Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 43556 December 2010 Georgia: Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy and Regulatory Framework for Georgia (Financed by ADB’s Technical Assistance Special Fund) Final Report Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy Prepared by Egis Bceom International In Association With: GeoHydro Services For the Asian Development Bank This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. Asian Development Bank Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia PATA 7492-GEO Final Report Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy December 2010 The Stonemason’s Craft Batania Monastery c. 12th c CE In association with: GeoHydro Services Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy Quality Information of the Document General Information Author(s) EGIS PATA Team Title of project Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Title of document Output 2 - Social & Gender Development Strategy Date December 2010 Reference ADB PATA 7492-GEO Recipients Sent to : Name Institution Sent on: Vijay Padmanabhan Asian Development Bank Copy to : Name Institution Sent on: Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructures United Water Supply Company of Georgia Georgian National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission History of Modifications Version Date Made by Checked by: Final Control of Document Date Name Signature Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy Abbreviations and Acronyms AMP Asset Management Practices CBO(s) Community Based Organization(s) CCC(s) Citizens Consultative Committee(s) EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EGM Effective Gender Mainstreaming EMA Enterprise Management Agency Eur Euro FGD Focus Group Discussions FHH Female Headed Households FP Family Planning GEL Lari (Georgian Currency) GDP Gross Domestic Product GNEWSRC Georgian National Energy & Water Supply Regulatory Commission GoG Government of Georgia (Central) Government (with first letter capitalized) means Central Government HIV Human Immune-Suppressive Virus HOH Head of Household HR(M) Human Resource (Management) IDA International Development Agency IDP Internally Displaced Person IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards JSC Joint Stock Company JSCom Joint Service Committee Lari Georgian Lari – the National Currency LLC Limited Liability Company LLSGG Law on Local Self-Governance and Governance LoS Level(s) of Service M&E Mechanical and Electrical MCH Maternal & Child Health MDF Municipal Development Fund MFF-IP Multi-Tranche Financing Facility Loan and Investment Programme MoEcon Ministry of Economic Development Page i Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy MoEnv Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources Protection MoRDI Ministry of Regional Development & Infrastructure NGO(s) Non-Governmental Organization(s) O&M Operation and Management Opex Operating expenditures PA Public Awareness PIP Priority Investment Plan(s) PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PR Public Relations PSA Public Service Agreement PSP Private Sector Participation RH Reproductive health WRWC West Region Water Company SC Service Centre SEMA State Enterprise Management Agency SCWSE State Commission for Water Supply & Energy SME Small and Medium sized Enterprises SPSS Statistical Program for Social Science SPRSS Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy SWMS Social Welfare Monitoring Survey ToR Terms of Reference ToT Training of Trainers UGWP United Georgia Without Poverty UWSCG United Water Supply Company of Georgia UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation WRB Water Regulatory Board WSRDA Water Services Regional Development Agency, now redundant WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WtP Willingness to Pay Water Companies Short for: Water and Wastewater Companies (WSS Companies) Water Services Short for: Water and Wastewater Services WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works Page ii Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy Table of Contents Output 2 - Social & Gender Development Strategy ...................................................... 1 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2.0.1 Current Socio-Economic Conditions at National Level.................................. 1 2.0.2 Poverty Definitions and Measurements ........................................................ 2 2.0.3 Other Poverty Measurements....................................................................... 4 2.0.4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) ........................................................ 4 2.1 Government Institutions and Policies .................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Poverty Reduction Plans .............................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Social Protection .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Health Insurance .......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gender Profile ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 Gender and Labor ........................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Education ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Health ........................................................................................................ 10 2.2.4 Women’s Participation................................................................................ 10 2.2.5 Gender-Related Institutional Arrangements ................................................ 11 2.3 Socio-Economic Profile of Urban Households in Secondary Towns ............... 11 2.3.1 Household Structure .................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Urban Living Conditions ............................................................................. 12 2.3.3 Occupation, Income and Expenditure ......................................................... 12 2.3.4 Ethnic Minorities ......................................................................................... 13 2.3.5 Internally Displaced Persons ...................................................................... 14 2.4 Water Supply and Sanitation in Secondary Towns ........................................... 14 2.4.1 Access to Drinking Water Supply in Secondary Towns .............................. 14 2.4.2 Water Supply Coping Strategies ................................................................ 15 2.4.3 Water Costs ............................................................................................... 15 2.4.4 Improvement Required ............................................................................... 16 2.4.5 Economic Costs and Lost Opportunities ..................................................... 16 2.4.6 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Water Services ........................................ 17 2.4.7 Current Sanitation Conditions in Secondary Towns .................................... 17 2.4.8 Health Impacts and Costs .......................................................................... 18 2.4.9 Public Awareness of Good Hygiene and Sanitation Practice ...................... 18 2.4.10 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Sanitation ................................................ 19 2.4.11 Affordability and WTP................................................................................. 19 Page iii Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy 2.5 Social and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Urban WSS ................................... 22 2.5.1 Economic Access to WSS .......................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Physical Access to WSS ............................................................................ 24 2.5.3 Improvement of Water-Related Education and Health ................................ 24 2.5.4 Employment and Income Generating Activities .......................................... 24 2.5.5 Governance ............................................................................................... 25 2.5.6 Participation ............................................................................................... 25 2.5.7 Data and Monitoring ................................................................................... 25 2.6 Gender Action Plan for the Urban