allegations and Western lore by way of India around 398 gray, wart-covered herbivore that seeks found out they might need to endure an- B.C., when Greece’s Ctesius described to empower young women, who maybe other health care debate. Into this all too “certain wild asses which are as large as shouldn’t get hooked on the caffeine- real atmosphere, the mythical creature horses, and larger” and possess a sharp laced coffee chain yet. It’s a head rush. As marched, giving adherents rare joy and horn with “a vivid crimson” tip. They soon as the Unicorn Frapp’s 15 minutes bragging rights again. could only be captured by “many men were up, a Starbucks barista concocted Starbucks picked up on the and horses.” It is possible that Ctesius another complex metaphor as beverage:

ILLUSTRATION BY ASIA PIETRZYK FOR TIME social-media buzz. It also had broader had seen an animal similar to a rhino. the Mermaid Frappuccino. □ 27 The View

Alexa takes the stand: Listening devices raise privacy issues By Haley Sweetland Edwards

WHEN VICTOR COLLINS WAS FOUND DEAD, FLOATING faceup in his friend James Bates’ hot tub in Bentonville, Ark., one chilly morning in November 2015, police were quick to suspect foul play. Broken glass littered the patio, and blood was splattered on a brown vinyl pool cover nearby. But in a subsequent investigation, which led police to indict Bates, 32, for Collins’ murder, some of the most crucial evidence was gleaned not only from the crime scene but from an array of Internet-connected devices in Bates’ home. Data from his “smart” utility meter, for example, indicated that someone had used 140 gal. of water between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m., a detail that seemed to confirm investigators’ suspi- cions that the patio had been hosed down before they arrived. Records from Bates’ iPhone 6s Plus, which required a pass- code or fingerprint to unlock, suggested he had made phone calls long after he told police he’d gone to sleep. And audio files captured by Bates’ Echo, Amazon’s popular personal assistant that answers to “Alexa,” promised to offer police a rare window into Bates’ living room the night Collins died. The case, which goes to trial in July, marks the first time ever that data recorded by an Echo, or any other artificial intelligence–powered device, like Google’s Home or Sam- sung’s smart TV, will be sub- ‘We are living in an mitted as evidence in court. always on, always The move has alarmed tech connected world. analysts and privacy advo- a newer version. The Echo Look fea- We are creating cates nationwide. The issue tures a depth-sensing camera and LED records that have is not only that these new lights, and is designed to perch in your never existed devices are equipped with bedroom, where it can best offer fash- before.’ so-called smart microphones ion advice. Last May, Google launched that, unless manually dis- its Google Assistant, which is capable of JOEL REIDENBERG, founding academic director of the abled, are always on, qui- two-way conversations, and Apple is ex- Center on Law and Information etly listening for a “wake pected to release its version, powered by Policy at Fordham University word,” like “Alexa” or “Hey, Siri, later this year. Siri.” It’s also that these now ubiquitous microphones live in our most intimate spaces: U.S. PRIVACY LAWS, as they have been in our living rooms and kitchens, on our bedside tables. In a interpreted over the past 40 years, offer world in which these personal assistants are always listening no clear guidance for how to deal with for our voices and recording our requests, have we given up these shiny new gadgets. The Fourth on any expectation of privacy within our own homes? Amendment, along with a host of state Joel Reidenberg, a founding director of Fordham Univer- and federal privacy statutes, has tradi- sity’s Center on Law and Information Policy, says the answer tionally provided citizens with a pow- TIME FOR GASH CHRIS BY ILLUSTRATION isn’t straightforward. The explosion of these always listening erful right to privacy within their own gadgets has outpaced much of the existing legal precedent homes. But caveats loom. For example, on privacy. “We are living in an always on, always connected the “third-party doctrine,” the result of world,” he said. “We are creating records that have never ex- two Supreme Court cases in the 1970s, isted before.” establishes that while Americans do in- And we continue to charge ahead. Between mid-2015 and deed enjoy a “reasonable expectation of last December, Amazon sold 11 million Echo devices, accord- privacy” within their own homes, that ing to Morgan Stanley, and in April the company introduced changes if they share information with

28 TIME May 15, 2017 ways unprecedented. When we type ‘It is unreasonable to expect something into a Google search, post a consumers to monitor their message on Facebook or agree to share every word in front of their our GPS location with a mapping app, home electronics. It is also we are usually actively interfacing with a screen. That feels different than asking genuinely creepy.’ Siri about the weather, or standing alone, ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER, in half-dressed in our bedrooms, trying on a July 2015 letter to the U.S. Justice Depart- ment and the Federal Trade Commission clothes for Echo Look.

THE ISSUE IS further complicated by searching the audio collected by a digi- the nature of spoken interactions. If tal appliance? “There is not a rational or your iPhone mistakenly hears “Hey legal reason that we shouldn’t be able to Siri” when you say “They seriously,” search that device,” Nathan Smith, the you did not intend to interact with a Bentonville County prosecutor, told re- third party, much less to create a record porters, referring to Bates’ Echo. of your conversation. But nonetheless, Indeed, there is already plenty of it’s there, transmitted and saved. precedent for law-enforcement offi- In July 2015, the Electronic Privacy cials’ culling through precisely the kind Information Center, a research and ad- of ultrapersonal digital records that, as vocacy group that has drawn support Reidenberg pointed out, didn’t even from both conservatives and liberals, exist five years ago. In February, for in- pushed the U.S. Justice Department and stance, police in Ohio strengthened a Federal Trade Commission to weigh case against a man accused of arson and in on precisely this issue. “Americans insurance fraud after the heart-rate data do not expect that the devices in their collected from his smart pacemaker ap- homes will persistently record every- peared to contradict the story he’d told thing they say,” the group’s letter read. investigators. In April, police in Con- “It is unreasonable to expect consumers necticut were able to indict a man for to monitor their every word in front of murdering his wife in part because data their home electronics. It is also genu- from her Fitbit showed that she was inely creepy.” Lee Tien, a senior staff at- home, walking around, long after he torney at the Electronic Frontier Foun- claimed an intruder had killed her. anyone or anything that constitutes a dation, went one step further. When we There are no pending court cases “third party.” That means that if you think about privacy, he told TIME, it that promise to bring any clarity to this dial a number on your phone or access should not be in the context of hiding issue. Which is one reason the Benton- a web page, you voluntarily offer that embarrassing or incriminating data. We ville case has drawn so much attention. information to your phone company or should have a reasonable expectation When Smith first subpoenaed Bates’ Internet Service Provider, both third of privacy within our own homes, he Echo recordings in 2016, Amazon re- parties. In doing so, you relinquish any said, unless we actively choose to waive fused to comply, saying it would not reasonable expectation of privacy. it. “People should have the freedom to “release customer information with- “The pervasiveness of disclosures choose what they share,” he said. out a valid and binding legal demand to third parties in an always connected Many legal analysts and law- properly served on us.” In February, the world eviscerates the Fourth Amend- enforcement officials find themselves company hired a top First Amendment ment,” Reidenberg warns. “Because, of firmly on the other side of the debate. lawyer with 30 years’ experience and course, we are disclosing information to Voicing a search request to Alexa, prepared for war. But then, in March, third parties all of the time.” they argue, is no different—legally or Bates’ lawyer released the records vol- The issue has not gone unnoticed. logically—from typing that same request untarily, postponing the broader pri- In 2012, Supreme Court Justice Sonia into a search bar. There’s no good rea- vacy dilemma a bit longer. Sotomayor wrote that the third-party son devices with microphones instead Meanwhile, Bentonville officials doctrine may simply be “ill-suited to of keyboards shouldn’t be subject to the have spent the last two months sifting the digital age.” Other privacy advocates same rules. That’s perhaps especially through Bates’ Echo records. They have argue that in the context of devices, like true in the context of criminal justice. not yet said what they found. But even the Echo, whose microphones are always After all, if police present probable cause if Alexa knows nothing more than the on and that live within the walls of our and receive a search warrant, they can name of the song playing at the time homes, we ought to rethink the scope of often enter a suspect’s home, request of death, or who requested it, there’s privacy altogether. After all, our interac- phone records and access recent browser something unsettling in calling her to tions with an Alexa or a Siri are in many history. How is that any different than the stand. □ 29 I recommend this inspiring book to everyone around the world. None of us can escape sadness, loss, or life’s disappointments, so the best option is to ﬁ nd our Option B.”

—Malala Yousafzai, Nobel Peace Prize winner

We all live some form of Option B. This book can help us all make the most of it.

After the sudden death of her husband, Sheryl Sandberg felt certain that she and her children would never feel pure joy again. Her friend Adam Grant, a psychologist at Wharton, told her that there are steps people can take to recover and rebound.

Overcoming hardship—illness, job loss, divorce, the death of a loved one—can feel impossible. In Option B, Sandberg and Grant show us how we can build the strength to overcome the challenges in our lives, and how to help others do so, too. © Matt Albiani

Learn more at optionb.org/book KNOPF The View Viewpoint

What does Trump see when he looks back in history? Mostly he sees ... Trump By Jon Meacham

