A Case Study of Warmia and Masuria

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Case Study of Warmia and Masuria MISCELLANEA GEOGRAPHICA – RegIONal StuDIeS ON DeVelOpmeNt Vol. 21 • No. 2 • 2017 • pp. 73-78 • ISSN: 2084-6118 • DOI: 10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0023 Staying on the old development path, but ‘smartly’ – a case study of Warmia and Masuria Abstract Between 1989 and 2014, the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (one of Wojciech Dziemianowicz the poorest regions in the European Union) was subjected to a number of external stimuli. However, not only has its position in the ranking of provinces failed to improve – it has actually worsened. Despite this, positive adaptive changes have occurred in the region, although they are Department of Local Development and Policy, limited in scope. The attitude of peripheral regions towards external stimuli Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, can be quite reactive, as seen in the case of Warmia and Masuria. It can University of Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] be assumed that the province’s smart specialisations (water economics, high-quality food, and wood and furniture) will contribute to further quality in the economic structure of the region, but it will not necessarily improve its position in relation to other regions in Poland. Keywords Regional development • innovation • development path • smart specialisation Received: 29 January 2017 © University of Warsaw – Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Accepted: 26 May 2017 Introduction The Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship is located in north- per capita relative to the national average (Figure 1). In 1995, eastern Poland. It belongs to the so-called “eastern wall” created Warmia-Masuria’s share of the national GDP was 3.0%, but by by the five NUTS 2 territorial units – the poorest areas of the 2014 it had fallen to 2.7%. The region occupies a fairly stable European Union (most of which are located at the outer borders position, both in terms of global GDP (12th place in the country), of the EU). and GDP per capita (currently in 14th place, although in previous The aim of this article is to answer the question as to whether years it has been as high as 12th). important events over the last 25 years may have affected the It should be noted that, despite its weak position, Warmian- region, and whether changes can be observed that fit into the Masurian province has been experiencing continuous GDP per concept of path-dependent development, and if this is so, how. capita growth, even during and after the economic crisis that hit The article is based on a literature review (including regional many European regions. strategic plans) and statistical analyses, but primarily on nine Based on the above data alone, it can be argued that the in-depth interviews conducted with representatives of the region competitive position of the region has not changed, and using the who are involved in development processes both at the regional measure of GDP per capita (which is coming under increasingly and local level.1 One of the important sources of knowledge that fierce criticism; see, for example,Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi 2013), it can enabled the assessment of changes taking place in the region be concluded that the development path is probably the same. was the author’s own experience as a co-creator of the next three development strategies for the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The region’s development path and the possibility for During the period 1995–2014 (available comparable data), change Warmia-Masuria was characterized by a continuous increase in Each region can be described in terms of its internal resources, GDP per capita (at current prices) but a decline in value of GDP the processes occurring within the region, and its relationship to its surroundings, as well as the effects that result from these 1 Those with whom in-depth interviews were conducted included representatives of processes. The concept of path-dependent development (well three technology parks from the three main cities of the region, one university, one developed in recent years, see Arthur 1989; Domański 2000; Gwosdz research institute, and local and regional authorities. The structured interview scenario 2004; Martin 2011; Henning, Stam and Wenting 2013; Boschma 2015; Szmigiel- included five key questions concerning: (a) the main factors that have determined the Rawska 2015) focuses on four key concepts: region’s development over the last 15 years; (B) the importance of infrastructure and human capital; (C) the importance of networking and learning; (D) the assessment of – A region’s development path is simply a set of the smart specialization in the region; and (E) the major factors limiting the development of characteristics of the region and the processes that lead to its the region. The author is aware of the limitations of using this method, but information development. The literature highlights a variety of features, derived from this source has been compared to statistical data and analysis of existing which – with reference to the pioneering publication by Arthur materials (mainly regional strategies). 