DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION Sacral works of goldsmiths in Warmia dominium from mid-14th until the end of 18th c. is the second exhibition after In gloriam et decorem. Old liturgical vestments and textiles from Warmia dominium” (1999), presenting and documenting the works of craftsmen, preserved for centuries in treasuries of churches in Warmia. This time it is the presentation of the noblest of crafts – goldsmithery – sacral goldsmithery as works of that craft only, with just a few exceptions, survived until our times representing exceptionally valuable, because the only available, material for studies on goldsmithery in Warmia dominium. This time it is the presentation of the noblest of crafts, goldsmithery. These examples of sacral goldsmithery have only just survived into our times and, as such, these pieces, all the more valuable for their rarity, represent extremely precious material for the study of goldsmithery in the Warmia dominium. Silver vessels carefully preserved for centuries in churches of Warmia are presented for the first time to the general public outside the sacral context – in the former castle of Warmia chapter in Olsztyn – the premises of the Museum of Warmia and Mazury. Some of those objects are not here for the first time. During 16th and 17th c., the castle of Olsztyn was the best-protected property of the chapter of Warmia. During wars or invasions the most previous objects, books and documents evacuated from Frombork cathedral were kept in that castle. The exhibition and the catalogue are linked to a region that is special with concern to the political and legal aspects – Warmia dominium – the territory in which the bishops, in parallel to the sacral power, also exercised the secular might, including legislative and judicial power. That region was the property of 2 the bishops and chapter of Warmia, providing the means of their support. This was the only diocese in Poland excluded from metropolitan jurisdiction and responsible directly to the Holy See – the Pope. Three names were used for designation of that area: the Dominium of Warmia, Warmia proper and Duchy of Bishops. For the first time the word „princeps” was used among the titles of the bishop of Warmia by Emperor Charles IV in 1357. Since mid-17th c. bishops of Warmia commonly used the title of dukes and Ignacy Krasicki holding the position during the years 1767 – 1795 was the last of them to use the title. Functioning and development of crafts in Warmia, including goldsmithery, depended on bishops and the chapter. The charter written by the guild seniors in consultation with masters was the basic document governing the internal system of each guild. In the area of Warmia in the domain of the bishop the bishop approved the statutes and charters, while the chapter approved them in its own domain. Only Braniewo, based on numerous privileges, had, as of 14th c the town statutes and guild charters approved by its town council. They were confirmed in 1722 by bishop Teodor Potocki and later again by bishop Adam Stanisław Grabowski. The privileges of Braniewo had their major source in its establishment according to the Lubeck law and including it into the union of hanseatic towns in 1361 as the only town of Warmia. Later the town also belonged to the Prussian Union and, after 1454, to the Prussian Council. Braniewo was among six so-called „great cities‟ of Royal Prussia, ranked the last among them after Gdańsk, Królewiec, Elbląg, Toruń and Chełmno. In addition to town charters and statutes, the issues related to principles of operation of guilds were governed by national ordinances issued by bishops and, during the earliest period, additionally, by the decisions of assemblies of Prussian states at which Braniewo represented the towns of Warmia. Braniewo was responsible for presenting those decisions to the bishop as those that must be observed in Warmia (Sztum, 03. 01. 1394). The above undoubtedly is 3 evidence of a lack of complete sovereignty of Warmia and its dependence from (on??) the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order. One of the acts concerning goldsmiths approved by the assembly of states in Malbork in 1395 and renewed in Elbląg in 1408, was at the same time presented to the bishop of Warmia: “Firstly, what goldsmiths make should be marked with a master‟s marks. In case of a different marking of the piece, such a piece should be confiscated from the craftsman and passed to the Church” (quote after Kolberg). The earliest source materials concerning goldsmiths working in Warmia (1346) refer to Braniewo. The material mentions that a goldsmith of unknown name settled there. During the second half of 14th c. there were already seven goldsmiths working in the area known by name. The position of Braniewo is confirmed by its inclusion in the group of towns (Gdańsk, Królewiec, Elbląg, Toruń and Chełmno) enjoying the privilege of melting and burning silver, granted during the assembly of Malbork in 1412. The oldest known charter of the guild of