IT WAS VINTAGE RONALD REAGAN. ADDRESSING A TIME last summer, that the war fundraiser for the JFK Library in 1985, the 40th President Shelby Foote once called “the cross- mused about the mystery and magic of the White House. roads of our being” could have been “Nothing is ever lost in that great house; some music plays resolved by the right dealmaker—is on,” Reagan said to an audience that included Jacqueline not surprising when we remember Kennedy Onassis. “I have been told that late at night when that Trump, after all, believes himself the clouds are still and the moon is high, you can just about just that kind of ultimate dealmaker. HIS hear the sound of certain memories brushing by. You can STORY almost hear, if you listen close, the whir of a wheelchair JACKSON IS ONLY the most prominent rolling by and the sound of a voice calling out, ‘And another instance of Trump’s selective but thing, Eleanor!’ Turn down a hall and you can hear the Jackson is illuminating use of history. Desperate brisk strut of a fellow saying, ‘Bully! Absolutely ripping!’ only the most for the approval of the present and of prominent Walk softly now and you’re drawn to the soft notes of a instance the future, the 45th President has also piano and a brilliant gathering in the East Room, where a of Trump’s occasionally sought the approbation crowd surrounds a bright young President who is full of selective but of the past. He has alluded to Henry hope and laughter.” illuminating Clay on the issue of protecting They can’t help it, really: Presidents live and work in a use of history. American trade and has felt the need house of history. They dwell with ghosts. Present power to remind audiences that Abraham and the weight of the past are ambient realities of daily life A belief that Lincoln was, like Trump, a Republican. in the presidency, and the two are intimately connected. the Civil (“Great President,” Trump remarked Presidents look back seeking both inspiration for the War could of Lincoln. “Most people don’t even future and sanction for the moment—and now even Donald have been know he was a Republican, right? Does resolved by Trump, perhaps the least historically minded man ever to negotiation is anyone know? ... We have to build that reach the pinnacle of power, has fallen under the spell of not surprising up a little more. Let’s take an ad.”) what (and who) has come before. What’s revealing about a since Trump, Not long ago he conscripted President’s sense of history is less about the history itself after all, Thomas Jefferson into a diatribe than about what that President’s perspective on the history believes against the press. “When the media himself to be tells us about him. the ultimate lies to people, I will never, ever let dealmaker. them get away with it,” Trump said. “In SO WHAT’S THE SIGNIFICANCE of Trump’s newfound fact, Thomas Jefferson said, ‘Nothing Andrew Jackson fascination? That there was, in the can [now] be believed which is seen President’s view, a Trump before there was the Trump. An in a newspaper.’ ‘Truth itself,’ he said, unconventional tribune of the people—a “swashbucklerhbuckler,,” ‘bbecomesecomes suspicious by being put into in Trump’s phrase—comes riding into Washingt,on, thated vehicle.’” pollute Fair enough, upsetting elites and promising a new democraticg age. The but Jefferso n also said this: “Were press and the established order are aghast but ultimately y itf left to meto decide whether we cowed into submission by the charismatic leader—a man shoulde a government have without who, despite all the critics and all the naysayers, ahas a news pppsapers, or newspapers without “big heart” and a transformative personality. Presidents ag government, I should not hesitate a tend to see as they wish to be seen, and Trump wasted momentprefer the to latter. p ” no time in hanging a Ralph Earl portrait of Jacksone in the History like life,y, is complicated. A Oval Office, in paying homage to Jackson at the Hermitag ge sensefoportion of pr ois essential, as is in Nashville on Old Hickory’s 250th birthday and, most anation appreci of nuance.a The danger recently, in speculating that Jackson would somehow have iisdent that Trump,Presi living in the averted the Civil War because of his devotion to the nresoantn house of which Reagan Union. (Whether Jackson would have renounced spo ke, will hear only the his slave-owning ways to defy secessionists was notes he wishes to hear. left unexplored and is in any event unknowable, So here’s hoping that the since the seventh President died in 1845.) The incumbent will take the intersection of the two thoughts—a fondness time to absorb the whole

ILLUSTRATION BY GETTY IMAGES for Jackson and a belief, first expressed in symphony. □ 31 WARNING: THE NEXT GLOBAL SECURITY THREAT ISN’T WHAT YOU THINK

Health ON A HYPERCONNECTED PLANET RIFE WITH HYPERINFECTIOUS DISEASES, EXPERTS WARN WE AREN’T READY TO KEEP AMERICA—AND THE WORLD—SAFE FROM THE NEXT PANDEMIC BY BRYAN WALSH John Hackett and Charles Chiu handle Zika samples at the University of California, San Francisco

PHOTOGRAPH BY CODY PICKENS FOR TIME Across China, the virus that could spark the next foreign aid—which power vital efforts to stop diseases overseas, where they usually pandemic is already circulating. It’s a bird flu originate—was set to be cut by 28%. Al- though a bipartisan congressional spend- called H7N9, and true to its name, it mostly infects ing deal reached on April 30 blocked many poultry. Lately, however, it’s started jumping from of those cuts, the signals Trump has sent are worrying. “It’s early days, but if we chickens to humans more readily—bad news, compare to what we’ve seen in the past, it raises some alarm bells,” says Jeremy because the virus is a killer. During a recent spike, Youde, a global health expert at ANU Col- 88% of people infected got pneumonia, three- lege of Asia and the Pacific. The consequences of a major pan- quarters ended up in intensive care with severe demic would be world-changing. The respiratory problems, and 41% died. 1918 flu pandemic killed 50 million to 100 million people—at the top end, more than the combined total casualties What H7N9 can’t do—yet—is spread rector of the Center for Infectious Disease of World Wars I and II—and for a slew of easily from person to person, but experts Research and Policy at the University of reasons, humans are arguably more vul- know that could change. The longer the Minnesota and a co-author of the new nerable today than they were 100 years virus spends in humans, the better the book Deadliest Enemy: Our War Against ago. First of all, there are simply more of chance that it might mutate to become Killer Germs. “Any one of these cases us. The number of people on the planet more contagious—and once that hap- could trigger something big. By then it’d has doubled in the past 50 years, which pens, it’s only a matter of time before it be way too late.” means more humans to get infected and hops a plane out of China and onto for- Too late because even as the scien- to infect others, especially in densely pop- eign soil, where it could spread through tific and international communities have ulated cities. Because people no longer the air like wildfire. begun to take the threat of pandemics stay in one place—nearly 4 billion trips From Ebola in West Africa to Zika more seriously, global health experts— were taken by air last year—neither do in South America to MERS in the Mid- including Bill Gates, World Health Orga- diseases. An infection in all but the most dle East, dangerous outbreaks are on the nization director Dr. Margaret Chan and remote corner of the world can make its rise around the world. The number of new former CDC director Dr. Tom Frieden, to way to a major city in a day or less. diseases per decade has increased nearly name just a few—warn that nowhere near Climate change also plays a role as fourfold over the past 60 years, and since enough is being done to prepare, leaving warmer temperatures expand the range 1980, the number of outbreaks per year the U.S. scarily exposed. That’s because of disease-carrying animals and insects has more than tripled. the system for responding to infectious we’re exposed to, like the Aedes aegypti Some recent outbreaks registered in disease is broken. So broken that it re- mosquitoes that transmit Zika. And if na- the U.S. as no more than a blip in the news, cently prompted Gates and his wife Me- ture isn’t bloody-minded enough, genetic- while others, like Ebola, triggered an in- linda to put their weight behind a major engineering tools have made it easier for tense but temporary panic. And while a public-private initiative called the Coali- terrorist groups or lone madmen to un- mutant bug that moves from chickens tion for Epidemic Preparedness Innova- leash custom-designed killer germs. in China to humans in cities around the tions (CEPI). The Gates Foundation alone In the case of a new pandemic, modern world may seem like something out of a will devote $100 million over the next five medicine should provide some protection. Hollywood script, the danger the world years to CEPI, which will help speed the But experts say it’s more likely that we’ll faces from H7N9—and countless other development of vaccines against known be caught without a vaccine to prevent pathogens with the potential to cause diseases, like MERS, while also investing it or a drug ready to treat it. That’s true enormous harm—isn’t science fiction. in next-generation technologies that can even with many known viruses. When Rather, it’s the highly plausible nightmare counter future threats. the last Ebola outbreak exploded, in scenario that should be keeping the Presi- Since President Donald Trump took 2014, eventually killing more than 11,000 dent up at night. office, key government positions remain people, the virus wasn’t a mystery to The U.S. Centers for Disease Control unfilled, including a new director for scientists; it was discovered in 1976. But and Prevention (CDC) ranks H7N9 as the the CDC. The budget the President pro- even though it had been killing people on flu strain with the greatest potential to posed in March would have slashed criti- and off for decades, there were no drugs cause a pandemic—an infectious-disease cal funding at the Department of Health or vaccines approved to fight it—and outbreak that goes global. If a more con- and Human Services (HHS) by $15.1 bil- there still aren’t today, chiefly because tagious H7N9 were to be anywhere near lion, including deep cuts to the National there’s little incentive for pharmaceutical as deadly as it is now, the death toll could Institutes of Health (NIH), which under- companies to bring them to market. be in the tens of millions. writes more infectious-disease research There are troubling economic “We are sitting on something big with than any other agency in the world. The implications as well. The 2003 SARS H7N9,” says Michael Osterholm, the di- budget for the State Department and epidemic, which killed fewer than 800