73 MISCELLANEA GEOGRAPHICA – RegIONal StuDIeS ON DeVelOpmeNt Vol. 21 • No. 2 • 2017 • pp. 73-78 • ISSN: 2084-6118 • DOI: 10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0023 35 000 82,0 30 000 80,0 78,0 25 000 76,0 20 000 74,0 15 000 72,0 10 000 70,0 5 000 68,0 0 66,0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PKB pc (PLN) PKB pc PL = 100 Figure 1. GDP per capita for the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, PLN (left axis), Poland = 100 (right axis) Source: ownSource: elaboration own elaboration based basedon Central on Central Statistical Statistical Office Office (GUS) (GUS) data data (www (www.stat.gov.pl.stat.gov.pl) ) It should be noted that, despite its weak position, Warmian-Masurian province has been (1989) – are often considered through the prism of technology. – Resilience – meaning the ability to accept and respond Thoseexperiencing mentioned include, continuous natural resources,GDP per the capita presence growth, evento external during stimuli. and afterIn the the context economic of economic crisis shock, of companies (both co-operators and competitors, but global Martin (2012) suggests four possible reactions by regions: firmsthat are hit also many very important European (Andrews, regions. Criscuolo and Gal 2015)), “renovation”, “resistance”, “re-orientation” and “recovery”. and institutions – those from the business environment, Regional resilience can be perceived in an evolutionary as well as public institutions (Pylak 2015). Referring to the manner, thus taking into account the adaptation to the new QuadrupleBased onHelix the concept above datainvolving alone, business, it can bescience, argued that conditionsthe competitive of development position (Boschma of the 2015 region). has administrationnot changed, and regionaland using communities the measure (Leydesdorff of GDP2012), per capita (which is coming under increasingly the importance of the quality of the institutions active in the Within the context of these key issues, it is important to regionfierce (Putnam criticism 1993) should; see, befor underlined example, as Stiglitz, well as their Sen andask Fitoussiwhether intelligent2013), it specializationscan be concluded could becomethat the a factor proactive attitude towards addressing regional problems in changing the development path of peripheral regions. The suchdevelopment as public-private path partnerships is probably (Asheim, the same.Moodysson and concept of intelligent specialization assumes an increase in Tödtling 2011). The role of government policies and actions is the competitiveness of companies based on innovation. This also emphasized in the context of innovation opportunities, requires a close and valuable relationship between business and especiallyThe region’s in the early development stages of research path and and development the possibility science, for in changeparticular research and development centers (Foray characterized by high risk (Mazzucato 2016). 2015). In this process, active national and regional policies may – Path-dependenceEach region can– this be phenomenon described inhas terms mostly of beenits internal play an resources, important role, the andprocesses therefore occurringall EU regions within and countries perceived as negative and is associated with blocking a have identified their smart specializations in order to better spend regionthe in region its path, (anArthurd its 1989; relationship Sydow et al. 2012 to). itsMore surroundings recently, public, as fundswell onas increasingthe effects the thatcompetitiveness result from of regions.these attention has been drawn to the fact that this “blocking” canprocesses. also be positive The (forconcept example, of inpath the- dependentdevelopment developmentof The Warmian-Masurian (well develo Voivodeshipped in recent – a peripheralyears, see region new innovative sectors). Analyzes over long time periods The Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship can be characterized as showArthur the changes 1989; that Domański occur in regions 2000; in Gwosdz terms of their2004; follows:Martin 2011; Henning, Stam and Wenting productivity improvement (Le Gallo and Kamarianakis 2011).2 – Poor. In 2014, the GDP of the province for PPS was 48% Path-dependence2013; Boschma is always 2015 ; theSzmigiel result -ofRawska the historical 2015 ) focusofes theon EU’sfour average,key concepts: and during the period 2008–2014 it processes that formed the specific institutional capacity increased by only eight percentage points. of the region, A which in turn enables,
Recommended publications
  • Irena Makarczyk Bishop Mikołaj Szyszkowski's Report to the Holy