goldsmiths from Braniewo dates back to 1581. Joseph Kolberg, after analysis of archival sources concerning goldsmiths of Braniewo, assumes that an earlier charter must have existed dating back at least to late 1560s. It should be pointed out here that from the second half of 14th to the 16th c. Braniewo was second only to Gdańsk among Prussian towns with regards to the number of goldsmiths known by name and confirmed by source materials. While during 14th c. the differences in the number of known names were small, during the 15th and 16th c (the paramount time for that town) Braniewo was completely left behind by Gdańsk in that respect. The statutes of Bishop Maurycy Ferber enacted after the secularization of the Teutonic Order on September 22, 1526, were the most important collection of laws in Warmia. They also contained regulations applicable to goldsmiths including those “On measure and weight” referring to the resolution of the states assembly held in Elbląg in 1408. Also the decisions applicable to goldsmiths 4 approved during the assembly of Bartoszyce held in 1528 (including those on application of 14 x ½ ounce silver, that gold should not be subjected to sulphur treatment or painted with golden paint, but fire treated, that gold should not be treated by repoussè work but shaped in fire) were accepted for application in Warmia by envoys of Bishop Ferber. The provisions of 1528 were included, among others, in the town charter of Lidzbark Warmiński in the chapter “On Goldsmiths”. In smaller towns of Warmia, when the number of goldsmiths was lower than three, they were usually associated with the guild of blacksmiths. An example of this is the charter of blacksmiths from Orneta, article 4 of which contains the provision: “Anybody who practising his craft in this town, works using a hammer becomes a member of our guild, our companion and leads his spiritual life together with us. That can be a blacksmith of large objects, a blacksmith of small objects, a goldsmith, a smith working with copper, manufacturer of knives, armourer, bell-founder, maker of jugs, maker of saws, maker of belts, leather straps, maker of vessels, saddler, founder or glass maker” (quoted after Kolberg). The statutes of Ferber remained in force until 1766, when they were replaced by the act issued by Bishop Adam Stanisław Grabowski that, among other things, banned involvement of sons of peasants in activities of craftsmen, facilitating obtaining the diplomas of masters by journeymen, abolishing the custom of costly guild feasts and unified the system of remuneration across the entire Warmia. The separate status of Warmia resulted in a very strong position for the chapter of Warmia. Appointment for it was reserved for people with a higher university education (does this mean higher than a first degree?). The nature of artistic patronage in Warmia was a consequence of the role and importance of clergy. The history of arts in Warmia is mainly the history of projects implemented on the initiative of bishops and the chapter. That nature of 5 patronage, as well as the abovementioned specific elements typical for the dominium of Warmia, differentiated it in the European scale. A very high percentage of sacral goldsmithery works represents donations confirmed by inscriptions or coats of arms. Unfortunately, what we can marvel at nowadays is only a small percentage of what originally could be found in this territory. This applies in particular to very numerous and exceptionally rich donations by bishops known only from source materials and literature, which have been preserved in tiny fragments and do not reflect either the scale or the quality of those projects. They were lost not only as a result of war, theft or imposed contributions but also as a result of melting “old and unfashionable” altar vessels to produce new ones, which is confirmed not only in source materials but also in inscriptions on objects. On the monstrance from Nowe Kawkowo (Z-142-AW) of 1742 by Anton Krieger we find the following inscriptions: In the year 1742 it was remodelled from an old form used during ancient times into a better one, used in present times. ... (translated after translation from Latin by Rev. Bishop Prof. Dr. hab. Julian Wojtkowski). The actions taken by the chapter of Frombork during the years 1752 – 1756 for the purpose of making the altar set (6 candlesticks and a cross by J.G. Schlaubitz) for the new main altar donated by Bishop Adam Stanisław Grabowski for the cathedral church of Frombork, consecrated in 1751, were a spectacular example of such melting of old silverware and sale of precious stones that decorated the melted pieces. More than 91 pounds (around 42 kilograms!) of silver was obtained from objects and liturgical vessels melted at that time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Irena Makarczyk Bishop Mikołaj Szyszkowski's Report to the Holy