34 TIME May 15, 2017 A PANDEMICS PRIMER people, cost the global economy $54 billion, much of it in lost trade, transporta- tion disruption and health care costs. The World Bank estimates that the toll from a ENDEMICS EPIDEMICS PANDEMICS, severe flu pandemic could hit $4 trillion. One saving grace is that the scientific These diseases have a These often sudden Like the H1N1 flu of 2009, understanding of that risk is better than constant presence in a region. outbreaks occur when the pandemics not only exceed Colds and seasonal flus are tally of new cases exceeds expected case levels but ever. Research groups are working fever- endemic because they are what is expected for an also spread over many ishly to predict the next pandemic be- expected, as is malaria in infectious disease in a countries—and often many fore it even happens. They’re cataloging some tropical regions. given region. continents too. threats and employing next-generation genetic-sequencing tools to speed the WHY THEY SPREAD discovery of new or mysterious viruses. Despite advances in science, modern living still makes it easy for diseases to spread in a number of ways They’re helping identify and track outbreaks as they happen. URBANIZATION CONFLICT SLOW RESPONSE But microbes evolve about 40 million Plagues once ravaged port War in Syria has led to rises A known pathogen, Ebola times as fast as humans do, and we are cities that were overrun in tuberculosis and polio still managed to spread losing ground. “Of all the things that with vermin.Today viruses because of overburdened or widely in 2014 because of can kill millions of people in very short like Zika have hit slums destroyed hospitals and major a slow response from the order,”says Dr. Ashish Jha, director of the especially hard. population displacement. international community. Harvard Global Health Institute, “the one NATURAL DISASTERS AIR TRAVEL that is most likely to occur over the next Haiti’s cholera outbreak following International flights are the 10 years is a pandemic.” The question is the 2010 earthquake stemmed fastest way for diseases to cross how policy—and the government dollars from overwhelmed health borders. In 2009, the H1N1 that back it—can catch up with the services, displaced people and virus spread to 48 countries in science and keep the world safe. poor sanitation. one month. DOCTORS COULDN’T TELL what was OUTBREAKS wrong with Joshua Osborn, but they ON THE RISE GLOBAL OUTBREAKS knew they were running out of time to OVER TIME 3,420 OUTBREAKS save his life. Since the 14-year-old had The number of dangerous returned to Wisconsin from a family trip outbreaks has increased, to Puerto Rico, he’d suffered severe head- but thanks to better modern disease control, the number aches and dangerously high fevers. Over of people infected per the course of many months, each of the capita has fallen over time. NUMBER OF NUMBER OF three dozen infectious diseases he was OUTBREAKS OUTBREAKS screened for—including West Nile virus, Measles is back CAUSED BY CAUSED BY tuberculosis, Epstein-Barr and more— in the U.S. and ANIMAL-HUMAN HUMAN-HUMAN WHAT’S BEHIND THE TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION came up negative. Joshua was dying, but MOST RECENT DISEASE elsewhere because OUTBREAKS of lower childhood- no one knew why. vaccination rates His doctor, desperate, shipped vials SALMONELLA 423 of the boy’s spinal fluid and blood to a 1,818 VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS 381 1,924 team of scientists in San Francisco— CHOLERA 251 Most of OUTBREAKS 1,602 the influenza a specialty lab run by Dr. Charles Chiu MEASLES 246 outbreaks between at the University of California, San E. COLI 239 2000 and 2010 INFLUENZA 209 stemmed from Francisco (UCSF). Chiu is an undis- HEPATITIS A 178 H1N1 puted leader in the field of genomic ENTEROVIRUS 175 1,143 diagnosis—the science of using genetic ANTHRAX 169 sequences to identify pathogens—and DENGUE FEVER 150 Antibiotic- 781 SHIGELLOSIS 146 resistant strains he was Joshua’s last hope. of bacterial 991 MENINGITIS 130 OUTBREAKS Joshua’s mystery was extreme in its infections like LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE 117 tuberculosis are consequences but not in its details. Up TUBERCULOSIS 111 on the rise 501 to 25% of pneumonia cases and up to TYPHOID AND ENTERIC 70% of meningitis and encephalitis cases FEVER 106 490 are caused by unknown pathogens. Doc- tors are usually able to narrow the cause GRAPHIC SOURCES: CDC; KAISER FAMILY FOUNDATION; 1980– 1990– 2000– enough to come up with an effective “GLOBAL RISE IN HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAKS,” 1989 1999 2009 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, 2014 treatment, but not always. That’s where 35 genomic diagnosis, which involves se- DISEASE HALL OF FAME cies barrier to humans, an event disease quencing all the genetic data in a patient experts call a spillover. Spillovers have al- sample in an effort to find all hidden BUBONIC PLAGUE ways occurred, but the rapid environmen- pathogens, will be game-changing. It doesn’t hit often anymore, tal change wreaked by humans in recent At the UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics but when it does, it causes years has accelerated the spread. and Discovery Center, Chiu and his team swollen lymph nodes, fever and But what if there were a way to pre- can map blood samples against more than malaise. Without treatment, vent those spillovers from ever occurring? 8 million distinct DNA sequences to see if 50% of infected people die. That’s the aim of PREDICT, an ambitious they match any of the known pathogens program designed to rapidly detect and on file. For Joshua’s case, they had a sus- CHOLERA respond to emerging pathogens. Since it pect pegged in just 97 minutes: some- It causes diarrhea and severe was launched in 2009, PREDICT, which dehydration. If left untreated, thing called Leptospira santarosai, a rare it has a mortality rate of up to is funded by the U.S. Agency for Interna- pathogen found in parts of the Caribbean, 50% and can kill within hours. tional Development (USAID), has helped including Puerto Rico. discover nearly 1,000 new viruses in ani- “Back in the 1980s, it would take two EBOLA mals and humans. years to do that kind of computational It causes fever, muscle “Outbreaks are like fires,” says work,” Chiu says. “We’ve developed a pain, diarrhea, vomiting and Dr. Eddy Rubin, chief science officer program that can analyze 10 million reads bleeding. Recent outbreaks at Metabiota, a San Francisco–based have had mortality rates of up in under 30 minutes.” On the strength of to 90%. It has no cure. startup that uses big data to analyze out- Chiu’s diagnosis, Joshua was treated with breaks and is a partner of PREDICT. “If basic antibiotics, and four weeks later, he HIV you’re able to understand where there was healthy again. The virus destroys the immune is a greater likelihood of their occurring The genetic sequence of a pathogen is system so it can no longer do and detect them early on, you can shift a virtually fail-safe fingerprint, which is its job of fighting off common the impact.” why tests like Chiu’s can be so effective in illnesses. Without treatment, Another piece of the pandemic- life expectancy is about diagnosing a single person’s mystery ill- 10 years. prevention puzzle is the Global Virome ness. It’s the diagnostic equivalent of fish- Project, an ambitious strategy to identify, ing for germs with a huge net, instead of SMALLPOX characterize and sequence the nearly half- a single line. Genetic sequencing is espe- Before it was eradicated, the million viruses that have the potential to cially valuable when an unknown patho- virus produced a rash that filled spill over. The scientists behind the proj- gen starts killing people in droves. with puss and formed a crust ect estimate that it would cost $3.4 billion In 2009, a cluster of people living in over the body. It was fatal in to complete. It’s a huge amount of money the southwestern corner of the Demo- 30% of cases. in the shoestring world of animal health— cratic Republic of Congo came down PREDICT, by comparison, is funded at with a hemorrhagic fever and symptoms $100 million—but its proponents believe that included bleeding from their mucous human, as experts had thought. That that the project would easily pay for itself membranes. Scientists in the field tested simple discovery dramatically altered many times over if it could successfully them for a range of pathogens known to how experts were fighting the spread of stop a single pandemic. cause similar symptoms, but it wasn’t until the disease in the field. The Global Virome Project, which has Chiu’s lab analyzed all the genetic infor- That kind of information can mean the been championed by leading infectious- mation available that the culprit was iden- difference between an outbreak that kills disease experts around the world, is still tified: an entirely new pathogen from the hundreds instead of millions. The hope is almost entirely aspirational—though so family of viruses that cause rabies, among that scientists will be able to use genetic was the Human Genome Project when it other things. “It’s a major transition information to predict how a pathogen was first proposed by academic biologists from what we have been able to do in the will behave—before a single person ever years before its formal government past,” says John Hackett, divisional vice falls ill. “That’s the holy grail,”says Dr. Ian launch. But if deep cuts to USAID’s budget president of applied research and tech- Lipkin, director of the Center for Infec- are made, there may not be sustained nology at Abbott, a major global health tion and Immunity at Columbia Univer- funding for the current work being care company that helps fund Chiu’s lab. sity. Before that can happen, however, done in the field—let alone something Scientists are already using these scientists need to collect all those genetic even more ambitious. “This ties into tools on active outbreaks, tracking the fingerprints in the first place. global security,” says Jon Epstein, a vice IMAGES YEON-JE—AFP/GETTY JUNG spread of a disease through changes in Nearly all the new infectious diseases president at EcoHealth Alliance, another its genetic sequences. In the 2014 Ebola that scientists know about today origi- PREDICT partner. “Hopefully they’ll see outbreak, a geneticist from MIT and nate in animals, and so will the emerg- the value in that.” Harvard, Dr. Pardis Sabeti, was able to ing diseases of tomorrow. HIV began in determine via genomic sequencing that chimpanzees, SARS in Chinese horseshoe FOR ALL THE ADVANCES in finding dan- the virus was spreading primarily from bats, influenza in aquatic birds. At some gerous pathogens, the simple truth is that human to human—not from animal to point the animal pathogens jump the spe- neither the world as a whole nor the U.S.