    Irena Makarczyk Bishop Mikołaj Szyszkowski’s Report to the Holy See about the State of the Warmia Diocese in 1640 Echa Przeszłości 12, 33-45 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Irena Makarczyk BISHOP MIKOŁAJ SZYSZKOWSKI ’S REPORT TO THE HOLY SEE ABOUT THE STATE OF THE WARMIA DIOCESE IN 1640 In 1585, Pope Sixtus V placed bishops under the obligation to regularly visit the tombs of the Apostles and give written reports on the state of their dioceses. Those reports constitute a highly valuable and authentic source for researchers investigating history of the Catholic church. The frequency of reporting duties was determined by the distance separating a given diocese from Rome. Polish bishops visited the Apostolic See (visitatio liminum) and reported on the state of their congregation (relatio status1) to the Roman Congregation every four years. Not all members of the clergy observed those duties promptly, but the surviving reports deliver a detailed account of dynamic changes taking place in the diocese over the centuries. The focus of this article is on the diocese of Warmia (Ermland). Similarly to other Polish congregations, Warmia’s bishops visited the Holy See every four years to give an account of the state of their dioceses. The reports submitted in the 17th and the 18th century according to the norms imposed by Pope Sixtus V have been discussed by Professor Alojzy Szorc2 . His ac­ counts indicate that the first written statement had been delivered by Bish­ op Piotr Tylicki in 1604, and more than 20 reports documenting the state of affairs in Warmia’s dioceses have survived to this date.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Research on the Life and Wide-Ranging Activity of Nicholas Copernicus **
    The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. nd Proceedings of the 2 ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) / Ed. by M. Kokowski. Marian Biskup * Polish research on the life and wide-ranging activity of Nicholas Copernicus ** FOR MANY YEARS NOW ATTENTION has been paid in the Polish science to the need to show the whole of life and activity of Nicholas Copernicus. It leads to the better understanding of his scientific workshop and the conditions he worked in. Therefore, first a detailed index of all the source documents was published in 1973, in Regesta Copernicana, in both Polish and English version. It included 520 the then known source documents, from the years 1448–1550, both printed as well as sourced from the Swedish, Italian, German and Polish archives and libraries.1 This publication allowed to show the full life of Copernicus and his wide interests and activities. It also made it possible to show his attitude towards the issues of public life in Royal Prussia — since 1454 an autonomous part of the Polish Kingdom — and in bishop’s Warmia, after releasing from the rule of the Teutonic Order. Nicholas Copernicus lived in Royal Prussia since his birth in 1473 and — excluding a few years devoted to studies abroad — he spent his entire life there, until his death in 1543. He was born in Toruń, a bilingual city (German and Polish) which, since 1454, was under the rule of the Polish king. There he adopted the lifestyle and customs of rich bourgeoisie, as well as its mentality, also the political one.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grunwald Trail
    n the Grunwald fi elds thousands of soldiers stand opposite each other. Hidden below the protec- tive shield of their armour, under AN INVITATION Obanners waving in the wind, they hold for an excursion along long lances. Horses impatiently tear their bridles and rattle their hooves. Soon the the Grunwald Trail iron regiments will pounce at each other, to clash in a deadly battle And so it hap- pens every year, at the same site knights from almost the whole of Europe meet, reconstructing events which happened over six hundred years ago. It is here, on the fi elds between Grunwald, Stębark and Łodwigowo, where one of the biggest battles of Medieval Europe took place on July . The Polish and Lithuanian- Russian army, led by king Władysław Jagiełło, crushed the forces of the Teutonic Knights. On the battlefi eld, knights of the order were killed, together with their chief – the great Master Ulrich von Jungingen. The Battle of Grunwald, a triumph of Polish and Lithuanian weapons, had become the symbol of power of the common monarchy. When fortune abandoned Poland and the country was torn apart by the invaders, reminiscence of the battle became the inspiration for generations remembering the past glory and the fi ght for national independence. Even now this date is known to almost every Pole, and the annual re- enactment of the battle enjoys great popularity and attracts thousands of spectators. In Stębark not only the museum and the battlefi eld are worth visiting but it is also worthwhile heading towards other places related to the great battle with the Teutonic Knights order.