    Irena Makarczyk Bishop Mikołaj Szyszkowski’s Report to the Holy See about the State of the Warmia Diocese in 1640 Echa Przeszłości 12, 33-45 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Irena Makarczyk BISHOP MIKOŁAJ SZYSZKOWSKI ’S REPORT TO THE HOLY SEE ABOUT THE STATE OF THE WARMIA DIOCESE IN 1640 In 1585, Pope Sixtus V placed bishops under the obligation to regularly visit the tombs of the Apostles and give written reports on the state of their dioceses. Those reports constitute a highly valuable and authentic source for researchers investigating history of the Catholic church. The frequency of reporting duties was determined by the distance separating a given diocese from Rome. Polish bishops visited the Apostolic See (visitatio liminum) and reported on the state of their congregation (relatio status1) to the Roman Congregation every four years. Not all members of the clergy observed those duties promptly, but the surviving reports deliver a detailed account of dynamic changes taking place in the diocese over the centuries. The focus of this article is on the diocese of Warmia (Ermland). Similarly to other Polish congregations, Warmia’s bishops visited the Holy See every four years to give an account of the state of their dioceses. The reports submitted in the 17th and the 18th century according to the norms imposed by Pope Sixtus V have been discussed by Professor Alojzy Szorc2 . His ac­ counts indicate that the first written statement had been delivered by Bish­ op Piotr Tylicki in 1604, and more than 20 reports documenting the state of affairs in Warmia’s dioceses have survived to this date.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Research on the Life and Wide-Ranging Activity of Nicholas Copernicus **
    The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. nd Proceedings of the 2 ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) / Ed. by M. Kokowski. Marian Biskup * Polish research on the life and wide-ranging activity of Nicholas Copernicus ** FOR MANY YEARS NOW ATTENTION has been paid in the Polish science to the need to show the whole of life and activity of Nicholas Copernicus. It leads to the better understanding of his scientific workshop and the conditions he worked in. Therefore, first a detailed index of all the source documents was published in 1973, in Regesta Copernicana, in both Polish and English version. It included 520 the then known source documents, from the years 1448–1550, both printed as well as sourced from the Swedish, Italian, German and Polish archives and libraries.1 This publication allowed to show the full life of Copernicus and his wide interests and activities. It also made it possible to show his attitude towards the issues of public life in Royal Prussia — since 1454 an autonomous part of the Polish Kingdom — and in bishop’s Warmia, after releasing from the rule of the Teutonic Order. Nicholas Copernicus lived in Royal Prussia since his birth in 1473 and — excluding a few years devoted to studies abroad — he spent his entire life there, until his death in 1543. He was born in Toruń, a bilingual city (German and Polish) which, since 1454, was under the rule of the Polish king. There he adopted the lifestyle and customs of rich bourgeoisie, as well as its mentality, also the political one.
    [Show full text]
  • Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia After the Second World War
    Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia after the Second World War Echa Przeszłości 12, 189-200 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Witold Gieszczyński HUMAN MIGRATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER EAST PRUSSIA AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR Following the ratification of treaties to partition Poland dated 5 August 1772, the Royal Prussia with Warmia (Germ. Ermland), excluding Gdańsk and Toruń, and the Noteć District (Germ. Netzedistrikt) with Bydgoszcz were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia1. Under a decree of 31 January 1773, the kingdom of Frederic II was expanded to include “West Prussia” (Germ. Westpreussen) as well as an administrative unit referred to as the “East Prussia province” (Germ. Provinz Ostpreussen), comprising Warmia, a region in pre-partition Poland, and Royal Prussia, a fiefdom of the Crown of Poland in 1525-16572. Beginning with the unification of Germany in 1871, East Prussia became a part of the Reich. In 1829, both provinces were formally united into a single “province of Prussia”, but the former division into two provinces of “West Prussia” and “East Prussia” was restored already in 18783. After the World War I, in an attempt to resolve the Polish-Ger­ man dispute over the territories in Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle, the Trea­ ty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 ordered a poll in Prussia. On 11 July 1920, the majority of the local constituents chose to be a part of East 1 S. Salmonowicz, Prusy. Dzieje państwa i społeczeństwa, Warszawa 2004, p. 212; Ch. Clark, Prusy. Powstanie i upadek 1600-1947, Warszawa 2009, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Warmia and Masuria