36 TIME May 15, 2017 VIRUS BUSTERS A South Korean health worker fumigates a movie theater in June 2015 after MERS cases were reported in particular is at all prepared to handle a for the seasonal-flu vaccine, but because pany to make pandemic vaccine to store major infectious-disease pandemic—and the influenza virus constantly mutates, a on shelves,” says Dr. Trevor Mundel, pres- a significant reason for that is a failure to new version has to be made each year, a ident of the global health division at the invest in things now that can keep us safe process that takes months. That lag could Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. later. The middle of the 20th century be deadly during a severe influenza pan- That’s why most infectious-disease was a golden age for vaccines as scien- demic. Humans have little to no immune experts aren’t hanging their hopes solely tific heroes like Dr. Jonas Salk developed protection against new flu strains, which on new treatments or vaccines. After all, drugs to protect against life-threatening then spread rapidly around the world that’s not what ultimately contained the diseases like polio. Yet today, while the and—sometimes—cause severe disease. most recent lethal outbreak of Ebola. worldwide pharmaceutical market is And though the flu usually isn’t deadly It chiefly fell to health workers on worth more than $1 trillion, the market for otherwise healthy people, it can be, as the ground and to Frieden, director of for vaccines makes up at most 3% of it. the 1918 pandemic showed. While flu vac- the CDC for eight years under President That’s why the Gates Foundation, cines didn’t exist in 1918, they did in 2009, Obama. And on no day did that effort Britain’s Wellcome Trust charity and when a new flu strain jumped from pigs to come closer to failure than on July 23, several governments launched CEPI this people and ultimately killed an estimated 2014. That was the day Frieden received year. Beyond funding research to de- 203,000 people around the world, a ma- news that Ebola had arrived in the Ni- velop vaccines against existing threats, jority of them under the age of 65. Efforts gerian megacity of Lagos. The virus had the CEPI fund—which aims to raise and were made to fast-track a vaccine, but the been killing people for months in Guinea, spend $1 billion over the next five years— first doses weren’t available for 26 weeks, Liberia and Sierra Leone, but Ebola in will also support research into entirely and it would have taken a year to produce Lagos—the biggest city on the African new ways to develop vaccines. vaccines for every American. continent, with a metro population of No disease better illustrates the need Since it can require years of testing 21 million—represented a threat of an for a next-gen vaccine than influenza. “We and well over $1 billion to successfully entirely different magnitude. need to do better with flu vaccine,” says develop a single vaccine against a sin- “If it got out of control in Lagos, it Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the NIH gle pathogen, drug companies have in- could spread through Nigeria and the rest National Institute of Allergy and Infec- creasingly shied away from the business. of Africa,” says Frieden. “It could still be tious Diseases. A healthy market exists “There’s just no incentive for any com- going on today.” 37 But it isn’t, thanks largely to the hercu- much-needed emergency spending—but would have been eliminated altogether. lean efforts of thousands of expert health it did so nearly five months after interna- Proposed cuts to foreign aid and the State workers—U.S. staff from the CDC and Ni- tional health groups had called it a crisis. Department—which could eventually gerian officials who had been trained in The drawbacks of this scattershot hit pandemic-prevention programs like the international effort to stop polio— way of investing in pandemic response PREDICT—would also be felt when the who were quickly diverted to fight Ebola. became even clearer during Zika, when next pandemic hits. This is why Frieden, Gates and oth- it took nearly nine months for Congress Trump’s budget proposal is just that— ers are so bullish about investing in sci- to finally allocate $1.1 billion to fight a Congress holds the ultimate power over ence and foreign aid. Without aid, Nige- disease that had already begun spreading government spending. But in the event of ria would not have been able to stem the in the U.S. Even then, Congress required a pandemic, it is the President who must spread of Ebola. And without the next- that some of that come from existing lead the country. generation science that helped track the Ebola funding that had been going to During Ebola, Trump issued a series outbreak, far more people would have pandemic preparation. “We literally of tweets that have sown doubts about died. “It’s very important that this kind of had to rob Peter to pay Paul,” says Ron how he would handle a true health crisis. work continues,”says Frieden, “or Amer- Klain, who served as Ebola czar during One called for stopping American health ica is going to be less safe.” the Obama Administration. care workers who had been infected with Experts say the U.S. needs sustained Ebola from returning to the U.S. “The MAKE NO MISTAKE: for all our high- funding for pandemic preparedness that U.S. cannot allow EBOLA infected peo- tech isolation units, top-tier doctors and extends out for years. That kind of money ple back. People that go to far away places world-class scientists, the U.S. health could help push vaccine candidates across to help out are great—but must suffer care system is not ready for the stresses the valley of death from R&D to commer- the consequences!” he wrote. Another of a major pandemic. As the infectious- cialization as well as fund entirely new tweet warned, without evidence, that disease expert Osterholm notes, a pan- vaccine technologies. It could also en- “Ebola is much easier to transmit than demic is not like other natural disasters, sure a steady supply of doctors and nurses the CDC and government representatives which tend to be confined to a single loca- trained to deal with pandemics at home, are admitting.” In the past he has raised tion or region. Disease can strike every- support U.S. efforts to build defenses doubts about the safety of vaccines, a where at once. In the event of a pandemic, abroad and provide a fund that could be long-discredited belief that is nonethe- even the best hospitals could rapidly run easily tapped in the event of an outbreak. less shared by an increasing number of out of beds and mechanical ventilators. Will Trump do that? His proposed Americans, leading to a resurgence of pre- The U.S. does have a national budget from March contained some en- ventable childhood diseases like measles. strategy for pandemics, and there have couraging signs, including a pledge to cre- Trump’s habit of making wild claims been welcome steps taken since the ate a new federal emergency-response on Twitter could be especially dangerous bioterrorism fears that followed 9/11. In fund for public-health threats as well as in the event of a pandemic, when public February, the military think tank DARPA commitments to continue funding inter- confidence in government is critical to launched a program aimed at producing national programs on HIV/AIDS. But the public safety. “The emerging climate of effective medicines within 60 days of the details of the emergency fund are vague, fake news and alternative facts leaves us identification of a new, pandemic-causing and Trump’s pledge to increase the de- worse off than ever before,” says Arthur pathogen. But the country hasn’t been fense budget by $54 billion would have Caplan, a bioethicist at New York Univer- truly tested yet. to be offset in part by slashing spend- sity. “I am very worried, because I’m cer- Melissa Harvey, who heads the divi- ing on health, including the NIH, which tain that we will get an outbreak.” sion of national health care preparedness would have seen its budget cut by a fifth. On the campaign trail Trump said re- programs at HHS, is in charge of help- Some research groups, like the NIH’s Fog- peatedly that he would make America ing U.S. hospitals get ready for the next arty International Center, which works safe. But a multibillion-dollar wall at the big threat. She notes that while hospi- on emerging-disease research overseas, border won’t keep out disease, and cut- tals were able to handle a handful of sick ting aid to health systems overseas is akin people during Ebola, a truly major crisis to slashing the CIA’s budget in a time of would be a different story. “In a situation war. If Trump is serious about protecting like the 1918 pandemic, the expectation Americans, global health critics contend, is that the resources are not going to be he must embrace the soft power of pan- there for everyone.” THE U.S. GOVERNMENT demic preparation. If you look at the numbers, it’s clear DOESN’T ALLOCATE In a memorable 2015 TED talk, Bill that right now the U.S. government doesn’t SPENDING IN A WAY Gates told his audience that “when I was spend in a way that says fighting pan- a kid, the disaster we worried about most demics is a consistent national priority. THAT SAYS FIGHTING was a nuclear war.” But today, he said, “if Instead, money gets issued on a disease- PANDEMICS IS A anything kills over 10 million people in by-disease basis, often after a crisis has NATIONAL PRIORITY the next few decades, it’s most likely to started. During Ebola, for instance, Con- be a highly infectious virus, rather than gress appropriated more than $5 billion in a war. Not missiles, but microbes.” □

38 TIME May 15, 2017 HOW TO KEEP AMERICA SAFE By Bill Gates

FOREIGN AID IS often in the hot seat, but today the heat is cranked up especially high. The U.S. government, one of the world’s most influential donors, is considering dramatic cuts to health and development programs around the world. I understand why some Americans watch their tax dollars going overseas and wonder why we’re not spending them at home. Here’s my answer: These projects keep Americans safe. And by promoting health, security CRISIS PREP A dummy body is transported during an Ebola drill in Lyon, France, in 2015 and economic opportunity, they stabilize vulnerable parts of the world. was started under President George worst drought in its history, driving This is a lesson I’ve learned myself. W. Bush and works with some of the more than 1 million rural people into When I first got involved in health and world’s poorest countries. PEPFAR is an cities, stoking political tension and development, the main motivation undeniable success. There are 11 million laying the foundation for the horrific was to save and improve people’s lives people with HIV who are alive today civil war that continues to this day. Of around the world. That’s still true today, because of the medicines PEPFAR course, there are many causes of the war, but over the years I have come to see the programs provide—and many more who but the world will not be a safer place if tangible ways in which American aid never got the virus in the first place. the U.S. stops helping other countries benefits Americans too. This is not simply a humanitarian meet their needs. For one thing, it helps prevent epi- accomplishment. For many countries None of this is lost on our military demics. The most recent Ebola outbreak it means more teachers, entrepreneurs, leaders. More than 120 retired in West Africa killed more than 11,000 police officers and health workers who generals and admirals wrote a letter to people, but the death toll would have contribute to strong, stable societies. Congress in February arguing that U.S. been much worse had the disease spread According to one study, political insta- programs “are critical to preventing widely in neighboring Nigeria, a global bility and violence in African countries conflict and reducing the need to travel hub that’s home to 180 million with PEPFAR programs dropped 40% put our men and women in uniform people. What contained it? Among other between 2004 and 2015. in harm’s way.” Secretary of Defense things, a group of health workers who James Mattis famously said, back when were stationed there for an anti-polio A MORE STABLE WORLD is good for he was commander of U.S. forces in campaign. They were quickly reassigned everyone. But there are other ways that Afghanistan, Pakistan and other hot to the Ebola fight, and their efforts aid benefits Americans in particular. It spots, “If you don’t fully fund the State helped stop the disease—and kept it strengthens markets for U.S. goods: of Department”—which runs many of from crossing the Atlantic to the U.S. our top 15 trade partners, 11 are former America’s key programs—“then I need to The biggest public funder of anti- aid recipients. It is also visible proof of buy more ammunition.” polio work has been the U.S. govern- America’s global leadership. Popular Protecting Americans, preventing ment, and for good reason: it is protect- support for the U.S. is high in Africa, epidemics, saving lives: aid delivers ing Americans and helping us get ready where aid has such a dramatic impact. phenomenal benefits, and for a bargain. for the next epidemic, which could be Withdrawing now would not only cost It represents less than 1% of the federal orders of magnitude deadlier than Ebola. lives but also create a leadership vacuum budget, not even a penny out of every To stop emerging diseases, we need the that others would happily fill. dollar. It is some of the best return on infrastructure built by consistent fund- Syria is a tragic example of what can investment anywhere in government. ing of well-run health programs. happen when the key ingredients of This money is well spent, it has an Another example is America’s global stability don’t come together. Beginning enormous impact, and it ought to be

LAURENT CERINO—REA/REDUX LAURENT HIV effort, known as PEPFAR, which in 2007, the country experienced the maintained. □ 39

THEWorld NEGOTIATOR

MOON JAE-IN IS SET TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF SOUTH KOREA, AND HE WANTS TO TALK BY CHARLIE CAMPBELL/SEOUL

ON THE MORNING OF AUG. 18, 1976, TWO today. “If the North had tried to inter- American soldiers set off to trim a pop- fere, it could easily have triggered war.” lar tree in the Korean demilitarized zone War is again a possibility on the Korean (DMZ). The tree was obscuring the line Peninsula—and Moon may soon be once of sight between U.N. and North Korean again at the front line. The former human- guard towers on the narrow strip of land rights lawyer, 64, is the clear front run- that has separated the peninsula’s com- ner for President in the upcoming May 9 munist North from its capitalist South election, called after the impeachment since an armistice effectively ended the of President Park Geun-hye over a cor- 1950–53 Korean War. Both sides had ap- ruption scandal. South Korea has many proved the pruning, but North Korea sent problems, including the Asia-Pacific’s soldiers to order the work to stop. Cap- worst income inequality, rising youth tain Arthur Bonifas and First Lieutenant unemployment and anemic growth. But Mark Barrett refused, and were promptly the campaign has turned on how best to hacked to death with their own axes. deal with North Korean Supreme Leader General Richard G. Stilwell, then com- Kim Jong Un, who is locked in a standoff mander of the U.N. Forces in South Korea, with new U.S. President Donald Trump ordered the tree completely cut down as a over his country’s nuclear program. Kim symbolic act of resolve. Among the troops unveiled a new generation of ballistic mis- sent to help fell the tree was a young South siles at a glittering parade on April 15, and Moon Jae-in’s Korean soldier named Moon Jae-in. Ten- conducted the latest in a series of tests tryst with sions were dangerously high, he says on April 29, just hours before a U.S. Navy destiny: bring peace to the peninsula

