Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 43556 December 2010

Georgia: Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy and Regulatory Framework for Georgia (Financed by ADB’s Technical Assistance Special Fund)

Final Report Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Prepared by Egis Bceom International In Association With: GeoHydro Services

For the Asian Development Bank

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Asian Development Bank

Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia PATA 7492-GEO

Final Report Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

December 2010 The Stonemason’s Craft Batania Monastery c. 12th c CE

In association with: GeoHydro Services

Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Quality Information of the Document

General Information

Author(s) EGIS PATA Team Title of project Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Title of document Output 2 - Social & Gender Development Strategy Date December 2010 Reference ADB PATA 7492-GEO

Recipients

Sent to : Name Institution Sent on: Vijay Padmanabhan Asian Development Bank

Copy to : Name Institution Sent on: Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructures United Water Supply Company of Georgia Georgian National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission

History of Modifications

Version Date Made by Checked by:

Final Control of Document Date Name Signature

Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AMP Asset Management Practices CBO(s) Community Based Organization(s) CCC(s) Citizens Consultative Committee(s) EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EGM Effective Gender Mainstreaming EMA Enterprise Management Agency Eur Euro FGD Focus Group Discussions FHH Female Headed Households FP Family Planning GEL Lari (Georgian Currency) GDP Gross Domestic Product GNEWSRC Georgian National Energy & Water Supply Regulatory Commission GoG Government of Georgia (Central) Government (with first letter capitalized) means Central Government HIV Human Immune-Suppressive Virus HOH Head of Household HR(M) Human Resource (Management) IDA International Development Agency IDP Internally Displaced Person IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards JSC Joint Stock Company JSCom Joint Service Committee Lari Georgian Lari – the National Currency LLC Limited Liability Company LLSGG Law on Local Self-Governance and Governance LoS Level(s) of Service M&E Mechanical and Electrical MCH Maternal & Child Health MDF Municipal Development Fund MFF-IP Multi-Tranche Financing Facility Loan and Investment Programme MoEcon Ministry of Economic Development

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

MoEnv Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources Protection MoRDI Ministry of Regional Development & Infrastructure NGO(s) Non-Governmental Organization(s) O&M Operation and Management Opex Operating expenditures PA Public Awareness PIP Priority Investment Plan(s) PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PR Public Relations PSA Public Service Agreement PSP Private Sector Participation RH Reproductive health WRWC West Region Water Company SC Service Centre SEMA State Enterprise Management Agency SCWSE State Commission for Water Supply & Energy SME Small and Medium sized Enterprises SPSS Statistical Program for Social Science SPRSS Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy SWMS Social Welfare Monitoring Survey ToR Terms of Reference ToT Training of Trainers UGWP United Georgia Without Poverty UWSCG United Water Supply Company of Georgia UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation WRB Water Regulatory Board WSRDA Water Services Regional Development Agency, now redundant WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WtP Willingness to Pay Water Companies Short for: Water and Wastewater Companies (WSS Companies) Water Services Short for: Water and Wastewater Services WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Table of Contents

Output 2 - Social & Gender Development Strategy ...... 1 2.0 Introduction ...... 1 2.0.1 Current Socio-Economic Conditions at National Level...... 1 2.0.2 Poverty Definitions and Measurements ...... 2 2.0.3 Other Poverty Measurements...... 4 2.0.4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) ...... 4 2.1 Government Institutions and Policies ...... 5 2.1.1 Poverty Reduction Plans ...... 5 2.1.2 Institutional Arrangements ...... 6 2.1.3 Social Protection ...... 7 2.1.4 Health Insurance ...... 8 2.2 Gender Profile ...... 8 2.2.1 Gender and Labor ...... 9 2.2.2 Education ...... 9 2.2.3 Health ...... 10 2.2.4 Women’s Participation...... 10 2.2.5 Gender-Related Institutional Arrangements ...... 11 2.3 Socio-Economic Profile of Urban Households in Secondary Towns ...... 11 2.3.1 Household Structure ...... 12 2.3.2 Urban Living Conditions ...... 12 2.3.3 Occupation, Income and Expenditure ...... 12 2.3.4 Ethnic Minorities ...... 13 2.3.5 Internally Displaced Persons ...... 14 2.4 Water Supply and Sanitation in Secondary Towns ...... 14 2.4.1 Access to Drinking Water Supply in Secondary Towns ...... 14 2.4.2 Water Supply Coping Strategies ...... 15 2.4.3 Water Costs ...... 15 2.4.4 Improvement Required ...... 16 2.4.5 Economic Costs and Lost Opportunities ...... 16 2.4.6 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Water Services ...... 17 2.4.7 Current Sanitation Conditions in Secondary Towns ...... 17 2.4.8 Health Impacts and Costs ...... 18 2.4.9 Public Awareness of Good Hygiene and Sanitation Practice ...... 18 2.4.10 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Sanitation ...... 19 2.4.11 Affordability and WTP...... 19

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.5 Social and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Urban WSS ...... 22 2.5.1 Economic Access to WSS ...... 23 2.5.2 Physical Access to WSS ...... 24 2.5.3 Improvement of Water-Related Education and Health ...... 24 2.5.4 Employment and Income Generating Activities ...... 24 2.5.5 Governance ...... 25 2.5.6 Participation ...... 25 2.5.7 Data and Monitoring ...... 25 2.6 Gender Action Plan for the Urban WSS Sector ...... 26 2.6.1 Governance ...... 27 2.6.2 Capacity Building ...... 28 2.6.3 Awareness ...... 28 2.6.4 Participation of Women ...... 28 2.6.5 Data and Monitoring ...... 29

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Output 2 - Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.0 Introduction

1. In Georgian urban areas it is estimated that 87% of the urban population is without access to utility piped water service. Almost 64% of customers served by UWSCG experience intermittent service (less than 24hours) only 25% of the service centers provide 24hour coverage. Almost half of the urban population does not have piped sewer connections and rely on other on-site sanitation systems including open latrines and septic tanks. Waste water treatment facilities are extremely limited with resulting threats to health and sanitation. 2. Widespread poverty has been a major unresolved problem for the Georgian population since independence in 1991 when Georgians suffered a drastic decline of economic activity, hyperinflation and unemployment, a radical drop of the wages and pensions, the general instability and high criminal rate, civil and ethnic wars, a huge migration of people within and outside of the country. As a result, the Georgian population became severely impoverished. The incidence of poverty has improved slightly, but still remains high. 3. During 1990-2008, the population of Georgia decreased by 19.5% due to out – migration of people in the working age group to other countries. This increased the proportion of elderly in the remaining population. People aged 60 or over constituted 20.5% of the population (2009). At the same time, remittances, sent home by migrant workers became a major source of household income. Until the global financial crisis the volume of remittances increased annually until 2007, and amounted to $837 million, a fifteen – fold increase since 2000. 4. Although recent strong economic growth occurred until 2007, this has not yet impacted upon unemployment and poverty rates.1 In 2007, the World Bank estimated poverty incidence was 31% and had fallen slightly from 32.9% in 2005.2 The present unemployment rate in urban areas (28%) is five times higher than in rural areas (5.7%).

2.0.1 Current Socio-Economic Conditions at National Level

5. Data that exist for 2005-2008 show a minor (2%) decline in general poverty and a smaller (0.6%) reduction in extreme poverty. According to official statistics over a fifth (22.1%) of the Georgian population lives in poverty and a tenth (9.4%) in extreme poverty. Similar estimations are made by the World Bank – the poverty assessment conducted in 2008 showed that 23.7 % of Georgia‟s population is poor, while 9.3 % are extremely poor. The poverty headcount is 29.7 % in rural areas and 18.3 % in urban areas. The extreme poverty headcount is 12.4 % in rural areas and 6.7 % in urban areas.

1 ADB. 2007. Country economic report. 2 IDA. 2007. Program Document for Third Poverty Reduction Support Operation.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

6. Unemployment is highest among the population aged 20-24 years. The highest proportion being among those with higher education. During 2005-08 the levels of unemployed women was lower than that for men. 7. The majority of the resident population works in agriculture. The conflict with Russia in 2005 resulted in a collapse of the export of agricultural products to Russia and had a negative impact on small businesses, especially in agriculture. Self employed comprise 64% of all employed people (more than 1 million) and the majority is engaged in small scale agriculture. The urban unemployment rate is four times higher than the rural areas (28.8% urban and 7.1 % rural) due to fact that all persons residing in rural areas who own land are considered to be employed. Urban unemployment rose by 5% in 2008 (since 2007) compared to a 1.7% increase in rural unemployment. 8. Despite higher rates of unemployment, urban incomes are higher than rural ones. The UNICEF Social Welfare Monitoring Survey (SWMS) recorded the average monthly household income in Georgia as GEL322 ($177), and in urban areas as GEL428 ($235), which was twice higher than in rural areas (GEL212, $116.6), equivalent to GEL139.7 ($76.5) per adult.3 Urban households in Georgia have a higher level of expenditure and spend more than rural households on every category of consumption except food eaten at home. Average total spending in urban households is GEL187 ($103) and rural households GEL188 ($103.5). 9. According to the UNICEF survey, nearly 10% of all households experience lack of access to water, sanitation and heating. Over 75% of these households lack one or more of these utilities. Over 40% of all households do not get enough food or have poor nutrition. These households contain 37% of all children and 45% of all pensioners.

2.0.2 Poverty Definitions and Measurements

10. Poverty can be measured in both absolute and relative terms:

 Absolute Poverty measurement, thresholds include:

 Official subsistence minimum (calculated according to daily food consumption of 2,300 kcal, with consideration of equivalence coefficients and cohabitation effect);

 The World Bank Threshold: Calculated according to daily 2 260 kcal, consisting of cheap food; calculated on the basis of research); and,

 Per capita $2.5 per day threshold or local currency equivalent.

 Relative Poverty Measurement:

 Relative poverty shows the distribution of population in relation to the well-being of “average” household (rather than the share of households‟ below the subsistence minimum threshold).

3 Per Adult Equivalence allows for a comparison between households of different size and composition.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

11. The definitions and thresholds for measuring poverty in Georgia are diverse, and often changing, which makes monitoring of trends since 2003 difficult. The National Statistics Office of Georgia (GeoStat, former Statistics Department of Georgia) and other organizations such as the World Bank, IMF and UNICEF etc. use different poverty calculation systems.4 The official Government definition of Poverty (2007) refers to 'the person‟s and/or a household‟s condition of not having the means to afford basic needs (such as food, shelter, physical security, basic education and personal development, heath, communication) because of material deprivation or low income'.5 In 2006, GeoStat began publishing poverty indicators representing 60% and 40% of median consumption. Relative poverty dynamics show the changes of well-being and inequality. This indicator is relatively stable if inequality does not change. The current official GeoStat threshold of poverty is set at GEL89.7 ($49.5) per person per month - 60% of median consumption in 2009. The extreme poverty line, used by welfare monitoring survey 2010 is GEL61.1 ($33.6) per person per month, and is equivalent to $1.25 per capita per day which is the minimum required to meet daily calorific needs. 12. The poverty indicators calculated in relation to the official subsistence minimum are difficult to reconcile with other poverty measurements since the threshold may be arbitrarily set according to the available budget. The most widespread measure of poverty is considered to be the threshold of $2.5 per capita per day (meaning that anyone living on less than $2.5 a day is below the poverty line) and the extreme poverty line is considered as $1.25 per capita per day. The advantage of this approach is that the poverty data is then comparable with the data of the other countries. Calculations of state thresholds take Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of currency into account for the respective year. 13. The poverty indicator used in the table below is calculated in relation to $2.5 per capita per day threshold, and is mainly based on Household Budget Survey data collected from GeoStat. Using this threshold, various sub-categories of poverty were identified by the UNICEF Welfare Monitoring Survey 2009.

Table 2-1: Absolute Poverty Indicators (2005 – 2009)

Poverty Indicators 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Poverty Level (%) 17.3 16.1 17.0 13.8 14.9

Poverty Gap (%) 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.1 4.5 Source: (National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2010).

4 Poverty studies include: National Statistics office of Georgia (www.geostat.ge), World Bank (Georgia poverty assessment (Report No. 44400-GE)), International Monetary Fund (Georgia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report), United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF), (Monitoring the situation of children and women (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey), UNICEF (Report on the Georgia Welfare Monitoring Survey). 5 This definition is accepted by state organizations for defining poverty (Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs (MoLHSA), 2007).

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

14. The poverty level represents the share of poor families in the total number of families. The poverty gap shows the average distance of poor families from the poverty level. This is the average percentage by which consumption would need to rise to bring poor households above the poverty line. The poverty gap is consistently higher in urban areas. 15. The above table suggests that poverty reduced in Georgia from 2005 except the last year when there was a small increase in the poverty level, gap and severity as a result of the armed conflict in August 2008. However, the impact of this conflict on the Georgian economy and the impacts of the financial crisis in the same year were mitigated by $4.5 billion allocated to Georgia by international organizations.6 According to donor mapping (that reflects October 2008 Brussels Donors Conference Pledge published on MoF website), $0.64 billion of these funds was provided in budget support by end 2009 ($250 million by US government, $150 million from ADB, $110 million from WB and $130 million by EC). By means of these transfers the amount of state pension as well as social assistance has been increased in Georgia since 2008.

2.0.3 Other Poverty Measurements

16. Household ownership of durable household goods is a relative indicator of economic condition of families. A household can be considered as materially deprived if it lacks five or more of items such as personal cars, cell phones, washing machines, televisions, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and irons for clothes, etc. 17. According to the UNICEF 2009 survey, 27.2% of households and 22.3% of population suffer from basic equipment deprivation. This poverty level measured according to material deprivation is higher than the poverty level measured using household income and expenditure on basic foodstuffs, education and health care. Although material deprivation is a proxy measure of poverty, it is useful as an indicator of households‟ ability-to-pay for water and sanitation services and of their own priorities.

2.0.4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

18. MDG1 aims to overcome extreme poverty. Georgia has adopted the MDG1 and has declared a national objective of reducing extreme poverty to fewer than 4% by 2015, and has reformed its social assistance program to provide cash assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable households. Georgian State policy for poverty reduction is directed to macro-economic development as stated in the „United Georgia without Poverty‟. A key element for poverty reduction is also the program of Targeted Social Assistance (TSA) that aims at subsidizing living cost of the poorest. However, TSA has had limited success since vulnerable groups remain slightly below poverty threshold and economic conditions have so far not improved to the extent that vulnerable households have not transferred to medium social levels of income.

6 (Jashi, Ch and Tokmazishvili, M, 2009).

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

19. MDG7 relates to water supply and Georgia must achieve 95% of urban water supply coverage. Official figures regarding the present rate of water coverage in urban reach 87% but with general low of service. Attaining the MDG rate is likely to be a challenge due to substantial investment need and service delivery improvements. 20. MDG3 concerns achieving gender equality and women empowerment, with main indicators being the gender equality in employment and equal access to activity in the political domain and all levels of management. According to UNDP, the number of women, in self governance bodies, has been decreasing recently and regarding equality in employment, nominal monthly salaries of women is half then men‟s salary.

2.1 Government Institutions and Policies

2.1.1 Poverty Reduction Plans

21. Overcoming poverty is now one of the key issues in state policy after the government of Georgia adopted the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Program (EDPRP) in 2003, which was aiming at accelerating the economic development.7 The EDPRP focuses on achieving progress in six priority areas: i) governance; ii) macroeconomic policies; iii) the business environment; iv) human capital; v) vulnerability of the poor; and, vi) the natural environment. The EDPRP also addressed the areas of gender, science and information technology, the needs of post-conflict zones and assistance for socially vulnerable groups. According to the edited program of poverty reduction of 2004 the objective was „the creation of effective and transparent public services; improvement of business climate; attraction of private capital; improvement of investment and entrepreneurial environment; development of infrastructure and targeted improvement of social assistance system.8 22. The goal of the EDPRP was to raise the welfare of the population of Georgia by improving the quality of life of each person along with the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. To achieve this goal, two strategic objectives were defined:

 Fast and sustainable economic development: average growth rate of real GDP at 5-8% per annum, resulting in a two to threefold growth of real GDP by 2015 in comparison to 2001; and,

 Reduction of poverty: including reduction of extreme poverty from 15% to 4-5%, and reduction of poverty level in relation to the official minimum subsistence from 52% to 20-25% by 2015. 23. EDPRP had a detailed Plan of Activities, clear monitoring indicators and included the role of Government in managing social risks. EDPRP also included detailed cost evaluation of the activities envisaged with indication of possible sources of funding. It was decided that the international financial institutions (IFIs) would continue working with Government on the basis of this document. However, due to capacity constraints implementation was delayed.

7 The Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Program (EDPRP) was prepared in 2003 with a twelve-year horizon through 2015. 8 The United Nations Association of Georgia, 2006).

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

24. In November 2003, post-revolutionary institutional reforms imposed a need for significant changes to the EDPRP and these were supported by the IFIs. In early 2008, EDPRP evolved to the 5-year policy paper “United Georgia Without Poverty” that sets the main directions for the Georgian state for the years 2008-2012. Two main goals of this program are:

 Poverty reduction and Public welfare; and,

 Ensuring national security and complete territorial and civil reintegration. 25. Public welfare will be achieved through growth of budget expenditure share on social programs, growth of employment rate, significant reduction of poverty, growth of the social pension packages, developing health care infrastructure, and providing mandatory insurance packages to over 1 million people. 26. In some areas the Government has made significant progress, e.g. from 2004 minimum pensions have increased 5-fold from GEL15 ($8.25) to GEL80 ($44), basic health insurance policies have been provided to nearly 1 million people. As for the significant reduction of poverty, it is stated that there will be 50% decrease in the number of beneficiaries resulting from the current social programs, implying that due to the increase of their wealth they will need no further assistance. 27. In 2007, the Government has introduced Basic Data Directions (BDD) document linked to the annual progress reports of EDPRP and the MDG targets, which enables the link between macroeconomic development indicators and forecasting with planning social welfare.9 The poverty reduction component of the BDD is based on: i) targeted social assistance program in favor of the most vulnerable section; ii) commitment to improve access of the poor to basic services by improving basic education, access to health services, with a specific health insurance package for the poor; and, iii) employment generation through economic growth.

2.1.2 Institutional Arrangements

28. Social government responsibility is predominantly under the Ministry of Labor Health and Social Affairs (MoLHSA), its regional departments and municipal services. The Social Service Agency (SSA) was created in 2006 under the MoLHSA to administer social benefits, including scholarship grants, pensions, targeted social assistance and health insurance. SSA Regional and district branches are in charge of identifying social beneficiaries, delivering benefits and monitoring the distribution. The SSA has four specific social programs: social allowance for helpless families (mainly for IDPs), maternity and childcare, household allowance, and social allowance for family under the poverty line, otherwise called Targeted Social Assistance (TSA). Regarding minority issues, an Ombudsman works independent of the Government to address grievances of the general public.10

9 Govt of Georgia. 2007. BDD for 2008-2011. Tbilisi. 10 An ombudsman is a person who acts as a trusted intermediary between an organization and some internal or external constituency while representing the broad scope of constituent interests

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.1.3 Social Protection

29. Georgia remains one of the lowest social spenders in the European Union and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) with only 4.1% of GDP spent on social protection, 2.8% on education and 1.6% on health (UNICEF 2009 report). There are three main types of social subsidies: (i) Pensions, which make up the largest component of the social protection system; (ii) TSA which ranks households based on a proxy means- testing and determines whether the household is eligible for free health care vouchers or cash benefits; and, (iii) Categorical benefits, which include lump-sum transfer for specific disadvantaged or “deserving” groups, including IDPs, orphans, disabled people, World War II veterans and victims of political repressions. Around 59% of households in Georgia receive some form of social transfer and over 12% receive more than one type. However, about one third of officially poor households and 40% of extremely poor households receive no social assistance at all. 30. Pension income plays an important role, reaching 53.8% of households. Since many households consist of three generations, around 9.2% of all children are in households alleviated of poverty through pension transfers. 31. 7.1% households receive various benefits, including internally displaced persons (IDP) allowances, and other allowances such as disability pension, survivor‟s pension (for children under 18 years, received in case of death of a bread-winner), state compensation for former members or employees, and social programs such as maternity, childcare and adoption leave and households allowance paid by the Social Service Agency. 32. TSA reaches 11.5% of Georgian households. TSA covers 41% of households in the lowest „decile‟ consumption and 20% of households in the next lowest decile. TSA budget allocated to the families is calculated at GEL30 ($16.5) for the first family member and GEL24 ($13.2) for every family member thereafter. These amounts are fixed and based on the available social budget. According to the SSA, there are no specific formulae for calculating the monetary assistance, the amount being based on the availability of related social funds. 33. TSA will gradually replace all categorical benefits including lump sum transfers for disadvantaged or deserving groups including IDPs. At present the receipt of categorical benefits in households with a disabled person reduces the official poverty rates by 6%. 34. TSA methodology is based on rating scores rather than on income, where there is threshold for the poverty level and social assistance. Households with ranking points of 57,000 and below are considered extremely poor and are eligible for monetary assistance and household with rating score below 70,001 receive vouchers for health insurance policy. These thresholds are supply based, rather than demand driven (based on how many households can be covered by existing GoG government subsidy for social assistance, that is fixed as a lump sum from the state budget). 35. Currently, 292,230 urban people with rating scores below 70,000 are registered in the SSA database (dated June 2010) receive some TSA. Of these people, 180,126 persons (60%) live in areas under responsibility of the UWSCG. 36. After the Decree of the Government of Georgia “On monetizing of Social Benefits” from 11 January 2007, all social benefits for some vulnerable group categories (e.g. IDPs,

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy war veterans, single mothers, families of war casualties, are abolished and people from all these categories receive a monetary subsidy, which varies from group to group (from GEL7 to GEL44 or $3.85 to $24). This subsidy (categorical benefit) is intended to cover the expenses associated with the costs of utilities (i.e. electricity, water, gas, etc.) and is only accessible to people who don‟t receive TSA.

Table 2-2: Number of Urban People Recorded by SSA Per Region (2010) 57001 70001 Below % of % of % of % of Region to to Total 57000 Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. 70000 100000 Tbilisi 60,411 5.24% 38,969 3.38% 67,700 5.87% 167,080 14.50% Adjara 7,391 5.47% 5,333 3.95% 10,769 7.98% 23,493 17.40% UWSCG 123,862 11.65% 56,264 5.29% 96,386 9.07% 276,512 26.01% area Total 191,664 8.15% 100,566 4.28% 174,855 7.44% 467,085 19.87%

2.1.4 Health Insurance

37. In February 2009, the Government introduced vouchers for health insurance to be distributed to those living under the poverty line (to everyone who has rating scores of less than 70,001 according to the TSA methodology). About 1 million people are covered with free health insurance of which 30% live in urban areas. Free health insurance for vulnerable families is concentrated in the poorest quintile of households, however even in this group only about 21.3% receive this insurance. 38. Improving health Insurance is a challenge for Georgia. According to the UNICEF survey, almost 60% of all households in 2008-09 had a member requiring medical care but the household could not afford the expenses. In nearly one third of households, health care accounts for more than a quarter of non-food expenditure. In 2010, 36% of households said that they borrowed money for treatment. Over a quarter of all pensioners and nearly 10% of all children live in households where buying medicines is the main problem. At present, less than one quarter of the population in Georgia is covered by any kind of health insurance. In urban areas, the health insurance coverage is lower than in rural areas (only up to 20% households have health insurance in urban areas) due to the fact that rural residents are covered by free or cheap insurance schemes.

2.2 Gender Profile

39. There are a large proportion of female headed households in Georgia (36% in 2007).11 This high proportion can be explained by seasonal labor migration of male household members abroad. The women remain at home and take responsibility for the household. Remittances received may explain the difference between these female headed households being classified as „poor‟ rather than „extremely poor‟. Whereas female headed households who are divorced or widowed are more likely to be „extremely poor‟. In Georgia, women who are heads of „extremely poor households are highly vulnerable to external shocks.

11 GeoStat. 2007.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.2.1 Gender and Labor 40. Gender gaps persist in employment and pay. The rapid rise in unemployment since the armed conflict with Russia has resulted in increased competition for jobs resulting in increased job insecurity. 41. Being married and having children is often considered to be a disadvantage by potential employers. Therefore women are less likely to be employed in the private sector. Employers do not always provide maternity benefits despite the legal requirement to do so. 42. Gender labor force participation rates in 2006 show that 45.4% of females aged 15+ were employed compared with 59.3% of males in same age range. A significant proportion of women are employed in agriculture. According to the Georgia Poverty Assessment Report 2009, men account for 53% of the labor force in Georgia. 73% of men compared to 55% of women are economically active in the 15+ age group. In 2007, the World Bank Poverty Assessment reported that the incidence of poverty among female- headed households (25%) was higher than among male-headed households (23.1%), and significantly greater in terms of incidence of extreme poverty: 11.3% among female households as compared to only 8.6% among male-headed households. 43. The average nominal monthly salary of women in all sectors of the national economy is lower than that of men. To be more precise, women in all sectors earn on average 57% of what men earn.12 In addition, women do not generally take all their maternity leave entitlement due to fears or job insecurity due to increased competition. Until 2006 the state sector constituted the prime source of employment for women in the formal economy. However, since the recent re-organization of administration, the number of employed women in the ministries has decreased.

2.2.2 Education

44. Gender equality is nearly achieved in education, where female enrolment is 48.2%.13 Enrolment rates show little gender gaps in primary completion rates and more females enroll in secondary education than males. The changes in the education system are based on increased state spending (from $1.09 per capita in 2005 to $6.5 per capita in 2009). However, some ethnic minorities may find their young women excluded from these benefits due to cultural norms of early marriage for girls which removes them from the state education system before the state school leaving age.14 Low levels of education of women in households are correlated to higher poverty rates. Of households where no

12 Tamar, Explaining the Gender Wage Gap in Georgia, Working Paper No. 557, The Levy Economic Institute, 2009 13 Based on 2008 data, published by the National Statistics Office, enrolment of pupils were: Public general education schools: Female – 277 505 (48%), Male – 299 119 (52%); Private general education schools: Female – 16 610 (43%), Male – 21 432 (57%); Pupils, Total: Female – 294 115 (48%), Male – 320 551 (52%); Public professional secondary schools: Female – 5 917 (62%), Male – 3 460 (38%); Private professional secondary schools: Female – 5 938 (77%), Male – 1 720 (33%); and, Total: Female 48.2%, Male 51.8%. 14 This occurs among the Azeri population.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy women over 15 have education at secondary level 13.2% live in extreme poverty.15 However, there is no evidence that girls are prevented access to schools because of tasks related to water fetching, this being confirmed by the focus group discussions conducted in the policy and advisory technical assistance (PATA) socioeconomic survey mentioned later in this report.

2.2.3 Health

45. The introduction of the public health insurance policy covers nearly 1 million Georgians living under the poverty line, providing access to basic health services but improvement to reproductive and sexual health services is also required. Despite important efforts, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 22.3 per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 14.3 per 100,000 live births in 2008, but is still higher than the EU average and the national development target of 12.3 per 100,000 live births, due to the insufficient state allocation for health, which does not cover the procurement and free provision to the population of maternal care and modern family planning services – this being mainly provided by donor support.

2.2.4 Women’s Participation

46. The number of women parliamentarians has recently decreased due to electoral threshold changes to Parliamentary representation.16 For the moment there are only seven women parliamentarians (5.5%). Only 11% of LSG representatives are women and none of the heads of the regional administration is a woman. There are presently only 2 women ministers in the Government of Georgia. However, the Deputy Chair of the Parliament and the Chair of the Security Council are women and the following institutions are more gender balanced: in the President‟s administration, out of the 141 employees 80 are women; out of the 324 employees of the chancellery of the government 136 are women; according to the data from the Ministry of Justice, 140 judges were women, whereas 144 were men in 2007. 47. In the urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector, the participation of women is low. According to the Human Resource department of the UWSCG, around 35% of women are employed in UWSCG, with a large proportion in administrative tasks. In the top management 4 out of 14 department heads are women (30%). However, at policy level, the representation of women in the State Commission on Water and Energy (policy level) is much lower with only 2 female among 19 members. The commissioner in GNEWSRC (Regulator) handling the WSS sector is a woman.

15 UNICEF SWMS 2009 covered 4,808 households across Georgia and its findings are nationally representative. For consumption poverty three different measures were used – the official poverty line - 89.7 GEL a month per person (60% of median expenditure); the extreme poverty line - 61.1 GEL a month per person (equivalent of $1.25 a day); and the general poverty line - 122.2 GEL a month per person (equivalent of $2.5 a day). 16 Report on the Implementation of Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action by the Government of Georgia, February, p.4

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2.2.5 Gender-Related Institutional Arrangements

48. Some progress is being made: gender equality measures were promoted in the recent creation of a Council on Gender Equality, established by the deputy speaker of the Parliament and upgraded to permanent status in December 2009.17 49. The State Concept on Gender Equality stipulates that the financial support for implementation of the State Concept should be provided from the central and local budgets.18 The Gender Equality Law was passed in March 2010, and a Draft National Gender Action Plan was produced in July 2010 and will be discussed in Parliament in February-March 2011. Other accomplishments towards gender equality include a law on domestic violence adopted by Parliament in 2006 and in the same year a law on trafficking was also adopted. 50. A gender resource centre was established in Gori, with the support of UN agencies to support victims of the recent armed conflict. Attention was paid to create a special micro finance program and priority given to women working on farms. 51. The Draft National Gender Action 2010-12 plan covers a wide range of actions including: (i) the adoption of the new gender equality law that was passed in 2010; (ii) an increased participation of women in politics; (iii) the development of female-managed small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and vocational training to unemployed women and men; (iv) the participation of women in public diplomacy - peace building; (v) the extension of coverage of gender disaggregated data; and, (vi) the improvement of reproductive health services.

2.3 Socio-Economic Profile of Urban Households in Secondary Towns 52. This information was gathered as part of the socioeconomic survey of secondary towns carried out under the ADB PATA during the summer of 2010. The survey tool was a structured questionnaire for a face-to-face interview (in three languages: Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri). The sample size was 1,600 respondents across the urban area covering 4% of the urban population. Six cities were selected based on socio-economic parameters and geographic representation: Zugdidi (and Anaklia) represents a medium- sized city in the western part of the country. Furthermore Zugdidi welcome a large number of IDPs. Marneuli, which is located in the central region, has a high proportion of Azeri population. Among the cities in the southern region, Akhalkalaki has a specific social profile with the majority of population being ethnic Armenians. Telavi is a designated economic growth area and is located in the eastern region. Mestia is a northern city with a limited population and a priority area for tourism development. The socioeconomic survey was conducted in these secondary towns in order to collect baseline data to inform the poverty and gender analysis to provide recommendations on how to improve the benefits of the population from improved water supply and sanitation services.

17 Parliament Regulation No. 2314 18 The State Concept on Gender Equality, elaborated in cooperation with the women‟s non- governmental organizations, was adopted by the Parliament of Georgia in July 2006. The Concept created the basis for the equal opportunities for men and women in Georgia.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

53. The socioeconomic survey found that poverty was more prevalent in secondary towns than at national level and therefore showed much higher poverty rates than the UNICEF Survey. The survey analysis was strengthened by information acquired from several focus group discussions and poverty mapping consultations. Details on the survey and analysis are available in the annexes to this report.

2.3.1 Household Structure

54. Many households comprise several generations living together; 28.7% of households contained three generations. The 2002 census records national average household size as 3.5, while the average household size recorded in the socioeconomic survey was 3.6. Single person households comprised 12.6% of the sample, with a majority of people over 65 years. More than half of the single person households lived below the minimum subsistence level. Large households (6 members or more) comprised of 14.5% of all households, 28% of them had income below their official subsistence level. Around one quarter (24.7%) of households were female headed households of which more than half earned less than the minimum subsistence level.

2.3.2 Urban Living Conditions

55. Around 11.2% of households in secondary towns live in apartments, 84.1% in houses, 4.2% (all IDPs) in collective settlements often not built for residence and are in poor state of repair, and the balance 0.5% in Italian yards. Access to water and sanitation for these IDPs is inadequate as bathroom and kitchen facilities are often shared with large numbers of households.

2.3.3 Occupation, Income and Expenditure

56. About 39.7% of household in the interviewed areas live below the minimum subsistence level of GEL220 ($121)/household/month.19 This proportion of households, which is significantly higher than the national average (9.4%), confirms that poverty in Georgia is mainly concentrated in secondary towns. Proportionately more (40.7%) Georgians live below the minimum subsistence than Azeris and Armenians (34% live below minimum subsistence level). This may be due to remittances sent by Azeris and Armenians working abroad. About 57.3% IDP households live below the minimum subsistence level. 57. The employment status of the respondents in the survey was as follows: state enterprises employees (13.3%); private enterprises, joint ventures or NGOs workers (9.4%); self-employed (12.4%); housewives (7,9%); pensioners (30.6%); unemployed persons (25,2%); the others (1.2%) being ecclesial persons, students or disabled persons. Only 40 (3.8%) people said they had secondary jobs as well. The proportion of urban households earning income from sales of agricultural products was only 2%. Around 6.3% of households said they received remittances from relatives, with an average of about $ 175/month. Households who receive remittances usually were more likely to have a variety of items available at home.

19 Equivalent to GEL61 ($33.55) / person/ month for an average household size of 3.6 persons.

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58. About 59% households received welfare payments:

 4.5% of households received IDP allowance, GEL28 ($15.4) per person per month. However, those living in collective settlements only received GEL22 ($12.1) per person per month since GEL6 ($3.3) is deducted at source for utility bills;20

 4% of households interviewed received government allowance (TSA); and,

 50.3% households received pensions.

59. The proportion of total households spending more than 3% of income on utilities was 7.5%. Average water related costs are GEL2.5 ($1.4) /household/month, but most monthly electricity bills were reported to exceed GEL21 ($11.5)/household/month.21 At least 29.6% of households cultivated their gardens for their food and 13.1% of them said it contributed to at least half of their food consumption.

2.3.4 Ethnic Minorities

60. Two main groups of ethnic minorities22 live in Georgia: Azeri‟s comprise 6.5% and Armenians 5.7% of total population.23 Both have low literacy levels in the national language. Georgian language is now being taught to minority school children; however the current economically active age group aged 20 and above, did not receive this when they were at school. Most of the young generation cannot speak or read the National language and rely mostly on information from Azerbaijan or Armenia. National Statistics record that Azeri community experiences the worst poverty level followed by the Armenian population.