    MISCELLANEA GEOGRAPHICA – RegIONal StuDIeS ON DeVelOpmeNt Vol. 21 • No. 2 • 2017 • pp. 73-78 • ISSN: 2084-6118 • DOI: 10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0023 Staying on the old development path, but ‘smartly’ – a case study of Warmia and Masuria Abstract Between 1989 and 2014, the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (one of Wojciech Dziemianowicz the poorest regions in the European Union) was subjected to a number of external stimuli. However, not only has its position in the ranking of provinces failed to improve – it has actually worsened. Despite this, positive adaptive changes have occurred in the region, although they are Department of Local Development and Policy, limited in scope. The attitude of peripheral regions towards external stimuli Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, can be quite reactive, as seen in the case of Warmia and Masuria. It can University of Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] be assumed that the province’s smart specialisations (water economics, high-quality food, and wood and furniture) will contribute to further quality in the economic structure of the region, but it will not necessarily improve its position in relation to other regions in Poland. Keywords Regional development • innovation • development path • smart specialisation Received: 29 January 2017 © University of Warsaw – Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Accepted: 26 May 2017 Introduction The Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship is located in north- per capita relative to the national average (Figure 1). In 1995, eastern Poland. It belongs to the so-called “eastern wall” created Warmia-Masuria’s share of the national GDP was 3.0%, but by by the five NUTS 2 territorial units – the poorest areas of the 2014 it had fallen to 2.7%.
    [Show full text]
  • ELBLĄG. Values, Potential, Benefits
    ELBLĄG. Values, potential, benefits Elbląg, a city of some 120,000 inhabitants, located in the northern part of Poland, is one of the oldest Polish cities that last year celebrated its 780th anniversary of foundation. Today's Elbląg is certainly a very interesting and modern city that is well worth visiting due to its many advantages: rich history, interesting tourist routes, proximity to many cultural attractions, excellent transport links and good conditions for investing and doing business. It is a rapidly developing city and a modern industrial, academic and cultural center. It is also a great place to live and a great base for tourists. Great transport route The city of Elbląg, situated on the crossings of land and water routes, is distinguished by its advantageous communication system. It is an important international transport hub on the East-West route, connecting part of the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad District) with Poland and Western Europe (route S22 connecting Berlin with Kaliningrad and further to Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland). The S7 expressway that connects cities such as: Gdańsk, Warsaw, Krakow and Budapest, also runs through Elbląg. In the region there are also two international airports: the Gdańsk-Rębiechowo airport about 60 km from Elbląg and about 100 km away - Olsztyn-Szymany airport. City open to the sea The maritime traditions of Elbląg reach into the farthest part of the city. Today, the reactivated port of Elbląg plays an important role in the city development. Elbląg is the only Seaport in the north-east of Poland, operating cargo, tourist and passenger shipping. The proximity of the ports in Gdańsk, Gdynia, Kaliningrad and the Scandinavian countries creates opportunities for comprehensive cooperation in the Baltic Sea region.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 2/2021
    NEWSLETTER 2/2021 EASTER IN WARMIA AND MASURIA BEFORE WORLD WAR II - ETNOGRAPHIC OUTLINE 2 THE SHORT HISTORY OF WARMIA AND MASURIA 4 1 EASTER IN WARMIA AND MASURIA BEFORE WORLD WAR II - ETNOGRAPHIC OUTLINE arch. Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Olsztynku Easter was connected with the awakening of nature and with undertaking certain household chores in a farmyard and a cottage. Everyone longed for good, fatty food. People in Warmia were very strict about the Lent period. Meat and dairy products weren`t eaten. The only fat allowed was oil, usually flaxseed. There was a strict fast on Wednesdays and Fridays and the only food allowed then was bread. At the end of the Lent people longed for meat. On Good Friday, boys would run around the village shaking wooden clappers as a sign of the mourning because of Christ's death. On Holy Saturday in Warmia, when the ceremony of blessing water and fire took place in church, the oldest wayside cross in the village was burnt. The charcoal from the burned cross was taken home and carefully stored, as it was commonly believed to cure illnesses, especially pains, which were treated with charcoal compresses. Before World War II people in Warmia didn`t know the idea of blessing the Easter basket. The custom was introduced after the war by settlers from Poland. Before World War II people in Warmia did not prepare any special dishes, 2 apart from colourful eggs. They were dyed yellow and various shades of brown in onion skins, maroon in beetroot skins and green in rye stalks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fortifications Trial