PHOTOGRAPH BY ADAM FERGUSON FOR TIME strike group—an “armada,” as Trump put Moon is aware that reunification would maligned state distribution bureaus— it—was due to arrive at the Korean Pen- entail a colossal financial burden for the once responsible for doling out all insula. China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi South. That’s why the first step in bring- provisions—are shuttered. New build- has warned that “conflict could break out ing the countries together must be eco- ings spring up constantly in Pyongyang, at any moment.” nomic cooperation, he says. He wants to where flatscreen TVs and karaoke ma- So South Korea’s next President will allow South Korean firms access to cheap chines are common, and locals now talk inherit a deepening crisis with an irasci- North Korean labor, and renew cultural of a “rush hour.” In his New Year speech ble dictator on one side and a geopolitical exchanges across the DMZ. “Economic in- in 2015, Kim Jong Un even said he was neophyte on the other. But Moon, the tegration will not only benefit the North,” open to talks with the South. The stick- center-left Democratic Party candidate he says, “but also will give the South a ing point, as ever, is the nuclear issue. who narrowly lost the presidency in 2012, new growth engine, which will revive the Aware of his fragile leverage, Kim has re- believes it is his destiny to bring the two South Korean economy.” peatedly said that the country’s nuclear Koreas closer together after seven de- But gradual reunification presents an weapons are “nonnegotiable.” For Moon, cades apart. “The North and South were existential as well as an economic chal- talks would be worthwhile only with “a one people sharing one language and one lenge. Today’s DMZ does not just separate guarantee that there would be visible re- culture for about 5,000 years,” he says. two unequal states—it divides the kitschy sults such as freezing or dismantlement of “Ultimately, we should reunite.” consumerism of a freewheeling South and [the] nuclear weapons program.” As a son of refugees from the North, the festering paranoia of a Stalinist North. Moon has seen these kinds of nego- Moon is determined to go his own way Few pairs of states are so close yet so far tiations in action before and believes about it—tackling the Kim regime not by apart—and even fewer have a rogue dicta- they can work again. As chief of staff to aggression but by measured engagement. tor, heavily armed, so intent on standing Roh, he helped engineer the South Ko- The current cycle of antagonism helps no in the breach. The main challenge for any rean President’s historic summit with one, he says, least of all the long-suffering leader of the South will always be how to Kim’s father Kim Jong Il in 2007, and population of the Hermit Kingdom. “My deal with Kim Jong Un. the six-party denuclearization talks be- father fled from the North, hating com- tween North and South Korea, the U.S., munism. I myself hate the communist RELATIONS BETWEEN North and South China, Russia and Japan, which ran North Korean system. That doesn’t mean aren’t merely bad; there are no relations. from 2003 to 2009. A satellite launch I should let the people in the North suffer The last summit between Pyongyang and by Pyongyang ended the talks, and crit- under an oppressive regime.” Seoul took place a decade ago, and even ics say the $4.5 billion of aid funneled Moon was born in the shadow of war. at the DMZ there has been no official dia- to the regime during the “sunshine pol- His parents fled the North aboard a U.N. logue since 2013—when U.N. forces want icy” of engagement actually accelerated supply ship in December 1950 alongside to communicate with their North Korean the weapons program. Moon, however, thousands of other refugees. Moon was counterparts, they use a megaphone to points to the Sept. 19, 2005, Joint Dec- born on South Korea’s Geoje Island just bellow across the gap. For Moon, this is laration—encompassing full dismantle- over two years later. The postwar South unacceptable. “Even if Kim is an irratio- ment of North Korean nuclear weapons, had neither the heavy industry nor the fer- nal leader, we have to accept the reality a peace treaty and even normalized rela- tile farmland of the then more prosperous that he rules North Korea,” he says. “So tions with the U.S.—as evidence the sun- North. “Poverty dictated my childhood,” we have to talk with him.” shine policy was better than the follow- he says now. “But there were benefits as There are some signs Kim has begun ing decade of isolation and censure. “The well: I became independent, more mature to relax his grip. Although dissent is still North even blew up the cooling tower of than my peers, and I realized that money ruthlessly quashed, he has permitted a its nuclear reactor,” he says. “The same is not the most important thing in life.” free market to take root, and the much step-by-step approach is still workable.” By the time Moon entered adulthood, Given Trump’s stated disdain for the money had begun flowing into the South. nuclear deal the U.S. helped fashion with The country experienced rapid economic Iran, it’s hard to imagine he would be growth from the 1960s on, driven by eager to pursue a similar agreement with export-led tech, automotive and ship- the Kim regime, which has a track record building booms. Moon grew to promi- of noncompliance. But Moon says he and nence as a pro-democracy student activ- ‘ECONOMIC Trump already agree that the Obama Ad- ist, passing the state bar exam in 1980. INTEGRATION WILL NOT ministration’s approach of “strategic pa- Following a distinguished legal career, tience” with North Korea was a failure. he was invited to join the administra- ONLY BENEFIT THE Surely the U.S. President could be per- tion of former President Roh Moo Hyun. NORTH, BUT ... WILL suaded to take a different tack, he says. Today, the economy he hopes to lead is “I recall him once saying that he can talk the world’s 12th largest by GDP. In con- REVIVE THE SOUTH with Kim Jong Un over a hamburger.” trast, the North stagnated under a Soviet- KOREAN ECONOMY.’ Trump, he adds, is above all a pragma- style planned economy. Now, the nation tist. “In that sense, I believe we will be of 25 million is one of the world’s poorest. —MOON JAE-IN able to share more ideas, talk better and

42 TIME May 15, 2017 reach agreements without difficulty.” In- △ the U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area De- deed, on May 1, Trump told Bloomberg Moon is determined to engage with fense (THAAD), an antimissile defense that he “would be honored” to meet Kim. the regime of North Korea’s Kim system, which Beijing deems an affront. There are few safe alternatives. Trump Jong Un, above, second from right Moon, who was 21 points ahead of Ahn is currently pressuring China, responsible in an April 29 poll, is more cautious on for 90% of North Korean trade, to turn its collapse. “It’s like trying to bluff at THAAD, saying its deployment should the screws on Pyongyang and take steps poker when the other players can see be examined by the next administration. against Chinese businesses and banks your cards,” says John Park, director of But both candidates are united in their doing deals with North Korea. “China has the Korea Working Group at Harvard insistence that South Korea cannot be great influence over North Korea,” he has Kennedy School. sidelined when Washington deals with said. Perhaps, but the relationship today Military action by the U.S. also remains the North, not least as its 50 million citi- is steeped in mistrust. Beijing has signed a possibility, but most experts think it’s zens stand to be among the first victims up to unprecedented U.N. sanctions, ban- unlikely. Aside from possible North Ko- of any military conflict. And although ning imports of coal for the rest of the rean retaliation, any strike would cer- younger South Koreans feel little affin- year. There is room for Beijing to do more: tainly shred the U.S.’s Asian security alli- ity with the North, older generations are suspending the 500,000 tons of crude oil ance and push the region closer to China. eager for the reunification Moon so de- it sends to North Korea annually, for ex- “How would the U.S. or anyone else be sires. “My mother is the only one [of her ample, was what brought Kim Jong Il to better off?” asks Daniel Pinkston, an East family] who fled to the South,” Moon says. the six-party talks in 2003. Asia expert at Troy University in Yongsan, “[She] is 90 years old. Her younger sister However, China has its limits. If the South Korea. “It’s just insane.” is still in the North alive. My mother’s last Kim regime collapsed, a massive influx of All of which leaves room for Moon’s wish is to see her again.” refugees would certainly make their way push for engagement to succeed. Moon’s It’s a wish that resonates with into the People’s Republic. South Korea chief rival in the May 9 election, Ahn countless ordinary Koreans—on both is also home to 28,500 U.S. troops, and Cheol-soo, a self-made tech multi- sides of the battle lines—who want reunification might put them right on millionaire, favors a more militaristic ap- peace to triumph over war. —With China’s border. So Kim knows China proach to bringing the North to the ne- reporting by ZOHER ABDOOLCARIM and

ED JONES—AFP/GETTY IMAGES JONES—AFP/GETTY ED would never squeeze enough to foment gotiating table. This includes accepting STEPHEN KIM/SEOUL □ 43 Society The last act. After 146 years, the circus is leaving town for good By David Von Drehle • Photographs by Andres Kudacki for TIME

44 TIME May 15, 2017 Weeks before the lights go down for the last time on the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, tigers and lions perform on April 28 in Baltimore’s Royal Farms Arena

45 Though it might sound quaint, there was a time when people could be astonished.

Before supercomputers fit into shirt pockets and Presidents tweeted. Before moving pictures were beamed through the air. Before moving pictures. Not only could people be astonished— they enjoyed it. Loved it enough to pay for it. And so businesses sprang up to meet the demand. The astonishment industry was called the circus. And what an industry it was. Picture yourself in a quiet American town of ordinary people doing nothing even remotely astonishing. One day, a couple of strangers show up with handbills and paste to cover the town with circus posters. SEE the fearless lion tamer. THRILL to the death-defying wire walkers. GASP at the Ringmaster Johnathan Lee Iverson and his son Matthew woman on the flying trapeze. Your brain get ready for one of their final crowds did the rest. By the time the circus arrived via boxcar or truck, you were desperate to have your mind blown. Elephants—real, live elephants, thousands of miles from Africa or India—pulled the ropes to raise the tents. Inside you would see a man ordering tigers around, women poised on the backs of cantering horses, human pyramids walking on high wires with nothing to catch them if they fell. On May 21, the most famous circus of all, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey, will end its 146-year run, not with a whimper or a bang but mostly a shrug. Death has been a long time coming. A company press release put much of the blame on the recent decision, made under pressure from animal- rights groups, to stop using elephants as performers. But in fact, the Greatest Show on Earth has been headed for this day since the 1950s, when the same force that killed vaudeville—television—drove the storied operation out of its vast canvas big tops and into ho-hum auditoriums and arenas. Other, smaller circuses limp on, but the end of this run is a milestone. Almost the entire history of the American circus is summed up in one long name. “Barnum” The circus menagerie includes trained pigs, refers to Phineas Taylor Barnum, the washed here by their trainer, Hans Klose brilliant sideshow promoter who counts