    [Show full text]
  • Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia After the Second World War
    Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia after the Second World War Echa Przeszłości 12, 189-200 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Witold Gieszczyński HUMAN MIGRATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER EAST PRUSSIA AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR Following the ratification of treaties to partition Poland dated 5 August 1772, the Royal Prussia with Warmia (Germ. Ermland), excluding Gdańsk and Toruń, and the Noteć District (Germ. Netzedistrikt) with Bydgoszcz were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia1. Under a decree of 31 January 1773, the kingdom of Frederic II was expanded to include “West Prussia” (Germ. Westpreussen) as well as an administrative unit referred to as the “East Prussia province” (Germ. Provinz Ostpreussen), comprising Warmia, a region in pre-partition Poland, and Royal Prussia, a fiefdom of the Crown of Poland in 1525-16572. Beginning with the unification of Germany in 1871, East Prussia became a part of the Reich. In 1829, both provinces were formally united into a single “province of Prussia”, but the former division into two provinces of “West Prussia” and “East Prussia” was restored already in 18783. After the World War I, in an attempt to resolve the Polish-Ger­ man dispute over the territories in Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle, the Trea­ ty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 ordered a poll in Prussia. On 11 July 1920, the majority of the local constituents chose to be a part of East 1 S. Salmonowicz, Prusy. Dzieje państwa i społeczeństwa, Warszawa 2004, p. 212; Ch. Clark, Prusy. Powstanie i upadek 1600-1947, Warszawa 2009, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Ost- U. Westpreußen Resources (Including Danzig) at the IGS Library
    Ost- u. WestPreußen Resources (including Danzig) at the IGS Library Introduction to East & West Prussia and Danzig The Map Guide to German Parish Registers series has five volumes devoted to this region, #44 through #48. The first two cover West Prussia, with #44 devoted to the Regierungsbezirk Danzig and #45 the RB Marienwerder. The last three are for East Prussia, and deal with RB Allenstein, RB Königsberg and RB Gumbinnen, respectively. A note from Mark F. Rabideau on OW-Preussen-L for 1 June 2015: As for the broader situation regarding Pommern records, I would guess there is a about a 80-90% record loss due to WW2 It is truly bleak. Westpreussen fared somewhat better; the record loss there is more on the order of ~40% across that former region. The bottom line is that the LDS records are most likely your best record source (currently). It may be that archion will eventually provide (in the future) some currently unavailable records (but that is hard to know for certain). See: http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Archion Region-wide Resources Online Research in former (pre-1945) German lands — http://www.heimat-der-vorfahren.de [O/W] Prussian Antiquarian Society (German) — http://www.prussia-gesellschaft.de Society: Verein für Familienforschung in O/WPr. — http://www.vffow.de/default.htm [To enter the online databases, Login Name = “Gast” & Passwort = “vffow”.] (former) East German Gen. Assoc. (German) — http://www.agoff.de German-Baltic Gen. Soc. (German) — http://www.dbgg.de/index.htm Researching Germans in today’s Poland — http://www.unsere-ahnen.de Forum on former areas — http://forum.ahnenforschung.net/archive/index.php/f-43.html Forum topics organized by Kreis — http://www.deutscheahnen.de/forum/ Placename listings — http://www.schuka.net/FamFo/HG/orte_a.htm http://www.schuka.net/FamFo/HG/Aemter-OWP.htm Placenames, translations from German to present-day Polish — https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_deutscher_Bezeichnungen_polnischer_Orte Family names — http://forum.naanoo.com/freeboard/board/index.php?userid=21893 Scots in E.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of American Studies, 13-3 | 2018 Dances with Westerns in Poland’S Borderlands 2
    European journal of American studies 13-3 | 2018 Special Issue: America to Poland: Cultural Transfers and Adaptations Dances with Westerns in Poland’s Borderlands Piotr Skurowski Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/13595 DOI: 10.4000/ejas.13595 ISSN: 1991-9336 Publisher European Association for American Studies Electronic reference Piotr Skurowski, “Dances with Westerns in Poland’s Borderlands ”, European journal of American studies [Online], 13-3 | 2018, Online since 07 January 2019, connection on 08 July 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/ejas/13595 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.13595 This text was automatically generated on 8 July 2021. Creative Commons License Dances with Westerns in Poland’s Borderlands 1 Dances with Westerns in Poland’s Borderlands Piotr Skurowski 1 Parallel to other European countries, the American West has always stirred a great fascination in the Polish public. An important part of the Polish context which seems responsible for that fascination was the role played in Polish history by the eastern borderlands (Kresy) whose place in the Polish imaginary seems to parallel, in some important aspects, the mythmaking role played by the Wild West in America. The mythic appeal of the Kresy owes a lot to one of the key Polish mythmakers, the novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz whose famous Trilogy strongly defined the Polish imaginary concerning the history of the Kresy for generations to come. In Sienkiewicz’s mythic vision, the Ukrainian steppes constituted a scenic backdrop for a heroic struggle of the righteous and chivalric Poles against the invasions of barbarian hordes from the East, including the Cossacks, Turks and Tartars.