    he quiet depths of the lake gleaming in the sun, surrounded by a ring of green forests, best viewed from the deck of a yacht An invitation to… Tin full sail – this is how we usually con- – or an introduction to note Mazury. When leaves fall off the trees and one takes a closer look – grey, the publication concrete, black-yawning shooting sta- tions can be observed on the lake shores. How come this idyllic land hosts such sinister bunkers? We will definitely find the answer to this question while hiking along the Mazury Fortifications Trail. Not everyone knows that this colourful land of the Mazury lakes, forests and fields, among which numerous monuments of the past can be found, has an interesting, as well as complicated history. Testimony to the turbulent history of the region are the innumerable defensive structures, built from the time of the Middle Ages through to World War II. The magnificent scenery of hills and plains, cross-cut by ribbons of lakes and river valleys, next to the broad and large Śniardwy and Mamry lakes with marshes and wetlands hidden in the forest thicket. These are the natural defensive qualities of the Warmia and Mazury regions. The inhabitants and rulers of these lands have learned to use such gifts of nature, creating fortifications which were to protect their land against foreign invaders. Mazury and Warmia were parts of an area which has been an enclave surrounded by the territories of foreign states during almost the whole At the gates of the Hitler’s quarters, of its history.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Region of Warmia and Mazury
    1. Region of Warmia and Mazury The beauty of the region is the charming and picturesque greenery, more than 2000 lakes and a large area of forests. That’s why our region is called The land of thousand lakes (Inspired by tales of One Thousand and One Nights). The area of Warmia and Mazury are in fact two historic provinces, joined into one because of their location close to each other. They are located in northern Poland, near the border with Russia and east of the lower Vistula River. Region is a paradise for sailors, joined into several sailing routes, it offer excellent conditions not only for sailing, but also canoeing and other water sports. Once there, you can find historical signs dating back to the times of the Crusader Knights, Prussian rule and World War II. Links: o http://www.warmia.mazury.pl/index.php?lang=en o http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/warmia-and-masuria o http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/warmia/link.shtml o http://www.en.atrakcje.olsztyn.pl/ 1.1 History of region Warmia (Varmia) This historic region in the North of Poland was ceded to Poland from Prussia in 1466 by the Crusader Knights, later passed to Prussia in 1772, and reverted to Poland after the second World War. Through the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945 the victorious Allies divided East Prussia into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad (in Russia) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (in Poland). People was evacuated or fled the advancing Red Army in 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Glacier on the Evolution of Terrain in the Polish Region of Warmia and Masuria
    Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie Year XXII, no. 1/2012 (June), pp. 145 - 157 ISSN 1221-1273, E-ISSN 2065-3409 Article no. 221115-578 THE IMPACT OF THE GLACIER ON THE EVOLUTION OF TERRAIN IN THE POLISH REGION OF WARMIA AND MASURIA Piotr ZAWADZKI AWFiS, Department of Tourism and Recreation (DTAR) Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: In the article the author described the process of glaciation and its effects, which has an impact on formation of the terrain of Poland and in particular of Warmian-Mazurian region. In the article the author presented the processes of creation and shaping of glaciers, their types and particular features of terrain, which appeared as an effect of the glaciers' activity. The analysis of the Warmian-Masurian region was overtaken from the perspective of the appearance of the effects of glaciers activity in the area, mainly the changes in terrain, climate and vegetation. The author also evaluated the tourist and recreational attractiveness of the area, he presented its great natural richness and assessed its uniqueness in comparison with the rest of Poland and Europe. Also other characteristic of Warmia and Masuria were presented in the article. Key words: Poland, Warmian-Mazurian region, process of glaciation and its effects * * * * * * The process of glaciation and movement of the glacier in Europe and thus in Poland thousands of years ago had a fundamental impact on shaping the surface of the territory where it's wandering took place. The most interesting shapes of the ground lateral and terminal moraine the glacier left behind in the north-eastern Poland, mainly in the area of today's Warmian-Mazurian Voivodeship.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovered Territories', 1945-1956