46 TIME May 15, 2017 In the wings, performers await their cue to zoom onstage

Davis Vassallo, one of eight clowns in the Greatest Show on Earth, puts on his happy face backstage

47 the current President among his admirers. In 1871, already famous for his publicity stunts, Barnum joined circus innovator William Coup and his partner Dan Castello to create a traveling menagerie and equestrian stunt show; six years later, Barnum merged with a circus run by the gifted ringmaster James A. Bailey. A circus in those days was more than a performance—it was a culture. One less sensitive than ours, but also less jaded. Alongside the big top were smaller tents that contained wonders and oddities and thrills: fat men and bearded ladies, dwarves and giants, conjoined twins and acrobats with missing limbs. There were games of chance (usually rigged), and exotic animals in painted cages, and musicians with gold piping on their jackets ever ready to strike up Fucik’s “Entrance of the Gladiators.” And it was sexy too. In an era of long skirts, long sleeves and long sermons, the circus gave people permission to stare at athletes in tights and tiny costumes. The women wore outfits with legs showing up to here and cleavage down to there. The men marched shirtless, with muscles rippling, to swing upside down high in the air and snatch tum- bling women from the edge of disaster. This rolling exotica sank its hooks deep in the American mind. Generations of bored children dreamed of running away to join the merry misfit band of rogues and live lives that would never be dull again. After Bailey died in 1906 at his sprawling New York estate, the Ringling brothers of Baraboo, Wis., owners of a thriving circus, bought the Barnum and Bailey operation from the ringmaster’s widow. Eventually, they merged the two shows and sent their circus trains steaming from coast to coast. Now our supply of stimulation is infinite, and our capacity for wonder is dwindling away. Sex is everywhere, and entertainment is on demand. Nostalgic parents have been struggling for a couple of decades to hide their disappointment from their children after seeing what the circus has become: a deafening soundtrack of recorded music backing a dull program punctuated by strobe lights, foreshortened performances cut to Internet attention spans, a rip-off of $6 sno-cones and $20 flashlights. Meanwhile, the children have been Trainer Alexander Lacey gives struggling to understand why their parents a big cat a big hug would care. Nothing can compete with the circus that they hold in the palms of their hands. □

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Andy Karl, center, plays smug weatherman Phil Connors in the Broadway adaptation of Groundhog Day

THEATER AT THE END OF THE 1993 ROMANTIC has turned to existing intellectual comedy Groundhog Day, after a property—and movies in particular— On Broadway, seeming eternity of waking up over for inspiration. it’s déjà vu and over again on the same day, As a film, directed by Harold weatherman Phil Connors finally, Ramis, Groundhog Day achieved all over—and truly, spiritually awakens. Twenty- cult status. But there are a number four years later, Phil is again trapped of reasons the musical Groundhog not just for inside of Feb. 2. Only this time, he could have faltered on its way to bears no resemblance to the actor the stage. Revisiting a beloved Groundhog who originated the movie role—a contemporary classic posed the Day delightfully caustic Bill Murray. And risk of alienating fans if it strayed his purgatory plays out in front of a too far and failing to connect with By Eliza Berman live audience on Broadway. nonfans if it hewed too close. The The musical Groundhog Day, which repetitive premise risked tedium opened on April 17 to rave reviews, without the flexibility of film. And is the latest entry in the increasingly that is to say nothing of the absence popular movie-to-musical pipeline. of Murray, whom Roger Ebert called (See related chart on page 52.) Just “indispensable.” “The more the as Hollywood is rebooting old hits audience loves the film, the harder and elevating forgotten comic- your job is,” says Matthew Warchus, book heroes, the theater industry who directed the production.

PHOTOGRAPH BY JOAN MARCUS 51 Time Off Reviews

But after transferring from London, where it won Olivier Awards for COMING ATTRACTIONS Many Broadway musicals of tomorrow Best New Musical and Andy Karl’s greatly resemble movies of the not-too-distant past. The key updated take on Phil, the show is ingredients? A faithful following and a little room for reinvention. poised to become Broadway’s next hit. (It just grabbed seven Tony Award Breaking Scantily Supernatural Based on into song clad dancers intervention a book nominations.) That’s because its Ice Workplace Love Bosom creators—Warchus, composer and queens drama triangle buddies lyricist Tim Minchin and writer Danny Rubin, who co-wrote the film—have Beaches (released 1988): Two girls meet under an Atlantic City amplified, and not just re-created, its boardwalk, grow up to follow divergent paths and remain bonded tale of a cynic’s metamorphosis. through heartbreak, tragedy and bad hair. Iris Rainer Dart, who Having dreamed up the musical wrote the 1985 novel, is writing the lyrics and co-writing the script. no sooner than he’d sold the script to Hollywood, Rubin had been marinating Beetlejuice (1988): Two freshly dead ghosts and a bug- on ideas for decades while teaching eyed demon (Michael Keaton in the film) try to scare screenwriting. So he was encouraged away the new owners of their home. Bloody Bloody when Warchus said not to see the stage Andrew Jackson’s Alex Timbers is attached to direct. as a limitation: “Anything you can dream up, we can do onstage.” Bull Durham (1988): Writer-director Ron Shelton is adapting his “We thought semiautobiographical film, with music by folksinger-songwriter it lent itself really Susan Werner, about a fading minor-league talent and a spiritual well to theater,” ‘The more the baseball groupie who preps a hotshot pitcher for the big leagues. says Warchus. audience loves the “Film is more of film, the harder The Preacher’s Wife (1996): Unbreakable Kimmy a literal medium your job is.’ Schmidt star Tituss Burgess is writing music and lyrics compared to based on the Whitney Houston fantasy film about an MATTHEW WARCHUS, director of angel sent from on high to revive a flagging marriage. theater, which is the musical Groundhog Day more poetic.” To adapt a montage Moulin Rouge! (2001): Playwright John Logan, who wrote the Tony-winning Red, will adapt the musical movie about an earnest in which a despondent Phil devises poet who falls for a courtesan, set against the backdrop of myriad ways to end his life, he has bohemian Paris at the turn of the 20th century. stunt doubles create the illusion of jump cuts between the toaster in the 13 Going on 30 (2004): The movie’s original screenwriters are bathtub and the plunge from great adapting the story about an awkward teenager who wishes on heights—with Phil waking up in his bed some glittery fairy dust to skip the rest of her lonely adolescence, after each try. grows up overnight and learns some valuable lessons. But where the musical dispenses with some of the movie’s minutiae, it Mean Girls (2004): Tina Fey is reworking her screenplay offers something new: Minchin’s songs, about a homeschooled teen adjusting to life in the jungle which mine the inner lives of characters that is high school: preening mates, predatory “Plastics” like Phil’s producer-slash-love-interest (led by Rachel McAdams in the film) and their outcast prey.y. Rita Hanson (Barrett Doss); a former high school punching bag; and a The Devil Wears Prada (2006): Elton John is composing the one-night stand with dreams beyond music for the stage version of the story about a frazzled assistant bedding visiting meteorologists. to the nightmare editor of a fashion magazine, whose brand-new “The film smuggled a story with wardrobe comes with a side of hard-won growing up. deep meaning into the mainstream as a romantic-comedy popcorn film, Magic Mike (2012): A stage musical will serve as the prequel without compromising much on its to the smash hit and its 2015 sequel, charting Magic Mike’s depth,” says Warchus. Which may journey from struggling college student to sensitive, gyrating stripper, with music by Tony winners Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey. explain why Groundhog Day has legs while other adaptations falter. “It taps into something universal, Frozen (2013): The Disney obsession children to look at the world through other everywhere can’t let go of will hit the stage in the spring of 2018, starring Broadway vets Caissie Levy people’s eyes,” says Karl. “When you and Patti Murin as the royal sisters. get there, it’s a beautiful thing. You get to see the world much clearer.” □

52 TIME May 15, 2017 life forces her to constantly keep on guard, continually choking back emotion that roils below the surface in order to stay alive. Every detail of The Handmaid’s Tale, from the distinctive costuming of the maids—massive hoods that shield their faces and limit engagement with the world—to the supporting performances, hits exactly the right notes. Aside from Moss, standouts include Samira Wiley (Orange Is the New Black) as Moira, Mad woman: a friend to Offred who Moss portrays faces the added hazard of Offred, a “handmaid” being gay. Ann Dowd (The forced into Leftovers) is menacing as sexual servitude Aunt Lydia, who educates the women in the ways they’re supposed to go along TELEVISION and get along in this society. TV’s great new heroine is born Her command: the women should give themselves in The Handmaid’s Tale up to violence as catharsis By Daniel D’Addario and turn off their brains the rest of the time. Lydia’s IT HARDLY SEEMS COINCIDENTAL THAT MARGARET ATWOOD’S status as both woman and 1985 novel The Handmaid’s Tale is one of two classics to garner renewed abuser of women makes a interest after President Trump’s election. (The other, George Orwell’s sharp point about humans’ 1984, is being adapted for Broadway this summer.) Handmaid’s ability to go against their themes—the cruelty and illiberal thinking of theocracy, the ease by better angels. which democracies slip into authoritarianism—are suddenly so relevant There’s little hope in to so many that it would be easy to conclude that the new series, now The Handmaid’s Tale, but playing on Hulu, is the beneficiary of extraordinarily good timing. there is this: the show But that would be giving Hulu’s Handmaid’s too little credit. depicts a world in which The ideas drawn out in this masterful adaptation did not suddenly women aid other women as become relevant after one election. And the show is as elegantly made △ often as they miseducate, as anything on television this year. It manages to bring a dystopian story MOSS’S MOMENT abuse and inform on Between Mad Men to life in a way that works as episodic TV, sapping none of the book’s and Top of the one another. The book is power. This is a series that could work anytime and one that will likely Lake, Moss has masterly at casting its spell, be watched for years to come. been nominated for methodically building a Elisabeth Moss plays Offred, a “handmaid” through whose eyes seven Emmys. The fallen world that could we see life in the Republic of Gilead. Moss’s character had lived a Handmaid’s Tale is exist. The show, by contrast, likely to thrust her pleasant middle-class life in urban America. We see in flashbacks that into consideration immediately plunges you the first shocks of societal change hit her as odd bits of turbulence. again this year into chaos and forces you They increased in intensity bit by bit—causing panic only when it to keep up. At its best, it was too late. Moss, who acted through a decade’s worth of female has a tension unmatched empowerment on Mad Men, never telegraphs the future that viewers on television. The more you know is coming. She’s a genius at portraying confusion, rather than watch Moss as Offred, the outright horror. more she looks like TV’s Moss’s skill only emphasizes the tragedy of the show’s main story great new heroine. line. One of the few women able to give birth, she’s forced into sexual THE HANDMAID’S TALE streams slavery in the home of a government official. (She is named Offred new episodes Wednesdays on