Table 2-3 – Poverty Level in Relation to $ 2.50/Day According to Family Demography 2009

Year Georgian Azeri Armenian Other 2009 14.1% 24.9% 17.4% 14.5%

61. Azeri and Armenian men often migrate to work abroad, in order to support their families. Women are left to take care of all household concerns. Despite the problems the responsibility for key decisions rest with other male family members. The income distribution of urban Azeri and Armenian households differed from that of Georgian households. Georgians have a broad range of income whereas Azeris and Armenians are more grouped towards the middle. With regard to household size, Azeri households were around 10% larger (5 members or more) Azeri women marry young, and tend to be confined to the home.

20 This per capita deduction, in large households can amount to a higher than average household expenditure for utilities deducted from low income households. 21 These bills often include electricity for pumping water, but awareness of pumping cost is low because this item is not listed separately. 22 Other ethnic minorities include Abkhazian, Ossetian, who live in non accessible areas due to separatist conflicts. 23 Source National Statistics Office of Georgia 2002. The overall ethnic breakdown of respondents in the sample was: 81.3% Georgian, 9.6% Azeri, 7.5% Armenians and 1.6% of other ethnic groups. Thus, the two minority groups have been fully represented.

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2.3.5 Internally Displaced Persons

62. The proportion of IDP24 households in the urban household survey of secondary towns in 2010 was 21%, the largest number being in Zugdidi.25 The total living area for 80% of IDP households is less than 50 square meters whereas only 17.7% of the local population has a living area of this size. The housing conditions of IDPs in collective settlements are extremely poor. In some cases, there are entire floors with several families sharing one toilet.26 IDPs have fragmented families and find it more difficult to get credit because they seldom own property. 63. The housing conditions are especially difficult for those IDPs living in compact settlements in non-purposely built accommodations such as hospitals and old factory buildings. Several families have to share toilets and water supply source in the corridor or yard, and the water supply is usually restricted. Most of the time, the IDPs cannot afford coping mechanisms to improve their existing WSS situation.

2.4 Water Supply and Sanitation in Secondary Towns

2.4.1 Access to Drinking Water Supply in Secondary Towns

64. As per the socioeconomic survey, 57.4% households were directly supplied with water by the UWSCG. About 32.7% households had other type of water supply mostly from ground water (boreholes and wells) or water tankers. About 8.9% households did not have a water supply at home and obtained water from surface water (ponds, canals, irrigation channels and drainage canals). These figures actually reflect a large range of situations with secondary towns fully equipped with piped water (Poti) and other such as Zugdidi or Anaklia, where all families use alternative sources because the pipe water system in not operating since the war in 1993.27

Table 2-4 : Main Water Source in Secondary Towns Collective Water Supply Access Total Flat House Center IDP Supply by the Company 57.4% 76.4% 56.4% 16.4% Supply from Other Source 32.7% 20.8% 32.4% 73.1% No Supply at Home 8.9% 2.2% 9.8% 10.4% No Answer 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

24 There are 130 000 internally displaced persons in Georgia, of which 61% live in private house and 39% in collective centers, (source: Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia) 25 The household survey data has been weighted for use in this Sector study, I and the IDPs in the sample adjusted in line with the national proportion of 5.1%, IDP households. 26 In Zugdidi, at a collective settlement called “the hospital” since it is an abandoned hospital building, a household of 8 members are accommodated in 2 rooms and with only 4 beds. Everything is placed within one room – kitchen, bedroom, living room and they even take their showers in the middle of that room. Based the data from the Ministry, the percentage of IDPs living in collective settlements is 45%. Whereas the proportion of IDPs accommodated in collective settlement s recorded in the household survey (79.3%) in order to emphasize this point. 27 The water source for Zugdidi pipe is located in Abkhazia and is therefore unavailable.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

65. Over half (56.8%) of households reported satisfaction with their supply from the source mostly used. A higher level of satisfaction (78.8%) was expressed among those not connected to the UWSCG, who therefore depend on their own sources of water. 38.9% of households supplied by the UWSCG were dissatisfied with water service mostly due to the irregularity of supply and the bad quality of water. There were no relevant differences in satisfaction levels between male and female respondents despite women‟s gender roles being more closely affected by water service provision.

2.4.2 Water Supply Coping Strategies

66. For those having access to piped water supply, almost half have supply for 3-4 days per week, mostly during 2 to 4 hours per day. There was little seasonal or diurnal variation reported in the supply of water from taps. To cope with the situation, consumers purchase storage tanks with water pumps to cover the period when water supply is cut. 67. Those without access to a piped water supply developed strategies of building wells or boreholes, water pumping to a range of storage containers. For most families, electricity costs incurred by pumping were hidden costs as well as labor costs for digging or maintaining boreholes and wells. Improvements to these water supply systems consisted in purchasing water pumping equipment and a range of storage containers, ranging from buckets to large fixed water tanks erected on water towers. Only a small proportion (2%) of households tried to improve the quality of water before using it for drinking and cooking, either in the form of filtering, boiling or chlorination.

2.4.3 Water Costs

68. About 55.2% of the households had paid for water supply in the last month with 41% paying every month. The percentage of households paying for water service varies according to the towns. In areas such as Zugdidi, households do not pay for water service since it is unavailable. Average household water costs are GEL 2.54 ($1.39)/month. Table 2-5 : WSS Costs in Secondary Towns Main Data Related to Water and Sanitation Average Monthly Income Per Household GEL391 ($215.05) Average Monthly Expenditure on Water GEL2.54 ($1.39) Average Monthly Expenditure on GEL0.18 ($0.09) Sanitation

Table 2-6: Percentage of Household Paying for Water, and Related Budget (PATA Survey) Households Average Water-Related PATA Survey Paying for Water Budget/month % GEL $ Poti 81.5 4.44 2.44 Marneuli 95.9 5.17 2.84 Mestia 0.0 0.00 0.00 Zugdidi 3.0 0.13 0.07 Akhalkalaki 77.4 3.47 1.91 Telavi 68.9 1.38 0.76 Anaklia 0.0 0.00 0.00 Total 55.2 2.54 1.39

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

69. Around 19.6% of households using alternative sources had their own bore well with an electric pump, with an approximate cost for each household of GEL4 ($2.2) a month. Those buying water tank or bottled water would pay from GEL5 to GEL10/m3 ($2.75 to 5.5), with a household monthly budget varying from GEL10 to 20 ($5.5 to 11). IDP would pay water upfront since the cost of utilities is deducted from their allowance (GEL6 ($3.3)/person/month). About 41.3% respondents had recently bought equipment for pumping or storage,

2.4.4 Improvement Required

70. For detached houses improving piped water supply and metering will solve the current problems; even if some households do not have the taps inside yet, they will probably be willing to pay for internal piping and tap/bathroom installation. For high rise buildings, connecting to the rehabilitated network will not solve all the problems, as the internal piping is usually in very bad shape. Moreover, it will be very difficult to meter the flats due to the current setup of the water piping inside the buildings – flats have two or three water inlets and one meter will not suffice to meter these households. Installing one communal meter will not be the solution as UWSCG cannot disconnect services if one household in the building doesn‟t pay. The best solution would therefore be to put in place condominium associations or water community managers. 71. As for the IDP collective centers, supply of water may not improve situation since many collective centers are not suited for the living purposes and families do not have their own taps or toilets/bathrooms. Rehabilitating fully the collective centers or relocating the IDPs out of the collective centers is the only adapted solution. It should be noted that, during the last few months, the Government has started moving IDPs out of the collective centers to private houses located in the rural areas.

2.4.5 Economic Costs and Lost Opportunities

72. Economic water costs include the number of days lost at work, the incurred costs on medical treatment due to sickness from water-borne and sanitation related diseases, the lost occupation opportunities. Regarding health, in the survey, only 2.5% of adult respondents reported to have suffered from diseases resulting from contaminated water. Although they reported diseases among children, it was not reported as an impossibility for children to go to school. 73. In the household with no supply at home, the burden was more or less shared by men and women. The actual time spent on one round trip to fetch water varied from 10 minutes (48.9%), to 21 minutes and more (13.1%) Time spent walking was more an issue in the summer since some wells dry up and it is necessary to walk further. 74. Domestic disturbances due to irregular water supply were reported important. 27.3% of women had to wait in the house to collect the water. A further 20.8% stated that irregular supply hindered them from carrying out their family duties and 12.8% were prevented to do their cooking according to their wish. Only 15.3% said that this did not affect their daily routine. With water taps inside the house and regular water supply, women said they would have more time to do other household activities, spend more time with the children or rest more. Only 4.3% said they would try to find a job.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.4.6 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Water Services

75. Based on the focus group discussions held in secondary towns, the willingness to pay for improved water supply was in general high, especially after people realized how much was spent on coping mechanisms. The regulated tariff of GEL2.4 ($1.32) /person/month was not considered too high by the majority. However, when given the possibility to pay GEL0.23 ($0.13) per cubic meter, then metering was preferred as the participants thought that it would cost them less than the fixed tariff. The one exception was Mestia, where the population currently does not pay for water or sanitation. There were two main reasons for this: (i) the tariff was considered to be unaffordable, and, (ii) since Mestia has numerous spring waters, the population did not find it acceptable to pay the tariff indicated by UWSCG. 76. Willingness to pay more for improved water services was equally high for both men and women. However connection costs were a deterrent. The majority of focus group participants were aware of the amount of water consumed, although women had difficulty in estimating the amount of water used for crops. In case of higher tariff, some said they would reduce their water consumption by taking water from traditional sources and use the tap water mainly for drinking.

2.4.7 Current Sanitation Conditions in Secondary Towns

77. Over one third (38.2%) households were connected to a central sewerage system with pipes working properly. 9.6% households have pipes that are problematic and 6.3% households said they were not connected to a sewerage system although a sewerage pipe was present. Of these, the majority said they could not afford to pay for the connection. The remaining 45.9% households had no sewerage system available for their dwelling.

Table 2-7: Main Information Related to Access to Sewerage Pipe Collective Total Flat House settlement Yes, and pipes are working properly 38.2% 66.9% 33.2 % 56.7% Yes, but pipe is problematic 9.6% 29.2% 6.3% 23.9% No, but central sewerage pipe is present 6.3% 0.6% 7.3% 1.5% No, no pipe to connected 45.9% 3.4% 53.2% 17.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0 % 100.0%

78. The majority of households (92.4%) said that they did not pay for monthly sewerage services provided by UWSCG since almost half of them are not connected to a central sewerage system and the other don‟t pay for their sewerage services28. In total, only 1.9% of all households paid regular bills for this, of which the majority of households paid GEL2 ($1.1) per month. In reality some people were already paying some amounts for equipment and services to substitute for the lack of a sewage system. About 13.4% households had incurred costs on service to empty septic tank or pit latrine with an average amount of GEL5.4 ($2.97) per month per household.

28 In several cases, sewerage services are not billed to the population.

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79. IDPs living in collective settlements particularity complained about the lack of adequate wastewater systems and their children getting sick due to the extremely poor standards of toilets and bathrooms inside the IDP buildings.29 80. The number of dwellings in the household survey who had flush toilets was 49.5%. A further 48% households had dry pit latrines, and 1.8% households had both flush and pit latrines. The support for public amenities such as public toilets in town centers from both genders was very high (96.8%) The most acceptable amount that respondents (of both sexes) were prepared to pay to use it was between GEL0.10 – 0.20 per visit ($0.05 – 0.11).

Table 2-8: Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation Facilities Households Flush Latrines 49.5% Pit Latrines 48.0% Both (Flush and Pit) 1.8% No Answer 0.7% Total 100.00%

2.4.8 Health Impacts and Costs

81. In Georgia, health care consumption is very low with less than two outpatient visits per person per year.30 Most said they did not seek medical treatment because they had no money to pay for it.31 Affordability barriers to health care, coupled with low awareness among certain social groups as to the causes of water borne and sanitation related disease, has made the collection of reliable data very difficult.32 Information on water quality is also very scarce since the organization and funding for water quality testing has declined. The National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC) reports diarrhea is quite frequent but has no reliable data. Based on the socioeconomic analysis, only 3.3% of all households had incurred medical and health service expenses due to poor water and sanitation conditions at an average amount of GEL200 ($110) a year.

2.4.9 Public Awareness of Good Hygiene and Sanitation Practice

82. The water and sanitation awareness was relatively high with nearly 99% people aware of good hygiene practices and 90% aware about the general risk of diseases related to water, but there is a need to raise awareness in certain aspects like preserving water (36% people consider that freezing water makes it safe to drink.). In addition, a lower awareness level was noticeable among the ethnic minorities with only 70% of correct responses regarding water related diseases.

29 One IDP women said that in her collective settlement there was only one toilet working which was shared by 106 families. There were also incidents that the basements in some collective settlements filled up with water and solid masses. 30 The UNICEF SWMS survey 31 UNICEF SWMS 2009 32 During discussions with minority groups in Marneuli, participants complained about having skin problems, infections and diarrhea. Some said they had bought medicine while others could not afford medical treatment or they are forced to use traditional remedies. NGOs confirmed that since hospital treatment is unaffordable, it is difficult to determine the cause of the illness, which means that sickness resulting from water and sanitation may be significantly underreported.

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83. In general, it was the women‟s role to teach children on personal health and hygiene, although men also participated in teaching their sons. Azeris did not think teaching reproductive health and family planning to their sons was necessary. The refusal rate to answer questions on sexual health and reproductive health was high. Of those women that answered 23.7% thought teaching this was not necessary.

2.4.10 Willingness-to-Pay for Improved Sanitation

84. About 62% of respondents without connection agreed to pay for connection to a central sewerage piped network. Of the total respondents, 32% would pay up to GEL25 ($13.75), 25% up to GEL50 ($27.5) and 9.2% would pay more than GEL51 ($28.05). However 13.8% were not willing to connect and the remaining 20% were undecided. The current alternative waste water disposal arrangements include a soakage pit, a septic tank and a pit latrine.

2.4.11 Affordability and WTP

85. Table 2-9 below shows how much is currently being spent on water supply either from the UWSCG or on water taken from another source. It also depicts the cost incurred on various coping strategies (depreciation of water equipment, maintenance, electricity for water pump, health expenditure, and sanitation expense). What proportion of household monthly income is being spent on water and sanitation can be calculated from the total expenditure on water and average household income. It can then be compared with what the new tariff would be as a proportion of household income as seen in the variance. The calculation is done in relation to each household income category and whether or not households are supplied with water from the UWSCG. Since the provision of water supply and sanitation greatly varies in the regions, some towns will enjoy significant reduction in spending for water services with the new tariff and some towns, on the other hand, those who currently do not pay for WSS will not benefit from the new tariff structure. 86. Households are often not clearly aware of the costs they have to pay for coping mechanisms. However, it is clear from the table below that these costs can add up a considerable amount to the water bill. This is especially the case for electricity for water pump as it is hidden in the overall electricity bill. The focus group discussions showed that once the respondents became aware of these “hidden costs”, the majority expressed willingness to pay for the new tariff with the exception of Mestia as mentioned above in paragraph 73. The elimination of the coping strategies would also free up time, save energy and minimize domestic disturbances due to irregular water supply.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Table 2-9: WSS Expenditure (in GEL) as a Proportion of Household Income

Water New Payment Total Expen- Tariff Water for Water Expen- Ave. Exp. Household Payment Electricity Health Sani- Total diture as a Supply Taken Depreciation Cost for diture House- With Income/Month to 33 34 for Water Expen- tation Coping as a Pro- Variance from from of Equipment Maintenance on hold New UWSCG Pump diture Expense Costs Proportion portion UWSCG? Other Water Income Tariff of HH of HH Source (GEL) Income Income

Less than Yes 1.2 0.5 0.4 1.1 2.1 - 0.5 4.6 5.7 85.4 6.7% 5.7 6.7% 0.0% GEL 100 (45.4%)

No 0.0 0.2 0.7 2.9 0.1 0.3 4.1 4.1 82.4 4.9% 6.5 7.9% -3.0% (54.6%)

Yes GEL 101 - 220 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.7 2.6 0.1 0.7 5.4 6.4 174.0 3.7% 7.4 4.2% -0.5% (53.7%)

No - 0.2 0.5 2.8 0.1 0.2 3.7 3.7 168.8 2.2% 7.9 4.7% -2.5% (44.3%)

Yes GEL 221 - 600 1.6 0.9 0.6 1.8 3.6 0.4 1.3 8.5 10.1 406.2 2.5% 9.9 2.4% 0.1% (61.9%)

No 0.2 0.8 2.2 2.9 - 0.3 6.4 6.4 387.3 1.6% 9.4 2.4% -0.8% (36.4%)

GEL 601 and Yes 2.0 3.2 1.4 4.1 2.4 1.2 1.8 14.0 16.1 1071.3 1.5% 10.8 1.0% 0.5% More (63.7%)

33 Straight-line depreciation is used over 12 years. 34 It is assumed that 2% of the capital investment is needed for maintenance.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Water New Payment Total Expen- Tariff Water for Water Expen- Ave. Exp. Household Payment Electricity Health Sani- Total diture as a Supply Taken Depreciation Cost for diture House- With Income/Month to 33 34 for Water Expen- tation Coping as a Pro- Variance from from of Equipment Maintenance on hold New UWSCG Pump diture Expense Costs Proportion portion UWSCG? Other Water Income Tariff of HH of HH Source (GEL) Income Income

No 0.0 1.0 2.9 4.2 - 1.0 9.1 9.1 1085.2 0.8% 11.1 1.0% -0.2% (35.2%)

Yes No Response 1.4 - 0.2 0.6 1.9 0.2 0.1 3.0 4.4 0.0 - 6.5 - - (46.3%)

No 0.7 0.2 0.5 - - - 1.3 1.3 0.0 - 7.3 - - (53.7%)

Yes Total 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.8 2.7 0.4 1.1 8.0 9.5 435.8 2.2% 8.8 2.0% 0.2% (57.1%)

No 0.1 0.5 1.5 3.2 0.0 0.3 5.7 5.7 356.2 1.6% 8.5 2.4% -0.8% (41.6%)

Each coping cost is calculated as an average cost for all households in the income category. This substantially reduces the actual amount paid by the households which had to apply the coping costs. With the new tariff, expenditure on WSS as a proportion of household income will be reduced for those households living above the subsistence minimum and already being supplied with water from the UWSCG. The FGD revealed additional coping mechanisms such as buying water from tanker and taking water from nearby villages. The table excludes the benefits that would be gained from an improved WSS system in terms of elimination of economic costs.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

2.5 Social and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Urban WSS

87. The policy of poverty reduction in Georgia is mainly based on the „United Georgia Without Poverty‟, which relies on economic development, promotion of employment especially in agro processing and tourism industry, and, from a social welfare point of view, financial and medical assistance to the poorest through a targeted social assistance program, described as following in UGWP ‘The state will render more assistance to those persons who need it the most. Much more assistance to the most vulnerable citizens will still remain the key principle of the social policy. Monetary social assistance and health insurance are two footings on which social integration, access to medical service and public health are based upon’. The causes and measurements of poverty are diverse and therefore the UWSS social and poverty reduction strategy employs a variety of actions to address low income, vulnerability and access to amenities. 88. The goal of the UWSS social and poverty reduction strategy is to alleviate poverty, through equal access to WSS, with specific objectives being:

 Improved and equal access (physical and economic access) for all to WSS services;

 Improved health status;

 Reduced vulnerability to external shocks, such as economic and environmental factors; and,

 Improved economic status of the poor (reduced expenditure and increased income generating capacity). 89. Main targets in the UWSCG area are:

 The percentage of connections with safe water inside dwelling will be increased from 57.4% to 100% by 2020;

 The percentage of functioning sewerage connections will be increased from 38.2% to 100% by 2020;

 All poor and vulnerable can afford a minimum subsistence level of safe water consumption by 2015;

 All IDPs have sanitation and water supply in their household by 2015;

 The incidence of water and sanitation related disease is decreased to 0% by 2020; and,

 Poor and vulnerable are represented, at national level and in all consumer groups; their needs are taken in account in the design, management and regulation of WSS systems.

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90. Water related targets regarding health status, reduced vulnerability can only be assessed indirectly due to under attendance at health facilities related to the cost of medical treatment for the poor. Improved economic status and poverty reduction can be measured in a variety of ways; reduced health expenses, reduced risk of sickness and income generation. Economic access to WSS relates to tariff affordability and possible mechanisms to allow all poor to afford sufficient water to cover their basic minimum needs. Physical access targets relate to the presence of a tap with regular safe water in every dwelling, adequate access to an improved toilet and proper waste water disposal per household.

2.5.1 Economic Access to WSS

91. The progressive application of higher tariffs in secondary towns will entail difficulties of payment for some people with very low income. Disconnection procedures, periods of notice should be adopted and regulated to avoid the poor descending deeper into poverty. A link will have to be established between service providers and social services to identify the most severe cases and integrate them, when applicable, in the social assistance programs. 92. The lifeline tariff35 is presently not possible in secondary towns due to the very low level of metering (only 10% of households have a meter). However, since future plans are to extend metering coverage at household level, the introduction of the lifeline tariff will become relevant (see paragraph 92). 93. Specific provisions should be put in place to allow, when applicable, the poor to pay their connection fee on a medium-term basis, such as one year period: high connections fees will especially be a concern if metered connections are fully charged to the users since metered connections are usually significantly more expensive than non metered connections. 94. According to the socioeconomic survey, conducted in seven secondary towns, the proportion of households for whom the capping tariff of GEL2.4 ($1.32) per capita per month represents more than 3% of income is 39.2% of households. (This capping tariff also represents more than 3% of expenditure for 38% of households.) Therefore, assuming a 3% affordability threshold, 39.2% of households may require support to pay their bills. The above mentioned, total amount of annual subsidy required will therefore equal GEL10.79 million ($5.93 million). This subsidy would still be significantly lower than the present budget support given to the UWSCG of GEL18.4 m/annum ($10.12 m). This amount could also be fully financed by a cross subsidy mechanism between low and high level water consumers: The tariff (called lifeline tariff) of the basic consumption volume (usually set at 40 or 50 liters/day/capita) is below the cost price whereas the following water volumes are sold at a higher rate in order to compensate the difference and generate income.

35 The lifeline tariff (or otherwise called increasing block tariff) provide for basic minimum household needs are subsidised by consumers with higher level of water consumption.

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95. For the improvement of internal water installations to reduce water wastage and reduce water bills where applicable (metered water), a special fund should be set up to train unemployed youth to repair piping. Micro credit for water related equipment could also be proposed to the poor households. These mechanisms could be integrated in the budgeting of all water supply projects. The identification of eligible households as well as the delivery of such funds could be done through social services, municipalities or via the service providers as part of the investment project.

2.5.2 Physical Access to WSS

96. Poverty mapping show that there are usually no specific poverty areas in Georgian towns. Locations with poor households are usually distributed throughout. Identification of poor households and monitoring of their access to service must be done by social services on an individual basis. 97. Minority groups and IDPs require specific attention with regards access to WSS services. IDP communities, who do not live in purpose built residential structures, suffer relative deprivation because they have extremely restricted access to bathrooms and toilets when compared with the rest of the resident population. Physical targets for them will include the provision of a tap providing safe drinking water in each dwelling and adequate access to improved toilets.

2.5.3 Improvement of Water-Related Education and Health

98. In order to reduce the risk to exposure to infection, information needs to be provided to low income households, including minorities on improved health and hygiene practices. UWSCG will make this information available to their clientele. 99. In the short- and medium-term, special provisions need to be made for minority communities in terms of translation in minority language, and in the case of Muslim minorities, outreach services to visit women at home. Free adult literacy classes in Georgian language will be provided to poor minority adults. In the long-term, it is anticipated that language lessons in schools will increase literacy in Georgian for children. 100. Access to health facilities, schools and social services will be seen as a social priority. Attention will be given to this area when designing, rehabilitating and operating WSS systems.

2.5.4 Employment and Income Generating Activities

101. Many small scale activities are linked to the usage of piped water in urban areas, such as food processing, catering, hair dressing, washing related activities and all type of occupation linked to the development of water services. An initial survey of potential water related activities in Georgia will be conducted, and technical information provided in local languages to the interested persons or groups, especially women. Other support such as financial assistance, technical assistance and marketing will also be needed on a reasonable time frame to ensure the viability and sustainability of those activities. 102. Extension of metering will push families to reduce water leaks, and arrange piping and installing adapted appliances therefore creating local employment opportunities. Training and financial support will be necessary to develop these local capacities.

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103. When building water systems as well as during rehabilitation and maintenance, priority will be given to local skilled workers. Due the large extent of works foreseen in the sector specific vocational training courses will be organized for unemployed men and women to prepare this labor force.

2.5.5 Governance

104. In order to ensure that poor are taken in consideration in urban WSS decisions regular consultations will be held at the national level to promote the rights of users. A procedure will be established to allow the government, especially the State Commission on Water and Energy to mobilize this consultative group in order to evaluate the impact WSS decisions, especially on tariff, upon the poor. 105. Consumers groups or councils will be put in place at every service center, especially where new projects are planned. These consumers groups shall be gender balanced and equipped with a minimal logistical means to allow them to conduct local monitoring tasks, and serve, when necessary, as intermediary between the consumers and the Regulator. 106. In order to guarantee WSS access to all, special attention will be given to adequacy and transparency of information and decisions regarding WSS. Water design, tariff changes, water operation exceptional measures (water cut) will be subject to wide information or consultation, with a special attention to the poorest and minorities.

2.5.6 Participation

107. Poor and women will be encouraged to participate in the design, planning and operation of WSS through local consumer councils to be formed (with 50% positions allocated to women). NGOs will play a key role in capacity building and mobilizing the communities to participate fully. Indicators of participation include the number of consumers (gender disaggregated) belonging to participation groups, the number of liaison meetings held with WSS engineers and the outcomes. Information on NGOs active in the participation process will also be recorded. The full consultation and participation plan is in the annexes to this report.

2.5.7 Data and Monitoring

108. The collection of specific WSS information in term of urban access to water and sanitation will be part of national statistical procedures (census). The correlation of WSS provision with socio economic status of population, in term of income quintile, will be possible. 109. Monitoring the progress of the service for the poor will be done on the basis of consumer groups‟ feedback, census information, disconnection rate, regulator grievance report, information collected by NGOs and CBOs. Indicators related to WSS access for the poor include proportion of poor households who have access and can pay for their basic minimum water and sanitation needs.

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2.6 Gender Action Plan for the Urban WSS Sector

110. The urban WSS Gender Action Plan (GAP) shall employ a multi sector approach to ensure that effective gender considerations are brought in the sector. Women shall be assisted in a variety of ways and at various levels, to gain more control over decisions that affect their daily lives, and increase their potential for taking up opportunities for personal development. This will enable women to play a more equal role in marriage and family life, both socially and economically which will have a positive effect on poverty reduction and wellbeing of their children. 111. The main goal of the proposed GAP is to reduce the gender gap in the urban WSS sector in the context of the Gender Equality Law, 2010 that states that ‘the Government promotes and ensures equal rights for men and women in political, economic, social and cultural life’. 112. Specific objectives related to urban WSS can be expressed in:

 Equitable access to WSS services;

 Reduction of water related time and efforts;

 Health and hygiene improvement leading to a reduction of health costs;

 Gender sensitive improved governance in the WSS sector; and,

 Improved participation, transparency and accountability. 113. Proposed targets for the sector will relate to the improvement of access, especially for the female headed households, reduction of water related burden, hygiene improvement that need to be linked in the urban WSS:

 100% female headed households have access to safe water with tap in their house by 2015;

 Knowledge about water related diseases is increased to 90% among minority women;

 Service providers have increased the women employment from 35% to 50%, with an equal representation in administrative and non administrative tasks, by 2015;

 The female representation and participation in WSS a policy, design, management is increased to 30% by 2015;

 All towns with rehabilitation projects have gender balanced consumers group, and all secondary towns have gender balanced consumer groups by 2015; and,

 At least 30% of new water related SMEs and jobs are held by women. 114. The GAP proposed for the urban WSS Sector will support the activities of the Draft National Gender Action Plan (DNGAP), and also introduce specific actions related to the WSS sector to reduce gender inequities in the following areas:36

36 To be discussed at the Parliament in Feb-March 2011. The DNGAP covers a broad range of activities and includes actions which link to the WSS GAP, including actions to strengthen women‟s economic potential, the legal framework for their participation in decision making and

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 Incorporate the activities of the National Gender Action Plan into WSS management;

 Increase employment opportunities for women in the WSS sector;

 Equal pay for equal work for men and women in the WSS sector;

 Improve education standards and literacy for women, especially for ethnic minority women so as to increase their participation and economic activity rates;

 Strengthen provision of information to women, community health and hygiene practices, reproductive health and family planning;

 Increase the representation of women in decision making positions, especially in the field of WSS management at all levels;

 Collect and publish sex- disaggregated data on employment in WSS sector as well as WSS conditions in towns and other areas managed by the UWSCG; and,

 Promote and implement selected recommendations in the DNGAP that are relevant to WSS including: increasing participation of women; promoting vocational training of women in the field of WSS; and supporting SME development for women‟s water related business such as bakeries, hair-dressers, and laundries.

2.6.1 Governance

115. The specific GAP for UWSS contains permanent measures to be enacted at national and local level to achieve equal representation of women on decision making for urban WSS, at policy, programming levels and a service delivery level, this including equal female representation at ministry, water company, regional offices, to ensure women‟s views are given equal status than men‟s. 116. Other measures will include specific gender-balanced initiatives linked to each service area, to be implemented along side with the development and management of WSS; since improved standards of service in the WSS sector are likely have a greater positive impact upon women, it is necessary to enable more effective participation of women, to empower them to access the potential benefits offered by the WSS improvements and to have a say in how these new facilities are designed. 117. In order to improve gender consideration within the UWSCG, the charter of the service providers such as the UWSCG shall be adapted to ensure equal opportunities for employment, equal pay for equal work and social protection for women, at national and local levels. Water service providers will advertise all professional posts with a clear statement that posts are open to female and male candidates and that application from qualified women is encouraged. Capacity building and career development will be introduced in water companies and equal provision will be made, place to reserved, for female trainees.

measures to improve health. It also proposes projects for women‟s vocational training in the fields of family health inspectors, plumbing (mending leaking water appliances in houses) which could be conducted by NGOs.

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118. Some of the initiatives to be developed such as local WSS Consumer Councils, with 50% female members will provide a channel of communication between consumers and managers as to the performance of the WSS in their towns and also provide assistance to consumers to solve small grievance, therefore avoiding systematic complaint to the GNEWSRC. 119. In buildings with water meters, community managers (equally men and women) will be identified and trained to be responsible for assisting water consumers in collecting bills, improving water uses, controlling consumption levels and getting repairs done to leaking pipes and water appliances. UWSCG may consider specific payments for these community managers as the role will allow costs saving for UWSCG.

2.6.2 Capacity Building

120. Capacity building of consumers‟ communities within the towns will be improved through improved communication, information from the UWSCG through service centers of information or other facilities. In minority areas, communication and information materials will be translated in local languages. 121. Women commonly work in SMEs (hairdressing, catering and small agro processing, etc.), where water is a key input. In line with the DNGAP, women‟s empowerment will be improved through development of SMEs that rely on good water supply, in towns where 24 hours safe water supply is in place. A specific focus on water related business will be included in micro credit schemes and SME training, by assisting some micro credit institutions to identify, analyze and finance this type of businesses.

2.6.3 Awareness

122. In order to promote their interest in WSS, women will receive information on how to maximize the benefits that regular safe water supply can bring, and on how to ensure that any future service deficiencies are reported to WSS managers and actively repaired. The benefits of improved WSS include less exposure to risk of infection, more free time and effort for women and increased opportunity to develop types of SME which rely on good water supply conditions. 123. Specific community awareness on how health and hygiene link with low standard of water supply and sanitation will be raised through program administered via the proposed women‟s dedicated channel of information or through the consumers groups (with 50% female participation). In the short and medium term, special provisions need to be made for minority communities in terms of translation in minority language, and in the case of Muslim minorities, outreach services to visit women at home. Free adult literacy classes in Georgian language will be provided to women, aged 20 and above.

2.6.4 Participation of Women

124. Georgian women (of all ethnicities) are the primary end users of drinking water and sanitation since they carry the prime responsibility for domestic work, including cooking, cleaning and child care. As such they have a key interest in obtaining safe drinking water and better sanitation, so that they do not have to spend so much time, effort and money to cope with service deficiencies and with water and sanitation related sickness. Special care will be taken to ensure that women are always included in the design of water system, especially when it comes to household facilities. As a example, women in Azeri minority areas request to position water meters outside houses so that they can be read without entering the house or apartment (because husbands are often working outside Georgia, leaving the women alone).

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125. It is also essential that facilities are designed to accommodate the special needs of children. The design of on-site sanitation, and the location of water points and toilet facilities close to the home, can increase family members‟ health and preserve their dignity.

2.6.5 Data and Monitoring

126. Extended and improved coverage of sex disaggregated data include data on national conditions of WSS (number of people connected), connections to female headed households, local service performance standards as defined by the women, e.g. by the women‟s‟ forums in Sakrebulos or in the local consumers councils.37 127. Survey data show that female headed households are at increased risk of poverty and severe poverty and therefore might not be able to afford to water supply and sanitation services. Proper data collection and analysis should serve to monitor the access of poor female headed households to safe drinking water and sanitation service.