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title The Sovietisation of Poland's Baltic 'Recovered Territories', 1945-1956. Author(s) McNamara, Paul Martin Publication Date 2013-09-05 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/3972 Downloaded 2021-09-25T05:32:58Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. The Sovietisation of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, 1945-1956 Paul Martin McNamara Ph.D. Dissertation 2013 1 The Sovietisation of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, 1945-1956 Paul Martin McNamara Ph.D. Dissertation Department of History, National University of Ireland, Galway September 2013 Chair of History: Prof. Steven Ellis Director of Graduate Studies in History: Dr. Alison Forrestal Research Supervisor: Dr. Róisín Healy 2 Table of Contents Page Map of Poland’s Post-war Border Changes ................................................ 7 Map of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, Border Changes and Administrative Boundaries ................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 Chapter One – 1945 1.1 Allied Discussions regarding Poland’s Post-war Borders ..................... 30 1.2 The First Wave of Polish Settlement and ‘Degermanisation’ – February-July 1945 ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • M Iscellanea
    M ISCELLANEA Jerzy Przeracki THE WARMIAN PRINCE-BISHOP PAUL LEGENDORF (CA. 1410–1467). BETWEEN THE TEUTONIC ORDER AND POLAND Słowa kluczowe: Warmia, biskupstwo warmińskie, zakon krzyżacki, wojny Polski z Krzyżakami Schlüsselwörter: Ermland, Fürstbistum Ermland, Deutsche Orden, Polnisch-teutonische Kriege Keywords: Warmia, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Teutonic Order, Polish-Teutonic wars The behaviour of an individual is frequently determined by events over which that individual has limited power, with resulting choices appearing as con- troversial, especially if assessed after centuries. Paul Legendorf is an example of such an individual – his life and activities were conditioned by the difficult neigh- bourly relations with the Teutonic State in Prussia and the Polish Crown. The situ- ation of the son of the Chełmno Land, which was governed by the Teutonic Order when Paul Legendorf came to this world at the beginning of the 15th century, became much more complex in the middle of that century after a repudiation of allegiance followed by a declaration of war against the Order stated by Chełmno Land’s inhabitants. The position of Paul Legendorf became even more uncomfort- able when in the course of the Thirteen Years‘ War between the Teutonic State and the Polish Crown (1454–1466), more specifically in autumn 1458, he was appointed by the Pope to the position of a Warmian diocese administrator (curiously enough, he ineffectively tried to seize a position at his domestic Chełmno diocese). Ever since he came to Warmia in the summer of 1460 until the end of the Thirteen Years‘ War in autumn 1466, he was forced to maintain the balance between the conflicted parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical (Dis)Continuity in the Identity of the Young Generation of Warmia and Mazury
    Master of Arts in Euroculture Thesis Historical (Dis)Continuity in the Identity of the Young Generation of Warmia and Mazury By Marek Mikunda Supervisors: prof. dr hab. Czesław Porębski Jagiellonian University (Home) PhDr. Daniel Topinka, Ph.D. Palacký University (Host) Submitted 30 April 2010 MA Programme Euroculture Declaration I, Marek Mikunda, hereby declare that this thesis, entitled “Historical (Dis)Continuity in the Identity of the Young Generation of Warmia and Mazury,” submitted as partial requirement for the MA Programme Euroculture, is my own original work and expressed in my own words. Any use made within it of works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) are properly acknowledged in the text as well as in the List of References. I hereby also acknowledge that I was informed about the regulations pertaining to the assessment of the MA thesis Euroculture and about the general completion rules for the Master of Arts Programme Euroculture. Signed ………………………………………………………….... Date …………………………………………………………… 2 Table of Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................5 The study....................................................................................................................7 Theories and definitions............................................................................................8 Overview of chapters.................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]