THE HANDMAID’S TALE: HULU; BEETLEJUICE, THE PREACHER’S WIFE, MEAN GIRLS, FROZEN, MAD MEN: EVERETT because she’s “of Fred,” as in belonging to her new master, Fred.) This Hulu 53 Time Off Reviews

QUICK TALK Debra Winger The three-time Academy Award nominee, 61, who famously withdrew from movies for six years, plays a long married woman in the comedy The Lovers. This movie is about a less-than- optimal long marriage. Are you not a fan of long marriages? I only know of one deeply, my own. I’ve got nothing against them as long as it’s not a decision you make once and then never revisit. ON MY RADAR You’ve been married 20-plus years. THE AMERICANS The Guardians gang, with a few new members, Any tips for keeping it fresh? “As well as Better proves that more can actually be less Anybody who says they understand Call Saul and Louis CK’s MOVIES how to make love stay would have to be 2017, as many called a liar or misguided. The intention times as I can Guardians Vol. 2 laughs is to stay awake, stay alive, keep loving, tolerate.” it up, self-indulgently keep lit up, keep being able to light up the other one. Those are the real tricks. AS MODERN GARDEN-VARIETY ESCAPIST CINEMA That and some pixie dust. goes, there’s nothing inherently wrong with Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, director and writer These lovers are having affairs. James Gunn’s sequel to his 2014 megahit, both Is there a cure for our desire for adapted from the Marvel comics series. But this novelty? No. I think that’s the overstuffed follow-up is also emblematic of all human spirit. But I don’t think it’s we’ve come to settle for in movie entertainment: about another person. We seek it feels not so much crafted as squirted from a out someone else because we are tube. There are enough plots here to fill a dozen not being seen. We go out looking, galaxies. Chris Pratt returns as boyishly cute space but we’re really just looking for pirate Peter Quill, leading a crew that includes Zoe ourselves. Saldana’s green-skinned warrior beauty Gamora, as well as Rocket, the potty-mouthed raccoon voiced What would the Lovers actor by Bradley Cooper. Vol. 2 also introduces a sort-of tell the Officer and a Gentleman new character, Baby Groot (Vin Diesel), a twig-size actor? Oh, she wouldn’t listen. offshoot of the grownup tree-person Groot, who Nobody could tell me anything met a noble almost-end in the last movie. (In the then. As it should be. I’m neither Guardians galaxy, goodbye is never forever.) proud nor ashamed; I was finding This time around, Quill tangles with the swag- my way in a world that was pretty gering, mirthful god Ego, who claims to be his tough on a girl, but I was coming father. As played by Kurt Russell, Ego is the movie’s out of pretty tough young life too. one pleasure, a radiantly self-absorbed silver fox for So I got tough on the exterior as a whom the world is one giant little blue pill. He lives protective maneuver. on a planet of his own creation, a riotously colored landscape made of Magic Rocks and Silly Sand, or You have a fairly serious sex- so it seems—his castle is what you’d get if Antoni scene montage in this film. This Gaudí had built a Las Vegas hotel. But Russell and isn’t a question. I just wanted to his wild planet can’t save this self-indulgent, hyper- give you props. I wanted to bring all active mess. At one point, Drax, a lavishly tattooed the parts of the relationship. If you’re space dude played by former pro wrestler Dave going to bring the sad parts, you’d Bautista, announces, “I have famously huge turds!” better be ready to do an honest day’s and laughs heartily, in case we can’t be trusted to work and bring the compelling thing. get a poo-poo joke. This is a movie that praises Anyone who thinks physical attraction viewers for being cool enough to show up and then dissipates with age is not trying hard proceeds to insult them—but only ironically, see? enough. There are just so many ways to —STEPHANIE ZACHAREK Sunday. —BELINDA LUSCOMBE

54 TIME May 15, 2017 DOCUMENTARY The art of Obit: a life in 800 words WHEN A FAMOUS PERSON dies, reading a well-written obituary can provide a therapeutic farewell to someone whose life and work touched us. And upon the death of someone like, say, the inventor of the Slinky— whose name we never knew but whose legacy marches on—a good obit illuminates not just one particular individual’s story but also Coogan and Gere as brothers in The Dinner: blood is thicker than water, and wine too the broader idea of all that is MOVIES possible in life. Writing an evocative, Dysfunction by the compact, accurate obituary plateful in The Dinner is an art, and Vanessa Gould’s joyous documentary Obit REPRESSED GROWNUPS AND THEIR PROBLEMS ARE A takes us on a tour of the joint bounteous source of inspiration for writers and film- where some of the best are makers, and The Dinner—which director Oren Mover- written—the obituaries desk man adapted from Herman Koch’s 2009 novel—serves of the New York Times. How up a multicourse feast of dysfunction. Richard Gere do you capture the essence plays Stan, a chilly, pragmatic Congressman gunning of a life in 800 words, tops, for the governor’s office. His second wife, Katelyn generally in just a few hours? (Rebecca Hall), stands with him, though she can Gould interviews a number barely hide her exasperation. His brother Paul (Steve of Times reporters who Coogan) has had it rough: his struggle with mental spend their days telling us illness has cost him his job as a history teacher, and ‘I suddenly about the recently deceased, though his wife Claire (Laura Linney) is supportive, realized that it including ace obit writer her own health problems have cast a shadow on the couldn’t be any Margalit Fox. She sums up marriage. The two couples gather for dinner at a better. It couldn’t why these posthumous mini chichi restaurant, one of those places where the food is be anyone else.’ bios matter and why they’re marched out with reverence, like edible royalty. not inherently depressing: It should all be lovely—except the two couple’s OREN MOVERMAN, in “Obits have next to nothing Entertainment Weekly, on children have gotten into some deep and rather ugly how he cast Steve Coogan to do with death and, in fact, trouble, and the grownups differ on how much they after seeing him mimic absolutely everything to do should intervene to set things right. We learn, through Richard Gere in The Trip with the life.” —S.Z. flashbacks nestled between courses, not just what these kids did, but also how their parents have wres- tled with their own lifelong stresses and traumas. That’s a lot to pile on one dinner plate, but Mover- man (Rampart, The Messenger) keeps the action moving smoothly, even when it just involves talking— or bickering. Actors live for this kind of material, and the ensemble rallies, particularly Coogan. We’re used to seeing him in comedies—like the Trip movies, with Rob Brydon—but here, he’s wholly convincing as a Jeff Roth tends man whose nerves have been scraped raw. As he suffers to the Times’ through this evening of forced socializing, we too feel obit “morgue”

GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY: MARVEL; WINGER: CHANCE YEH—GETTY IMAGES; THE DINNER: THE ORCHARD; OBIT: KINO LORBER the weight of every tense minute.—S.Z. 55 Time Off Reviews

TIME PICKS FICTION The girls off the cliff ▽ MUSIC PAULA HAWKINS RODE TO Tennessee pop-rock fame on her 2015 hit The Girl band Paramore returns on the Train, a book that with an ’80s-inspired new-wave sound on its deftly deploys the “girl” bouncy album After thriller subgenre that Laughter (May 12), includes Gone Girl, The Girl featuring ace vocals With the Dragon Tattoo, courtesy of frontwoman The Girl Before, The Girl Hayley Williams. from Home, The Girl on the Bridge and The Girls on the Bus Go Round and Round. (O.K., that last one’s not real—yet.) These books center on complicated, flawed or unlikable female protagonists, boldly going where so many males have gone before. BOOKS Though it doesn’t have Author Michael “girl” in the title, Hawkins’ Ruhlman’s deeply reported Grocery new book is in the same (May 16) navigates vein. Into the Water once shifting food needs again throws a group of through the prism of women together, this time a Midwestern chain. in the English village of TELEVISION Beckford, where a riverbank Netflix’s Master of cliff and the “drowning None (May 12) returns pool” beneath make for a real clues. But the twists Their husbands betray them, for a second season popular suicide spot. But deliver in the final stretch, their bosses discount them, as Aziz Ansari’s love- when two women die within down to the last sentence. and even their sisters and and food-hungry character schmoozes months of each other, people Yet suspense, for Hawkins, daughters are unreliable his way through the begin to suspect foul play. is almost secondary; part of allies. food scenes of Italy The deceased: a teenager the thrill of her thrillers is the Once the cases are closed, and New York City. named Katie and her best social commentary. These the people of Beckford

friend’s mother Nel. Nel female characters resound debate who is and is not a CONNAN ALISA HAWKINS: FESTIVAL; FILM HORRÉ—VENICE JEAN-PAUL LOVE: OF HOUNDS ▽ had been writing a history because they are wronged in “good person.” They apply MOVIES of the infamous drowning ways all women are, though the label forgivingly to A brave woman abducted by a serial- pool, which didn’t endear to more heinous degrees. men with excuses for their killer couple gets crafty her to the rest of the town. misdeeds but withhold in order to survive in Also populating Hawkins’ it from the women who the stylish ’80s-set narrative coterie are Nel’s end up tangled in the weeds thriller Hounds of Love snarky daughter Lena, her of the drowning pool. This (May 12). estranged sister, a psychic, a infuriatingly familiar double tough school principal and standard made The Girl on Katie’s resentful mother. the Train popular among Hawkins’ stagecraft is women, who will hear it at times shaky: motives are △ again in these lines from overstated, action sequences SHEDUNIT Into the Water: “Beckford are vague (“I don’t know Hawkins worked as a is not a suicide spot,” Nel what happened then. He fell, journalist for 15 years writes in her manuscript. and published several I think …”) and details can books before she wrote “Beckford is a place to get rid get muddled, making it easier The Girl on the Train, which of troublesome women.” to separate red herrings from has sold 20 million copies —SARAH BEGLEY STREAMING NOW This year’s TIME 100 on THE IT LIST: The 100 Most Inﬂuential People

Streaming now on THE IT LIST

The Internet nearly unanimously crowned Rihanna queen of the Met Gala’s red carpet for her structured Comme des Garçons look, which, according to designer Rei Kawakubo, drew inspiration from “punks in the 18th century.”