37 Municipal administration.

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Asian Development Bank

Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia PATA 7492-GEO

Final Report – Annexes Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

December 2010 The Stonemason‘s Craft Batania Monastery c. 12th c CE

In association with

GeoHydro Services

Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy

Annexes

Annex 2-1: Household Survey and Focus Group Discussion Analysis Annex 2-2: Household Survey Questionnaire Annex 2-3: Household Survey Sample Design & Response Rate Annex 2-4: HH Survey Tables Section A: Socio Economic Profile Annex 2-5: HH Survey Tables Section B: Water Supply Annex 2-6: HH Survey Tables Section C: Sanitation Annex 2-7: HH Survey Tables Section D: Health & Hygiene Annex 2-8: HH Survey Tables Section E: Gender Annex 2-9: Transcripts of Focus Group Discussions Annex 2-10: Poverty Mapping Analysis Annex 2-11: Social and Poverty Reduction Monitoring Framework Annex 2-12: Stakeholders Analysis Annex 2-13: Consultation and Participation plan Annex 2-14: Contacts and Activities of NGOs & Other Civil Society Representatives Annex 2-15: Draft National Gender Action Plan Annex 2-16: UWSS Proposed Gender Action Plan Matrix Annex 2-17: Current Public Welfare Assessments & Payments to Poor Households Annex 2-18: United Georgia Without Poverty Annex 2-19: Bibliography

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Annex 2-1: Household Survey and Focus Group Discussion Analysis

1. Socio-Economic Profile of Urban Households in Secondary Towns This Household Survey (and Focus Group Discussions) of Secondary Towns (Marneuli, Poti, Akhalkalaki, Telavi, Zugdidi, Anaklia, Mestia) for ADB PATA was conducted and data processed by the Institute of Social Studies and Analysis (ISSA) during the summer of 2010. All the data quoted in this DFR Output 2 report is weighted, to adjust the sample for the large number of IDPs living in Zugdidi and surrounding areas, so as to more closely represent the overall national proportion of IDPs1. Further details on the sample design can be found in annex 2.3 of this Report.

1.1. Household Structure Many households in Georgia comprise several generations living together. The majority (76.8%) of urban households surveyed consisted of at least two generations living together; a further 28.7% contained three generations. The census of 2002 records national average household size as 3.5. The average household size recorded in the survey was 3.6. The majority of these urban households (63.9%) were headed by men of economically active age groups and 35.9% were headed by retired people. Single Person Households Single person households comprised 12.6% of households, out of these; the majority (71.1%) was female headed. A significant proportion were elderly, over half (51.2% were aged 65 and more. A further 46.8% were aged 26-64 and 2% were between 17-25. A large proportion of these households were pensioners, 61.9% reported that their income source was from government pensions. Only 12.4% had their monthly income from salaries, 6.5% had income from other government allowances and 5.9% from IDP allowances. More than half of these households (54, 7%) were below the subsistence minimum for single person households (GEL 114). A further 7.0% said they had no income at all. Large Households Households with 6-13 members or more comprised 14.5% of all households. The minimum subsistence level for large households calculated by the national statistics office is around Gel 300. Of these large households more than one quarter, 28% (65 households) earned less than this minimum subsistence level. Female Headed Households The proportion of female headed households (of all household sizes) was 24.7% and over one third of these (36.2%) were single person households.

1 The proportion of IDP households in the sample was 21% whereas the proportion of IDPs in Georgia is 5.1% of Georgian households Page 1

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Female headed households were also common among the ethnic minority groups. Around 7.5% of the total was female Azeris and a further 7.5% were Armenian. The remaining 82.5% were Georgian. With regard to physical access to WSS there was no significant difference between female and male headed households. (See also ‗Gender equity ‗below).

1.2. Internally Displaced Persons According to the Law of Georgia on Internally Displaced Persons: "Internally displaced person (IDP) is the citizen of Georgia or stateless person permanently residing in Georgia, who was forced to leave the place of his/her habitual residence and was displaced (within the territory of Georgia) as a result of threat to his/her or his/her family member‘s life, health or freedom due to the aggression of foreign country, internal conflicts or mass violation of human rights." Data from the Ministry of Refugees and Accommodation in 2009 states that there are 228,142 IDPs registered in Georgia of which 54.65% are women. Estimates of numbers vary. As a result of the conflicts in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region, around 251,000 thousand people became internally displaced persons (IDPs). In August 2008, after the war with Russian Federation, the number of IDPs in Georgia increased by some 26,000. IDPs are estimated to constitute 5.19%. Of the total Georgian population 2 The proportion of IDP households in the urban household survey of secondary towns in 2010 was 21%. This can be explained by the large number of IDPs in Zugdidi.3 In the survey the number of living rooms and bedrooms per IDP household is 1 for 32.9% of cases. For the local population, this figure stands at 2.4%. The percentage of IDPs with either 1 or 2 rooms is 68.3% while for the local population this is 11.9%. Furthermore, the total living area for 80.0% of IDP households is less than 50 square meters. In contrast, only 17.7% of the local population has a living area of this size... A small proportion (13.4%) of IDPs owns their place of residence, 3.7% rents it and the rest live free of charge. The latter are mostly households living in collective settlements. IDPs located in collective settlements don‘t pay directly for the utility charges as it is deducted from their monthly allowance. According to the women‘s focus group in Zugdidi, the amount they receive equals to 22 GEL per person and on top of this 12 GEL is deducted by the Government for utilities in the winter and 6 GEL is deducted to pay for utilities during summer. The IDPs in other accommodation receive 28 GEL per person; however, they have to pay for utility expenses themselves. The housing conditions of many IDPs are extremely poor especially for IDPs living in collective settlements. According to the State Strategy on IDPs, most of these buildings are unsuitable for living, and puts the social welfare of IDPs at risk. In some cases, there are entire floors with several families sharing one toilet.4 The remaining 55% are living in private accommodation, either in purchased houses or apartments or more commonly with relatives, friends or they rent an apartment.

2 Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia, http://www.mra.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG#index/175/ENG 3 The household survey data has been weighted for use in this Sector study, I and the IDPs in the sample adjusted in line with the national proportion of 5.1%, IDP households. 4 In Zugdidi, at a collective settlement called ―the hospital‖ since it is an abandoned hospital building, a household of 8 members are accommodated in 2 rooms and with only 4 beds. Everything is placed within one room – kitchen, bedroom, living room and they even take their showers in the middle of that room. Based the data from the Ministry, the percentage of IDPs living in collective settlements is 45%. Whereas the proportion of IDPs accommodated in collective settlement s recorded in the household survey (79.3%) in order to emphasize this point.

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Significantly less IDPs have access to basic household items such as a refrigerator, washing machine and a telephone line. As an example, 76.9% of the local population has a refrigerator at home while only 47.0% of the IDPs. The education level differs somewhat between IDPs and the local population. In comparison with the local population, IDPs had around 10% less household heads who had completed higher education. This was also the case for the spouse of the head of household. In terms of finding employment, although a country-wide problem, the situation of IDPs is even more difficult. 40.2% of IDP households said they had at least one member working whereas this figure is 66.2% for the local population. The question of whether IDPs had equal access to jobs was asked during the IDP focus group workshops in Zugdidi. The common view was that job opportunities were limited in whole of Georgia, not only for IDPs. They did not feel discriminated since there were no employment prospects in general regardless of status. However, one male respondent did mention that there was a lack of possibility for IDPs to get appointed for senior positions. He said that only one IDP worked in the municipality board and in a low paid position. In contrast, the view of a female focus group participant was that the IDP status didn‘t restrict them from finding a job and that recently this happened through competition and if someone was professional he/she would get the job. She added that sometimes the IDPs even got special attention. One IDP in Zugdidi mentioned that IDPs additional support since the families are split in pieces. The grandparents lived in Abkhazia, parents in Zugdidi and the child who was a student was living in Tbilisi. Each had separate utility expenses plus the additional renting costs. IDPs find it more difficult to get credit because they seldom own property.

1.3. Ethnic Minorities There are currently two main groups of ethnic minorities living in Georgia5: Azeri‘s comprise 6.5% of total population and Armenians 5.7%6 7. These communities have different profiles however both experience social exclusion caused by inability to communicate in Georgian language. This excludes them from easy access to useful information such as regulations and laws on human rights and women‘s rights as well as employment opportunities and other information essential in their daily lives. Before the Rose Revolution in 2003, important policy and administration was communicated in Russian and there was no immediate need for minorities to learn Georgian language. Since then official communication is now in Georgian and the requirement to learn the national language has increased. Georgian language is now being taught to minority school children; however the current economically active age group aged around 20 and above, did not receive training to communicate in Georgian language at school. Social exclusion arising from language difficulties reduces social and economic mobility and puts the ethnic minorities at higher risk of economic hardship. National Statistics record that the Azeri community experiences the worst poverty level followed by the Armenians. Azeri and Armenian populations are concentrated in two areas – Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti and are mostly involved in subsistence agriculture. Accordingly, the poverty risk is high among these rural communities (as well as in Georgian population living in rural areas);

5 The Ossetia‘s & Abkhazians are also minorities of Georgia; however they are not accessible to this PATA study because they are living in the conflict areas. 6 Source National Statistics office of Georgia 2002 7 The overall ethnic breakdown of respondents in the sample was: 81.3% Georgian, 9.6% Azeri, 7.5% Armenians and 1.6% of other ethnic groups. Thus, the two minority groups have been fully represented.

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Table 1: Poverty Level in Relation to USD 2.50 Per Day According to Family Demography 2009 Year Georgian Azerbaijani Armenian Other 2009 14.1% 24.9% 17.4% 14.5% Language barriers make higher education within Georgia or employment in state institutions less accessible for most young people from ethnic minorities8. Recently Georgian language courses have been made available in Tbilisi to students wishing to apply for higher education. However accommodation costs may make this prohibitive. For many families Statistics and data remain fragmented and incomplete, income distribution data is sparse, and not up-to-date.9 The proportion of minority households who cultivated their gardens growing food for their own consumption (and this supplied 50% of their food) was 13.1% and another 16.5% said they cultivated 25% of their food. Another common problem shared by Azeri and Armenian women is that their men often migrate to work abroad, mainly in Russia , Azerbaijan and Armenia, in order to support their families Azeri, men usually return on a regular basis for 2 months, whereas Armenian men are away for years. The women are left to take care of household concerns. Despite the problems Azeri women are not often permitted to make the decisions related to expenditure on water supply, and the responsibility will rest with other male family members. A rough estimate from the women‘s NGO in Marneuli (Azeri populated) was that between 2 - 3% of women are in charge of making this decision. Survey data on household decision making about water bills recorded that 80.0% of Azeri women said the wife in the household made the decision. In contrast the decision was made jointly in Georgian and Armenian households. Whereas NGOs working with Azeris in Marneuli said that the likely proportion of women making decisions on water expenditure was much lower. Table 2: Gendered Allocation of Decision Making Powers Within Households According to Ethnicity

Who in your household makes decisions on how Total to spend family budget? Mainly Difficult to Mainly wife Together husband answer What is your Georgian 18,7% 32,8% 46,5% 2,0% 100,0% ethnicity? Azeri 18,4% 80,0% 1,6% 100,0% Armenian 31,3% 22,3% 46,4% 100,0%

Survey data from secondary towns on the income distribution of urban of Azeri and Armenian households differs from Georgian households10. Georgians are more scattered around on the income distribution curve while the Azeris and Armenians are more grouped towards the middle. This is consistent with another indicator: ‗percentage of households that have at least one member of household who works,‘ the significantly higher percentage of working household members within

8 In 2005, when the united national examinations were conducted for the first time, only two entrants out of sixty-four non-Georgian entrants residing in Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda, managed to pass the exams and were enrolled in accredited universities. This figure remained almost the same in 2008. 9 Households have multiple sources of income. Most rural households depend on subsistence agriculture except in regions where large scale cultivation is possible and produce is sold in local urban markets. In general the mountainous areas dependent on animal husbandry have lower economic activity than the low- land areas. 10 In contrast to the rural data from Geostat

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1 the Azeri households (79.9%), followed by Georgian households with 63.6% and Armenian households with 61.7%. This may be explained by the tendency of Azeri families to have a larger household size. Azeri households were around 10% larger (their household constituted of 5 members or more) in comparison with smaller Georgian and Armenian households. Households with six members or more constituted 22.2% of Azeri households, whereas in Armenian and Georgian households this figure was around 14%. The consultations with NGOs also verify this. NGOs also confirmed that Azeri women marry young, and tend to stay in the home looking after their families, while the men deal with wider issues.

1.4. Education Level of Head of Household Characteristically for Georgia, the education level is high, with only 3.5% of heads of household not completing secondary education. A further 54.3% had completed further education and tertiary education; a similar level of education was recorded for their spouses. However, this varied with ethnicity. The highest percentage with completed higher education was among Georgians (34.1%), followed by Armenians (24.6%) and Azeris (15.0%). The figures were relatively the same in the case of spouses of minority household heads, except for Azeris where only 8.8% of spouses had completed higher education. This education gap reflects the cultural norm for early marriage for Azeri women.

1.5. Occupation Around 36.0% of household members had jobs in state enterprises, and a further 27.8% were employees of private sector enterprises. And a similar proportion (24.7%) said they were self employed. Only 40 (3.8%) people said they had secondary jobs as well. The majority of these people were either self-employed or working in state enterprises. The unemployment rate was considerably high among IDPs. Of those IDPs with jobs, most were working in state enterprises (21.0%) or self-employed (18.9%). Of the non-economically active, 17% of households contained pensioners, 7% had housewives (with no additional occupation) and 14% included children at school.

1.6. Urban Living Conditions Around 11.2% of households in secondary towns are living in apartments, 84.1% are living in houses, and 4.2% are living in collective settlements for IDPs and 0.5% living in Italian yards. The low number of apartments compared to houses reflects the lack of apartment buildings in some towns. The majority of urban residents in the secondary towns (92.5 %) owned their place of residence, another 5.4% lived free of charge. These were mostly IDPs in collective settlements. The most common accommodation size was 3 or 4 rooms although 14.6% stated that they have 7 rooms or more (excluding the kitchen, toilet and bathrooms). In contrast, 20.2% of households had a living area of less than 50 square meters. Table 3 below sets out the size and style breakdown of urban accommodation in secondary towns. Of the households living in apartments, those living above second floor level often experienced problems with water pressure. People in the upper district of Telavi were especially affected since water pressure was low even on the first floor.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1

Table 3: Style of House By Total Living Area

Less More than 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 than 80 21 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 Total Apartment house Count 14 14 18 43 35 20 22 12 178 Percentage 7,9 7,9 10,1 24,2 19,7 11,2 12,4 6,7 100,0

House Count 20 20 46 88 120 72 201 732 1299 Percentage 1,5 1,5 3,5 6,8 9,2 5,5 15,5 56,4 100,0 Collective settlement for IDPs Count 21 12 18 7 4 1 2 1 66 Percentage 31,8 18,2 27,3 10,6 6,1 1,5 3,0 1,5 100,0

Italian yard Count 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 8

Percentage 12,5 0,0 12,5 12,5 0,0 0,0 12,5 50,0 100,0

IDPs living in collective settlements, occupy much smaller accommodation in buildings which are often not purpose-built for residence and are in poor state of repair. A total of 31.8% have living area of less than 21 square meters. Access to water and sanitation is inadequate as bathroom and kitchen facilities are often shared with large numbers of households. 1.7. Income Distribution Respondents were asked to give details of the total income of their household in the last month, from different sources including salary, state allowances, remittances and self-employment. A significant proportion of households, (39.7%), had income of less than 220 GEL. This is the official subsistence minimum determined by the National Statistics Office of Georgia and would apply to an average household size of 3.6, (as recorded by the urban household survey) Among IDPs the percentage living below the subsistence minimum was 57.3%., whereas for the local population this figure was 38.7%. There are proportionately more Georgians living below the 220 GEL minimum subsistence level than in the minority groups. Azeris and Armenians both have 34% living under the official subsistence minimum whereas for Georgians the figure is higher (40.7% ) This can possibly be a explained by remittances sent to their families by Azeris and Armenians working outside Georgia Almost one quarter (23.6%) of households earned between 221 to 400 GEL per month. Of these, 20.7% were ethnic Georgians and a significantly higher proportion (35.9% Azeris and 40.0% Armenians) at middle income levels. There are similar proportions of all the ethnic group (around 16%) earning household incomes between 401 to 600 GEL. However at higher levels proportionately more Georgians (18.3%) have income of more than 601 GEL (compared to Azeris and Armenians with a five and nine percent difference, respectively. It should also be noted that 3.3% of households have no apparent cash income whatsoever.

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Clustering of Income Sources Income distribution was analyzed according to income source. The most common source, (49.5% of household respondents), was pension, followed by salary (45.2 %.) From these combined sources there was a broad range of income; 32.0% of households earn below 220 GEL a month whereas 20.2% earned more than 601 GEL per month. Around 21.7% of households had income raised from private business, self-employment or casual employment. Again there was a broad range with 17.9% of this cluster earning up to 220 GEL per month and 13.0% earn more than 601 GEL. Among the income cluster of types of welfare payments, the income level was significantly lower. The IDP allowance provided 4.5% of households with assistance. In the secondary towns this equals 28 GEL per person per month but those living in collective settlements only receive 22 GEL since the utility bills, calculated at 6 GEL, have already been deducted at source.11 Concerning total households, within this income cluster, 32.6% receive less than 44 GEL per month, 37.8% receive between 45 and 88 GEL per month and the remainders receive more than 89 GEL per month. Other kinds of government allowance were obtained by 4.0%, with the majority receiving between 51 to 100 GEL. The proportion of households earning income from sales of agricultural products (excluding crops grown for personal household consumption) was only 2% (32 households). Domestic Equipment Electrical appliances that households have available which are in working condition can be used as a proxy indicator of household income 12. When used as a poverty measure, households lacking most or all of these goods can be classified as ‗relatively or materially deprived‘ The survey findings recorded only 75.3% of households have refrigerators. A similar percentage (72.2%) said they owned a mobile phone. An automatic or semiautomatic washing machine in working condition was owned by 29.5% and another 26.0% have a non-automatic washing machine. The majority (94.9%) had a TV set at home, and other electronic items such as a stereo or vacuum cleaner available to 46.4% of households. Only 30.6% stated that they owned a car, which, in the urban fringe areas is necessary for transporting products grown at home to a market or shop. Income from Remittances Around 6.3% of households said they receive remittances from relatives living abroad. It should be kept in mind that households may tend to underreport this number due to reluctance to reveal such information to public authorities. Of that percentage, 17.9% said they received less than 100 GEL per month, 25.3% receive 101 to 200 GEL, 41.3% receive between 201 to 600 GEL and the remainder (15.5%) receives more than 601 GEL. In order to see how remittances affect household living conditions, this was compared to households having various items in working condition. It is evident that households who receive remittances usually are more likely to have a variety of electrical items available at home. e.g. Households with automatic or semiautomatic washing machines: As the amount of remittances received increased, the higher the percentage of households reporting to have an automatic washing machine. Out of households receiving less than 100 GEL, only 16.7% had an automatic

11 This per capita deduction, in large households can amount to a higher than average household expenditure for utilities deducted from low income households. 12 This method is part of the calculation by the Social Service Agency in Georgia, in order to determine the eligibility for social assistance for those under a certain level in the point scale system

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1 washing machine at home, in contrast, 62.5% of households receiving more than 601 GEL, owned one.13 1.8. Household Expenditure on Utilities The household expenditure breakdown for houses and apartments is similar. Most households paid between one to ten GEL per month for drinking water supply (including from a pipe or other sources). Sewerage and sanitation expenses are usually included. However monthly electricity bills are reported by most to exceed 21 GEL.14. In the case of apartments, over one third ( 34%) of respondents pay between one to ten GEL per month, another 26% pay between 11 to 20 GEL, and f 40% pay more than 21 GEL. The situation is the same for house residents with only deviations in a few percentages. For gas supply 83% and 80% of apartment and house tenants, respectively, pay less than ten GEL monthly. Fifteen (apartments) and 12% (houses) fall in the category of 11 to 20 GEL a month and three percent (apartments) and seven percent (houses) pay above 21 GEL. The higher numbers of house residents paying 21 GEL (and more ) for gas is explained by the fact that people living in houses usually have more square meters to heat than apartment residents. Table 4: Water and Sanitation Expenditures As % of Income

Water and sanitation expenditure as a proportion of total household income 0% 47,1% of households Up to 1% 26,4% of households 1,01-3% 19,0% of households 3.01% and more 7,5% of households In general house residents pay a higher amount for utility expenses such as water supply and sanitation than those living in apartments because the expenses are not shared, as with others in apartment blocks. Apartments often pay lump sum for all utilities including elevator maintenance. Nineteen households had one payment covering all utility costs. Out of these, almost all pay no more than 10 GEL. In contrast house residents cannot often share these costs and may also use extra water to cultivate their gardens. A third ‗other‗ category, mostly covers IDPs in collective settlements in non-designated buildings like hotels or administrative buildings.15 In such cases, utility payments are deducted in advance from their IDP allowance and receive only the net sum. (See footnote No 2)

1.9. Household Expenditure on Goods and Services The proportion of total income spent by households on various goods and services is set out in table 5 below. Food Expenditure The proportion spent on food as a percentage of total income was considerably high: 69.8% of households spent more than half of their monthly income on food (including alcohol and tobacco). A total of 36.4% of households spent more than three-quarters and for a quarter (24.4%) of households, the proportion of total income spent on food equaled to more than 90%. A somewhat different result is shown when computing the proportion of total expenditure spent on food especially at higher levels of expenditure. In this case, for 78.1% of households more than half of their monthly expenditure goes to

13 Note that automatic and semi automatic washing machines are major consumers of domestic water, over and above the amount consumed by the non- automatic versions. 14 These bills often include electricity for pumping water, but awareness of pumping cost is low because this item is not listed separately. 15 Former administrative buildings now occupied as residences for IDPs.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1 food. 31.2% of households pay more than three-quarters and for 4.9% of households the expenditure incurred on food is 90% of their total monthly expenditure16. Table 5: Food Expenditures As Part of Income

Food Expenditure as a Proportion of Total Household Income More than 50% 69.8% of households More than 75% 36.4% of households More than 90% 24.4% of households

Table 6: Food Expenditure As Part of Total Expenditure

Food Expenditure as a Proportion of Total Household Expenditure More than 50% 78.1% of households More than 75% 31.2% of households More than 90% 4.9% of households

Clothing and Footwear With regard to clothing and footwear, 55.5% of households had no expenditure whatsoever during the last month, and around a third (34.7%) spent up to 100 GEL a month. More than half of households have medical and health service expenses of up to 100 GEL each month. Expenditure on Luxury items Telephone and TV Almost one quarter of urban households in secondary towns (23.0%) said they didn‘t incur any costs related to telephone and mobile phone. 29% of households did not own a mobile phone.). A further 37.5% paid up to 10 GEL for their monthly telephone and mobile bill and another 20.7% paid between 11-20 GEL. The remaining 18.9% had phone costs of more than 21 GEL per month. Expenditure on Internet and cable TV was rare in secondary cities (82.1% and 86.8% of households respectively were not connected). Those who have spent on TV, spent up to 100 GEL a month. A total of 96.5% of households had no outlay on entertainment (concerts, movies etc.) and recreation. Only 1.4% had spending on these activities. This reflects the high proportion of poor households living in secondary towns. Gardening The number of households who said they cultivated their gardens for food (cultivating between 25 – 50 % of food consumed) was 29.6%, however they spent les than 1% has spending on irrigation water plus agrochemicals (pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer) whereas 7.6% had payments for forage for domestic animals (cattle, pigs etc.), which suggests that they were using tap water for cultivation and watering livestock..

16 The SWMS recorded the coping mechanisms of low income households Around 62% of these households had no additional source of livelihood and over one third had reduced their food consumption and 40% had started consuming cheaper food. Around 95% f households in the poorest quintile reduced food or bought cheaper whereas only 50% of best off group did this. Over half of households in the poorest quintile report high or very high risk of being unable to satisfy minimum needs

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The category of other expenses includes costs such as flat rent, personal teacher and dog care. These were mostly below 100 GEL a month. Although, it should be taken into account that only a few respondents gave these answer 1.10. Gender Equity Georgian Law provides equal status of women and men. Both sexes have the same land and property ownership rights, and access to loans. Men and women have equal rights to inherit property. The minimum marriage age for women is 18 years and is permitted provided there this free consent of both sexes. However, in practice these standards are not always achieved. Although the minimum marriage age is 18, in 2004, around 16 % of 15-19 year olds were already married. The problem is particularly an issue among Azeris, where girls are often married before completing secondary education. Many then leave school before completing their education. Female Headed Households In addition to the large proportion of single person female headed households. One third ( 33.7%) of female headed households consisted of 2 or 3 members17. who had income of less than GEL 100 per month, compared with 31.7% of male headed households, where only 13.2% had this low income With regard to the official subsistence minimum more than half of the female headed households had incomes below the GEL220 threshold per month. Among the Azeris the mobility of women was reduced; Women said they mostly stayed at home looking after the family.

2. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Conditions in Secondary Towns 2.1. Access to Domestic Water: - Water Sources Used Mostly or Sometimes The number of households supplied with water provided by the national water company was 57,4% (894 codes 1, 2 & 4 below) and 32.7% had other type of water supply water mostly from ground water (boreholes and wells) or water tanker. 8.9% did not have a water supply at home and obtain water from surface water (ponds, canals, irrigation channels and drainage canals).

Collective Total Flat House center IDP Supply by the company 57.4% 76.4% 56.4% 16.4% Supply from other source 32.7% 20.8% 32.4% 73.1% No Supply at home 8.9% 2.2% 9.8% 10.4% No answer 1.3% 0.6% 1.4% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Tap Supply There was little seasonal variation reported in the supply of water from taps, either in terms of days per month or hours per day. However the supply was not constant. Only 44-46% reported that their supply was daily, and 31.6% reported 24 hour coverage for both seasons. Constant supply was often achieved by purchase of storage tanks with water pumps to carry them over the times when supply was cut.

17 Elderly household members are often considered as household heads regardless of their role in decision making. Some female headed households have male family members working abroad, sometimes for several years at a time, leaving women in charge of the families.

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Of those without constant supply, the largest proportion (45-47%) said they had supply for 3-4 days per week. Regarding hours per day the largest proportion (42% in all seasons) received water only for 3-4 hours per day. Of those with the most deficient services, up to 4% of households reported between 0-3 days per month for both seasons, and around 19% reported 0-2 hours per day for both seasons. 2.2. Impact of Current Water Supply Conditions Upon Domestic Consumers Impacts Upon Women Almost half (46.4%) of women said that they had the sole responsibility for collecting water. In the focus groups women said even older women had to carry the water themselves which caused them back pain and sore feet. However, as the distance of the water source increased, men usually went to collect the water especially when the distance exceeded 1000 meters. In terms of ethnicity, Georgian households shared this activity equally between men and women whereas in Azeri households slightly more men helped to collect the water. (This was refuted in the Azeri women‘s FGW) Opportunity Costs of Time Restrictions for Scheduled Water Supply Over a quarter (27.3%) of female respondents, they had to wait in the house to collect the water. A further 20.8% stated that the scheduled supply hindered them from carrying out their cleaning duties and 12.8% prevented cooking according to their wish. However 15.3% said that this did not affect their daily routine. Time spent collecting water is another indirect coping cost. 18.3% of women said the water source was more than 50 meters away from their house. The overwhelming majority had to carry the water themselves whereas 2.8% used transportation. A total of 49 households either hired a taxi or used their car for water transport which increases costs. Almost half of the households had to bring water from a source located outside their yards 4 – 7 times a week. The actual time spent on one round trip to fetch water was up to 10 minutes (48.9%), between 11 – 20 minutes (23.6%) and 21 minutes and more (13.1%) Time spent walking is more an issue in the summer since some wells dry up and it is necessary to walk further. If the time women spent collecting water would become free, female respondents said they would have more time to do other household chores, spend more time with the children, rest more, and 4.3% said they would find a job. Over one third (35.8%) of Georgian women said they would spend more time on household chores, 4.2% would have more time to look after the children, 3.9% would try to find a job and 22.5% would rest more. A further 15.1% said the water was collected by others in the household and 18.6% had difficulties answering this question. Responses differed with ethnicity; the majority (87.0% of Azeri and 83.3% of Armenian women) responded they would do more household work. 8.3% of Armenian women said they would find a job however, none of Azeri women wanted to do this. The remainder said they would use this time to rest more. Strategies for Coping with Water Service Deficiencies Users of tap water as a main source developed strategies to cope with supply irregularities and poor quality. Those without access to a piped water supply developed similar strategies. These are described below. Improvements to water supply consisted of purchasing water pumping equipment and a range of storage containers, ranging from buckets to large fixed water tanks erected on water towers. Electricity costs were incurred during pumping, but these were hidden costs, as they were included

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1 in the monthly electricity bills. Residents of Mestia do not pay for electricity18. Labor costs for digging boreholes and wells and construction were included. Table 7 below set out the number of households who purchased equipment and hired labor for the period starting around 1995 to the present and classify expenditure into ranges. The cut off date of 1995 is chosen on the basis that this is the year that GEL was introduced in Georgia. Table 7: Pumping and Storage Equipment

A14. Did you pay for any equipment to enable water to be pumped and stored in containers - AFTER 1995 Up to 50 51-100 101-200 201 GEL GEL GEL GEL and above D/K Total Water pump(s) Percentage 13,9 48,1 32,0 2,4 3,6 100,0 Count 37 127 84 6 10 263 Water tank (fixed) Percentage 12,3 12,9 29,9 39,4 5,5 100,0 Count 24 25 58 77 11 195 New pipes Percentage 19,3 21,0 28,1 28,8 2,9 100,0 Count 24 26 35 36 4 126 Paid for laborers Percentage 32,7 24,5 21,4 19,3 2,1 100,0 Count 23 17 15 13 1 70

Dug a borehole or well Percentage 12,5 8,3 20,8 54,2 4,2 100,0 Count 4 2 6 16 1 29 Purchased other containers Percentage 78,6 21,4 100,0 Count 13 4 17

2.3. Payments for Drinking Water On the question of how much monthly was paid for drinking water obtained from other sources, 4% said they paid up to 10 GEL and 2% said that they paid more than 10 GEL. 7% of households also stated they purchased bottled water from a shop either sometimes or regularly. Water from other sources: Around 19.6% of households using alternative sources had their own bore well with an electric pump. Since the unit price per kW of electricity is 0.13 GEL, assuming that pumping requires 30 kW per month, an approximate cost for each household of 4 GEL a month is likely. Others purchased water from other sources. Qualitative data gathered from focus groups, stated alternative sources of water include taking water from a neighbor‘s borehole/ well, paying for bottled water, or in Marneuli - buying from a tanker, at 5 GEL per cubic meter19. Some respondents paid for equipment and services to make good the deficiencies of their existing service: Even though a relatively high percentage (58.6%) of survey respondents haven‘t paid for any equipment to enable water to be pumped and stored in containers, there were still more than a quarter who said they had paid for water pumps, another 11.5% who have purchased water tanks, 7.6% who purchased new pipes, 4.2% who paid for laborers, 1.7% who dug a borehole or well and 1% who have purchased other containers. An additional 17 households stated they had purchased other containers such as buckets of which the majority paid less than GEL

18 It is understood that this is because the power station is located within the municipality. 19. Assuming that per capita consumption of 300 liter per day, and that this alternative source is used once a month, then an average household (size 3.5) the monthly cost would equal to 5.25 GEL.

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50. On average, it can be assumed that approximately 10 GEL is being spent per year by each household (data all for post 1995 expenditure). Many respondents do not pay regular bills for water and sanitation services; however, the indirect costs of the different coping mechanisms mentioned above should be taken into account. In most cases, people are not aware of these extra costs since they are not directly visible and people are left with the impression that water and sanitation is free of charge. 2.4. Quality Deficiencies Only a small proportion of households tried to improve the quality of water before using it for drinking and cooking, either in the form of filtering, boiling or chlorination. The most popular remedy (1.6 %) was to allow the water settle before drinking; a further 0.8% (12 household) froze and then thawed the water before use. (This is not an effective method for making water safe).

3. Current Sanitation Conditions Problems with sewerage were always the subject of complaint. In the towns most towns don‘t have a functioning treatment plant to process the wastewater. The main concerns were about pipes being very old and broken and leaking into holes in drinking water pipes. In Marneuli, according to the focus groups, the dogs went there and drank the dirty water directly from the broken sewerage pipes. When there was no water, the pipes get blocked which incurred cleaning costs. IDPs living in collective settlements particularity complained about the lack of adequate wastewater systems. In some cases, the wastewater flows down to a channel which attracts insects and emits bad odors. Residents said the insects spread disease resulting in the children getting sick. In other cases, the problem concerned the extremely poor standards of toilets and bathrooms inside the buildings.20 It is understood that of the seven sampled towns, only Poti, Zugdidi, Telavi and Akhalkalaki have partial coverage of sewage collection systems and none of these systems are currently connected to waste water treatment plants, although there are plans to develop this infrastructure. According to the figures from the household survey of secondary towns over one third, (38.2 %) are connected to a central sewerage system with pipes working properly. Another 9.6% have pipes that are problematic; 6.3% of the people surveyed said they were not connected to a sewerage system although a sewerage pipe was present. Among these, the majority said they could not afford to pay for connection costs. A total of 45.9% had no sewerage system available for their dwelling. The existing waste water disposal arrangements include a soakage pit (33.6%), a septic tank (33.3%) and a pit latrine (25.8%). The majority of these respondents (62%) agreed to pay for connection to the central sewerage if new sewage piped network was provided. Some qualified their answer by giving a limit to the payment amount: 32% would pay up to 25 GEL, 25. % up to 50 GEL and 9.2% would pay more than 51 GEL. However 13.8% would for various reasons not be willing to connect and the remaining 20.1% had difficulty answering this question. The number of dwellings in the household survey who had flush toilets amounted to 49.5%. A further 48% had dry pit latrines and 1.8% said they had both (total 1600 responses).

20 One IDP women said that in her collective settlement there was only one toilet working which was shared by 106 families. There were also incidents that the basements in some collective settlements filled up with water and solid masses. Solutions to these problems would require improvements to be made inside buildings, whereas the ADB loan would normally extend as far as the connection of water and sewage at the entrances to buildings

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1

3.1. Payments for Sanitation The majority of households (92.4%) said that they did not pay for monthly sanitation services provided by the water company. In Mestia, for example, there was no charge because sewage was currently directed into the storm water drains. It is understood that there were plans to change this arrangement. In total, only 1.9% of all households paid regular bills for sanitation of which the majority of households paid 2 GEL per month. Another 4.5% said that the sanitation service charge was included in the water bill. In reality people were already paying some amounts for equipment and services to substitute for the lack of a sewage system. For example, during the past year two households had paid for services to dig a new latrine pit. Expenses for emptying septic tanks or pit latrines ranged from 2 GEL (35.6%, households); 01 – 5 GEL (48.0%) and 5.01 GEL or more (16.4%). The support for public amenities such as public toilets in town centers from both genders was very high (96.8%) The most acceptable amount that respondents (of both sexes) were prepared to pay to use it was between 0.10 – 0.20 GEL per visit.