    [Show full text]
  • ELBLĄG. Values, Potential, Benefits
    ELBLĄG. Values, potential, benefits Elbląg, a city of some 120,000 inhabitants, located in the northern part of Poland, is one of the oldest Polish cities that last year celebrated its 780th anniversary of foundation. Today's Elbląg is certainly a very interesting and modern city that is well worth visiting due to its many advantages: rich history, interesting tourist routes, proximity to many cultural attractions, excellent transport links and good conditions for investing and doing business. It is a rapidly developing city and a modern industrial, academic and cultural center. It is also a great place to live and a great base for tourists. Great transport route The city of Elbląg, situated on the crossings of land and water routes, is distinguished by its advantageous communication system. It is an important international transport hub on the East-West route, connecting part of the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad District) with Poland and Western Europe (route S22 connecting Berlin with Kaliningrad and further to Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland). The S7 expressway that connects cities such as: Gdańsk, Warsaw, Krakow and Budapest, also runs through Elbląg. In the region there are also two international airports: the Gdańsk-Rębiechowo airport about 60 km from Elbląg and about 100 km away - Olsztyn-Szymany airport. City open to the sea The maritime traditions of Elbląg reach into the farthest part of the city. Today, the reactivated port of Elbląg plays an important role in the city development. Elbląg is the only Seaport in the north-east of Poland, operating cargo, tourist and passenger shipping. The proximity of the ports in Gdańsk, Gdynia, Kaliningrad and the Scandinavian countries creates opportunities for comprehensive cooperation in the Baltic Sea region.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 2/2021
    NEWSLETTER 2/2021 EASTER IN WARMIA AND MASURIA BEFORE WORLD WAR II - ETNOGRAPHIC OUTLINE 2 THE SHORT HISTORY OF WARMIA AND MASURIA 4 1 EASTER IN WARMIA AND MASURIA BEFORE WORLD WAR II - ETNOGRAPHIC OUTLINE arch. Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Olsztynku Easter was connected with the awakening of nature and with undertaking certain household chores in a farmyard and a cottage. Everyone longed for good, fatty food. People in Warmia were very strict about the Lent period. Meat and dairy products weren`t eaten. The only fat allowed was oil, usually flaxseed. There was a strict fast on Wednesdays and Fridays and the only food allowed then was bread. At the end of the Lent people longed for meat. On Good Friday, boys would run around the village shaking wooden clappers as a sign of the mourning because of Christ's death. On Holy Saturday in Warmia, when the ceremony of blessing water and fire took place in church, the oldest wayside cross in the village was burnt. The charcoal from the burned cross was taken home and carefully stored, as it was commonly believed to cure illnesses, especially pains, which were treated with charcoal compresses. Before World War II people in Warmia didn`t know the idea of blessing the Easter basket. The custom was introduced after the war by settlers from Poland. Before World War II people in Warmia did not prepare any special dishes, 2 apart from colourful eggs. They were dyed yellow and various shades of brown in onion skins, maroon in beetroot skins and green in rye stalks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fortifications Trial
    he quiet depths of the lake gleaming in the sun, surrounded by a ring of green forests, best viewed from the deck of a yacht An invitation to… Tin full sail – this is how we usually con- – or an introduction to note Mazury. When leaves fall off the trees and one takes a closer look – grey, the publication concrete, black-yawning shooting sta- tions can be observed on the lake shores. How come this idyllic land hosts such sinister bunkers? We will definitely find the answer to this question while hiking along the Mazury Fortifications Trail. Not everyone knows that this colourful land of the Mazury lakes, forests and fields, among which numerous monuments of the past can be found, has an interesting, as well as complicated history. Testimony to the turbulent history of the region are the innumerable defensive structures, built from the time of the Middle Ages through to World War II. The magnificent scenery of hills and plains, cross-cut by ribbons of lakes and river valleys, next to the broad and large Śniardwy and Mamry lakes with marshes and wetlands hidden in the forest thicket. These are the natural defensive qualities of the Warmia and Mazury regions. The inhabitants and rulers of these lands have learned to use such gifts of nature, creating fortifications which were to protect their land against foreign invaders. Mazury and Warmia were parts of an area which has been an enclave surrounded by the territories of foreign states during almost the whole At the gates of the Hitler’s quarters, of its history.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Tourism Development in Areas of High Natural Value
    RURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS OF HIGH NATURAL VALUE Monika Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska1, Stefania Środa-Murawska2, Adam Senetra1 1University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland 2Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Development of tourism, understood as the result of human activity aimed at adapting space to the needs of tourism, requires a variety of specific spatial determinants recognized from the viewpoint of multi-dimensionality of tourist space. One of the major determinants of tourism intensity in an area are landscape values, including natural values. Natural elements of the environment (including the terrain, water reservoirs, natural forms of land cover), sustainable landscape, or the unique cultural objects are the basis for long-term development of tourist activities. These values are characteristic of the so-called naturally valuable areas, including areas under the national and international law of different forms of nature protection. The paper aims at examining the relationship between the existing natural determinants affecting the development of tourism and the intensity of tourist movement as well as tourism intensity and the level of development of tourist facilities in the gminas of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. The overall objective will be implemented in three stages. The first one will be to identify the existing natural determinants for the development of tourism in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship. The second phase will consist of an examination of the intensity of tourist movement and the level of the development of tourism by designating Schneider’s, Baretje’s and Defert’s indicators and the share of recreational areas.