Kenny G gave an in-flight saxophone performance after passengers on a Delta plane doubled his request When a Blockbuster store to donate $1,000 to the announced that it was American Cancer Society; closing, employees helped the stunt was inspired by A Kenyan wildlife a Texas family build an Kenny G’s seatmate, who lost conservancy created in-home version of the film- her daughter to brain cancer. a Tinder profile for rental chain for their movie- the world’s last loving autistic son. male northern white rhino in an effort The University of California, to raise money for Berkeley, will offer a breeding research. summer linguistics course inspired by Dothraki, one of the fictional languages spoken on Game of Thrones. LOVE IT TIME’S WEEKLY TAKE ON WHAT POPPED IN CULTURE LEAVE IT

Nordstrom is drawing criticism for selling $425 men’s jeans covered with “a crackled, caked-on muddy FACEBOOK; HOUSE: KEVIN LUI; RHINO, RIHANNA, KENNY G, JONES, FOOD VENDOR: GETTY IMAGES GETTY VENDOR: FOOD JONES, KENNY G, RIHANNA, RHINO, LUI; KEVIN HOUSE: FACEBOOK; coating that MONEY: NORDSTROM; JEANS: HBO; THRONES: OF GAME TWITTER; BLOCKBUSTER: APPLE; IPHONE: shows you’re not afraid to get down and dirty.”

A Seattle woman A four-bedroom Hong Kong villa is on the withdrew $300 from a market for $87.5 million, an astronomical Bank of America ATM to $21,230 per square foot. find that one of th thee $ $2020 bills was a movie. prop. (Bank of Americay quickly remedied th)e error.)

Bangkok revealed plans to start restricting the city’s famous street-food vendors—in the name of “order and hygiene”—days before announcing a new OBaltimore Ofirioleser Adam outfielde street-food festival. JFonesenwa saysy spectators at F PPakrk h urled racist slurs and peanuts atm him dur i ng a recent viioctory over the Boston Red Sox. The next day, foansvation. gave him a standing o

58 TIME May 15, 2017 By Raisa Bruner, Cady Lang and Megan McCluskey Essay The Pursuit of Happy-ish

Whose privilege is showing? Probably mine. But don’t ask me to check anyone else By Susanna Schrobsdorff

WHEN I WAS 16, I WORKED IN THE NURSING HOME A FEW miles from my house. It sat without irony right next to a funeral parlor. There was just a driveway between the two buildings, and the funeral director used to send leftover flower arrangements that we’d dismantle and put in vases so they weren’t quite so recognizable. There was, as you can imagine, some traffic going the other way too. It was a sobering place to spend your days as a teenager. Most of us did one or two shifts after school, 4 p.m. to 11 p.m., and Sundays from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Each aide was responsible for hoping to inspire more empathy for others. Left or getting eight or so residents up for the day, fed, bathed, dressed right, no one wants to be seen as having unearned and their sheets changed before noon, which was impossible advantages. Every politician has a hard-luck origin if you tried to take care of them sequentially. You had to strat- story, if not about themselves, then about their parents. egize. Get Martha’s breakfast unwrapped while her roommate The Sanders and Clinton campaigns fought over which is inching to the bathroom, or they’d still be eating breakfast movement was less elite. Even Donald Trump says when the lunch trays arrived. I learned more in that job than he worked his way up without much help from his I did in school. But that wasn’t why we worked there. We did millionaire father. it because the home paid more than fast food, and we needed the money. It was a tough, threadbare little town, but we could SO, YES, we all need to remind ourselves of our ad- leave. We had the most perishable of advantages: youth. vantages: whether it’s straight privilege, or financial These days I’m just another privileged cisgender white privileges, or able-bodied privilege, or whatever extra woman in a cushy part of Brooklyn, as my teen daughters boost we’ve gotten. Humans are prone to credit our point out constantly. They’re right. I won’t suffer directly successes to our own ingenuity, true or not. Research- from racism or homophobia or fear that I’m not safe or that ers at the University of California, Berkeley, asked we won’t have enough to eat. And I should note that I had an randomly selected subjects to play Monopoly. But the aunt and uncle who helped pay for college and got me my first game was rigged. The winner of a coin toss got twice job, which opened a thousand doors. So, yeah, I didn’t build the starting cash and higher bonuses for passing Go. this life by myself, to paraphrase President Obama. Not surprisingly the advantaged players won. But their comments sting. I get all indignant and tell them But as they prospered, their behavior changed. They nursing-home stories. Or McDonald’s fry-station stories. moved their pieces more loudly than their opponents, Or protest stories. It’s my version of “I walked five miles to reveled in triumphs and even took more snacks. school in the snow so you don’t have to”—a lame attempt to Some, when asked about their win, talked about how prove that I’m more than a mom in pricey yoga pants who’s their strategy helped them succeed. They began to forgotten what it was like to do shift work or worry about think they earned their success, even though they whether the groceries would run out before the week ends. knew the game was set up in their favor. Being accused of unchecked privilege is a fearsome insult Sometimes privilege is in the eye of the beholder. in this climate. The advice is legit: acknowledge your inherent The lesson I keep relearning is: don’t assume. Not all advantages and biases when considering someone else’s privilege is obvious, and not all disadvantages are eas- situation. But in practice it can be complicated and divisive, ily defined. No one would guess that my father, an and not just for clueless boomers. Just ask Lena Dunham, athletic guy with endless cheer, suffered such trauma whose brand of feminism critics have savaged as elite and as a child, thanks to a horrible family situation and oblivious to racism. There are even online quizzes that test how the stress of war; it’s a wonder he was functional. privileged you are and in what ways. Questions range from “I Dad died a few years ago of dementia—that terrible never had to ‘come out’” to “I have had an unpaid internship” equalizer. There was nothing his privileged daughters and “I have never been shamed for my body type.” Some could do about it except help the aides when we were

ILLUSTRATION BY EDEL RODRIGUEZ FOR TIME companies have workshops that run along the same themes there. At least we knew how to change a hospital bed. □ 59 9 Questions

Elizabeth Strout The Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Olive Kitteridge returns with a story collection, Anything Is Possible, about war, personal trauma and class divides

This book features some characters your lifetime? We get into problems ‘Inside every person from your last one, My Name Is Lucy with the words, like religious, spiritual, is a universe, and Barton. When did you decide to all those words mean so many different we’ll never know continue their stories? I actually wrote things to different people. But I’ve what it feels like to them in tandem. So I would be writing always been curious about the concept pieces of Lucy and her mother, and then of God. Having written about the be another person. I would think, Oh, Mississippi Mary [a minister in Abide With Me, I wrote a lot Which is horrifying.’ character in both books]. So I would of it out [of my system]. But I guess I’ve literally move over to a different part of come to a point where I can only say the table and write out some scenes for that I think that there’s much more than Mississippi Mary. It was back and forth meets the eye. for a while. Have you ever felt like your work Almost every story in this book deals was received differently as a woman? with the concept of shame. Why? I can’t give you a specific situation, but That’s interesting, because I was not it’s certainly there. I’m perfectly aware aware of that concept as I was writing it. that because I am a woman writing I think I write about it because it is such about white people, that it’s a problem. a basic human emotion. Everyone— But it’s not a problem I dwell on, almost everyone—feels shame on some because there’s absolutely nothing I can level at various points in their lives. do about it.

In many of the families in this book, The concerns of Middle America have a parent has a favorite child. Do been a big topic since the election. you think that’s usually true in life? Is that the demographic you depict? I think that parents do have favorites, I write about class. Every single book has even though they don’t think so. Chil- class running through it very strongly. dren are people, they’re just as different I’m interested in ordinary people and from each other as anybody else. So the what their inner lives are like. Since I was parent who aligns themself, sees some- a young child, I have been aware that thing of themself, whatever, it doesn’t inside every person is a universe, mean that they have a favorite child, it and that we’ll never know what just means that they have a particular it feels like to be another person. relationship with that person. Which is horrifying.

This is not your first book about You wanted to act when you PTSD. How did you become were young. Why did you interested in that topic? For years change your mind? I always I taught at Manhattan Community wanted to be a writer, and then College, and one semester they asked in college I was interested in me to teach a children’s literature class. acting. It’s not dissimilar. It’s One book I chose was Fallen Angels, always wanting to know what about the Vietnam War. I did all this it feels like to put myself into research, and my heart started to go out somebody else’s skin. But with to the people who had been suckered acting I realized you don’t have into fighting this war. Certain people the control. can go to war and can come home and they can manage it. But I’m interested Would you ever write a TIME FOR SIRVENT JAVIER in those who can’t. memoir? No. All my different life experiences—and there have Your characters range widely in their been many—will either find their devotion to religion. How has your way into a piece of fiction or not. relationship to religion changed over —SARAH BEGLEY

60 TIME May 15, 2017

” PEOPLE COULDN’T WAIT TO GET OUT OF KANSAS CITY, KS – NOT ANYMORE.“ CAROL MARINOVICH, FORMER MAYOR, KANSAS CITY, KS

For years, Kansas City, Kansas, was struggling. The economy was failing, businesses were closing and thousands were moving away. Then former mayor Carol Marinovich had a unique idea: use sports to revitalize the community.

With ﬁ nancing from Citi, empty ﬁ elds were transformed into a motor speedway, a shopping district, restaurants, homes and a premier professional soccer stadium. Now the city is booming, as more people come to Kansas City to live, work and play.

Citi has supported the region’s redevelopment since 1999, and will continue to be there for the next phase: a $65 million National Soccer Training and Development Center.

For 200 years, Citi’s mission has been to enable progress and help communities grow.

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