3.2. Health Impacts & Costs The National Context Table 8 compares health outcomes and health system performance indicators among Georgia, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the new European Union (EU) member states. Georgia‘s health outcome indicators fall generally between those prevailing in the CIS and those in the new EU member states. However, with respect to health system performance, Georgia lags far behind all regional groupings. This is reflected in low outpatient contact rate and high out-of-pocket payments.21 Table 8: Georgia Poverty Assessment Report (WB 2008)

21 Georgia Poverty Assessment (WB 2008), Report No 4440-GE, June 2008, p 101 However the OECD report in 200421 found that collection efficiency is dependent on three interrelated poles –collection methods ( i.e. enforcement ) service conditions and affordability/willingness to pay.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-1

Unsafe drinking water, and poor sanitation, coupled with low standards of personal hygiene and public health are the key causes of epidemics of water borne and insect transmitted diseases. The incidence of infant and peri natal mortality is also known to be partly linked to this. Information on water quality is also very since for water quality testing has declined. The National Service of Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection (NSFSVP) within the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Safety is responsible for water quality regulation. This arrangement will continue for the foreseeable future. However the current performance of the NSFSVP is not considered to be fully effective, although it does undertake many quality tests and reports a higher than acceptable failure rate, more testing is required. For further information on the current status of water quality testing, and proposals for institutional strengthening please refer to the DFR for output 4- Sector Regulatory Framework. Table 9 shows the incidence of these diseases in two age groups (0-14 and 14 +) with respect to location and year of occurrence collected by the National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC). Table 9: Incidence of Water Related Diseases

Disease Diarrhea Hepatitis A Year City 14+ 0-14 14+ 0-14 2007 Batumi 100 63 Tskaltubo 156 27 Khashuri 21 14 Poti 25 6

2008 Zugdidi 23 20 Khashuri 27 9

2009 Khashuri 5 5 Tbilisi (IDPs) 46 13 Kutaisi 44 5

2010 June Khashuri 11 8 However, in Georgia health care consumption is very low with less than two outpatient visits per person per year. 22Affordability barriers to health care, coupled with low awareness among certain social groups as to the causes of water borne and sanitation related disease, has made the collection of reliable data on these diseases very difficult. It is evident that diarrhea is quite frequent, prevailing every year in different cities. There is also one case of Hepatitis A. The full picture cannot be presented due to the scarcity of data available.

22 Of the Survey Respondents who had been sick during the last year (3.2%) almost one fifth (18.8%- 10 people) said that they could not afford to pay for the treatment. The most acute affordability for health care problem where health care costs limit access to health care in Qvemo Qartli and Guria.

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Days Lost Due to Sickness Economic costs of poor sanitation and unsafe water to households include the number of days lost at work or schooldays lost for children, and the incurred expenditure on medical treatment. In the household survey, there were very few recorded incidents, of these diseases. Only 2.5% of adult respondents, reporting to have suffered from diseases resulting from contaminated water or poor sanitation. The proportion of school days lost was similar; of the 28.3% of households with children, less than 1% said their children had lost an average of 9 days at school. In terms of ethnicity, the highest percentage of reported lost days due to illness were Azeris with 7.2%, followed by Georgians with 1.8% and only one case for Armenians. Children losing school days were only reported by Georgian and Azeri households. Again, 8.2% of Azeris and 2% of Georgians said their children had missed a certain number of school days. During the FGW discussions minority groups of Azeri, Armenians, as well as IDPs all reported some incidents of sickness due to water or sanitation. The women‘s group in Marneuli said that the problem was not the water supply but the quality of water since it was very dirty and contained insects, sand etc. Participants complained about having skin problems, infections and diarrhea because of this. One IDP in Zugdidi, said 50 persons had become sick during the last 3 years. The problem of affordability for medical care was verified by qualitative data acquired through focus group workshops. Some said they had bought medicine while others could not afford medical treatment e.g., in Akhalkalaki. Instead, they are forced to use traditional remedies such as vodka and garlic or traditional herbs. Since hospital treatment cannot be afforded, it is almost impossible to determine the cause of the illness, which means that sickness resulting from water and sanitation may be significantly underreported. This was confirmed in discussions with local NGOs. Since there is very limited data recorded it is difficult to determine any links between the level of education of household heads and incidence of infection. Higher proportions of less educated household heads said that they used traditional remedies and bought medicine without consultation whereas those with higher education usually went to a doctor or hospital.

4. Affordability for Improved Water Supply & Sanitation 4.1 WSS Charges When assessing the affordability of households to pay for improved water supply and sanitation services, it is important to take into account the direct monetary costs, incurred by households, and also the economic costs/indirect costs in terms of opportunity costs such as the time spent on collecting water, or lost working days & school days, and the benefits gained from reduced medical and hospital costs related to illnesses from water-borne disease and poor sanitation. Among the direct costs are payments for drinking water supply and sanitation services, purchase of equipment, water transportation costs and cost of water treatment to improve quality. Responses vary according to the main source of water: For water supplied by Water Company, 18.1% said that they paid for water, of which 48.5% of households pay more than 4 GEL. In terms of payments for additional costs related to water and sanitation (electricity for water pump, latrine emptying and emptying septic tanks), 1.3% of the households spent more than 3% as a proportion of total household income. (This figure was 0.7% as a proportion of total household expenditure).

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In total, the proportion of urban households in the secondary town‘s survey who were spending more than 3% of their income on utilities (including water and sanitation) was 7.4%. (In terms of household expenditure, 5.6% of households paid more than 3% of total monthly expenditure on utilities.)23 The proposed new uniform Tranche 1 urban WSS tariff of 2.4 GEL per capita, when applied to an average household size of 3.5 (as per GEOSTAT estimate) amounts to an average of 8.4 GEL per household per month: When applied to the secondary town’s survey data, this monthly expenditure, it is estimated that this tariff will be unaffordable (more than 3%) for 43.4% of urban households in the secondary cities. Implications for Social Welfare Payments The Government methodology for assessment of households eligible for social transfers (TSA) is discussed in another annex of this Report. It is clear that, given the large proportion of households involved, in order to ensure access safe drinking water, the additional expenditure on cash transfers to low income households living in the service area covered by UWSCG will be approx. 11.5 million GEL).24 The level of precision of the TSA system to ensure affordability for poor households will become crucial in ensuring that the benefits of improved WSS are accessible to all. However, results from the household survey suggest that the current household screening system, which is based on rating scores, does not correlate well:- The proposed capping tariff of GEL 2.4 per person per month was tested for affordability using the database on household income from the Secondary Towns survey. Applying the affordability threshold of 3% of household income, assuming average family size of 3.5, it can be seen that only a minority of poor households who are eligible for TSA actually receive any payments: Only 6.3% of IDPs who could not afford the payments actually received TSA, whereas a further 3.5% of IDPs who did not need this extra support, actually received it. Of the other households who could not afford the tariff only 5.8 % received income support (coded as ‗all kinds of Government allowance). Payment Methods for Water and Sanitation Bills The frequency of payment for drinking water is every month for 41.5% of households. However, a total of 43% stated that they didn‘t pay at all. Public Awareness of Good Hygiene and Sanitation Practices Adult female respondents were also asked a set of questions to test their awareness of health risks. Awareness on appropriate hygiene and sanitation practices was generally high, however limited in some matters. Above 90% of households said that flooding near pit latrines and open sewers could cause disease. The majority (around 93%) also agreed that: stagnant pools of water could provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes; diarrhea could be caused through bad water as well as bad food and flies can spread hepatitis and other diseases. Almost all respondents agreed that washing hands after going to the toilet is important. On the other hand, 12.6% either disagreed or could not answer if whether skin, eye and ear infections could be caused by poor quality water and water shortages. Likewise, 11.4% either disagreed or could not tell whether animals or people defecating near a well or borehole could cause illness or disease. Interestingly, 39.4% disagreed that refrigeration was the best and healthiest way to store food and another 9.3% could not decide.

23 Since total household income is usually reported less compared to total household expenditure, the percentage of total income spent on water and sanitation was slightly higher than in the percentage of total expenditure. 24 This is less that the current transfer made from GoG to the water company for subsidising water payments for the officially poor.

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(Furthermore, 36.0% agreed to that freezing dirty water makes it safe to drink. Only around half of the surveyed households objected to this25. Awareness about good hygiene and sanitation practices was considerably lower among the ethnic minorities. The highest disparity was noticeable on the questions of whether flooding in areas where there are pit latrines and open sewers could cause disease and that diarrhea could be a result of bad water as well as bad food. For instance, 94.7% of Georgians agreed that flooding in areas with pit latrines could cause disease, in comparison, only 67.4% of Azeris and 78.5% of Armenians agreed to this. Difficult to answer responses were most common among Azeris. On the question of whether freezing dirty water made it safe to drink, 59.1% of Georgians correctly disagreed whereas only 24.9% of Azeris and 19.4% of Armenians thought likewise. It can be seen that although the majority knew the basic principles of hygienic practices and contamination risks, a significant number either disagreed or were uncertain. In order to maximize the benefits of improved water supply and sanitation it will be necessary to provide and publicize information on good sanitary practice, (including to people with low literacy in Georgian language). Gender Roles Within the family, women play a major role in setting standards of hygiene and of training the young in these matters. The gender roles for teaching these topics to children and youth were explored in the survey, by asking a series of questions. The survey found that it was either women or both genders who taught their children to wash their hands before eating or after going to the toilet. In terms of ethnic minorities, the Azeri men had a more active role in this compared to Armenians and Georgians. In case of Armenians, this was the responsibility of the woman or mostly it involved both men and women. It was mostly women who taught how to prepare and cook food. However, 26.4% said this was not necessary, (usually referring to their sons). Regarding teaching personal health and hygiene for girls, the majority (72.4%) said this was a female responsibility. another 10.8% said they did this together and 11.0% didn‘t think this was necessary. As for teaching reproductive health and family planning for girls, 48.1% said this was not necessary, however, 42.5% said this was done by the females in the household. There were again differences between the ethnic minorities. 85.5% of Azeris did not think it was necessary to teach this. The figure was 23.8% for Armenians and 42.8% for Georgians. Men participated a greater deal in teaching the boys about personal hygiene as well as reproductive health and family planning. This was again not considered to be necessary by the majority of Azeris. It can be seen that women take a major role in this training, either alone or together with their husbands. A small number of men are involved in teaching their sons, primarily about personal hygiene and reproductive health. It is interesting to note that some of the women answering these questions refused to answer questions on personal and reproductive matters and that an average of 23.7% of female responses was of the opinion that that teaching these things was not necessary. Women‘s awareness and motivation needs to be raised on these issues. (For detailed tables on responses to the above topics see Annex E)

25 In reality, freezing water and then thawing it before drinking may even make it more unsafe

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4.2. Prevailing Attitudes Towards Current Standards in WSS Services Satisfaction with Water Supply Recent data collected by the National Water Company suggests that:- ‘’This situation is again confirmed in the Household survey data, i.e. no correlation exists between the frequency of payments and regularity of water supply. Although 53 % of respondents were satisfied with their most frequently used water source, these did not pay for drinking water at all. Only 5.9% of households with night and day water supply paid for drinking water every month while around 70% of those households receiving only a few hour daily water supplies paid each month. Households with constant water supply pay once per 2-3 months, however, the majority don’t pay at all’’. Despite the service deficiencies, outlined elsewhere in this report, 56.8% of households in the survey reported satisfaction with their supply from the source mostly used. The satisfaction is related to the regularity of water supplied: 52% of those who were satisfied with water available in the tap had constant supply whereas an equal proportion of dissatisfied consumers only had water available 3-5 hours per day (for all seasons). Of those who had bought equipment to improve their supply there was some correlation between the amount paid for equipment (such as pumps and containers) and satisfaction level. The satisfied respondents had paid more for equipment than the dissatisfied respondents. Higher investments costs were linked with higher satisfaction. A higher level of satisfaction (78.8%) was expressed among those who have no water tap from the water company. Those without the water company connection were 10% less satisfied. Strangely, the fact of having water pipe repairs or improvements did not appear to have an influence on consumer satisfaction. Satisfaction according to ethnicity varied: 78% of Armenians were satisfied with their water supply whereas only 58.0% of Georgians were satisfied. Azeris showed the lowest level (32.5%). This might be explained by local conditions. There were no relevant differences in satisfaction levels between male and female respondents despite women‘s gender roles being more closely affected by service provision. Reasons for Dissatisfaction The key reason for consumer dissatisfaction was the irregularity of water supply this was. The second reason was that water was dirty. Satisfaction with Service from Water Company Water company customers had split opinions on satisfaction with service received: Only 17.4% were satisfied while 23.8% were dissatisfied. The majority could not form a view. Data from the household survey of secondary towns revealed very little difference between the responses of the female and male respondents (57.4% of respondents were female and 42.6 % male), to levels of satisfaction with current standards of WSS provision, willingness to connect to new WSS systems, interest in a sanitation credit fund or a public toilet facility in the town centre. Attitudes Towards Willingness to Pay for Improved WSS The frequency of payment for drinking water was every month for 41.5% of households. However, a total of 43% state that they don‘t pay at all.

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Willingness to pay the capping tariff (GEL 2.5 per person) was high among female and male respondents, especially when they calculated the current expenditure on coping strategies (electricity, pumps, storage tanks etc). In general the cost of coping strategies was between GELS 5-30; in extreme cases they reached GEL 80 (Marneuli) or nothing (Mestia). Even though the women were quite aware of the costs they incurred, the men were more specific on how much they spent in terms of cleaning the wells, fixing broken systems and electrical pumping costs. However there was more concern over payment for connection charges (estimated at GEL 40. Some said they would not be able to afford this. The exception was Mestia) where neither waste water nor electricity was paid for, and those that paid a water tariff thought that GEL 0.80 was considered to be high. The main concern was that water taps were kept running throughout the winter to prevent pipes freezing over, which would result in a very high meter reading if meters were installed. Individual metering was preferred by the majority in all the FGW in the towns. As they estimated that GEL 0.23 per cubic meter was lower than the fixed per capita tariff. It would also prevent disputes between households who shared a meter. The FGW considered what they would do in the event of not being able to afford the water bills, and said they would take water from boreholes and wells. Marneuli would still have a separate supply of irrigation water. In Mestia they would continue to take water from mountain springs. The men in Mestia could not imagine that their tap water supply would ever be cut off due to non payment.

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Annex 2-2: Household Survey Questionnaire

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES AND ANALYSIS HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

(Fill in before the interview) Interviewer number # Sample number # 1. Number of the questionnaire |____|____|____|____| 2. City 1 Poti 2 Marneuli 3 Mestia 4 Zugdidi 5 Akhalkalaki 6 Telavi

3. Correct address (street, block, number of the house)

4. Style of house: Apartment house 1 (multi level) House 2 3 Collective settlement for IDPs 4 Other (specify)______

5. Floor level (for apartment houses) (write down) 6. The date of the interview: date: Date |____|____| Month |____|____| 7. Start time of the interview: Hour |____|____| Minute |____|____| 8. End time of the interview: Hour |____|____| Minute |____|____|

9. Interviewer: Name ______Signature______#№ ______10. Supervisor: Name ______Signature ______#№ ______11. Checking: Name ______Signature ______#№ ______12. Coding: Name ______Signature ______#№ ______

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2010

Hello! My name is ...... This study is conducted by ―Institute of Social Studies and Analysis‖. We are carrying out a survey related to drinking water supply and waste water collection in cities in Georgia. Would you be able to respond to my questions? We guarantee that your responses will stay anonymous and the results of our research will be processed in general form, i.e. without names and addresses of respondents.

Our interview will take approximately 30 minutes. We are working on behalf of the Asian Development Bank which is proposing to invest in the development of a water supply and sanitation sector strategy in Georgian cities.

We are grateful for your participation in this survey.

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Language of the questionnaire

1 Georgian 2 Azeri 3 Armenian Resident

1 Local resident 2 IDP

Gender of the respondent 1 Female 2 Male

A) HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION

A1. First a few questions about your house (apartment) located at this address: (PLEASE FILL OUT THE DATA FOR EACH LINE)

Number of living-rooms and bed-rooms (excluding 1 rooms kitchen, toilet, bathroom) Total living area (in square meters) square 2 meters 3 Do you own or rent a house (apartment)? 1. Own (privatized) 2. Own (not privatized) 3. Rented 4. Leased 5. Live free of charge Other (specify) A2. Do you or your household have these items in working condition:

Yes No D/A 1 Refrigerator 1 2 99 2 TV set 1 2 99 3 Usual washing machine 1 2 99 4 Automatic or semiautomatic washing machine 1 2 99 5 Telephone line 1 2 99 6 Mobile telephone 1 2 99 7 Other electronic item ( e.g., stereo) 1 2 99 8 Car 1 2 99

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A3. Now I would like to ask you a few questions about each member of your household who lives here with you. Please name, one by one, all members of your household, including the youngest ones. Please begin with yourself. THE FIRST LINE MUST CONTAIN THE NAME OF THE RESPONDENT WHO IS THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD OR WIFE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

№ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A3.1 Name of household member

A3.2

Respondent

A3.3 Family position 1. Head of 7. Grandchild household 8. Grandmother/Grandfathe 2. Wife r 3. mother/ 9. Sister-in-law/Brother-in- father law 4. Mother-in- 10. Other relative law/Father-in- 11. Other non-relative law 5. Son/Daughter 6. Brother/Sister A3.4 Sex 1. Female 2. Male A3.5 Age (number of full years) A3.6 Education 1. Not yet school age 8. Higher education 2. Illiterate 9. PhD 3. No primary 88. Refuse to answer education but literate 4. Primary education 5. Not reached secondary education 6. Secondary education 7. Technicum/ College A3.7 Currently main occupation:

ONLY ONE REPLY. SHOW CARD 1 FOR WORKING: FOR NON-WORKING: 1. State organization 9. Housewife 2. Private organization 10. Pensioner 3. Joint-venture 11. Disabled 4. Joint-stock- 12. Student company 13. Unemployed 5. Government 14. Maternity leave 6. Non-governmental Other (specify) or non-profit organization 7. Self employed ------8. Own business, has

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license A3.8 Currently additional occupation:

ONLY ONE REPLY. SHOW CARD 1 7. Self employed FOR WORKING: 8. Own business, has 1. State organization license 2. Private organization Other (specify) 3. Joint venture

4. Joint-stock- company ------5. Government 6. Non-governmental or non-profit organization

A4. What is your ethnicity?

1 Georgian 2 Azeri 3 Armenian 4 Other nationality (specify)______

A5. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? Please add up the money actually received by all members of your household who live here now, during last month, including all sources of income: salaries, pensions, scholarships, allowances, etc. Please name all amounts, including the repayment of deferred wages or pensions if these were received by members of your household last month. FILL OUT THE TABLE BELOW, LISTING ALL POSSIBLE SOURCES OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER LINE

1-Yes Sum # Income type 2-No (GEL) 1 Salary 1 2 2 Pension 1 2 3 IDP allowance 1 2 4 Scholarship 1 2 5 Income raised from private business, self-employment, casual employment 1 2 6 Income from sales of produce grown on a personal land plot or in orchard 1 2 7 All kinds of state allowance 1 2 8 Interest on bank savings 1 2 9 Remittances (from relatives living abroad) 1 2 10 Income from renting of property, vehicles, or appliances 1 2 11 Any other type of income 1 2

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A6. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list? READ OUT THE LIST. WRITE THE ANSWERS IN EVERY LINE. IF FOR ANY LINE THE AMOUNT WAS PAID FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, DIVIDE IT BY THE NUMBER OF MONTHS AND PUT THE RESULT UNDER THE COLUMN «AMOUNT». Amount (GEL) /Month Name of Goods and Services # Apartment House Other (Total Expenditure on Goods and Services) Apartment service charges (including elevator maintenance)

(lump sum, if it includes utility charges) 1 Electricity for water pump 1 2 Drinking water supply (include from pipe or other services) 2 3 Sewerage (sanitation) 3 4 Latrine emptying 4 5 Septic tank emptying 5 6 Heating 6 7 Hot water supply 7 8 Electricity supply 8 9 Gas supply 9 10 Garbage removal 10 Other (specify) Sum

# Name of Goods and Services Sum Difficult (Total Expenditure on Goods and Services) (GEL) to /month answer 1 Food (including alcohol and tobacco) 99 2 Transport 99 3 Clothes and footwear 99 4 Health services and medicines 99 5 School fees 99 6 Telephone (including long distance calls) 99 Mobile phone 7 Internet 99 8 Television programs and cable television 99 9 Entertainment (concerts, movies, etc.) and recreation 99 10 Forage for domestic animals ( horses, cattle, pigs & poultry)_ 99 11 Irrigation water 99 12 Agrochemicals ( pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer) 99 13 Loan repayment 99 Other expenses ------

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A7. Did your household arrange a wedding or any other similar event with many guests invited last month?

Yes 1 No 2 Difficult to answer 99

A8. Thinking about the food your household consumes, is it?

Code 1 Mostly home grown 1 2 About three quarters home grown 2 3 About half home grown 3 4 About a quarter home grown 4 5 None home grown- we buy all our food 5 Go to A10 Other ( specify ) ______99 Difficult to answer 99 Go to A10

A9. If food is home grown on the same plot where you live. Which is the main source of water you use to grow the food /water your livestock?

Water from tap in the house / apartment 1 Water from own tap outside the house/ apartment 2 Water from neighbors‘ tap 3 Water from shared standpipe outside the house /apartment 4 Water from own borehole or well 5 Water from shared borehole or well 6 Water from neighbor‗s well or borehole 7 Rain is adequate 8 Irrigation water 9 Other (specify) ------Difficult to answer 99

A10. In the past week, on average, how many meals per day has your household eaten?

Number:

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B) DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

B1. Is your house (apartment) supplied with water tap, with water provided by the water company? Yes 1 No water tap inside house 2 Go to B3 Tap water not from water company 3 Difficult to answer 99

B2. Is your house (apartment) supplied with a water meter? Yes, for own water consumption 1 Yes, shared water meter 2 No 3 Difficult to answer 99

B3. Have there been any water pipe repairs or improvements to your water supply in your street in the last year? Yes, 1 No 2 Difficult to answer 99

B4. How often does your household pay for drinking water? Every month 1 Once per 2-3 months 2 Once per 6 months 3 Once per year 4 Rarely 5 Doesn‘t pay at all 6 Other (specify): Difficult to answer 99

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B5. Now I would like to ask a few questions about the drinking water supply to your household. I am going to read out a list of different water supply sources and you, please say whether you use any of the mostly, sometimes or never.

(READ OUT THE LIST AND CODE, ONE ANSWER FOR EACH LINE) Mostly (more than Sometimes Never one answer is possible) Tap water from the water company from a pipe 1 1 2 3 inside the house/apartment Tap water from water company at the neighbor‘s, 2 1 2 3 living on the other floor Tap water not from the water company (e.g., old 3 1 2 3 soviet source) Shared tap from the water company outside the 4 1 2 3 house Own borehole/well allocated to the 5 1 2 3 house/apartment block with electric pump 6 Shared borehole with electric pump 1 2 3 7 From a neighbor‘s borehole 1 2 3 8 Own well with bucket (without electric pump) 1 2 3 9 Bottled water purchased from a shop 1 2 3 10 River, lake, pond or other natural water source 1 2 3 Irrigation or drainage canal (e.g., for washing 11 1 2 3 purposes on) Irrigation or drainage canal (e.g., agriculture or 12 1 2 3 livestock use only) 13 Water delivered in tank vehicles 1 2 3 14 Other (specify): 1 2 3

B6. Are you satisfied with the supply from the source you MOSTLY use? Specify one main source. Yes Go to B9 if tap supply 1  Go to B14 if NO tap supply No 2 

B7. Please give the key reason for your dissatisfaction with the water supply from the source you mostly use.

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B8. Please give the second reason for your dissatisfaction.

(DO NOT READ OUT THE LIST. MARK ONLY ONE ANSWER IN THE SECONDS COLUMN OF THE TABLE BELOW) 2nd 1ST reason reason Water supply is irregular 1 1 Water is dirty (admixtures, sand, rust) 2 2 Water contains harmful bacteria/unsafe to drink 3 3 Low pressure 4 4 Water has bad taste, smell 5 5 No water supply inside the house/ apartment 6 6 Own borehole is dry/poor quality water 7 7 Does not like shared water meter 8 8 Does nor like having own water meter 9 9 Other (specify) No other reason for dissatisfaction 99 99

ASK IF WHETHER THE HOUSEHOLD GETS TAP WATER. IF NOT GO TO B14.

B9. Please say, how regular is the supply of water in the tap you use in each of the following seasons? (SHOW CARD 2. READ OUT THE NAMES OF THE SEASONS AND MARK ONLY ONE ANSWER IN EACH LINE)

Approx. 1 Approx. 1- Daily, 2-3 days 3-4 days No at all day a 2 days a almost a month a week month week daily Spring, 1 Summer 1 2 3 4 5 6 Autumn, 2 Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6

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B10. For how many hours a day is drinking water available in the tap you use in each of the following seasons? (SHOW CARD 3. READ OUT THE NAMES OF THE SEASONS AND MARK ONLY ONE ANSWER IN EACH LINE)

6-10 10-11 Night and No at all 1-2 hours 3-5 hours hours hours day Spring, 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summer Autumn, 2 Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6

B11. How is your water bill calculated? Is it ------(INTERVIEWER READ OUT)

Amount GEL According to household size (per head) 1 Go to B14 By own water meter (per cubic m) 2 Shared water meter (bill divided by number of 3 households)

Fixed amount deducted at source 6 GEL (some 4 Go to B14 IDPs)

Other method (specify) 5 Go to B14 DON‘T PAY FOR THIS WATER 6 Go to B13 9 Difficult to answer Go to B14 9

B12. a) How much does your household pay per month for water supplied by the water company? b) How much did your household consume? (INTERVIEWE: ASK TO SEE RECENT WATER BILL IF POSSIBLE)

1 GEL Tetri Go to B14

2 water consumed Cubic meters Difficult to answer 99 99

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B13. Why do you not pay for water supplied by the water company? (DO NOT READ OUT THE LIST. MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED)

We do not have money for that 1 Utility bills are deducted before I receive my allowance (IDPs) 2 Welfare payment pays for water 3 Water company does not supply water to us 4 Because we take water from neighbors 5 Somebody else (employer, relative living elsewhere) pays for us 6 Other (specify):

B14. Did you pay for any equipment to enable water to be pumped and stored in containers? When GEL: purchased/made Code Tetri (year) Yes, paid for water pump 1 Yes, purchased water tank (fixed) 2 Yes, purchased new pipes 3 Yes, paid for laborers (for any of above) 4 Yes, dug a borehole or well (include materials and labor) 5 Yes, purchased other containers 6 No, did not pay anything 7 Other (specify) Difficult to answer 99

B15. How much does your household pay per month for drinking water you obtain from other sources? (INTERVIEWER: SHOW CARD 4 SHOWING OTHER POSSIBLE SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER)

GEL (WRITE DOWN) Go to B17 DOES NOT TAKE FROM OTHER SOURCES 77 Go to B18 DON‘T PAY FOR THIS WATER 88 Difficult to answer 99

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B16. Why do you not pay for water toy take from other sources? (DO NOT READ OUT. MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED)

We do not have money for that 1 Utility bills are deducted before I receive my allowance (IDPs) 2 Welfare payment pays for water 3 Because we take water from neighbors 4 Somebody else (employer, relative living elsewhere) pays for us 5 We do not take water from other sources 6 Other (specify): 7 Difficult to answer 99

B17. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS ARE ALLOWED, EXCEPT FOR CODE 1)

GEL ASK Code (monthly) We do nothing 1 We allow water to settle 2 Hours per week: 3.1 We boil water

Fuel type: 3.2

We freeze and then thaw water 4 We filter water (domestic) 5 Date bought: Chlorinate water (domestic) 6

Other (specify) Difficult to answer 99

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Household Water Consumption

B18. Now a few questions about water reserves in your household. Do keep water reserves in summer time? (INTERVIEWER USE CARD 5 TO SHOW TYPES OF CONTAINERS AND THEIR CAPACITY)

Capacity (liters) Yes, own water tank (fixed) 1 … Capacity (liters)

Yes, shared water tank with other 2 households Number of households sharing

Yes, in various containers (moveable) 3 Total liters No 4 Go to B22

B19. For how many days does your household reserve water last in summer? WRITE DOWN: Days Difficult to answer 99

B20. Do you keep water reserves in winter? (INTERVIEWER USE CARD 5 TO SHOW TYPES OF CONTAINERS AND THEIR CAPACITY)

Capacity (liters) Yes, own water tank (fixed) 1 … Capacity (liters)

Yes, shared water tank with other 2 households Number of households sharing

Yes, in various containers (moveable) 3 Total liters No 4 Go to B22

B21. For how many days does your reserved water last in winter? WRITE DOWN: Days Difficult to answer 99

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B22. ASK IF HOUSEHOLD PAYS WATER BILL TO WATER COMPANY (INTERVIEWER: REFER TO B4 – ASK IF CODES 1, 2 & 6)

How satisfied are you with the water service you receive from the water company? (INTERVIEWER: READ OUT) Are you: Very satisfied 1 Satisfied 2 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 3 Dissatisfied 4 Very dissatisfied 5 (Write comment if offered) ______

C) SANITATION

C1. What type of toilet does your household use?

Flush/ water pour toilet 1 Toilet located within the yard 2 Other (specify) 3 Difficult to answer 99

C2. Is your household connected to the central sewerage?

Yes, and pipes are working 1 Go to C9 Yes, but pipes are problematic 2 Go to C5 No, but central sewage pipe is present 3 No, no pipe to connect to 4 Go to C4

C3. If pipe available but not connected. Why are you not connected to the sewage pipe?

Cannot afford connection 1 Other priorities come first 2 Residents have not agreed (for apartments only) 3 Other reason (specify) 4 Difficult to answer 99

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C4. If not connected to a sewer where is fluid waste usually discharged to? (DO NOT READ OUT THE LIST. MARK ONE ANSWER ONLY)

It flows straight into the street, yard, garden 1 Go to C6 Into pond, lake or river 2 Go to C6 Into canal 3 Go to C6 Into a pit 4 Go to C6 Into the local open drain channel (that serves several 5 Go to C6 houses) Into their own pit latrine 6 Go to C6 Into own septic tank 7 Into shared septic tank (apartment buildings) 8 Other (specify) Go to C6 Difficult to answer 99 Go to C6

C5. IF SEPTIC TANK IS USED – How much did it cost to construct? What year was this?

Year of Cost construction Individual septic tank 1 Go to C8ze Shared septic tank 2 Go to C8ze Other (specify) Go to C8ze Don‘t have a septic tank 88 Difficult to answer 99

C6. IF NO SEPTIC TANK – If your household has no septic tank (or toilet) why not?

Don‘t know what a septic tank is 1 Cost is too high/can‘t afford 2 No space to build a septic tank 3 Prefer existing arrangements/not necessary 4 Not enough water available 5 They use too much water (too expensive to operate) 6 We are connected to the central sewerage (which works problematically) 7 Other (specify): Difficult to answer 99

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C7. If a sanitation credit fund was provided in your town would your household be interested in borrowing money to build a septic tank?

Yes 1 No 2 Can‘t say because it would be a community decision (apartments only) Difficult to answer 99

C8. ASK HOUSE RESIDENTS ONLY If new sewage piped network was provided in your road – Would you agree to pay for connection to the central sewerage? (IF YES – INTERVIEWER SHOW CARD 6 – PRICE RANGES)

...... Yes 1 GEL No 2 Difficult to answer 99

C9. How much does your household pay a month for sanitation services now?

WRITE DOWN: WRITE We don‘t pay DOWN for this service 1 MONTHLY BILL from water company (Excluding water charges) 88 2 Sanitation services is included in the water bill 77 3 For service to dig up a new pit (divide by number of months since 88 last service) For service to empty septic tank and pit latrine (divide by number 88 of months before next service is required) 5 Other (specify): Difficult to answer 99

C10. Do you think there should be well maintained and clean public toilets provided in the areas where people gather in your town?

Yes 1 No 2 Difficult to answer 99

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C11. IF YES – How much would you be willing to pay for each visit to use the public toilet?

Write amount (GEL/Tetri) Would not pay 8888 Difficult to answer 9999

D) HEALTH AND HYGIENE

D1. Now I would like to ask a few questions about the health of your family. I am going to name some water borne and sanitation related diseases and you, please tell me, whether the adult members of your household ever had any of these diseases and how many days they were sick in the last year. (SHOW CARD 7 WITH THE LIST IF DISEASES AND IN EACH COLUMN MARK THE NUMBER OF DAYS, 0 – IF THEY DIDN’T HAVE THIS DISEASE, 99 – Difficult to answer)

Household member Total code 1 Breathing problems 2 Fever 3 Hepatitis of Jaundice 4 Diarrhea 5 Skin disease Other (specify)

D2. How many children currently living with you are school age children? (it does not matter whether they actually attend school or not)?

WRITE DOWN: ...... Children No children live here 99 Go to D4

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D3. Who of the children was sick with the same type of illness as the adults had, and how many times? And how many school days he/she missed because of illness in the last year. Please give the names of the children and answer about each of them, one by one. (SHOW CARD 7 AGAIN, WRITE THE CODES OF THE CHILDREN AND IN EACH COLUMN MARK THE NUMBER OF DAYS MISSED IN SCHOOL DUE TO THESE DISEASES, 0 – IF THEY DIDN’T HAVE THIS DISEASE, 99 – Difficult to answer)

Child code Total

1 Breathing problems 2 Fever 3 Hepatitis of Jaundice 4 Diarrhea 5 Skin disease Other (specify)

D4. ASK ONLY IF SOMEBODY WAS SICK DUE TO WATER OR SANITATION, IF NOT GO TO E1. Did you turn to anyone for medical help during the illness of your household members, or did you treat them yourself without consulting anyone over the last year?