    [Show full text]
  • G. Blažienė (Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, Lithuania)
    DOI: 10.30842/ielcp230690152504 G. Blažienė (Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, Lithuania) BALTIC ONYMS IN TIME AND SPACE Г. Блажене (Институт литовского языка, Вилнюс, Литва) Балтийские онимы во времени и пространстве Зарождение балтийских онимов во времени и пространстве приходится на II век, когда Птолемей (Geogr. 3,5,9) поместил на территории Aestiorum gentes Тацита два балтийских или прусских племени Γαλίνδαι καὶ Σουδινοί. Так было начато сопровождаемое догадками, обсуждениями, гипотезами и подтвержденное неоспори- мыми фактами великое движение галиндов не только на территории балтов, но и в Европе. Было высказано мнение, что имя галиндов упоминается в III в. на монете римского императора Волузиана. Об этом дискутировали выдающиеся нумизматы прошлого, а также на эту тему высказывались языковеды и специалисты по истории балтов. В статье подчеркивается, что ономасты фактически не могут иссле- довать и публиковать новые материалы без учета исследований историков и археологов, а также глубокого изучения исторических источников, подкрепленного современным более обширным понима- нием вопроса. Это также относится к историкам и археологам, из поля зрения которых часто ускользают выводы исследователей лексики. Исследования этнонима и хоронима «галиндский» междисципли- нарны. Название Terra упоминается в латыноязычных источниках, т.е. в документах Тевтонского ордена и хрониках — 1231 Terre Pruzie…. Galindo (MHW I 1), 1254 Terram nomine Galando (CDP I 93f.), 1255 ...super terris Polexia et Golenz... (CDP I 98f.), 1267 Nom. Terra ...Galendia (MHW I 30). В XIV в. это имя фигурирует в знаменитой «Хронике земли Прусской» 1326 Terra Prussie in xı partes dividitur. ...Decima Galindia, in qua Galindite. (SRP I 51). В редко упоминаемой, но весьма важной для исследователей балтийского словника Хронике Иоганна Пластвига 1464 г.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Region of Warmia and Mazury
    1. Region of Warmia and Mazury The beauty of the region is the charming and picturesque greenery, more than 2000 lakes and a large area of forests. That’s why our region is called The land of thousand lakes (Inspired by tales of One Thousand and One Nights). The area of Warmia and Mazury are in fact two historic provinces, joined into one because of their location close to each other. They are located in northern Poland, near the border with Russia and east of the lower Vistula River. Region is a paradise for sailors, joined into several sailing routes, it offer excellent conditions not only for sailing, but also canoeing and other water sports. Once there, you can find historical signs dating back to the times of the Crusader Knights, Prussian rule and World War II. Links: o http://www.warmia.mazury.pl/index.php?lang=en o http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/warmia-and-masuria o http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/warmia/link.shtml o http://www.en.atrakcje.olsztyn.pl/ 1.1 History of region Warmia (Varmia) This historic region in the North of Poland was ceded to Poland from Prussia in 1466 by the Crusader Knights, later passed to Prussia in 1772, and reverted to Poland after the second World War. Through the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945 the victorious Allies divided East Prussia into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad (in Russia) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (in Poland). People was evacuated or fled the advancing Red Army in 1945.
    [Show full text]