Did not consult anyone/used traditional remedy 1 Went to doctor or clinic/hospital 2 Bought medicine (without consultation) 3 Other (specify): 4 NOBODY WAS SICK OVER THIS TIME 99

D5. How much money approximately did your household spend over the last year on medicines and health services?

Paid Did not Insurance Difficult pay paid to (GEL) answer (GEL) 1 Medicine 2 99 2 Health services, medical aid 2 99 3 Could not afford any treatment 2 99

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E) GENDER ASPECTS OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

ASK ONLY ADULT WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD

E1. Is water from the tap, not always available – restricted to a certain day or time of day?

TO END of No adult woman available for the interview/ or not living here 99 survey Yes 1 No, it never happens 2 Go to E3

E2. If yes, how does this affect your daily housework (MULTIPLE CODE)

The time of scheduled supply means I have to wait in the house to collect it 1 THE SCHEDULED SUPPLY PREVENTS ME FROM: Taking or collecting my children to and from school 2 Taking a job 3 Getting adequate sleep 4 Doing all my cleaning duties when I want to 5 Shopping when I want to 6 Cooking when I want to 7 Social activities when I want to 8 Other (SPECIFY): It does not affect my daily housework routine 77 Difficult to answer 99

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E3. I would like to ask a few questions about daily life of your family. What do you do if drinking water from the usual source is not available or not enough?

DO NOT READ OUT THE LIST. MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED. IT NEVER HAPPENS OR HAPPENS VERY SELDOM 1

2 We take water for free from shared tap on the street, or in the block 3 We take water for free from neighbors 4 We take water for free from the tube well 5 We buy water (SPECIFY, WHERE EXACTLY):

- water is provided by tanker (private supplier) 6 - water is sold by other suppliers (e.g., from employer or former soviet arrangements) 7 - bottled water from the shop 8 Other (SPECIFY):

Difficult to answer 99

E4. Approximately how far (how many meters away) is this water source from your house? IF THE ANSWER IS IN KM, TRANSLATE IT INTO METERS

WRITE DOWN: meters Source is within house or yard 2 Go to E11 Difficult to answer 99 Go to E11

E5. Who in your HH usually fetches water: men, women or children? MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED.

Always Sometimes Never Men 1 1 1 Women 2 2 2 Children 3 3 3 Other (specify):

Difficult to answer 99 99 99

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E6. Do you use any transport to bring this water, or do you carry it yourself? MARK ONE ANSWER ONLY. Use any transport 1 Carry the water ourselves 2 Go to E9 Combination 3 Difficult to answer 99 Go to E9

E7. Which transport do you use? MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED. Own car 1 Go to E9 Hired car, taxi 2 Cart, wheelbarrow 3 Bicycle 4 Relatives or friends provide transport 5 Don‘t use transport 6 Other (SPECIFY): Difficult to answer 99

E8. Do you pay anyone an additional amount for the use of his transport to fetch the water? If yes, how much for one time?

WRITE DOWN: GE L We pay nobody 2 Difficult to answer 99

E9. How many times a day do you have to bring the water in winter and summer?

winter summer WRITE DOWN: Other (specify) Difficult to answer 99 99

E10. How many minutes approximately do you spend on one round trip to fetch water?

WRITE DOWN: minute s Difficult to answer 99

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E11. Do you pay anything for the water itself? If yes, how much a liter?

WRITE DOWN: GEL We pay nobody 2 Difficult to answer 99

E12. INTERVIEWER! CALCULATE THE TIME SPENT DAILY IN WINTER AND SUMMER ON BRINGING IN THE WATER AND TELL IT TO THE RESPONDENT. ‗‘You say you spend ….. minutes/ hours per day collecting water‖ THEN ASK: If this time you spend on fetching water would become available to you, how would you use it? MORE THAN ONE ANSWER CAN BE MARKED. I would spend more time on household chores 1 I would spend more time looking after the children 2 I would find a job 3 I would engage myself in some small business 4 I would rest more 5 Other (specify): 7 WATER IS FETCHED BY HUSBAND AND CHILDREN Difficult to answer 99

E13. Who in your household makes decisions on how to spend family budget? MARK ONE ANSWER ONLY. Mainly Male Household head 1 Mainly Female household head 2 Together 3 Difficult to answer 99

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E14. Now I’m going to read out some statements and I would like you to tell me whether you agree or disagree:

Agree Disagree Don’t Difficult know to answer 1 Refrigeration is the best & healthiest way to store food 1 2 3 99 Animals or people defecating near a well or borehole can 2 1 2 3 99 cause illness or disease 3 Flooding in areas where there are pit latrines can cause disease 1 2 3 99 4 Flooding near open sewers can cause disease 1 2 3 99 Skin, eye and ear infections can be caused by poor quality 5 1 2 3 99 water and water shortages Stagnant pools of water can provide breeding grounds for 6 1 2 3 99 mosquitoes 7 Diarrhea can be caused through bad water as well as bad food 1 2 3 99 8 It is important to wash your hands after going to the toilet 1 2 3 99 9 Freezing dirty water makes it safe to drink 1 2 3 99 10 Flies can spread hepatitis and other diseases 1 2 3 99

E15. ASK ONLY THOSE HOUSEHOLDS THAT HAVE CHILDREN, IF NOT GO TO E16. Who in your family teaches the children about the following?

Not Male Female Both necessary 1 Washing hands after going to the toilet 2 Washing hands before eating 3 To boil or treat water before drinking 4 How to prepare and cook food 5 Personal health and hygiene to girls 6 Personal health and hygiene to boys Reproductive health, and family planning to 7 girls/ young women Reproductive health and family planning to 8 boys/ young men

E17. Are there any places in this town where people can go to get information about how to improve personal and family health and hygiene?

Yes 1 No 2 Difficult to answer 99

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Thank you very much for taking part in this interview!

INTERVIEWER! DO NOT FORGET TO FILL OUT THE PASSPORT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

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Annex 2-3: Household Survey Sample Design & Response Rate

Technical Report of the Survey ―Developing An Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy‖

The Type of Research: Quantitative Sociological Survey; Method of Data Collection: Face to face interview; General Unity: 18+ years old population of 7 Cities of Georgia; Sample Size: 1600 Respondents.

Survey Tools The survey tools was a structured questionnaire for a face-to-face interview (in three languages: Georgian, Armenian, Azeri), which was designed from Egis Bceom International in English language. ISSA insured the translation of the questionnaires into the three languages. At least two visits were required for conducting interview in the selected household. Face-to-face interviews needed approximately 40 minutes to fill out the questionnaires.

Training ISSA ensured training of the supervisors. Within the survey there were 6 supervisors employed. The interviewers were local and were trained by the supervisors in the selected cities.

Table 1: Number of Supervisors and Interviewers According The Cities:

Cities Telavi Marneuli Akhalkalaki Poti Anaklia Zugdidi Mestia

Number of 1 1 1 1 1 1 Supervisor

Number of 4 4 3 8 1 12 1 Interviewers

Pilot Survey ISSA conducted a pilot survey in order to test the questionnaire. The pilot interviews were conducted in Telavi. Overall, 20 interviews were carried out. According to the results of the pilot study, ISSA, in collaboration with Egis Bceom International survey consultant, made a correction in the questionnaire draft and designed the final version of the survey questionnaire.

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Field Work ISSA involved in the survey sufficient number of interviewers and supervisors for conducting the field work in a timely manner and at a high quality level. The field work staff were divided into teams, one team consisting of a supervisor and the interviewers. The supervisor was responsible for the quality of performance of the interviewers in his/her team. She presented at several interviews of each interviewer in order to ensure the quality of their work. In addition, supervisors checked the questionnaires completed by the interviewers and advised them as needed. Survey has been conducted in 7 cities and nearby villages: Zugdidi, Poti, Anaklia, Mestia, Telavi, Marneuli and Akhalkalaki. Cities have been selected with compact settlements of ethnic Georgians, as well as ethnic non-Georgians:  In Akhalkalaki ethnic Georgians and non-Georgians (mainly, Armenians) have been interviewed in both (Georgian and Armenian) languages;  In Marneuli ethnic Georgians and non-Georgians (mainly, Azeris) have been interviewed in both (Georgian and Azeri) languages;  In the rest of the cities interviews were carried with Georgian population in Georgian language. Table 2: Number of Conducted Interviews According to the Cities:

Cities Poti Marneuli Mestia Zugdidi Akhalkalaki Telavi Anaklia Number of conducted 450 170 35 590 101 230 24 Interviews

Table 3: Percentage of the Urban Population Surveyed in Each City:

Cities Poti Marneuli Mestia Zugdidi Akhalkalaki Telavi Anaklia Number of conducted 3,4% 3,5% 5,2% 3.4% 4.1% 3,5% 4,8% Interviews

Sampling: Sample Frame: Data base of Census units of the 2002 population Census for Georgia. Sample Design: Multi stage cluster sampling with preliminary stratification. Overall sample size (1600 interviews) has been distributed between target cities/nearby villages in proportion to the residing households. Primary Sampling Unit (PSU): 1. Each city were divided into targeted districts (which was defined by Egis Bceom International survey consultant); 2. Within the targeting districts the sample number of households were defined according the Proportional Size. Secondary Sampling Unit (SSU) was household. In each selected PSU SSU‘s have been selected from the Census addresses randomly. Final Sampling Unit (FSU) was member of household. FSU‘s have been household head or the spouse of household head. In case both of these persons were not reachable the interview were conducted with the person responsible for paying the communal taxation.

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Field Control System ISSA has trained an independent group of people responsible for field control. It is exclusively their function, never mixing up with basic initial field-works. As a rule, 10% of conducted interviews (160 interview) went under the field control. Questionnaires that had to be checked were selected randomly from the package of filled questionnaires, though the packages themselves were systemized in a way that almost every interviewer held checking. Field controllers were trained according to the general and specific requirements of survey. They were aware what kind of errors has to be fixed and reported to the manager of the survey. Field control did not discover any significant errors made while conducting field-works that would have put under threat the job done by interviewers.

Data Entry, Logical Control and Cleaning ISSA hires 4 technical assistants on the basis of long-term contracts. The technical staff insured coding the open ended questions and putting data into the SPSS programme. ISSA‘s SPSS programme specialist (statistician) have cleaned and processed data. Data Cleaning encompassed three sub-processes:  Data checking and error detection;  Data validation;  Error correction.

ISSA ensured producing output statistical tables defined by Egis Bceom International survey consultant Georgia.

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Annex 2-4: HH Survey Tables Section A: Socio Economic Profile

City Frequency Percent 1 Poti 436 27,3 2 Marneuli 199 12,4 3 Mestia 41 2,6 4 Zugdidi 501 31,3 5 Akhalkalaki 121 7,6 6 Telavi 273 17,0 7 Anaklia 29 1,8 Total 1 600 100,0

Style of House Frequency Percent Apartment house 179 11,2 House 1 345 84,1 Collective settlement for IDPs 67 4,2 Italian yard 9 0,5 Total 1 600 100,0

Q1. Language of the Questionnaire Frequency Percent Georgian 1 355 84,7 Azeri 137 8,6 Armenian 108 6,7 Total 1 600 100,0

Q2. Population Frequency Percent Local population 1 518 94,9 IDP 82 5,1 Total 1 600 100,0

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Q3. Sex Who is the respondent (Sex) Frequency Percent Woman 918 57,4 Man 682 42,6 Total 1 600 100,0

A1_1. Number of living-rooms and bed-rooms Frequency Percent 1-2 rooms 236 14,7 3-4 rooms 730 45,6 5-6 rooms 401 25,1 7 rooms and more 233 14,6 Total 1 600 100,0

A1_2. Total living area Frequency Percent 1 Less than 21 55 3,5 2 21-30 46 2,9 3 31-40 84 5,2 4 41-50 139 8,7 5 51-60 159 9,9 6 61-70 93 5,8 7 71-80 226 14,2 8 More than 80 749 46,8 999 Don‘t know 49 3,1 Total 1 600 100,0

A1.3. Do you own or rent a house (apartment)? Frequency Percent 1 Own, Privatized 1 118 69,9 2 Own, Non Privatized 361 22,6 3 Rented 35 2,2 5 Live Free Of Charge 86 5,4 Total 1 600 100,0

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A2. Do you or your household have these items in working condition: Yes No Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Refrigerator (icebox) 1 205 75,3 395 24,7 TV set 1 519 94,9 81 5,1 Usual washing machine 417 26,0 1 175 73,4 Automatic or semiautomatic 472 29,5 1 123 70,2 washing machine Line Telephone 967 60,5 631 39,5 Mobile phone 1 155 72,2 444 27,7 Other electronic item ( e.g., stereo) 742 46,4 857 53,5 Car 490 30,6 1 106 69,2

Household size Frequency Percent 1 1-2 Members 483 30,2 2 3-4 Members 652 40,8 3 5 and more Members 465 29,1 Total 1 600 100,0

Number of generations living together Frequency Percent 1 One generation 372 23,2 2 Two generation 755 47,2 3 Three generation 459 28,7 4 Four generation 14 0,9 Total 1 600 100,0

Age of head of household Frequency Percent 4 17-25 years 16 1,0 5 26-64 years 1 007 62,9 6 65 and more 575 35,9 Total 1 598 99,9 System 2 0,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Age of spouse to the head of household Frequency Percent 4 17-25 years 18 1,1 5 26-64 years 779 48,7 6 65 and more 159 9,9 Total 956 59,7 System 644 40,3 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

Education of head of household Frequency Percent Illiterate 6 0,4

No primary education but literate 5 0,3

Primary education 6 0,3 Non complete secondary education 56 3,5 Secondary education 657 41,1 Technicum, college 364 22,7 High education 502 31,4 PhD 4 0,2 Total 1 598 99,9 System 2 0,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

Education of spouse to the head of household Frequency Percent Illiterate 4 0,2

No primary education but literate 4 0,2

Primary education 2 0,1 Non complete secondary education 30 1,9 Secondary education 369 23,0 Technicum, college 243 15,2 High education 303 18,9 PhD 1 0,1 Total 956 59,7 System 644 40,3 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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A3_7. Currently main occupation Frequency Percent

0 Nobody works in Household 562 35,1

1 At least one member of 1 038 64,9 Household works Total 1 600 100,0

A3_8. Currently additional occupation: Frequency Percent 0 Nobody in Household have additional occupation 1 560 97,5

1 At least one member of Household have add/ occupation 40 2,5

Total 1 600 100,0

A4. What is your ethnicity? Frequency Percent 1 Georgian 1 300 81,3 2 Azeri 154 9,6 3 Armenian 120 7,5 4 Other 26 1.6 Total 1600 100.0

A5_1. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Salary Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 85 5,3

GEL 101 - 220 147 9,2 GEL 221 - 400 207 12,9 GEL 401 - 600 139 8,7 GEL 601 and more 146 9,1 Wasn't 870 54,4 Refuse to answer 6 0,4 Total 1 600 100,0

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A5_2. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Pension Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 564 35,2

GEL 101 - 220 229 14,3 GEL 221 - 400 12 0,7 Wasn't 795 49,7 Refuse to answer 1 0,1 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_3. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - IDP pension Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 52 3,2

GEL 101 - 220 20 1,3 Wasn't 1 528 95,5 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_4. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Scholarship Frequency Percent GEL 101 - 220 1 0,1 Wasn't 1 599 99,9 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_5. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Income raised from private business, self-employment, casual employment. Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 59 3,7

GEL 101 - 220 82 5,1 GEL 221 - 400 119 7,4 GEL 401 - 600 52 3,2 GEL 601 and more 35 2,2 Wasn't 1 249 78,1 Refuse to answer 4 0,2 Total 1 600 100,0

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A5_6. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Income from sales of produce grown on a personal land plot or in orchard Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 11 0,7

GEL 101 - 220 10 0,6 GEL 221 - 400 6 0,4 GEL 401 - 600 2 0,1 GEL 601 and more 2 0,1 Wasn't 1 568 98,0 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_7. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - All kinds of government allowance Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 48 3,0

GEL 101 - 220 13 0,8 GEL 221 - 400 4 0,2 Wasn't 1 536 96,0 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_8. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Interest on bank savings Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 1 0,1

Wasn't 1 599 99,9 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_9. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Remittances ( from relatives living abroad) Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 18 1,1

GEL 101 - 220 27 1,7 GEL 221 - 400 25 1,6 GEL 401 - 600 15 0,9 GEL 601 and more 16 1,0 Wasn't 1 498 93,6 Refuse to answer 1 0,1 Total 1 600 100,0

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A5_10. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Income from renting of property, vehicles, or appliances Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 6 0,4

GEL 101 - 220 5 0,3 GEL 221 - 400 1 0,1 GEL 401 - 600 2 0,1 GEL 601 and more 2 0,1 Wasn't 1 583 98,9 Total 1 600 100,0

A5_11. Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Any other type of income Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 42 2,6

GEL 101 - 220 42 2,6 GEL 221 - 400 24 1,5 GEL 401 - 600 7 0,4 GEL 601 and more 2 0,1 Wasn't 1 476 92,3 Refuse to answer 6 0,4 Total 1 600 100,0

A5. Total household income Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 284 17,7

GEL 101 - 220 351 21,9 GEL 221 - 400 378 23,6 GEL 401 - 600 253 15,8 GEL 601 and more 273 17,1 Wasn't 54 3,4 Refuse to answer 7 0,4 Total 1 600 100,0

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A6. (Apartment) Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: 1-10 GEL 11-20 GEL 21 GEL and more Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent Apartment service charges (including elevator maintenance) 178 99.3 1 0.7 (lump sum, if it includes utility charges) Electricity for Water Pump 179 100.0 Drinking Water Supply ( include 175 97.7 4 2.3 from pipe or other services) Sewerage (Sanitation) 179 100.0 Latrine Emptying 179 100.0 Emptying Septic Tank 179 100.0 Heating 177 99.2 1 0.8 Hot Water Supply 179 100 Electricity Supply 59 32.7 46 25.6 75 41.7 Gas Supply 145 81.1 29 16.1 5 2.8 Garbage Removal 179 99.9 0.1 Please say, how much did your 21 11.6 43 24.4 114 63.9 household spend last month?

A6. (House) Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: 1-10 GEL 11-20 GEL 21 GEL and more Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent Electricity for Water Pump 1344 99.9 1 0.1 Drinking Water Supply ( include 1310 97.6 23 1.7 10 0.7 from pipe or other services) Sewerage (Sanitation) 1344 99.9 1 0.1 Latrine emptying 1344 99.9 1 0.1 Emptying Septic Tank 1339 99.6 4 0.3 2 0.2 Heating 1321 98.2 2 0.2 22 1.6 Hot Water Supply 1342 99.7 4 0.3 Electricity Supply 434 32.2 362 26.9 550 40.6 Gas Supply 1073 79.7 172 12.8 100 7.4 Garbage Removal 1330 98.9 7 0.6 7 0.5 Irrigation Water 1 100.0 Please say, how much did your 21 19.0 43 18.9 114 62.1 household spend last month?

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A6. (Other) Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: 1-10 GEL 11-20 GEL 21 GEL and more Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent Apartment service charges (including elevator maintenance) 76 100.0 (lump sum, if it includes utility charges) Electricity for water pump 76 100.0 Drinking water supply (include from 76 100.0 4 2.3 pipe or other services) Sewerage (sanitation) 76 100.0 Latrine emptying 76 100.0 Emptying Septic tank 76 100.0 Heating 76 100.0 1 0.8 Hot water supply 76 100.0 Electricity supply 72 94.3 2 2.2 3 3.5 Gas supply 74 96.8 2 3.2 Garbage removal 76 100.0 Please say, how much did your 70 92.4 3 4.1 3 3.5 household spend last month?

A5. Total household income Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 284 17,7

GEL 101 - 220 351 21,9 GEL 221 - 400 378 23,6 GEL 401 - 600 253 15,8 GEL 601 and more 273 17,1 Wasn't 54 3,4 Refuse to answer 7 0,4 Total 1 600 100,0

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A6.2_1. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Food (including alcohol and tobacco) Frequency Percent

Less or equal than GEL 100 384 24,0

GEL 101 - 220 431 27,0 GEL 221 - 400 469 29,3 GEL 401 - 600 147 9,2 GEL 601 and more 30 1,9 Refuse to answer 140 8,7 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_2. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Transport Frequency Percent No income 614 38,4

Less or equal than GEL 100 797 49,8

GEL 101 - 220 70 4,4 GEL 221 - 400 30 1,9 GEL 401 - 600 6 0,4 GEL 601 and more 2 0,1 Refuse to answer 80 5,0 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_3. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Clothes and footwear Frequency Percent No income 888 55,5

Less or equal than GEL 100 555 34,7

GEL 101 - 220 50 3,1 GEL 221 - 400 16 1,0 GEL 401 - 600 4 0,2 Refuse to answer 88 5,5 Total 1 600 100,0

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A6.2_4. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Health services and medicines Frequency Percent No income 490 30,6

Less or equal than GEL 100 947 59,2

GEL 101 - 220 74 4,6 GEL 221 - 400 31 1,9 GEL 401 - 600 9 0,5 GEL 601 and more 11 0,7 Refuse to answer 39 2,5 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_5. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: School fees Frequency Percent No income 1 524 95,3

Less or equal than GEL 100 31 2,0

GEL 101 - 220 6 0,4 GEL 221 - 400 0 0,0 Refuse to answer 38 2,4 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_6. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Telephone (including long distance calls), mobile phone Frequency Percent No income 362 22,6

Less or equal than GEL 100 1 206 75,4

GEL 101 - 220 7 0,4 GEL 401 - 600 1 0,1 Refuse to answer 24 1,5 Total 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A6.2_7. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Internet Frequency Percent No income 1 313 82,1

Less or equal than GEL 100 245 15,3

GEL 101 - 220 1 0,1 Refuse to answer 41 2,5 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_8. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Television programs and cable television Frequency Percent No income 1 388 86,8

Less or equal than GEL 100 185 11,6

Refuse to answer 26 1,6 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_9. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Entertainment (concerts, movies, etc.) and recreation Frequency Percent No income 1 543 96,5

Less or equal than GEL 100 21 1,3

GEL 221 - 400 1 0,1 Refuse to answer 35 2,2 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_10. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Forage for domestic animals ( horses, cattle, pigs & poultry) Frequency Percent No income 1 438 89,9 Less or equal than GEL 100 121 7,6 GEL 101 - 220 2 0,1 Refuse to answer 38 2,4 Total 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A6.2_11. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Irrigation water Frequency Percent No income 1 562 97,6 Less or equal than GEL 100 5 0,3 Refuse to answer 34 2,1 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_12. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Agrochemicals ( pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer) Frequency Percent No income 1 563 97,7 Less or equal than GEL 100 5 0,3 Refuse to answer 32 2,0 Total 1 600 100,0

A6.2_13. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Loan repayment Frequency Percent No income 1 473 92,1 Less or equal than GEL 100 29 1,8 GEL 101 - 220 40 2,5 GEL 221 - 400 13 0,8 GEL 401 - 600 6 0,4 GEL 601 and more 7 0,4 Refuse to answer 31 1,9 Total 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A6.2_14. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Other expenses Frequency Percent 14 Alimony 1 0,1 15 Personal Teacher 2 0,1 16 Hygienic Items 1 0,1 17 flat rent 3 0,2 18 Student 2 0,1 19 Dog's 2 0,1

20 Expenses for kindergarten 1 0,1

D/A 14 0,9 Total 28 1,8 System 1 572 98,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

A6.2_14.1. Please say, how much did your household spend last month for goods, needs or services which I will list: Other expenses Frequency Percent Less or equal than GEL 100 18 1,2 GEL 101 - 220 6 0,4 GEL 221 - 400 2 0,1 GEL 601 and more 1 0,1 Total 28 1,8 System 1 572 98,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

A6.2. Total household expenditure (except utility charges) Frequency Percent No expenditure 35 2,2 Less or equal than GEL 100 197 12,3 GEL 101 - 220 399 24,9 GEL 221 - 400 413 25,8 GEL 401 - 600 307 19,2 GEL 601 and more 249 15,6 Total 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A8. Thinking about the food your household consumes, is it: Frequency Percent 1 Mostly home grown 59 3,7 2 About three quarters home grown 22 1,3 3 About half home grown 129 8,0 4 About a quarter home grown 264 16,5 5 None home grown- we buy all our food 1 111 69,4 6 Parents are sending 5 0,3 7 Neighbors are helping 2 0,1 Difficult to answer 9 0,5 Total 1 600 100,0

A9_1. If food is home grown. Which is the main source of water do you use to grow the food /water your livestock Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 Water from tap in the house / apartment 50 3,1 10,4 2 Water from own tap outside the house/ 41 2,6 8,6 apartment 3 Water from neighbors‘ tap 0 0,0 0,1 4 Water from shared standpipe outside the 2 0,1 0,5 house /apartment 5 Water from own borehole or well 209 13,1 43,5 6 Water from shared borehole or well 7 0,5 1,5 7 Water from neighbor‘s well or borehole 10 0,6 2,0 8 Rain is adequate 52 3,2 10,8 9 Irrigation water 62 3,9 13,0 10 Parents are sending 2 0,1 0,5 11 Relatives are sending 2 0,1 0,5 12 Is provided from the village 2 0,1 0,5 13 Bringing from the village 2 0,1 0,4 14 we do not irrigate 1 0,1 0,2 99 Difficult to answer 36 2,3 7,5 Total 481 30,0 100,0 System 1 119 70,0 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A9_2. If food is home grown. Which is the main source of water do you use to grow the food /water your livestock Frequency Percent Valid Percent Water from own tap outside the house/ 1 0,1 23,8 apartment Water from own borehole or well 0 0,0 4,9 Rain is adequate 4 0,2 71,3 Total 5 0,3 100,0 System 1 595 99,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

Ethnicity Ethnicity BY If this time you spend on fetching water would become available to you, how would you use it? I would I would spend spend more Water is more time on time looking fetched by Difficult household after the I would I would husband or to chores children find a job rest more children answer Total Georgian 35,8 4,2 3,9 22,5 15,1 18,6 100,0 Azeri 87,0 8,7 4,3 100,0 Armenian 83,3 8,3 8,3 100,0 Total 41,0 3,7 3,7 21,0 14,2 16,4 100,0

Ethnicity By Household Income Less or equal than GEL 101 GEL 221 GEL 401 GEL 601 Refuse to GEL 100 - 220 - 400 - 600 and more Wasn't answer Total Georgian 18,4 22,3 20,7 16,1 18,3 3,8 0,4 100,0 Azeri 13,7 20,3 35,9 16,3 13,1 0,7 100,0 Armenian 15,0 19,2 40,0 13,3 9,2 1,7 1,7 100,0 Total 17,7 22,0 23,6 15,8 17,1 3,3 0,4 100,0

IDPs Population By Style of House Collective Apartment settlement house House for IDPs Italian yard Total Count 174,0 1333,0 2,0 8,0 1517,0 Local Population Percent 11,5 87,9 0,1 0,5 100,0 Count 5,0 12,0 65,0 0,0 82,0 IDP Percent 6,1 14,6 79,3 0,0 100,0 Count 179,0 1345,0 67,0 8,0 1599,0 Total Percent 11,2 84,1 4,2 0,5 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

Population By Number of Living-Rooms and Bed-Rooms Number 5 and of rooms 1 2 3 4 more Total Count 37,0 143,0 315,0 394,0 628,0 1517,0 Local Population Percent 2,4 9,4 20,8 26,0 41,4 100,0 Count 27,0 29,0 17,0 4,0 5,0 82,0 IDP Percent 32,9 35,4 20,7 4,9 6,1 100,0 Count 64,0 172,0 332,0 398,0 633,0 1599,0 Total Percent 4,0 10,8 20,8 24,9 39,6 100,0

Population By Total Living Area

More Less than than 21 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 80 Total local population Count 34,0 32,0 63,0 131,0 153,0 91,0 224,0 741,0 1469 Percent 2,3 2,2 4,3 8,9 10,4 6,2 15,2 50,4 100,0

IDP Count 22,0 13,0 20,0 9,0 5,0 2,0 2,0 7,0 80 Percent 27,5 16,3 25,0 11,3 6,3 2,5 2,5 8,8 100,0

Total Count 56,0 45,0 83,0 140,0 158,0 93,0 226,0 748,0 1549 Percent 3,6 2,9 5,4 9,0 10,2 6,0 14,6 48,3 100,0

Population BY Do You Own Or Rent A House (Apartment)? own, own, non live free privatized privatized rented of charge Total Count 1112 357 31 18 1518 Local Population Percent 73,3 23,5 2,0 1,2 100,0 Count 7 4 3 68 82 IDP Percent 8,5 4,9 3,7 82,9 100,0 Count 1119,0 361,0 34,0 86,0 1600 Total Percent 69,9 22,6 2,1 5,4 100,0

Population By Do You Or Your Household Have These Items In Working Condition: Refrigerator (Icebox) Yes No Total Count 1167 351 1518 Local Population Percent 76,9 23,1 100,0 Count 39 44 83 IDP Percent 47,0 53,0 100,0 Count 1206 395 1601 Total Percent 75,3 24,7 100,0

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Population By Education of Head of Household

no primary non education complete but primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate literate education education education college education PhD Total

local Count 6 5 5 55 612 345 484 4 1516 population Percent 0,4 0,3 0,3 3,6 40,4 22,8 31,9 0,3 100,0 Count 0 0 1 0 45 19 18 0 83 IDP Percent 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 54,2 22,9 21,7 0,0 100,0 Count 6 5 6 55 657 364 502 4 1599 Total Percent 0,4 0,3 0,4 3,4 41,1 22,8 31,4 0,3 100,0

Population By Education of Spouse to the Head of Household

no primary non complete education but primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate literate education education education college education PhD Total local Count 4 4 2 30 346 231 293 1 911 population Percent 0,4 0,4 0,2 3,3 38,0 25,4 32,2 0,1 100

Count 0 0 0 0 22 12 9 0 43 IDP Percent 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 51,2 27,9 20,9 0,0 100

Count 4 4 2 30 368 243 302 1 954 Total Percent 0,4 0,4 0,2 3,1 38,6 25,5 31,7 0,1 100

Population By Currently Main Occupation At least one Nobody works in member of Household Household works Total Count 513 1005 1518 Local Population Percent 33,8 66,2 100,0 Count 49 33 82 IDP Percent 59,8 40,2 100,0 Count 562 1038 1600 Total Percent 35,1 64,9 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A3.7 Current Main Occupation - Multiple Choice Count 575,5 State Enterprise, Organization Percent 36,0 Count 444,7 Private Enterprise, Organization Percent 27,8 Count 10,8 Joint Venture Percent 0,7 Count 3,8 Joint-Stock Company Percent 0,2 Count 3,6 Government Percent 0,2

Non-Governmental Or Non-Profit Count 33,8 Organization Percent 2,1 Count 395,3 Self Employed Percent 24,7 Count 101,1 Own Business, Has License Percent 6,3 Count 403,3 Housewife Percent 25,2 Count 920,9 Pensioner Percent 57,6 Count 29,0 Person With Disability Percent 1,8 Count 101,9 Student Percent 6,4 Count 1599,5 Unemployed Percent 100,0 Count 741,3 School Child Percent 46,3 Count 3,6 Ecclesiastical Person Percent 0,2 Count 1600,0 Total Percent 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A3.8 Additional Occupation Count 18,2 State Enterprise, Organization Percent 45,5 Count 7,2 Private Enterprise, Organization Percent 18,0 Count 19,4 Self Employed Percent 48,5 Count 1,2 Own Business, Has License Percent 3,0 Count 40,0 Total Percent 100,0

Q4 BY AA1_2. Style of house BY Total living area 21- 31- 41- 61- More Less 30 40 50 51-60 70 71-80 than than 21 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 80 m3 Total Count 14,0 14,0 18,0 43,0 35,0 20,0 22,0 12,0 178,0 Apartment House Percent 7,9 7,9 10,1 24,2 19,7 11,2 12,4 6,7 100,0 Count 20,0 20,0 46,0 88,0 120,0 72,0 201,0 732,0 1299,0 House Percent 1,5 1,5 3,5 6,8 9,2 5,5 15,5 56,4 100,0

Collective Count 21,0 12,0 18,0 7,0 4,0 1,0 2,0 1,0 66,0 Settlement for IDPs Percent 31,8 18,2 27,3 10,6 6,1 1,5 3,0 1,5 100,0 Count 1,0 0,0 1,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 4,0 8,0 Italian Yard Percent 12,5 0,0 12,5 12,5 0,0 0,0 12,5 50,0 100,0

Ethnicity BY Education of household head

non no primary complete education primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate but literate education education education college education PhD Total Georgian Count 1,0 4,0 3,0 29,0 497,0 321,0 443,0 2,0 1300 Percent 0,1 0,3 0,2 2,2 38,2 24,7 34,1 0,2 100,0 Azeri Count 4,0 0,0 1,0 23,0 82,0 20,0 23,0 0,0 153 Percent 2,6 0,0 0,7 15,0 53,6 13,1 15,0 0,0 100,0 Armenian Count 1,0 1,0 0,0 2,0 67,0 17,0 29,0 1,0 118 Percent 0,8 0,8 0,0 1,7 56,8 14,4 24,6 0,8 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

Ethnicity BY Education of head of household no primary non education complete but primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate literate education education education college education PhD Total Georgian Count 1,0 4,0 3,0 29,0 497,0 321,0 443,0 2,0 1300 Percent 0,1 0,3 0,2 2,2 38,2 24,7 34,1 0,2 100,0 Azeri Count 4,0 0,0 1,0 23,0 82,0 20,0 23,0 0,0 153 Percent 2,6 0,0 0,7 15,0 53,6 13,1 15,0 0,0 100,0 Armenian Count 1,0 1,0 0,0 2,0 67,0 17,0 29,0 1,0 118 Percent 0,8 0,8 0,0 1,7 56,8 14,4 24,6 0,8 100,0

Ethnicity BY Education of spouse to the head of household no primary non complete education primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate but literate education education education college education PhD Total Georgian Count 0,0 1,0 2,0 8,0 255,0 218,0 273,0 0,0 757

Percent 0,0 0,1 0,3 1,1 33,7 28,8 36,1 0,0 100,0

Azeri Count 4,0 1,0 0,0 19,0 63,0 16,0 10,0 0,0 113 Percent 3,5 0,9 0,0 16,8 55,8 14,2 8,8 0,0 100,0

Armenian Count 0,0 1,0 0,0 2,0 43,0 10,0 16,0 1,0 73

Percent 0,0 1,4 0,0 2,7 58,9 13,7 21,9 1,4 100,0

Population BY Education of head of household no primary non complete education primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate but literate education education education college education PhD Total local population Count 6,0 5,0 5,0 55,0 612,0 345,0 484,0 4,0 1516 Percent 0,4 0,3 0,3 3,6 40,4 22,8 31,9 0,3 100,0 IDP Count 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 45,0 19,0 18,0 0,0 83 Percent 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 54,2 22,9 21,7 0,0 100,0 Total Count 6,0 5,0 6,0 55,0 657,0 364,0 502,0 4,0 1599 Percent 0,4 0,3 0,4 3,4 41,1 22,8 31,4 0,3 100,0

Population BY Education of spouse to the head of household no primary non complete education primary secondary secondary technicum, high illiterate but literate education education education college education PhD Total local population Count 4,0 4,0 2,0 30,0 346,0 231,0 293,0 1,0 911,0 Percent 0,4 0,4 0,2 3,3 38,0 25,4 32,2 0,1 100,0 IDP Count 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,0 12,0 9,0 0,0 43,0 Percent 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 51,2 27,9 20,9 0,0 100,0 Total Count 4,0 4,0 2,0 30,0 368,0 243,0 302,0 1,0 954,0 Percent 0,4 0,4 0,2 3,1 38,6 25,5 31,7 0,1 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

A3.7 Currently main occupation BY Population local population IDP Total State Enterprise, Organization Count 558,2 17,3 575,5 Percent 36,8 21,0 36,0 Private Enterprise, Organization Count 436,0 8,6 444,7 Percent 28,7 10,5 27,8 Joint Venture Count 9,6 1,2 10,8 Percent 0,6 1,5 0,7 Joint-Stock Company Count 3,6 0,2 3,8 Percent 0,2 0,3 0,2 Government Count 3,6 3,6 Percent 0,2 0,2 Non-Governmental Or Non-Profit Organization Count 33,5 0,2 33,8 Percent 2,2 0,3 2,1 Self Employed Count 379,7 15,6 395,3 Percent 25,0 18,9 24,7 Own Business, Has License Count 100,6 0,5 101,1 Percent 6,6 0,6 6,3 Housewife Count 398,9 4,4 403,3 Percent 26,3 5,4 25,2 Pensioner Count 881,6 39,3 920,9 Percent 58,1 47,7 57,6 Person With Disability Count 27,6 1,5 29,0 Percent 1,8 1,8 1,8 Student Count 98,2 3,7 101,9 Percent 6,5 4,5 6,4 Unemployed Count 1462,6 136,9 1599,5 Percent 96,4 166,4 100,0 School Child Count 709,1 32,1 741,3 Percent 46,7 39,0 46,3 Ecclesiastical Person Count 3,6 3,6 Percent 0,2 0,2 Total Count 1517,7 82,3 1600,0 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-4

Population BY Household income Less or equal then GEL GEL GEL GEL 601 Refuse GEL 101 - 221 - 401 - and to 100 220 400 600 more Wasn't answer Total local Count 270,0 317,0 358,0 247,0 265,0 54,0 7,0 1518 population Percent 17,8 20,9 23,6 16,3 17,5 3,6 0,5 100,0 Count 14,0 33,0 20,0 7,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 82 IDP Percent 17,1 40,2 24,4 8,5 9,8 0,0 0,0 100,0 Count 284,0 350,0 378,0 254,0 273,0 54,0 7,0 1600 Total Percent 17,8 21,9 23,6 15,9 17,1 3,4 0,4 100,0

Ethnicity BY Household income Less or equal then GEL GEL 101 GEL 221 - GEL 401 GEL 601 Refuse to 100 - 220 400 - 600 and more Wasn't answer Total Count 239,0 290,0 269,0 210,0 238,0 50,0 5,0 1301 Georgian Percent 18,4 22,3 20,7 16,1 18,3 3,8 0,4 100,0 Count 21,0 31,0 55,0 25,0 20,0 1,0 0,0 153 Azeri Percent 13,7 20,3 35,9 16,3 13,1 0,7 0,0 100,0 Count 18,0 23,0 48,0 16,0 11,0 2,0 2,0 120 Armenian Percent 15,0 19,2 40,0 13,3 9,2 1,7 1,7 100,0

Do you or your household have these items in working condition: Automatic or semiautomatic washing machine BY Could you say what was the total income of your household last month? - Remittances (from relatives living abroad) Less or equal GEL 101 - GEL 221 - GEL 401 - GEL 601 then GEL 100 220 400 600 and more Total Yes Count 3,0 6,0 11,0 6,0 10,0 36,0 Percent 16,7 23,1 44,0 40,0 62,5 36,0 No Count 15,0 19,0 14,0 9,0 6,0 63,0 Percent 83,3 73,1 56,0 60,0 37,5 63,0 D/A Count 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Percent 0,0 3,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Total Count 18,0 26,0 25,0 15,0 16,0 100,0 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

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Annex 2-5: HH Survey Tables Section B: Water Supply

B1. Is your house (apartment) supplied with water tap, with water provided by the water company? Frequency Percent 1 Yes 913 57,1

2 No water tap inside house 143 8,9

3 Tap water not from water company 523 32,7

Difficult to answer 21 1,3 Total 1 600 100,0

B2. Is your house /apartment/ other dwelling supplied with a water meter Frequency Percent Valid Percent

1 Yes, for own water consumption 326 20,4 22,4

2 Yes, shared water meter 42 2,6 2,9

3 No 1 080 67,5 74,1 Difficult to answer 9 0,6 0,6 Total 1 457 91,1 100,0 System 143 8,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B3. Have there been any water pipe repairs or improvements to your water supply in your street in the last year? Frequency Percent 1 Yes 262 16,4 2 No 1 270 79,3 Difficult to answer 69 4,3 Total 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B4. How often does your household pay for drinking water? Frequency Percent 1 Every month 665 41,5 2 Once per 2-3 months 174 10,9 3 Once per 6 months 18 1,1 4 Once a year 1 0,1 5 Rarely 25 1,6 6 Doesn‘t pay at all 687 43,0

7 It is new and they have not paid yet 1 0,1

8 It depends on the provider 2 0,1

Difficult to answer 26 1,6 Total 1 600 100,0

B2. Is your house /apartment/ other dwelling supplied with a water meter Frequency Percent Valid Percent Yes, for own water consumption 326 20,4 22,4 Yes, shared water meter 42 2,6 2,9 No 1 080 67,5 74,1 Difficult to answer 9 0,6 0,6 Total 1 457 91,1 100,0 System 143 8,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B5. Frequency of water source used Mostly Sometimes Never 1 Tap water from water co, accessed inside 54,5 1,6 43,8 the house/apartment 2 Tap water supplied by water co, from a 0,6 0,8 98,6 neighbour on another floor 3 Tap water not from water co (soviet 3,1 0,1 96,8 source, hospital/ railway/ factory/ school) 4 Shared tap from water co outside house 2,3 1,7 96,0 5 Own borehole or well allocated to house 19,6 0,2 80,2 /apartment 6 Shared borehole with electric pump 7,7 0,7 91,6 7 Neighbour‘s borehole 3,4 2,9 93,7 8 Own well, with bucket 8,9 3,9 87,2 9 Bottled water from shop 1,9 5,1 93,0

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10 River, lake, pond, other natural source 4,6 5,9 89,5 11 Irrigation or drainage canal (for washing 0,1 99,9 only) 12 Irrigation or drainage canal (livestock use) 0,1 99,9 13 Water delivered by tanker 1,3 1,2 97,5 14 Other 1,9 0,3

B6. Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? Frequency Percent 1 Yes 910 56,8 2 No 690 43,2 Total 1 600 100,0

B7. Please give the key reason for your dissatisfaction with the water supply from the source you mostly use. Frequency Percent

1 Water supply is irregular 456 28,5

2 Water is dirty (admixtures, sand, rust, etc.) 118 7,4

3 Water contains harmful bacteria/ unsafe to drink 9 0,5

4 Low pressure 7 0,5

5 Water has bad taste, smell 8 0,5

6 No water supply inside the house/ apartment/ dwelling 64 4,0

7 Own borehole is dry / poor quality 14 0,9 water

8 Does not like shared water meter 0 0,0

11 it is drying 4 0,2

12 The depth is not enough 1 0,1

13 he/she is tired 1 0,1 14 It is far 0 0,0 NO OTHER REASONS FOR DISSATISFACTION 8 0,5

Total 690 43,2

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B8. Please, give the second reason for your dissatisfaction. Frequency Percent

1 Water supply is irregular 53 3,3

2 Water is dirty (admixtures, sand, rust, etc.) 286 17,9

3 Water contains harmful bacteria/ unsafe to drink 61 3,8

4 Low pressure 57 3,6

5 Water has bad taste, smell 12 0,8

6 No water supply inside the house/ apartment/ dwelling 19 1,2

7 Own borehole is dry / poor 4 0,2 quality water 8 Does not like shared water 4 0,2 meter 9 Does not like having own 1 0,1 water meter 10 It is very expensive 2 0,1 11 it is drying 1 0,1 99 NO OTHER REASONS FOR DISSATISFACTION 181 11,3

Total 681 42,5

B9 and B10. Water supply from tap water Spring & Summer Autumn & Winter Days per month Percentage Count Percentage Count Not at all 0,9 14 1,0 16 Approx. 1 day per month 0,2 4 0,2 4 2 - 3 days per month 1,9 30 1,9 30 1 - 2 days per week 3,8 61 3,9 62 3 - 4 days per week 39,5 631 38,1 610 Daily, almost daily 37,2 596 38,4 614 Total 83,5 1 336 83,5 1 336 Hours per day Not at all 0,9 14 1,1 18 1 - 2 hours 16,0 255 15,3 244

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

3 - 5 hours 34,7 556 34,9 558

6 - 10 hours 3,4 54 3,7 60

11 - 15 hours 2,2 35 2,1 33

Night and day 26,4 422 26,4 422

Total 83,5 1 336 83,5 1 336

B11.1 How is your water bill calculated?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent According to household size (per head) 221 13,8 16,6

By own water meter (per cubic m) 305 19,1 22,8

Shared water meter (bill divided by number of apartments) 12 0,7 0,9

Another method (specify) 36 2,3 2,7

DON‘T PAY FOR THIS WATER 455 28,4 34,1

Flat rate 221 13,8 16,5 Once a year 4 0,2 0,3

Difficult to answer 82 5,1 6,1

Total 1 336 83,5 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B11.2_1. According to household size (per head) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 0-.55 4 0,2 1,6 GEL.56-1.9 176 11,0 79,5 GEL 2-10 25 1,6 11,3 Refuse to answer 17 1,0 7,6 Total 221 13,8 100,0 System 1 379 86,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B11.2_2. By own water meter (per cubic m) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 0-.55 286 17,9 93,7 GEL.56-1.9 6 0,4 2,0 GEL 2-10 1 0,1 0,4 Refuse to answer 12 0,7 3,9 Total 305 19,1 100,0 System 1 295 80,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B11.2_3. Shared water meter (bill divided by number of apartments) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 0-.55 6 0,4 50,0 Refuse to answer 6 0,4 50,0 Total 12 0,7 100,0 System 1 588 99,3 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B11.2_5. Another method (specify) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 2-10 35 2,2 96,0 Refuse to answer 1 0,1 4,0 Total 36 2,3 100,0 System 1 564 97,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B11.2_7. Flat rate Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL .56-1.9 1 0,1 0,5 GEL 2-10 219 13,7 98,9 GEL 20 1 0,1 0,5 Total 221 13,8 100,0 System 1 379 86,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B11.2_8_Recoded Once a year Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL .50 0 0,0 6,4 GEL .70 1 0,1 31,2 Refuse to answer 2 0,1 62,4 Total 4 0,2 100,0 System 1 596 99,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B12. How much does your household pay per month for potable water supplied by the water company? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Have to pay 290 18,1 91,4 Refuse to answer 27 1,7 8,6 Total 317 19,8 100,0 System 1 283 80,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B12.1. How much does your household pay per month for potable water supplied by the water company? Frequency Percent Valid Percent <= GEL 1 11 0,7 3,5 GEL 1.01-2 35 2,2 11,0 GEL 2.01-3 47 2,9 14,7 GEL 3.01-4 44 2,7 13,8 GEL 4.01-5 59 3,7 18,5 GEL 5.01-10 73 4,6 23,1 > GEL 10 22 1,3 6,8 D/A 27 1,7 8,6 Total 317 19,8 100,0 System 1 283 80,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B12.2. How much water does your household use? Frequency Percent Valid Percent <=5 l 72 4,5 25,0 10 l 120 7,5 41,4 15 l 54 3,4 18,6 20 l 22 1,4 7,5 >20 l 20 1,3 7,0 D/A 1 0,1 0,4 Total 290 18,1 100,0 System 1 310 81,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B13_1. Why do you not pay for water supplied by the Water Company? Frequency Percent Valid Percent

1 We do not have money for that 24 1,5 5,4

2 Utility bills are deducted before I receive my pension (IDP) 6 0,4 1,4

3 Welfare payment pays for water 1 0,1 0,3

4 Water company does not supply water to us 395 24,7 86,8

5 Because we take water from neighbors 6 0,3 1,2

7 was annulled as disable person 5 0,3 1,1

8 is provided from private well 1 0,1 0,3

9 The government is paying 8 0,5 1,7

10 The bill had not come 4 0,2 0,8

11 We do not have/ as the sign of protest 4 0,2 0,8

12 The water meter is damaged 1 0,1 0,3

Total 455 28,4 100,0 System 1 145 71,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B14. Did you pay for any equipment to enable water to be pumped and stored in containers - AFTER 1995 Up to 50 51-100 101-200 201 GEL Total GEL GEL GEL and above Water pump(s) Percentage 13,6 50,8 33,6 2,0 100,0 Count 34 127 84 5 250 Water tank (fixed) Percentage 12,5 13,6 31,8 42,0 100,0 Count 22 24 56 74 176 New pipes Percentage 20,5 21,4 29,9 28,2 100,0 Count 24 25 35 33 117 Paid for labourers Percentage 33,3 24,2 22,7 19,7 100,0 Count 22 16 15 13 66 Dug a borehole or well Percentage 13,0 8,7 21,7 56,5 100,0 Count 3 2 5 13 23 Purchased other containers Percentage 78,6 21,4 100,0 Count 11 3 14

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B14. No, did not pay for anything / Difficult to answer Frequency Percent Valid Percent No, did not pay for anything 937 58,6 90,3 Difficult to answer 100 6,3 9,7 Total 1 037 64,8 100,0 System 563 35,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B15. How much does your household pay per month for drinking water you obtain from other sources? Frequency Percent Up to GEL 5 24 1,5 GEL 6-10 40 2,5 More than GEL 11 33 2,0 DOES NOT TAKE FROM OTHER SOURCES 1 207 75,5 DON‘T PAY FOR THIS WATER 292 18,3 Difficult to answer 4 0,2 Total 1 600 100,0

B15_1. How much does your household pay per month for drinking water you obtain from other sources? Frequency Percent Have paid for drinking water 97 6,1 DOES NOT TAKE FROM OTHER SOURCES 1 207 75,5 DON‘T PAY FOR THIS WATER 292 18,3 Difficult to answer 4 0,2 Total 1 600 100,0

B16_1. Why do you not pay for water you take from other sources? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 We do not have money for that 13 0,8 4,5 2 Utility bills are deducted before I receive my pension (IDP) 0 0,0 0,1 4 Because we take water from neighbors for free 49 3,1 16,7 6 We do not take water from other sources 20 1,3 6,9 7 We are taking from shared well 6 0,4 2,0 8 I have personal well 5 0,3 1,6 9 water from spring 138 8,6 46,8 10 bore hole water 28 1,7 9,3 11 brings from village 1 0,1 0,4 99 DIFFICULT TO ANSWER 35 2,2 11,7 Total 296 18,5 100,0 System 1 304 81,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B17_1. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We do nothing Frequency Percent Valid Percent We do nothing 304 19,0 92,3 Difficult to answer 25 1,6 7,7 Total 330 20,6 100,0 System 1 270 79,4 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_2. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We allow water to settle Frequency Percent Valid Percent

We allow water to settle 25 1,6 100,0

System 1 575 98,4 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_3. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We boil water Frequency Percent Valid Percent We boil water 21 1,3 100,0 System 1 579 98,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_3.1 Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We boil water (Hrs per wk.)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Up to 30 min 6 0,4 29,1 31-60 min 9 0,5 41,9 61 min and more 4 0,2 17,4 Difficult to answer 2 0,1 11,6 Total 21 1,3 100,0 System 1 579 98,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B17_3.2. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We boil water (Fuel type) Frequency Percent Valid Percent gas 16 1,0 75,6 electricity 5 0,3 24,4 Total 21 1,3 100,0 System 1 579 98,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_4. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We freeze and then thaw water Frequency Percent Valid Percent

We freeze and then thaw water 12 0,8 100,0

System 1 588 99,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_5. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We filter water (Code) Frequency Percent Valid Percent We filter water 5 0,3 100,0 System 1 595 99,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B17_5. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? We filter water (GEL) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 25 1 0,1 25,0

Difficult to answer 4 0,2 75,0

Total 5 0,3 100,0 System 1 595 99,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B17_7. Do you do something to improve the quality of water from your MOST frequently used source before using this water for drinking and cooking? Other (CODE) Frequency Percent Valid Percent throwing salt 4 0,2 100,0 System 1 596 99,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B18_4. Do you keep water reserves in summer time? Frequency Percent Yes 1 257 78,5 No 343 21,5 Total 1 600 100,0

B18_1. Do you keep water reserves in summer time? - Yes, own water tank (fixed) (litres) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 11-50 l 19 1,2 2,4 51-100 l 33 2,1 4,1 101-500 l 172 10,8 21,5 501-1000 l 355 22,2 44,4 1001 l and more 220 13,8 27,5 Total 800 50,0 100,0 System 800 50,0 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B18_2. Do you keep water reserves? - Yes, shared water tank with other households - Capacity (litres) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 11-50 l 2 0,1 5,7 51-100 l 1 0,1 4,0 101-500 l 19 1,2 65,3 501-1000 l 5 0,3 16,1 1001 l and more 3 0,2 8,9 Total 30 1,9 100,0 System 1 570 98,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B18_3. Do you keep water reserves in summer time? - Yes, in various containers (moveable) (liters) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1-10 l 75 4,7 14,0 11-50 l 228 14,2 42,7 51-100 l 116 7,3 21,8 101-500 l 111 6,9 20,8 501-1000 l 4 0,2 0,7 Total 533 33,3 100,0 System 1 067 66,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B19. For how many days does your reserved water last in summer? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 day 500 31,2 39,8 2 day 389 24,3 30,9 3 day 146 9,2 11,7 4-5 day 97 6,0 7,7 6 - 10 day 64 4,0 5,1 11 and more day 21 1,3 1,6 Difficult to answer 41 2,6 3,3 Total 1 257 78,5 100,0 System 343 21,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B20_4. Do you keep water reserves in winter? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Yes 1 249 78,1 99,4 No 7 0,5 0,6 Total 1 257 78,5 100,0 System 343 21,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B20_1. Do you keep water reserves in winter? - Yes, own water tank (fixed) (liters) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 11-50 l 19 1,2 2,4 51-100 l 31 1,9 3,8 101-500 l 172 10,8 21,6 501-1000 l 357 22,3 44,7 1001 l and more 219 13,7 27,5 Total 798 49,9 100,0 System 802 50,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B20_3. Do you keep water reserves in winter? - Yes, in various containers (moveable) (liters) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 1-10 l 72 4,5 13,9 2 11-50 l 222 13,9 42,7 3 51-100 l 118 7,4 22,8 4 101-500 l 105 6,5 20,2 5 501-1000 l 2 0,1 0,5 Total 519 32,5 100,0 System 1 081 67,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

B21. For how many days does your reserved water last in winter? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 day 354 22,1 28,3 2 day 261 16,3 20,9 3 day 209 13,1 16,7 4-5 day 178 11,1 14,2 6 - 10 day 170 10,6 13,6 11 and more day 33 2,0 2,6 Difficult to answer 46 2,9 3,7 Total 1 249 78,1 100,0 System 351 21,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

B22. How satisfied are you with the water service you receive from the water company? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 Very satisfied 69 4,3 8,0 2 Satisfied 186 11,6 21,7

3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 270 16,8 31,5

4 Dissatisfied 255 15,9 29,8 5 Very Dissatisfied 78 4,9 9,1 Total 857 53,6 100,0 System 743 46,4 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

Satisfaction Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY For how many hours a day is drinking water available in the tap you use in each of the following seasons? Spring & Summer 3-5 6-10 11-15 Night Not at all 1-2 hours hours hours hours and day Total Yes Count 4,0 50,0 248,0 33,0 21,0 389,0 745 Percent 0,5 6,7 33,3 4,4 2,8 52,2 100,0 No Count 11,0 205,0 308,0 20,0 13,0 34,0 591 Percent 1,9 34,7 52,1 3,4 2,2 5,8 100,0 Total Count 15,0 255,0 556,0 53,0 34,0 423,0 1336 Percent 1,1 19,1 41,6 4,0 2,5 31,7 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, paid for water pump(s) (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL GEL 200 and GEL 50 51-100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 16,0 72,0 52,0 4,0 144 Percent 11,1 50,0 36,1 2,8 100,0 No Count 18,0 55,0 32,0 1,0 106 Percent 17,0 51,9 30,2 0,9 100,0 Total Count 34,0 127,0 84,0 5,0 250 Percent 13,6 50,8 33,6 2,0 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, purchased water tank (fixed) (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL GEL 200 and GEL 50 51-100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 11,0 9,0 24,0 38,0 82,0 Percent 13,4 11,0 29,3 46,3 100,0 No Count 11,0 15,0 32,0 36,0 94,0 Percent 11,7 16,0 34,0 38,3 100,0 Total Count 22,0 24,0 56,0 74,0 176,0 Percent 12,5 13,6 31,8 42,0 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, purchased new pipes (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL GEL 200 and GEL 50 51-100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 2,0 10,0 14,0 18,0 44,0 Percent 4,5 22,7 31,8 40,9 100,0 No Count 22,0 15,0 21,0 15,0 73,0 Percent 30,1 20,5 28,8 20,5 100,0 Total Count 24,0 25,0 35,0 33,0 117,0 Percent 20,5 21,4 29,9 28,2 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, paid for laborers (for any of above) (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL GEL 200 and GEL 50 51-100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 9,0 6,0 4,0 3,0 22,0 Percent 40,9 27,3 18,2 13,6 100,0 No Count 13,0 10,0 11,0 10,0 44,0 Percent 29,5 22,7 25,0 22,7 100,0 Total Count 22,0 16,0 15,0 13,0 66,0 Percent 33,3 24,2 22,7 19,7 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, dug a borehole or well (include materials and labor) (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL GEL 200 and GEL 50 51-100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 2,0 1,0 5,0 9,0 17,0 Percent 11,8 5,9 29,4 52,9 100,0 No Count 1,0 1,0 0,0 4,0 6,0 Percent 16,7 16,7 0,0 66,7 100,0 Total Count 3,0 2,0 5,0 13,0 23,0 Percent 13,0 8,7 21,7 56,5 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Yes, purchased other containers (GEL) after 1995 GEL Up to GEL 51- GEL 200 and GEL 50 100 101-200 more Total Yes Count 6,0 2,0 8,0 Percent 75,0 25,0 100,0 No Count 5,0 1,0 6,0 Percent 83,3 16,7 100,0 Total Count 11,0 3,0 14,0 Percent 78,6 21,4 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY No, did not pay for anything / Difficult to answer No, did not pay Difficult to for anything answer Total Yes Count 522 62,0 584 Percent 89,4 10,6 100,0 No Count 415 39,0 454 Percent 91,4 8,6 100,0 Total Count 937 101,0 1038 Percent 90,3 9,7 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY How much does your household pay per month for drinking water you obtain from other sources? Between More than Up to GEL 10 GEL 11-20 GEL 21 Total Yes Count 13,0 5,0 3,0 21,0 Percent 61,9 23,8 14,3 100,0 No Count 50,0 16,0 7,0 73,0 Percent 68,5 21,9 9,6 100,0 Total Count 63,0 21,0 10,0 94,0 Percent 67,0 22,3 10,6 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? * How much does your household pay per month for drinking water you obtain from other sources? Have paid for Does not Don‘t pay drinking take from for this Difficult to water other sources water answer Total Yes Count 23,0 787,0 100,0 0,0 910 Percent 2,5 86,5 11,0 0,0 100,0 No Count 74,0 420,0 192,0 4,0 690 Percent 10,7 60,9 27,8 0,6 100,0 Total Count 97,0 1207,0 292,0 4,0 1600 Percent 6,1 75,4 18,3 0,3 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY How often does your household pay for drinking water?

It is new It Once Once Doesn‘t and they depends Difficult Every per 2-3 per 6 Once pay at have not on the to month months months a year Rarely all paid yet provider answer Total

Yes Count 271,0 121,0 5,0 0,0 14,0 482,0 1,0 0,0 15,0 909 Percent 29,8 13,3 0,6 0,0 1,5 53,0 0,1 0,0 1,7 100,0

No Count 394,0 53,0 13,0 1,0 11,0 205,0 0,0 2,0 11,0 690 Percent 57,1 7,7 1,9 0,1 1,6 29,7 0,0 0,3 1,6 100,0

Total Count 665,0 174,0 18,0 1,0 25,0 687,0 1,0 2,0 26,0 1599 Percent 41,6 10,9 1,1 0,1 1,6 43,0 0,1 0,1 1,6 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Population local population IDP Total Yes Count 873 36,0 909 Percent 57,5 43,9 56,8 No Count 644 46,0 690 Percent 42,5 56,1 43,2 Total Count 1517 82,0 1599 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Ethnicity Georgian Azeri Armenian Total Yes Count 754 50 93 908 Percent 58,0 32,5 78,2 56,9 No Count 546 104 26 689 Percent 42,0 67,5 21,8 43,1 Total Count 1300 154 119 1597 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Gender Woman Man Total Count 528,0 382,0 910,0 Yes Percent 57,5 56,0 56,9 Count 390,0 300,0 690,0 No Percent 42,5 44,0 43,1 Count 918,0 682,0 1600,0 Total Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

Are you satisfied with the water supply from the source you MOSTLY use? BY Is your house (apartment) supplied with water tap, with water provided by the water company? Tap water No water not from tap inside water Difficult to Yes house company answer Total Yes Count 420,0 65,0 412,0 12,0 909,0 Percent 46,0 45,5 78,8 57,1 56,8 No Count 493,0 78,0 111,0 9,0 691,0 Percent 54,0 54,5 21,2 42,9 43,2 Total Count 913,0 143,0 523,0 21,0 1600,0 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

How often does your household pay for drinking water? BY For how many hours a day is drinking water available in the tap you use in each of the following seasons? Spring & Summer

No at 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 Night and all hours hours hours hours day Total Every month Count 0,0 172,0 398,0 35,0 21,0 25,0 651,0 Percent 0,0 67,5 71,6 64,8 61,8 5,9 48,8 Once per 2-3 months Count 1,0 32,0 33,0 7,0 7,0 87,0 167,0 Percent 7,1 12,5 5,9 13,0 20,6 20,7 12,5 Once per 6 months Count 0,0 12,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 17,0 Percent 0,0 4,7 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,3 Once a year Count 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Percent 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 Rarely Count 0,0 5,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 25,0 Percent 0,0 2,0 3,2 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,9 Doesn‘t pay at all Count 12,0 29,0 91,0 12,0 4,0 300,0 448,0 Percent 85,7 11,4 16,4 22,2 11,8 71,3 33,6 It is new and they have not paid yet Count 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Percent 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 It depends on the provider Count 1,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0

Percent 7,1 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 Difficult to answer Count 0,0 4,0 11,0 0,0 2,0 5,0 22,0 Percent 0,0 1,6 2,0 0,0 5,9 1,2 1,6 Total Count 14,0 255,0 556,0 54,0 34,0 421,0 1334,0 Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-5

How often does your household pay for drinking water? BY For how many hours a day is drinking water available in the tap you use in each of the following seasons? Autumn & winter

No at 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 Night and all hours hours hours hours day Total Every month Count 2,0 162,0 403,0 37,0 21,0 25,0 650,0 Percent 11,8 66,4 72,2 61,7 63,6 5,9 48,7 Once per 2-3 months Count 1,0 32,0 32,0 6,0 6,0 91,0 168,0

Percent 5,9 13,1 5,7 10,0 18,2 21,6 12,6 Once per 6 months Count 0,0 12,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 17,0 Percent 0,0 4,9 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,3 Once a year Count 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Percent 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1

Rarely Count 0,0 5,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 25,0 Percent 0,0 2,0 3,2 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,9 Doesn‘t pay at all Count 13,0 29,0 91,0 13,0 4,0 298,0 448,0 Percent 76,5 11,9 16,3 21,7 12,1 70,6 33,6 It is new and they have not paid yet Count 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Percent 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 It depends on the provider Count 1,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 Percent 5,9 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 Difficult to answer Count 0,0 4,0 8,0 4,0 2,0 4,0 22,0 Percent 0,0 1,6 1,4 6,7 6,1 0,9 1,6 Total Count 17,0 244,0 558,0 60,0 33,0 422,0 1334,0

Percent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-6: HH Survey Tables Section C: Sanitation

C1. What type of toilet does your household use? Frequency Percent 1 Flush/ water pour toilet 793 49,5 2 Dry pit latrine 768 48,0 3 both 29 1,8 4 common toilet in corridor 10 0,6 Total 1 600 100,0

C2. Is your household connected to the central sewerage? Frequency Percent

1 Yes, and pipes are working properly 611 38,2

2 Yes, but pipe is problematic 154 9,6

3 No, but (central) sewage pipe is present 101 6,3 4 No, no pipe to connect to 735 45,9 Total 1 600 100,0

C3. If pipe available but not connected. Why are you not connected to the sewage pipe? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 Cannot afford connection 62 3,9 61,4 2 Other priorities come first 5 0,3 5,0 3 The dwellers could not come to consensus 2 0,1 2,4 (only for apartment) 4 Do not know 6 0,4 6,0 5 the river is close and it is going there 7 0,4 7,1 6 cannot be arranged, due to the position of 2 0,1 2,4 the house 99 Difficult to answer 16 1,0 15,7 Total 101 6,3 100,0 System 1 499 93,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-6

C4. If not connected to a sewer where is fluid waste usually discharged to? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 It flows straight into the street, yard, 4 0,2 0,4 garden

2 Into pond, lake or river 10 0,6 1,2

3 Into canal 6 0,4 0,7 4 Into a soakage pit 280 17,5 33,6 5 Into the local open drain channel (that serves several house 4 0,2 0,4

6 Into their own pit latrine 216 13,5 25,8

7 Into own septic tank 278 17,4 33,3 8 Into shared septic tank (apartment buildings) 9 0,6 1,1

9 Do not know 1 0,1 0,1

10 the river is close and it is going there 1 0,1 0,1

99 Difficult to answer 27 1,7 3,2 Total 835 52,2 100,0 System 765 47,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C5_1. IF SEPTIC TANK IS USED - How much did it cost to construct? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Up to GEL 100 37 2,3 16,4 GEL 101-250 47 3,0 21,2 GEL 251-500 84 5,3 37,7 GEL 501 and more 24 1,5 10,7 Difficult to answer 31 2,0 14,0 Total 223 13,9 100,0 System 1 377 86,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-6

C5.2_1. IF SEPTIC TANK IS USED- What year was this? Frequency Percent Valid Percent After 1995 year 98 6,1 44,1 1995 year and earlier 110 6,8 49,1 Difficult to answer 15 1,0 6,8 Total 223 13,9 100,0 System 1 377 86,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C5_3. IF SEPTIC TANK IS USED Frequency Percent Valid Percent Individual septic tank 199 12,5 45,2 Shared septic tank 5 0,3 1,2 UN did it 4 0,2 0,8 We do not have septic tank 136 8,5 30,9 Difficult to answer 96 6,0 21,9 Total 441 27,6 100,0 System 1 159 72,4 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C6. IF NO SEPTIC TANK- If your household has no septic tank (or toilet) why not? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 Don‘t know what a septic tank is 170 10,6 22,4 2 Cost is too high/cant afford 175 11,0 23,1 3 No space to build a septic tank 7 0,5 1,0 4 Prefer existing arrangements/ not necessary 165 10,3 21,7 5 Not enough water available 23 1,4 3,0 6 They use too much water (too expensive to 7 0,4 0,9 operate) 7 WE are connected to pipe which is 70 4,4 9,3 problematic 8 We are intending to do in future 2 0,1 0,3 9 Do not need it 1 0,1 0,2 99 Difficult to answer 137 8,6 18,1 Total 758 47,4 100,0 System 842 52,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-6

C7. If a sanitation credit fund was provided in your town would your household be interested in borrowing money to build a septic tank? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Yes 74 4,6 9,8 No 444 27,7 58,5 I can not tell, as it should be decided by 20 1,2 2,6 the community (on Difficult to answer 221 13,8 29,1 Total 758 47,4 100,0 System 842 52,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C8_1. Ask only house dwellers: If new sewage piped network was provided in your road - Would you agree to pay for connection to the central sewerage? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Yes 595 37,2 66,2 No 124 7,7 13,8

Difficult to answer 181 11,3 20,1

Total 899 56,2 100,0 System 701 43,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C8. Ask only house dwellers: If new sewage piped network was provided in your road - Would you agree to pay for connection to the central sewerage? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Up to GEL 25 411 25,7 45,7 GEL 26-50 225 14,0 25,0 GEL 51-100 70 4,4 7,8 GEL 101 and more 13 0,8 1,5 Difficult to answer 181 11,3 20,1 Total 899 56,2 100,0 System 701 43,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-6

C9_1. MONTHLY BILL from Water Company (except water charge) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 0,45 4 0,2 0,2 0,50 4 0,2 0,2 1,00 1 0,1 0,1 2,00 18 1,1 1,2 3,00 1 0,1 0,1 4,00 1 0,1 0,1 5,00 1 0,1 0,1

WE DON‘T PAY FOR THE SERVICES 1 479 92,4 96,8

Difficult to answer 19 1,2 1,3

Total 1 528 95,5 100,0 System 72 4,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C9_2. Sanitation service charge is included within the water bill Frequency Percent Valid Percent Sanitation service charge is included within the water bill 72 4,5 100,0

System 1 528 95,5 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C9_3. For service to dig new pit Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1,00 1 0,1 0,1 5,00 1 0,1 0,1

WE DON‘T PAY FOR THE SERVICES 1 506 94,1 99,8

Total 1 509 94,3 100,0 System 91 5,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-6

C9_4. For service to empty septic tank Frequency Percent Valid Percent Up to GEL 2.50 121 7,5 8,0 GEL 2.51-5 78 4,9 5,2 GEL 5.01-10 15 0,9 1,0 GEL 10.01 and more 24 1,5 1,6 WE DON‘T PAY FOR THE SERVICES 1 269 79,3 84,1 Difficult to answer 2 0,1 0,2 Total 1 509 94,3 100,0 System 91 5,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C10. Do you think there should be well maintained and clean public toilets provided in the areas where people gather in your town? Frequency Percent Yes 1 549 96,8 No 7 0,4 Difficult to answer 44 2,8 Total 1 600 100,0

C11_1. How much would you be willing to pay for each visit to use the public toilet? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Yes 1 384 86,5 89,4 Would not pay 34 2,1 2,2 Difficult to answer 130 8,1 8,4 Total 1 549 96,8 100,0 System 51 3,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

C11. How much would you be willing to pay for each visit to use the public toilet? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Up to GEL 0.10 211 13,2 13,6 GEL 0.11-0.20 1 023 63,9 66,0 GEL 0.21 and more 150 9,4 9,7 Would not pay 34 2,1 2,2 Difficult to answer 130 8,1 8,4 Total 1 549 96,8 100,0 System 51 3,2 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-7: HH Survey Tables Section D: Health & Hygiene

D1. Working days lost due to water and sanitation related diseases Frequency Percent None 1 560 97,5 1-5 days 14 0,9 6-10 days 7 0,4 11-30 days 8 0,5 31 days and more 11 0,7 Total 1 600 100,0

D3. School days lost due to water and sanitation related diseases Frequency Percent None 438 27,4 1-5 days 6 0,4 6-10 days 6 0,4 11 days and more 2 0,1 Total 453 28,3 System 1 147 71,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

D4. Did you turn to anyone for medical help during the illness of any of your household members, or did you treat them yourself without consulting anyone over the last year? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Did not consult anyone/used traditional remedy 10 0,6 18,8

Went to doctor or clinic/hospital 27 1,7 52,6

Bought medicine (without consultation) 15 0,9 28,6

Total 51 3,2 100,0 System 1 549 96,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-7

D5_1. Paid for medicines Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 1-10 lari 7 0,5 21,0 2 11-30 lari 8 0,5 21,7 3 31-50 lari 8 0,5 23,6 4 51-100 lari 6 0,4 16,9 5 101 lari and more 6 0,4 16,9 Total 35 2,2 100,0 System 1 565 97,8 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

D5_1. Medicines - Didn’t pay / Difficult to answer Frequency Percent Valid Percent Didn‘t pay 8 0,5 58,3 Difficult to answer 6 0,4 41,7 Total 14 0,9 100,0 System 1 586 99,1 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

D5_1. Medicines - Health Insurance Company paid (GEL) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 101 and more 1 0,1 100,0 System 1 599 99,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

D5_2. Health services, medical aid - Paid Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 1-10 6 0,4 28,3 GEL 11-30 5 0,3 21,7 GEL 31-50 4 0,2 16,3 GEL 51-100 5 0,3 22,8 GEL 101 and more 2 0,1 10,9 Total 22 1,4 100,0 System 1 578 98,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-7

D5_2. Health services, medical aid - Health Insurance Company paid (GEL) Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 1-10 1 0,1 50,0 GEL 101 and more 1 0,1 50,0 Total 2 0,1 100,0 System 1 598 99,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-8: HH Survey Tables Section E: Gender

E1. Is water from the tap, not always available - restricted to a certain day or time of day? Frequency Percent Yes 760 47,5 No, it never happens 557 34,8 No adult women available for interview/or not living here 283 17,7

Total 1 600 100,0

E3_1. What do you do if drinking water from the usual source is not available or not enough? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 IT NEVER HAPPENS OR HAPPENS VERY SELDOM 636 39,8 48,3

2 We take water for free from shared tap on the street, or in 89 5,6 6,8

3 We take water for free from neighbors 135 8,5 10,3

4 We take water for free from the tube 145 9,1 11,0 well

5 Water from a spring or river 160 10,0 12,2

6 water is provided by tanker (private 24 1,5 1,8 supplier)

8 Bottled water from the shop 78 4,9 6,0

9 Brings from the village 1 0,1 0,1

10 Neighbor is bringing (he/she cannot) 1 0,1 0,1

11 He/she has reserve 12 0,7 0,9 99 Difficult to answer 34 2,1 2,6 Total 1 317 82,3 100,0 System 283 17,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E3_2. What do you do if drinking water from the usual source is not available or not enough? – Second option Frequency Percent Valid Percent 2 We take water for free from shared tap on the street, or in 2 0,1 3,6

3 We take water for free from neighbors 5 0,3 7,7

4 We take water for free from the tube 44 2,8 67,5 well

5 Water from a spring or river 2 0,1 3,6

7 water is sold by other suppliers (e.g., from employer or for 2 0,1 3,6

8 bottled water from the shop 9 0,5 13,1

11 he/she has reserve 0 0,0 0,8 Total 66 4,1 100,0 System 1 534 95,9 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E4. Approximately how far is the water source from your house? (in meters) Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1-10 meter 60 3,7 4,5 10-50 meter 57 3,6 4,4 51-100 meter 79 4,9 6,0 101-500 meter 117 7,3 8,9 501-1000 meter 24 1,5 1,8

More than 1000 meter 20 1,3 1,5

Source is within house or yard 860 53,8 65,3

Refuse to answer 99 6,2 7,5 Total 1 317 82,3 100,0 System 283 17,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E5. Who usually fetches the water? Frequency Percent Always 1 Men 123 48,4% 2 Women 118 46,4% 3 Children 11 4,3% 4 Neighbor 1 0,5% 99 Difficult to answer 1 0,5% Total 254 100,0% Sometimes 1 Men 127 35,2% 2 Women 165 45,8% 3 Children 68 18,9% 4 Neighbor 0 0,1% Total 360 100,0% Never 1 Men 42 25,3% 2 Women 40 24,0% 3 Children 85 50,7% Total 167 100,0%

E6. Do you use any transport to bring this water, or do you carry it yourself? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Use any transport 44 2,8 12,4 Carry the water themselves 285 17,8 79,8 In different ways 23 1,4 6,4 Difficult to answer 5 0,3 1,4 Total 358 22,4 100,0 System 1 242 77,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E7. Which transport do you use? Own car Responses 43 Percent 59,8% Hired car, taxi Frequency 6 Percent 8,3% Cart, wheelbarrow Frequency 4 Percent 5,0% Bicycle Frequency 1 Percent 1,7% Relatives or friends provide Frequency 4 transport Percent 5,0%

We do not use transport Frequency 5 Percent 7,0% In the street, from the traders Frequency 7 Percent 10,0% Difficult to answer Frequency 2 Percent 3,3% Total Frequency 72 Percent 100,0%

E8. Do you pay anyone for the use of his transport to bring the water? If yes, how much for one time? Frequency Percent We pay nobody 25 1,6 System 1 575 98,4 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E9_1. How many times in a week do you have to bring the water in winter? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1-3 in the week 64 4,0 18,0 4-70 in the week 150 9,4 42,0 8 times or more frequently in the week 34 2,1 9,5 Rarely 7 0,4 2,0 Refuse to answer 102 6,4 28,5 Total 358 22,4 100,0 System 1 242 77,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E9_2. How many times in a week do you have to bring the water in summer? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1-3 in the week 55 3,4 15,3 4-70 in the week 139 8,7 39,0 8 times or more frequently in the week 64 4,0 17,9 Rarely 6 0,4 1,7 Refuse to answer 94 5,8 26,1 Total 358 22,4 100,0 System 1 242 77,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E10_1. Time spent per day in winter on a round trip to fetch water? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 1-5 minutes 236 14,7 47,0 2 6-10 minutes 75 4,7 14,9 3 11-20minutes 43 2,7 8,5 4 21-30 minutes 14 0,9 2,7 5 31-60 minutes 6 0,4 1,2 6 1 hour and more 1 0,1 0,2 999 Refuse to answer 127 7,9 25,4 Total 501 31,3 100,0 System 1 099 68,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E10_2. Time spent per day in summer on a round trip to fetch water? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 1-5 minutes 219 13,7 43,7 2 6-10 minutes 70 4,4 13,9 3 11-20minutes 50 3,1 10,0 4 21-30 minutes 21 1,3 4,2 5 31-60 minutes 19 1,2 3,8 6 1 hour and more 5 0,3 1,0 999 Refuse to answer 117 7,3 23,4 Total 501 31,3 100,0 System 1 099 68,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E10_Grouped – How many minutes approximately do you spend on one round trip to fetch water? Frequency Percent Valid Percent 1 1-5 minutes 95 6,0 26,7 2 6-10 minutes 79 5,0 22,2 3 11-20minutes 84 5,3 23,6 4 21-30 minutes 35 2,2 9,7 5 31 minutes and more 12 0,7 3,3 99 Refuse to answer 52 3,2 14,5 Total 358 22,4 100,0 System 1 242 77,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E11_1. Do you pay anything for the water itself? If yes, how much a litre? Frequency Percent Valid Percent GEL 0- 0.25 23 1,4 1,7 GEL 0.26 - 0.50 43 2,7 3,3 GEL 0.51-1 72 4,5 5,5 More than GEL 1 5 0,3 0,4 We pay nobody 1 022 63,9 77,6 Refuse to answer 152 9,5 11,5 Total 1 317 82,3 100,0 System 283 17,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

E12_1. If this time you spend on fetching water would become available to you, how would you use it? Frequency Percent Valid Percent I would spend more time on household chores 133 8,3 40,8 I would spend more time looking after the 12 0,8 3,7 children I would find a job 12 0,8 3,7 I would rest more 69 4,3 21,0 WATER IS FETCHED BY HUSBAND AND 47 2,9 14,3 CHILDREN Difficult to answer 53 3,3 16,3 Total 327 20,4 100,0 System 1 273 79,6 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E12. If time spent fetching water would become available to you, how would you use it? - Multiple choice I would spend more time on household chores Frequency 133 Percent 33,4% I would spend more time looking after the Frequency 39 children Percent 9,7% I would find a job Frequency 17 Percent 4,3% I would rest more Frequency 108 Percent 26,9% WATER IS FETCHED BY HUSBAND AND Frequency 49 CHILDREN Percent 12,3% Difficult to answer Frequency 53 Percent 13,4% Total Frequency 400 Percent 100,0%

E13. Who in your household makes decisions on how to spend family budget? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Mainly husband 262 16,4 19,9 Mainly wife 483 30,2 36,7 Together 550 34,4 41,8 Difficult to answer 22 1,4 1,7 Total 1 317 82,3 100,0 System 283 17,7 TOTAL 1 600 100,0

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - Percentages Don‘t Difficult Agree Disagree Total know to answer 1 Refrigeration is the best and 46,9 39,4 9,3 4,4 100,0 healthiest way to store food 2 Animals or people defecating near a 88,6 3,3 4,7 3,4 100,0 well or borehole can cause disease 3 Flooding in areas where there are 90,1 2,2 4,7 3,0 100,0 pit latrines can cause disease 4 Flooding near open sewers can 90,5 1,7 3,9 3,9 100,0 cause disease 5 Skin ,eye and ear infections can be caused by poor quality water and 87,4 2,5 6,8 3,3 100,0 water shortages 6 Stagnant pools of water can provide 93,6 1,7 1,5 3,2 100,0 breeding grounds for mosquitoes 7 Diarrhea can be caused through 94,6 0,8 1,5 3,1 100,0 bad water as well as bad food 8 It is important to wash your hands 99,1 0,7 0,1 0,1 100,0 after going to the toilet 9 Freezing dirty water makes it safe to 36,0 51,9 8,7 3,4 100,0 drink 10 Flies can spread hepatitis and other 92,2 2,0 4,6 1,2 100,0 diseases.

E14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - Frequencies Don‘t Difficult Agree Disagree Total know to answer 1 Refrigeration is the best and 617 519 123 58 1 317 healthiest way to store food 2 Animals or people defecating near a 1 167 43 62 45 1 317 well or borehole can cause disease 3 Flooding in areas where there are 1 187 29 61 40 1 317 pit latrines can cause disease 4 Flooding near open sewers can 1 192 23 51 51 1 317 cause disease 5 Skin ,eye and ear infections can be caused by poor quality water and 1 151 32 90 44 1 317 water shortages 6 Stagnant pools of water can provide 1 233 23 19 42 1 317 breeding grounds for mosquitoes 7 Diarrhea can be caused through 1 246 11 19 41 1 317 bad water as well as bad food 8 It is important to wash your hands 1 306 9 1 1 1 317 after going to the toilet 9 Freezing dirty water makes it safe to 474 683 114 45 1 317 drink 10 Flies can spread hepatitis and other 1 215 27 60 16 1 317 diseases.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-8

E15. Who in your family teaches the children about the following? – Percentages Not Male Female Both Total necessary 1 Washing hands after going to the 3,7 49,0 45,6 1,7 100,0 toilet 2 Washing hands before eating 3,7 48,7 45,9 1,7 100,0 3 To boil or treat water before drinking 4,6 33,0 22,1 40,3 100,0 4 How to prepare and cook food 4,8 53,1 15,8 26,4 100,0 5 Personal health and hygiene to girls 5,8 72,4 10,8 11,0 100,0 6 Personal health and hygiene to 15,0 40,4 32,2 12,4 100,0 boys 7 Reproductive health and family 0,7 42,5 8,7 48,1 100,0 planning to girls/young women 8 Reproductive health and family 15,4 16,7 19,8 48,2 100,0 planning to boys/young men

E15. Who in your family teaches the children about the following? – Frequencies Not Male Female Both Total necessary 1 Washing hands after going to the 22 282 262 10 576 toilet 2 Washing hands before eating 22 280 264 10 576 3 To boil or treat water before drinking 26 190 127 232 576 4 How to prepare and cook food 28 306 91 152 576 5 Personal health and hygiene to girls 20 253 38 39 349 6 Personal health and hygiene to 60 162 129 50 401 boys 7 Reproductive health and family 2 148 30 168 349 planning to girls/young women 8 Reproductive health and family 62 67 79 193 401 planning to boys/young men

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-9: Transcripts of Focus Group Discussions

Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation Zugdidi Female Group 17.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions Refugees compactly residing in nonresidential premise of pharmaceutical administration participated in the workshop. Accordingly they do not have taps or toilets in the rooms. Water and sanitation conditions are horrible. The population laid water self-willingly from the military unit (which had individual borehole). The refugees have water only in the corridors on each floor. According to the workshop participants they used old, rusty, second-hand pipes and correspondingly the water is of low quality, however they have 24 hour water supply and pressure is enough for 5 storied building. It is switched off when water pipes broke and need repairing-which happens quite often. Recently existence of secretly laid water pipes became known, some people came from military units, registered families and fixed water counters. The water in corridor is consumed by all the families; they divide expenditures according to families and pay for the water. Such condition in water supply system causes stress to the refugees. Conflicts often arouse between families as one tap is used by 5 families, the women wait to each other to get water. The whole days pass in the water queue. Luiza is a refugee who lives in nonresidential area. According to her there are no taps in the building. They carry water from their neighbor‘s well and they have ―chechma‖ toilet (dug hole) in the yard. When it is drought and water in the well dries they are in unbearable conditions. Water and sewerage problems damage her health badly. She has to carry water and lift it on steps because of her children. The fourth refugee lives in private residence (in rented apartments) which has a well and it carries water mechanically. But sewerage system is central. Local population living in a block of flats is supplied with water from borehole. They are quite satisfied with quality and pressure of water (according to them water pump has been changed recently and water reaches to 8-9th floor) however water supply is scheduled (from 8 till 11 in the morning and from 8 till 12 in the evening). The house has sewerage problem problems as it is quite old often bursts or is obstructed. In this case a faeces rise in the yard or tap and causes problems to the residents. A local resident lady (Natia) living in a five-storied block of flats says that are supplied from the borehole as well, however they do not have 24 hour water supply. They have water approximately 7 hours a day but they do not know the exact schedule so they do not know will the water stop running: ― I cannot switch on the water heater, if I know that water hasn‘t just come I can use it ― (Natia). The pressure in the house is low it can hardly reach the 4th floor though they are satisfied with the quality of the water. Sewerage system is old there as well and faeces often disturb the population.

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Nino, living a private house has fewer problems with water supply. The family has a well with electric pump so they have water for 24 hours a day. They are satisfied with its pressure and quality. They have central sewerage system and the problems do not trouble them. The problem occurs when electricity is switched off for a long time and they cannot use water. Marina, lady living in the second private residence has a well, though in summer they do not have water. So she has to carry water from the neighbors who have pumps on wells. She does not have sewerage problems they are switched to central system. However carrying water from the neighbors causes problems to her. Her health is poor Refugees living in the pharmaceutical administration boil water rarely. Electricity expenses are not a problem to them as the tariff is cut off from their aid.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Nino living in the private residence calculates exactly her water consumes. A family of 6 needs tone and a half liter of water in 24 hours. She marks that uses water for watering orchard and vegetable garden as well. Nino, who lives in a block of flats, consumes 300 liters for her 3 member family. Marina (who carries water from well by hand) consumes water for agricultural needs as well. She consumes approximately 200 liters for 5 member family.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies Refugees living in the building of pharmaceutical administration mark that they had to pay for water only once and each family paid 49GEL. Probably the quantity of consumed water is much more now (as children returned from villages) and the fee will be more. They think that the fee will contain 10 GEL per month. Refugees mark that they had to pay very expensive for 600 meter water pipe (the exact price they do not remember). Besides the refugees have to pay for the consumed water according to the counter. They often have to repair pipes and taps as one tap is used by 5-6 families. In addition 2 GEL per head is cut off from their assistance (it is quite obscure, if they do not have central water why the government cuts the sum). A refugee living in LTD marks that her main expanses are health care. Carrying heavy water she has serious problems with her health. Population of the house which has borehole pays 5GEL monthly per family. If something breaks they have to collect money. So the population has to pay 115GEL per month for water and sewerage. For Nino living in private house the main problem is engine breakage. They have to pay 100GEL to repair the engine. In addition they have to pay for electricity for water pump, sometimes for cleaning and chlorinating wells. It was quite difficult for Nino to count but generally she has to pay 10GEL for electricity (they have pump). Besides they bought a reservoir ten years ago, which cost 100USD. Generally people living the private residence have to pay 15GEL per month. Two of the workshop participants had to spend money on building the so called ―chechma ―toilet (dug holes) and then on its cleaning. One of the participants mentioned that when the toilet reservoir is full they strew it with ground and then dig a new hole themselves again, but neighbors‘ help cost them only dinner for the neighbors. The other has to bring a car and clean the toilet. Minimal price of its cleaning is 100GEL. But the price of stringed pipe from the car is 2GEL per meter. However it is a problem now, according to municipality there is no place in Zugdidi to empty the cars.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-9

Summing up, the workshop participant women are aware of expenses they have for sewerage and water. In addition it is connected with health problems, daily discomfort, wasting time and effort. So they evaluate their conditions as sad, mainly refugees leaving in places of compact residence.

4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month When the participants became aware of their expanses they marked that tariff established by water-supply Company is not high. Let‘s consider each point of view: 1. Marina (refugee from pharmaceutical administration): ―at present I am unemployed and it will be hard for me to pay for water supply, but it is better to ask for help my relatives and pay for it. First of all when my neighbors bring in water pipes I will not ask them for water as it is difficult to pay. As for the tariff there are--- members in my family and we shall have to pay 13 Lari and 50 tetri. Only if it is water we are ready to pay.‖ 2. Nana ―How can I pay when the total income of my family is 56GEL and no one helps me. I will be able neither bring water in nor pay for it.‖ 3. Nino (lives in 9stroied house supplied from borehole): ―if the system is brought in I‘ll have to pay for it fixing in any case. As for the tariff it is not a problem for me. We are three in the family and we spend more than the established tariff is‖. 4. Luiza (refugee from LTD): ―probably I will not be able to for its bringing in. the tariff itself is not high. But bringing water pipes in is vet expensive. As the building is a private one, I don‘t know what the owner will decide. May be he will sell the building and we‘ll find ourselves in the street, who knows‖. 5. Naiara (refugee from private residence) she can pay for bringing water pipes in but the owner of the building will pay the tariff as she does not know how long she will live in the house. 6. Natia (lives in 5storied house supplied from borehole): ―the tariff is much cheaper for me than I have to spend now. As for bringing pipes in, I intended to buy a water tank and the expenses are the same. So I will pay for it‖. 7. Nino (from private residence);‖I think it will be very expensive for my family to pay for bringing pipes in but we‘ll still try to pay. According to the established tariff they will have to pay 16, 2 GEL-it is high; however we will bring pipes in and will pay for it‖. 8. Marina (local resident, form private residence): if they will bring in sewerage pipes I will pay for it of course as I am tired out of it. If I buy a water tank I‘ll have to pay 2000GEL so this is much cheaper. As for 0.23 tetri and fixing counters the population considers the tariff is lower then 2.7. Families living in private residences will have to pay less according to individual counters even if they use water for watering their yards. However the participants say that they will use water from wells for watering and central water will be used for household. Marina prefers individual counter, she will have to pay 4 GEL per month.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-9

5. Level of Hygiene Awareness The participant ladies mark, that a person can fall ill with dysentery, intestinal diseases, jaundice, skin diseases, asthma of low quality water. They and relatives around them haven‘t fallen ill because of the low quality water. However they hear of such cases from TV (children poisoned at school of drinking water. Though each of them consider that water they drink is pure but as it was found out that per-school age children are given only boiled water, water from the well is not used without boiling as they are open and dust falls there. But water from boreholes is considered more reliable and clean. The ladies think it is necessary to keep distance between water and toilet. The well is in front of the house and the toilet at the end of the yard. Those who have wells from time to time process it with chlorine or iodized salt. They say that epidemiological laboratory in Zugdidi which tested water and food products was closed and transferred to Kutaisi. They negatively evaluate the fact. That is why they address doctors for information concerning water and health. One of the participants named hot line though she could not name organization the line belongs to. The participant ladies think that it is necessary such center to exist in Zugdidi to inform population on water, sanitation, health problems or renew the old epidemiological lab.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff Nana (refugee from pharmaceutical administration) says she will not afford to pay for bringing water and its tariff will continue to consume water as now. She has no way out. As for those who have private wells say that in case they will bring central water in they will use water from wells to water agricultural crops.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation Zugdidi (Male Group) 17.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions George and David live in multistory blocks of flat where the water is supplied from the bore. Pumps often do not function properly. Thereby George and David have to gather additional finances. Sewerage is also problematic - it often gets stuck and causes sanitation problems. The respondent lives on the third floor. People living on the fifth do not have water due to lack of pressure. Hence they have to install additional water tanks. As for the second participant, he is content with water pressure. Although he lives on the seventh floor, he is supplied with water during 7-8 hours: ―We are content with the system‖, says David. As it has been mentioned above, despite almost every resident having individual tanks they only drink water from sink. As they say water in the tank have sediments. Avtandili is a refugee and is renting flat in private settlement. He has a central sewerage. Water is gathered by pump in reservoir, hence he can get it during 24 hours. He is content with quality and pressure of water. Konstantine is also a refugee. Similar to Avtandili he lives in the settlement. He has an individual bore and gets water for 24 hours. He is also content with quality and pressure. Amirani is a refugee from compact settlement. He gets water from military bore. Although the pipes set on military territory are not functioning properly, the residents of nearly located settlement are forbidden to access the area and fix old pipes. Water coming through malfunctioning pipes is of low quality. However locals drink it because they do not have other alternative. Sewerage is also old and often gets stuck. Households residing in the area cannot afford to improve complete system. As we have mentioned above, Avtandili lives in private settlement. He has an individual bore. He gets water from reservoir of one and a half tone and uses it for 24 hours. Bore dehumidifies during droughts. In such cases, locals go to Ateka (where is located a bore) and carry water either by hand or by car. Zauri lives in a private settlement. They do not have a sewerage system there. They only have a private bore. Due to a central wall of the bore being destroyed and rain flowing into it, the residents cannot drink it anymore. Therefore, they have to carry water from neighbors. In general, workshop participants are not content with water and sewerage system in Zugdidi. It is related to loosing expenses, energy and time, especially during summer when bore is dehumidifies everywhere in Zugdidi.

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2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed As Avtandili calims, his family spends 2t water per day. They are two in the family and use the water for agricultural purposes. Zauri who is carrying water from bore spends 30 buckets (i.e. 300l) per 24 hours. Same amount of water is used by Amirani. As for Konstantine, during summer he spends 3t (i.e. 430l per day). When during the winter, his wife and son leave for the capital, water spending is getting less. David and George are spending 300l or 500l water per 24 hours. Avtandili who lives alone, does not need so much water. 100l is enough for him.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies George pays 4 GEL per month for the water supplied from the bore. However, the system often fails and needs to be fixed. He spends either 14 GEL or 30 GEL once in three months for this purpose. All in all, he pays 10-15 GEL as a water tax. Fixing sewerage takes 3 GEL i.e. total amount is 18 GEL. As for David, expenses related with water amount to 5-6 GEL per month. Certain amount is kept in reserve and is used in case of the system failing. He pays 3 GEL for sewerage. Expenditures for water and sewerage are included in rent (amount to 46 GEL per month). As Avtandili says, basically he has to pays for electricity since the pumping water from the bore takes 3- 4 GEL per month. He does not pay anything for sewerage. He bought water pumping equipment for 160 GEL, 40 GEL for hose and 1500 GEL for water tank. He has installed this system five years ago. Washing bore is quite expensive, a meter costs about 100 GEL. This is why he has not cleaned the bore for 10 years. He periodically disseminates salt in bore. If he had been given an opportunity he would have cleaned the bore in every five years and the expenditure for that would have amounted to 1000 GEL. However he cannot afford it due to financial problems. Amirani pays water tax from the amount he gets monthly as a refugee. It means that in every month, per head 6 GEL is spent. He pays additional 7-8 GEL for fixing pipes. Tornike spends 7-8 GEL per month on electricity that is used during water pumping. He bought tank and pump in 1986 and due to lack of money have not cleaned the bore for 7 years. He adds that pump fails in every half an year and he has to pay 50 GEL for its fixing. Zauri does not have any expenditure on water. Sometimes he pays 30 GEL for cleaning toilets. However machines do not perform this duty lately.

4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month As the male participants say they will cover water and sewerage system installment when the water supply company fixes the latter. As the respondents mention, it is enough for them to have new water system and they will install individual systems themselves. Besides, it will cost them less. George has small family, he will pay 2,7 GEL without any difficulty. Payment of the same amount was not problematic for Kahka, Avtandili, and Konstantine either. Amirani think that it will be financially sufficient. He will not be cleaning pipes and fixing sewerage. Avtandili and Zauri also agree. When the residents calculated water tariff on the basis of the tariff of used water, it became obvious that installment would cost them less. Exceptions are those families who use spend water for irrigation purposes. This query was answered in the following way – they will use their pumps and wells for irrigation. Installment of individual numerators will be efficient for big families since they need more water for house work whereas the water tax is higher when it comes per head. Therefore, families living in the settlement (including IDP) are prioritizing numerators.

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Level of Hygiene Awareness

The workshop participants are afraid of the water causing intestine illnesses, dysentery, acnes on the skin, allergy, etc. However, as they say there has not been a case of someone getting ill because of the water. The respondents are going to drink water without taking safety measures beforehand. They have heard cases of water pollution by the TV. The male respondents name 50-60m as a distance that should be between a well and the toilet in order to control water quality. However, this is almost impossible in Zugdidi. According to the respondents keeping 25m distance is also enough. They do not exclude possibility of the fecal masses flowing into the well during the floods. However, as they say, massive floods have not taken place in Zugdidi so far. As for the information on water, sanitation and hygiene, it is almost impossible to get such type of information in Zugdidi: ―Maybe there is some agency responsible for providing locals with information and it might be that the staff employed there is getting salary but are so busy that cannot reach us‖, japes Konstantine. George made a well in nearly located village. He could not find agency in whole Zugdidi where he would have been able to check the quality. This is why he and his family had to drink the water from the named well. Teimurazi recalls the time in his childhood when there was a center controlling water quality in Zugdidi. To conclude with, the residents of Zugdidi think that existence of such center in Zugdidi is more than necessary since they use that water for drinking, making wine, food, etc.

5. Alternative Coping Strategies in not Willing/cant Afford to Pay the Tariff As one of the participants of the workshop Avtandili mentions, he does not trust the central system completely, secondly he would not be able to use the water for irrigation in case of individual installment of numerators. It means that additionally he will have to use water from well. Even during Soviet times, when the water supply system had been functioning properly, the participants still had alternative means such as well and pump. That is why majority of them is going to keep the individual alternatives in reserve.

6. Gender Aspects It is interesting that according to the male participants of the workshop, in case of lack of water they are the ones who supply their families with water. Same is said by the female participants during the workshop taking place in Zugdidi. This is due to the fact of men not seeing women doing the same job during the day. Unlike Telavi, in Zugdidi children are less involved in carrying process of water. Problems of water are closely linked with health, way of life, etc. Hence fixed system with high pressure and 24 hour supply will resolve all the problems named above.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation. Anaklia Female Group

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions Marina lives in Anaklia in a private house and according to her problem concerning water in Ananklia is acute. The situation is most difficult in summer when wells are dried and the population is left without water. Generally, water in wells is of poor quality in Anaklia, it is red with sediments and it reeks. Drinking water is taken from some boreholes drilled in socialist times. One of the boreholes is in the center of Anaklia. Few years ago organization CARE repaired the borehole (water is filled in 240tones tanks by water pump) and people living nearby (12 families) consumed it. However according to Marina they had water only for several weeks and then the system failed. Marina says, that the borehole has been cleaned off only once and they suppose it is polluted (there may be frogs and tadpoles). Water to the hotel in Anaklia is taken from the same borehole, though according to the hotel staff working they do not use the water for drinking. When water supply system was laid to the hotel a quarrel arose between an engineer and local administration as the population considers that they will be left without water. At present the whole Anaklia is dug over. Marina mentions that local municipality finances lay of new pipe system for population and is looking forward to it. As for Marina her family has 5 meter deep well. But the water in the well is so red that they can not even wash children and linen with the water. A month ago her family lay individual, alternative spring from the borehole and now they are supplied with water. Before they laid the pipes they carried water from their neighbor‘s well (which is of better quality). Central sewerage system does not exist in Anaklia. Generally the population has so called ―chechma‖ toilets (dug holes). However Marina intends to a buy septic tank in the nearest future. Eliso is a refugee and lives in 2-3 kilometers from Anaklia‘s center. Quality of the water in the surrounding is very poor, it is red and reeks. But this summer they had to dream even of this red water as because of heat all wells were dried up. A neighbor who lives in front of her has water of better quality and there is only a long queue but they can give only one bucket as water is not enough for them. Eliso mentions:‖We could not put on white clothes all these time as clothes washed in the water become yellow. Because of lack of water we almost closed our bathrooms. We use water from our well only for household.‖In order to carry water they use wheel barrows where they but buckets and barrels full of water. Eliso‘s family has a chechma toilet as well. Marina‘s (Kveshelava) family has a 5 meter deep well and water in it is of better quality so they use it for drinking and household as well. The water dried up some time ago and they had to carry water from neighbors. Lela lives at the entrance of the city. They bored 6 meter deep well a year ago: ―W e were lucky as the water was quite pure and it did not dry in summer. Before we bored it we were tired out, we carried water with buckets from our neighbors‖. The water doe not reek and it is not red however Lela‘s family does not even try to test the water in laboratory. As the participants mention they have to bore water in several places in the yard as on the first try water does not come out.

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Irma is a refugee living with other families. Our Government together with Danish Refugee Council bored the borehole to them. Though the water dried up this summer and they had to carry drinking and household water from the central borehole for a month. They are satisfied with the water quality. They say that when the borehole was bored Danish Refugee Council tested the water in the laboratory and they use the water for drinking, however the pressure is low and it runs slowly. Olia‘s family has a well. The water is white though it becomes red after boiling so they do not drink it and use it only for household. The water in the well drew up this summer. There is an old borehole not far from their house, water drips there but they say it is light and pleasant to drink. They carry water from the borehole. They say everyone in Anaklia knows who has a good well and correspondingly they drink the water. Ineza is a refugee as well. They did not have water for a long time and they had to either carry it by hand or transport from the borehole. Last year two families bored 42 meters deep borehole with their own resources. Nana is a refugee and carries water from the borehole (for drinking and household). She has chechma toilet as well and they have to dig a new hole when the old is full. But the old one is covered with ground.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Eliso‘s family consumes less then 1 tone of water per day. She says they do not need 1 tone of water a day. Other workshop participant women say, that their families consume 500 liter of water per day for household. They can not use water for watering as in summer when gardens and vegetable gardens need watering as they do not have water in the wells. The women could not calculate how much water they need to water the yard.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies Marina‘s family bored the well 10 years ago in four different places. She says that rings which they had to lay the well with cost them very expensive, approximately 120 GEL. Besides she had to cook every day to treat the neighbors helping them (they did not pay the neighbors) and it cost her 400 GEL. Lately they have brought water into the old pipes and so did not have to pay for new pipes. They have 800 liter reservoir which cost them 300 GEL (as the reservoir has an iron stand in order water run self-flowingly). They have water pumps to draw it home and expenses on it contain 7-8 GEL per month. The family has a separate hole for the toilet, when it is filled the members of her family carry feaces to the dug hole. So they do not have extra charges to clean the toilet. If we do not take into account one-time expenses and water pump Marina‘s family does not have monthly charges on water. Eliso‘s family has a water pump as well and it consumes electricity for about 10 GEL per month. The have old pipes and did not buy a water tank. Correspondingly they do not have any on water and sewerage except electricity charges. Members of her family do not pay public services from their refugee‘s assistance. Marina‘s family has got a pump for 3 years as well. She does not remember its price. They have electricity charges 7-8 GEL per month.

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Lela had to pay very expensive to bore a well. Round clay water pipes cost her 60 GEL per one and they laid 7. Some neighbors helped her to dig and she had to treat them for several days which cost her approximately 200 GEL. She has no other charges. They have chechma toilet and from time to time they dig new holes and take the toilet to another place. However they do not have any expenses. Members of Irma‘s family receive only 22 GEL of their allowance. She thinks 6GEL covers charges on consumed electricity. To her judgment they pay a little more than consume. They do not have expenses on water and toilet. When Olia‘s family bought their house the well had already been there. They have a water pump and its charges on electricity are 5GEL per month. The family does not have any other charges. Ineza and her neighbor bored a borehole jointly and paid 1600GE. They had got pipes and it cost them cheaper. They have a water pump which cost them 10 GEL per month. They do not have extra tank and have to use water pump each time they need water. Nana does not have any charges on water and sewerage.

4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month Taking into consideration the tariff and existing conditions the majority of workshop participant ladies agree to pay supposed tariff but only after counters are set. According to Eliso she will not need to consume 1 tone of water per day. Correspondingly her family will have to pay 6.90 GEL per month according to counter which she will pay with pleasure. If it is more she will have to consume water economically. They will not use central water for watering crops and if so, they will pay. As for charges for bringing water in 400GEL is too much and they will try to bring pipes in with own means which will cost cheaper. The only person who is against of bringing central water in is Ineza as it cost very expensive for her to bore a borehole and she will use it. The only charges she has at present are electricity expenses consumed by pump. As for the sewerage they use the nearby canal they drain sewerage water into it. So she is sure she will not bring the central water in. She considers that water tariff per head (2.70GEL per head) is higher than water and sewerage tariff in Tbilisi. She does not consider it expensive to pay according to consumed water. ―Because of common counters on electricity arouse conflicts in the village. Having this bad experience it is necessary to set individual counters. If the counters will be individual we shall pay the tariff as we are tired of lacking water. However the problem will still exist as since communist time the population is not used to pay for water that is why it will be difficult for them. Though they will get accustomed to pay as they got to pay for electricity‖ (Marina). Marina (Kveshelava) will gladly pay for constructing works and consumed water tariff itself. ―400Gel is expensive but if water is brought to the gate then we will bring it in ourselves‖ (Lela). ―Let it be, who will not bring it in‖ says Irma.‖Bringing water in is our problem and we shall solve the problems by our means‖ say Olia and Nana who is exhausted of caring water. She marks that she will gladly bring water in and pay according to the tariff.

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To sum up, water tariff per head for the workshop participant ladies is high and they prefer to set individual counters. They say that will easily pay for the consumed water. 400GEL for construction works is expensive for then as well and in this case they intend to bring water in themselves which will be cheaper for them. Those who do not have wells are ready to pay 400GEL for constriction works. Ineza is an exclusion who had bored a borehole. She says her family will use their own system. In general, when they do not have water they can not test its quality. They drink their water but doubt that the local water is not safe for health:‖ when we do not find a tadpole in the water we are happy and we do not think further, of its chemical composition‖ says Nana.

5. Level of Hygiene Awareness The workshop participant ladies say that infection diseases such as enteric infection can spread if water is polluted. The mark that they have kept the distance between wells and pit latrines (approximately 25 meters) and it does not endanger their health. However some of their wells are not deeper than 6 meters and toilet holes are 2-3 meters deep but the do not drink the water, they take water from boreholes. But there are some wells where water is clear and does not smell so most of neighbors use it to drink. As for me the clearness of such wells is in doubt. The ladies say that cases of sickness caused by water are very rare in Anaklia as they try not to drink polluted water. They joke, that their organism is adapted to Anaklia water. Marina used an old method of cleaning the water. She made some holes in the bucket, put cotton on its bottom, poured washed sand above it and then water which dropped down was drinkable. Once a week they washed dirty cotton. They say that such water is comparatively clean. They do not boil water as after boiling (both for the well and borehole) changes its color and has oil like layer above.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff Majority of the participants mark that they will bring central water in. if they need water for watering their crops they will use either central or well water. Correspondingly they do not see a problem in it.‖ we need water for irrigation means only 3-4 months if it is drought, so we shall use it and then pay‖ says Marina and most of participants agreed with her. They women say that water and sewerage systems cause them discomfort, prevent them from keeping sanitation norms in the families, carrying water endangers their health. Their day regimen is fully occupied as they have to stay in long queues at boreholes. The participant ladies take easily the lack of sewerage system as Anaklia is a village and pit latrines are mostly acceptable in villages. So during our conversation it was revealed that the main problem for them is construction of water system (if sewerage system is constructed it will be good, but water is most important). It is worse to mark that local residents pour sewerage water into canal which flows into the sea, but they do not interpret it as a problem. According to them after water and sewerage systems are fixed women‘s conditions will improve from the health, sanitation point of view and it will save their time.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation

Anaklia (Male Group) 19.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions Shmagi is a refugee and lives near the bore. He has led water from the bore to his yard by hose pipe. Rusty water flows from the bore. Shmagi and his family either drink the water or carry if from the bore being comparatively far away. Valeriani lives at the beginning of Anaklia, his family has 2m well that usually gets dehumidified. In this case, the family gets water from the bore. Water in the well is feasible to get only in the summer. Hence they only carry drinking water from the bore. Malkhazi resides in IDP settlement (the latter is comprised by private houses). As the respondent notes, initially there was a big bore near the settlement with water of high quality and pressure. However, the situation has changed when the families dwelling in the area led the water to their houses. If water is used simultaneously by some families its pressure gets lower. No one has ever checked the quality of water. Despite being white water still has a taste of rust. Gela also has a well where the water is of red color. He has a pump on it and uses the water mainly for house work and irrigation. Malkhazi Logua who has 3m well has the same situation at home. Because of redness of the water, Malkhazi uses it for irrigation. He drinks water from a bore and uses tank water for house work. Zurabi, one of the IDPs, has 2.5m well. After water gets filtrated the family uses it for irrigation. As Zurabi says, he takes bucket, pins it, puts gauze fabric on the bottom, spreads washed sand, and ultimately pours water in it. Water is weeping and red particles depose on the gauze fabric. However, Zurabi does not use this water for drinking. He carries water from the bore located in 1k distance. He gets up early in the morning because does not want to let her mother be first. Zurabi goes to the bore, stays in the queue there and carries water with bottles and vessels. In regard with sewerage, he has Chechma type toilet. When the hole in the ground is full, he fills it and digs new on another place. Petre has 2m well where the water is red as well. His family uses the water for irrigation and house work. There is a pump installed on the well. Petre carries drinking water from school yard by hand.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Workshop male participants have difficulties with calculating total amount of consumed water. The ones having reservoir and pump (usually of 1 ton) usually do not need such amount of water for house work. However, in the summer when the locals need water for irrigation, they may fill the reservoir again. The ones, who carry water by hand, assume expenditure of water to be about 200l per 24 hours. However, they are sure of their families not needing 30t water per month: ―When we are supplied with water for 24 hours, we will spend more. However our families will learn how to economize. We wish we had water permanently‖, say the workshop participants.

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3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies Except energy and time, Zurab does not have any other expenditure for water supply. Since he does not have a pump, he ought to carry water from the well by buckets. Petre has 1.5 kV pump on the well and usually uses it for an hour during the day. Only for pumping of water he spends 11 GEL per month. Besides, he has to cover fixing expenses of the motor (engine) that breaks often due to low quality. He also has a tank. All in all, Petre and his family spend 13 GEL on water per month (2 GEL is calculated since the time when Peter bought the pump). Malkhazi pays 10-12 GEL on electricity spent in the process of pumping. Gela‘s water expenditure only encompasses electricity tax which is usually 9-10 GEL per month. Malkhazi gets 24 GEL from the social assistance. His family pays 4 GEL for communal expenses. However, he is not aware of paying this amount on electricity or on water. Shmagi‘s family members do not pay communal taxes from the social assistance. Therefore, he thinks that he does have financial loss neither on electricity nor on water. To sum up with, water expenditure in Anaklia is electricity spent on pumps (usually 8-11 GEL). They usually use tanks. Due to economical hardship, the locals carry water with bottles because cannot afford to buy bigger vessels. In regard with sewerage system, they have Chechma type toilets in the place which they dig themselves. Hence it is not related to any financial losses.

4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month The male participants of the workshop were happy to hear about a possibility of water and sewerage systems getting improved. They said that will definitely lead the water to their houses and pay the water taxes. Tariffs based on spent water seem quite normal for the participants. As the respondents say, when they have a central water supply system, they will either refrain themselves from using it for irrigation or use and pay for its expenditure. As they assert, water for irrigation will be needed only for 2 months per year. Since the water taken by pump costs quite cheap, in case of having central water supply system along with the pump, they will make a choice between the two. Out of necessity of irrigation, the locals prefer to have numerators so that they can see how much water they spend per month: ―If we pay per head, we should have numerators because it will be impossible to determine who used or did not use the water‖, says Malkhazi. Merabi adds to the above said: ―When I know that I have a numerator, I will use the well I have here for irrigation. I will not need to carry and filter water every day‖. Shmagi says that whole Anaklia will be grateful if given this possibility. However, they think that assumed tariff of water leading (about 400GEL) is quite expensive for the locals. Therefore, they prefer to lead the water and sewerage individually. To conclude with the participants are grateful for possible conditions of water leading. They think of 23 Tetri to be quite acceptable as a tariff per ton. It is interesting to note that water system is more important for the workshop participants than the sewerage. Unlike Mestia they have not had tourists yet. That is why they cannot realize their needs and demands. Hopefully they will give more importance to the latter in the future as it is in case of Mestia.

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5. Level of Hygiene Awareness Except Zurabi, all the participants of the workshop say that they do not refer to any mean of water cleaning. After boiling water loses the color therefore it is better for them to drink it either from the bore or from neighbor‘s well. Zurabi uses the traditional filtration method that has been described above. However, as he says water still remains red and can be used neither for drinking nor for house work. The participants regret because the quality of water is not checked in none of the wells. Later it can have impact on their health. Mainly the problems with health are related to kidneys, urine routes, stomach, etc. However, as the respondents say no one has gotten any infection from the water so far. The well that has been built during Soviet times and later on has been reconstructed by organization CARE is used for years and has not impacted the locals negatively. Nonetheless when having an interview with a therapist (while poverty mapping) she said that infectious diseases have been spread among children during summer time. This, according to her, was caused by water. In line with the interview founding, there is no chance of water getting mixed with fecal masses during inundation in Anaklia. With the purpose of avoiding the named risk, they usually built the toilets far away from wells and bores (25m away). Because of that water in the latter is protected. As the participants say, there is no center in Anaklia that would have provided them with needed information on sanitation and hygiene. It would have been a great relief to have such center even in Zugdidi. If appropriate agencies have been examining water during communist period, now no one – neither locals nor the administration do this.

It is important to note that after ending the workshop, some participants confessed that they let sewerage to flow into the channel and hence into the sea. When we explained to them how dangerous it can be, they agreed but said that cannot do anything regarding the problem.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Cannot Afford to Pay the Tariff While talking about making priority between central water supply and water received by pump, they do not make distinct comments. According to participants, when the central system is arranged and they have chance to learn how much it costs, they will make choice. As the respondents say, water gathering is their responsibility. They have to get up early, stand in queues and carry water home. Everything repeats every day. It is a daily routine. Problems related with water negatively influence their energy and nervous system. The participants do not talk about financial problems it usually causes. Taking the above said into consideration, unlike Zugdidi and Marneuli, locals do not see much relation between water supply and their income status. However, because of inefficiency of water and physical work, they would have been happy if they had proper water supply system. For this reason, the locals are ready to cover needed tariffs.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation Mestia Female Group 14.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions One of the focus group participants, living in Lenjera district, is dissatisfied with quality of the water in the region. She marks that quality is very poor; it runs with low pressure and is often cut off. When water supply is renewed its color is red. Some participants explain it with old pipes and rust runs with water. Others consider that water runs from other reservoir and it is of such color there. Despite the quality is rather low, the population drinks it without any purification. Population living in the central part of Mestia is quite satisfied with water supply. They mostly complain of lime. ‖The water contains great number of lime. When we open the tap in the morning lime fragments run with water. Suburb districts of Mestia (Lenjera and Lalaidi) have water pressure problems in winter. Of course the whole population leaves the taps open for 24 hours a day to avoid freezing of water and it influences the pressure negatively. Rusiko, who has a guest-house marks that she closes central water in the house in winter. But when they accept guests they open water again. Last year the whole system was damaged because of it (frozen water broke all pipes in the house). Population throw salt in toilet sinks to avoid its freezing and it is rather efficient. Lalaidi resident marks that part of Lalaidi population secretly took running water running the airport area, then they set reservoirs and this way they supply themselves with water. Earlier, those families who economically could not participate in constructing works of the system are left without the central water supply system at all. Neighbors began quarrelling as the latter are not given water, the reason is that there is not enough water pressure for all Lalaidi‘s population. Rusudan (Lalaidi resident): it is necessary to set individual reservoirs in winter as she knows they will not have water permanently. Rusudan with her neighbors is going to buy a tone reservoir and burry it in the land so she will be supplied with water individually for 24 hours. None of Mestian population except Lalaidi and Lenjera needs individual reservoirs as they have water permanently. Rsusdan marks, that rehabilitation of present system may not concern Lenjera and Lalaidi. Though Lenjera resident Nino says, different people come to her and promise to repair water system. Ladies participating in the workshop mark, that water supply system is fully being replaced in Central Mestia (dug over Mestia proves it) and main water supplying system will be of high quality. But still there are some problematic issues: Rusiko marks that new 100 diameter pipes have been laid in Central Mestia but the pipe cannot supply the whole Mestia, Lenjera and Lalaidi population with water. Nino says as there was not enough water in the main construction they mixed other spring water to it which is muddy in rainy weather. However Mestian women are dissatisfied with the water quality. According to them, the main construction is not covered and in rainy days muddy water falls in it that definitely negatively influences on their health. But clinically it can be revealed later. The problem for the participant ladies is that first water pipes are laid in the ground and then sewerage ones over them (according to them the present drain system attached to sewerage will be replaced and new sewerage system will be laid their), which will endanger the water purity in case of water and sewerage systems are damaged. Besides, they criticize the fact that one and the same place is dug over several times, when planning the work they do not determine priorities.

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Unlike the men, women consider that sewerage is a problem for whole Mestia. Half of Mestia‘s sewerage pipes are attached to drain system. As a matter of fact the system is laid under the ground but the wells are open and it smells awfully. Sewerage system is damaged at the entrance of the city as well, on Lenjera territory and sewerage and drain water oozes out. The ladies consider that on one hand it causes terrible smell and insanitariness and on the other hand it damages the newly laid concrete road. Rusudan marks, that there does not exist a sewerage system in Laliadi and the population mainly has the so called ―chechma‖ toilets (dug holes). They have deep holes up to cobble-stones and faeces mix with soil. Correspondingly they do not need any extra means to clean the holes. Summing up, sewerage and water systems are rather problematic at the suburbs of Mestia (Laliadi, Lenjera, Latali) which causes discomfort to women. Population in the center of Mestia from time to time have problem of turbid water and unpleasant smell from the open drains. Though it causes discomfort to them it does not influence their health and means.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed: Population mainly consumes water for drinking and household. In rather droughty summer they water small vegetable gardens in front of their houses, though it happens very rarely. Those who have permanent water supply and do not need to make any reserves they can not name quantity of water consumed per day. Those who need reservoirs, mainly in Laliadi say that it depends on number of family members. Rusiko mentions that the family (5 persons) needs 500 liters per day. After we told them that a person consumes approximately 100 liters per day, they consider that they do not consume more (in this case we do not mean in winter). Though they mark that when they have guests (in Svaneti it happens quite often) 100 liter per head will not be enough. One of the participants points that she consumes much more water (she needs 200 liters to take a bath). So generally to calculate how much water the population consumes is very hard.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies The participants say that at present Mestian residents pay 0.80 per head for water (they mark that as sewerage system is attached to drain, they pay only for water). The ladies say that for the recently (3-4 months) water fee collector has not come to them. Since the repair works began they haven‘t paid. The owner of guest-house marks that she pays 147 GEL per month for the organization (guest house). During our conversation we found out that hard and sandy water damages water heating tanks, for example Ariston has automatic filters but the population mostly uses self-made tanks in which sediments, sand and mud gather very quickly. Despite the participants could not calculate expenses, as they do everything themselves and they do not have direct expenses.

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4. Key Factors Determining Unwillingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month The ladies participating in the workshop consider that nobody in Svaneti will be able to pay 2.70GEL per head. According to them only 10-15% of Svaneti population is employed and the rest of the population lives on pensions and subsistence agriculture. Correspondingly the population will not be able to pay the rate. Big families will be a problem as well, according to the water tariff they will have to pay more then 20GEL. The ladies consider that Svaneti should have some benefits (because of climatic conditions and high mountainous region), one and the same tariff can not be established in the plain cities and Mestia. They sat that population could hardly pay 80 tetri and the money collector felt unhappy of it. ―For years people have debt of unpaid 80 tetri, who will be able to pay more?‖ say the ladies. ―They think that because of tourism Mestia is a rich region. Tourism is profitable only for few people, but the main population lives in poverty‖ says Manana. On the question how much the population will be able to pay they answered that the present tariff (80 tetri) is acceptable. Maximum they can pay is 1 GEL. ―This is the real situation in Svaneti at present‖. If they promise that each family in Mestia will have at least one tourist they will be able to pay the tariff, but current economic conditions are such‖ says Nino. They are worried of the fact that pastures have been taken away form them because of the development of tourism, they are not allowed to pass the cattle through the center of the city but this is the only income in Svaneti (animal breeding). In this case they will have nothing to suggest tourists and will incur losses. The workshop participant ladies consider the alternative to fixing counters is impossible: ‖No one will get used to counters in Svaneti, besides if we do not open taps in winter for 24 hours a day it will freeze and how can we manage to pay for the running water?‖ asks Rusiko. Accordingly counters are impossible to be fixed. The second problem is that if they cut off water for the families l not paying for water it will cause freezing of neighboring water system. Apparently all families in Mestia have open taps during the whole winter.

5. Level of Hygiene Awareness The workshop participant ladies mark that water in Latali is of a very low quality. There are a lot of leeches and worms in the water and it is very dirty. That is why the local population is sick with intestinal diseases such as jaundice and other. According to one doctor faeces were mixed in the water. But this year the quality of water have comparatively improved. As for Mestia the participant ladies deny existence of intestinal diseases. But they consider that the quality of water is poor and later it will reflect on their health (they mean muddy and full of lime water). When you boil water in the kettle once you cannot boil it the second time – it has great number of sediments. You don‘t need much knowledge, it is obvious that skin is coarse because of hard water-mentions one of the participants. Marina (school teacher) says that in spring the water was turbid in school, the pupil drank the water that worried the teachers. They addressed the governor to solve the problem. He answered that water was not in municipal competence any more and it was transferred to Kutaisi and he was nothing to do with it. Accordingly they are worried that there is not a responsible person in Mestia they can address and solve the problem. They are also troubled that epidemiological laboratory was annulled in Mestia. The doctor who worked there and gave them definite advice got job in Bolnisi. The ladies mark when the water is too muddy they desilt water for 12 hours and sand and ground settles on the bottom. They do not use other ways (boiling or filtration).

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They think that sanitation condition is poor in Mestia because of the sewerage. On one hand open drains smell terribly disturbs the population (for example because of dribbling sewerage the ground became boggy and one resident fell in it people leaving nearby could hardly take him out). Besides feaces from the so called ―chechma‖ (pit latrines) toilets drip into river Inguri, polluted the river and break the bank.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff As I mentioned above it is individual counters and cut off water is unacceptable for the population. They consider that local population will not bear it even at winter time. If individual system is closed the neighboring systems will be damaged as well as it will freeze. And still when we asked them if it happens what will happen then, they answered that they would take water from the neighbors who could pay for water or would gather water from the numerous springs in Mestia.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation. Mestia Male Group 14.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions The men participating in the work shop are satisfied with the existing water supply system. They have 24 hour water-supply. They say that water pipes are very old, they were laid in 1956. They must be substituted and the works are on. ―Don‘t you see the whole Mestia is dug all over. The water pipes are being replaced and we are very happy about it‖- says Anzori. Water pressure in Mestia is high. Multi-storied houses which are situated at the bank of the river have water supply. The pressure is so strong that it reaches the 5th floor, mention the men. One of the Lalaidi representatives says that it is a new district in Mestia and population unprofessionally laid the water pipes. Though there are springs in Laliadi and they mostly use spring water. ―Like in all Mestia, new water pipes are laid there as well and we will not have water problems any more‖- marks Giorgi. When describing water quality, the men say that water in Mestia has high content of lime and correspondingly water is very hard. The workshop participants mentioned the problem of turbid water only when we reminded them about it: ―Turbid water runs early in spring or when the repair works are on, so we are not worried about it- marks Guram. Sewerage system existed in Mestia since communist time, before Guram was born-says Guram. As it was found out that sewerage system and drain ditches are quite old (it functioned since communist time) to which the population self-willingly attached pipes. Though both systems have no problems. The problem occurred later when number of villages and Llalidi among them were attached to Mestia, where none of the systems is functioning. In central MEstia of a family does not have a sewerage system it is their individual problem because of lack of means could not attach to the central drain ditches.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Population in Mestia uses water only for house work. During the drought they water only small gardens (which are around their houses) with central water, though it happens very rarely. As for the crops and pastures for the population it is impossible to water the areas. They do not use running water for cattle except the cases when it is high snow and the cattle can not leave houses. In other cases the cattle is taken to the springs around the villages. As opposed to Zugdidi where population supplies water in tanks and they know approximately how much water the use per day. In Mestia it is quite difficult to define how much water do they use. David says that he has family of three uses approximately 200 liters. Other participants consider that usage is little more . In addition, in winter taps are open 24 hours a day in order to avoid water system freezing. Correspondingly water usage in winter is quite high.

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3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies The workshop participants mark they do not have to pay for water and sanitation except officially fixed rates. They prove they did not buy any extra tank for water, they do not need water pump and etc. The exception is representative from Lalaidi who has to collect water as they are not supplied with water constantly. In case of lacking sewerage system they have so called ―chechma‖ toilets, which cost nothing to them as they only have to dig a hole which they themselves. They evaluate current repair works positively as they will have central sewerage and water supply systems. According to the participants water rate was 0.80 GEL earlier per head. They consider it acceptable and population will not be able to pay more.

4. Key Factors Determining Unwillingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month After we presented the workshop participants rates of Georgian Joint Water company they evaluated the rates as rather high. Generally the participants consider it available to fix counters and pay 0.23GEL per cubic meter of water. According to their calculations a family will have to pay not more then 5-6GEL. But there is one obstacle population says, that central water supply system freezes in winter. In order to avoid it all the families keep taps open and running water do not freeze. That is why they consider that it is useless to fix counters, if they close it in winter central and individual water system will freeze. In this case population will not have water and rehabilitation is very expensive and the population is not able to pay it. In case individual counters are fixed they will not be able to pay as water in winter will constantly run for 24 hours a day. As for paying 2.70GEL per head they consider the rate very high and mention that there are not such rates even in Tbilisi. ―Families in Mestia are big, can you calculate how much will they have to pay, family of 8-9 persons?‖ marks Arkadi.‖ They must take into consideration that there are no official jobs in Mestia. After Zugdidi (Megrelia) was attached to Mestia all jobs have been annihilated, who will employ us in Zugdidi? They say now there are new jobs but all the workers are megrelians! Actually, there are families without any income one sack of flour costs 60 GEL when pension is 80GEL. But do we need only bread? How can a pensioner be able to pay the water rate? (Anzori , 49). When we tried to find out from the participants how much they will be able to pay they mentioned that existing rate 0.80. Gel is acceptable. Two participants marked that Mestian population will be able to pay maximum 1 lari per head. We haven‘t paid for electricity up to date. Now if we have to pay for gas, electricity, and water it will be senseless to live in Mestia as we have no income. They prohibit us to pass cattle through Central Square. We have to go to Zugdidi for permission to cut wood in the forest. How can we manage without wood in winter in Mestia?‖ says David. Despite we explained to them that the rate is necessary for the water supply to work properly they say, that water is presented them by God and the rate must not be so high. As for the expenses on water and sewerage individual setting they did not consider the issue as they already have had the system or they will manage to do it themselves cheaper than 400 GEL.

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5. Level of Hygiene Awareness The workshop participants deny the cases of diseases in Mestia caused by low-quality water. When we pointed to open drains they answered that it mainly influenced the city in general but there was not mixture of drinking water and sewerage and water in Mestia is drinkable. ―We have heard about cured people with the water in Svaneti but never heard of fell ill!!!‖ marks Giorgi ( he meant mineral spring water in Mestia). According to the participants there is no institution in Mestia to get any information regarding water quality from. It becomes clear from the discussions with various groups that epidemiological laboratory was very important for the population where they could test water and goods ‗quality. Since 1999 epidemiological laboratory was annihilated and there are no local institutions to provide the population with necessary information. They mention as well that there is not rubbish system in Svaneti. Especially yards of state institutions are full of rubbish which causes insanitary conditions in the city. They say that their hygiene issues are solved by their housewives and it is not a problem for Mestia.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies is Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff On the question what will there strategy be if they will not be able to pay rates established by Joint Water Supply Company they marked: ―It will be unpaid even it is 4 GEL, if the population can not pay they can establish any rate!‖ When we told them that they would be cut off the water supply they worried. Anzori said:‖ The world will collapse then if they cut off the water to population!‖ ―Only nature, water and air are free and if all these will be cut off to people it is better to kill us!‖ says Giorgi. As opposed to women the men did not even admit the possibility of cutting the water off that is why they did not name us alternative ways.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation Marneuli Female Group (17.09.2010)

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions Susan is living in a private apartment. In comparison to previous years, schedule of water supply has been improved: water is supplied twice in a week, for 2-3 hours. Her family has a pump and a reservoir. Water taken from the alternative means is used for other days. They do not have sewerage. It is connected with the channel flowing outside the town. Susan waits for the sand deposing in the water and then uses it for drinking. Manana lives in blocks of flat. The residents have water only 3 days per week, for 5-6 hours. Similar to the first participant, they have pump and reservoir from where they take and use water. Sewerage functions normally. After the sand and soil depose in the water, Manana uses it for drinking. Ana lives in a private apartment. She is supplied with water twice in a week, in line with the schedule. She lives in the outskirts of Marneuli. They set the sewerage pipe themselves. Thea lives in the blocks of flat. The neighborhood is supplied with water twice in a week, for half an hour. As she says, water has smell of chlorine and cannot be used for drinking. She adds that water used for drinking which she keeps in a separate vessel is dirty. Sewerage system is not functioning properly either, it often gets stuck and the basement is filled with fecal masses. Hence the area across the house gets dangerous for health. Although having applied to the municipality for several times they have not received any assistance. Maka lives on the fifth floor, in the blocks of flat. She gets water twice in a week, for 2-3 hours. Despite having pump and reservoir when there is no electricity and water is coming, she still cannot gather the water. Water is not reaching fifth floor and hence it is impossible to get water without pump, even during fixed time. Besides, water is delivered in the morning. Therefore, she has to stay home and gather it otherwise she will be left without water for 4 days. Moreover, she carries water from the sink being in the yard. This is because she thinks water in the tank is not good for health (every participant confirms the fact of tanks not being cleaned and eluted). Sonia lives in a private apartment. She is supplied with water twice in a week, for 2-3 hours. She says that the water is very dirty. Her family has a pump and tank in which they usually store water. Since the pressure is low, the family cannot fill both tanks and has to carry water from the neighbors (who has extra amount). Older family members drink water after it gets deposed whereas the children drink it only after boiling is finished. Rakhshan lives in Jandari, a suburb of Marenuli. Sewerage often gets stuck. In general it stinks. Pressure and quality usually are bad. Despite this fact, they still drink it. Similar to others, his family has a reservoir from which they drink water.

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2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Susan uses 10-12t water per month. Since there is no water in the channel they have to use drinking water for irrigating a small kitchen garden. Female participants have difficulty with calculation of expenses spent on water since the water tank is often full when they add new water in it. However, Thea precisely calculates expenditure on water and mentions that her family spends 10,4t water in total. More concretely, she fills 1t tank first with water, then 2 pcs 100l tanks at home, after that, 20 pcs 5l tank, and in the end, 2 pcs 10l tanks and small bottles. This means that she spends all that period in front of the sink to gather named amount of water. Ana who lives in the settlement says that her family spends 6-7t water per month. As for Sonia, monthly she spends 10t water. In case of installment of individual numerators, participants doubt that water consumption will be increased. If they receive high tax, they will try to make economy for the next time.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies There are three members at Susana‘s family. She pays official amount of 1,80 GEL per month. Sometimes, when the water is not enough, they have to carry it from Koda. Susan‘s family along with neighbors arranged a sewerage system. It cost them approximately 100 GEL per family. However they ought to pay another 2 GEL for cleaning the system with the help of tractor. In total, monthly Susan spends 30 GEL both, for water and sewerage. Although there are four members in Manana‘s family, they pay taxes for two persons. Per head they pay 1,60 GEL i.e. monthly 3,20 GEL per family. Municipal taxes amount to 46 GEL per year. Monthly they spend 5-6 GEL for electricity utilized for pumping. For drinking water they usually go to Koda. Fuel expenditure equals to 10 GEL per month. Total expenditure of their families is 20 GEL per month. Ana monthly pays 1,80 for two persons (total is 3,60 GEL per month). They have problem with irrigation. In previous years, they had been paying 5 GEL and had irrigation water. They have not been supplied with irrigation water this year and hence their kitchen garden has withered. However, as she says, her family is promised to have functioning irrigation system soon. Ana cannot name the amount of expenditure on electricity she uses for pumping water. They did not have individual numerator and have been paying taxes in line with common calculation. It usually amounted to 25 GEL. Ana and her family bring water from their village. In total expenditure on water and electricity is 15 GEL per month. Thea pays 7 GEL for the expenditure of electricity spent on pumping water. Monthly she has to pay 3,20 Tetri (only two persons from family are registered). Thea carries water from Tamarisi (water from bore), sometimes they buy bottle water. As she says, her family spends on water over 33 GEL per month. Maka pays water tax for whole family (6,40GEL). Moreover, she pays 15 GEL for electricity spent on pumping water (since she lives on the fifth floor, she has to pump water for a long time). She gives only bottle water to her child on which she spends 1 GEL per day (total 30 GEL per month). Sonia pays 7,20 GEL for seven family members. Electricity tax amounts to 20-25 GEL per month. However they have common numerator and do not know what is their expenditure. Sonia has been giving either the water carried from the village or boiled one to her child. Transportation expenses were added to whole amount of taxes. Their Chechma toilet is deep and needs to be cleaned only twice in a year. It takes 30 GEL. Their general expenditure amounts to 10 GEL per month. Monthly, Rakhshani‘s family spends over 4,80 GEL for three persons. Sometimes they bring water from village. Therefore total expenditure is not high. It amounts to 10 GEL per month.

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4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month Every participant of the workshop agrees to pay tariff of 2,7 GEL per head (per month). Susan mentions: ―Look how much we spend for water and sewerage per month. Why do not we pay this amount?‖ Residents of blocks of flat who have not paid for arranging sewerage and water systems do not have any problem with paying this amount either. Residents of private apartments will have difficulties with setting water pipes since according to them the amount is high. Nonetheless, as Ana says, even the amount is high, they will still pay it in order to be supplied with clear water. As for the sewerage, initially she refused to have a new sewerage. However, when we explained advantages of the new system, she started to think about its installment. According to Susan and Sonia, since the amount needed for installment of central system, they will arrange it with their own expenses. Majority of the participants are for having individual numerators since realize how efficient it is to spend the same amount of water as they have been spending so far and still pay 0,23 Tetri per month.

5. Level of Hygiene Awareness Existing condition of water in Marneuli threatens health of locals. According to Maka, improper sewerage system causes unpleasant smell in the summer so that it is impossible to open windows. Dirty water caused health problems to Thea‘s son. He was intoxicated and had spent three months at hospital. It cost them 500 GEL to cover hospital and treatment expenses. Maka says that since her child often suffers from diarrhea, she has to buy water from bottles. The same story has been told by Ana – last year she got diarrhea and had to stay at hospital for three months. The locals suffer from pebble due to precipitate existing in the water deposes in kidneys and urine routes. Because women have to carry heavy buckets they often have gynecological problems. According to Thea, although the local government being aware of water pollution they still do not inform locals about the threat. According to workshop participants, they do not have information on hygiene, sanitation, health, etc. They think of TV being appropriate mean of dissemination of information on the issue.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff Out of great importance of water and sewerage system, locals are ready to arrange them with their own expenses. Hereby they note that they would not have alternatives, central water is supplied from Water Supply Company. Hence they are left without alternative sources (except wells and bores). The workshop participants assert that while central water supply is arranged everyone will have irrigation channels for that time and hence they will not use sink water for irrigation. If the locals use it, they will know the price and pay it. Problems related with water have great impact on every day life of the workshop participants. They spend lots of time on waiting, carrying, and gathering the water. Due to lack of time, the participants cannot preserve sanitation measures as well as they cannot help their children in homework preparation. Hence, they assert that sanitation and healthcare problems will be solved if the locals get 24-hour water supply. At the end we asked the participants if the latter will have any affect on economic development of Marneuli. Although the respondents did not see direct relation between small business development and arrangement of water system, they still think that if

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-9 central water supply company had provides them with 24 hour water, they will have to pay less for water. Sonia who works at beauty salon says that they buy 1t water per week. Water expenses are covered by the staff (2-3 GEL per week, per person). The female participants think that proper water system will also have an affect on local restaurants and cafes. Due to fear of the dishes not being properly washed and food not being prepared from high/good quality products, they always avoid visiting such places.

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Willingness to Pay for Improved Water and Sanitation Marneuli Male Group 23.09.2010

1. Key Factors Determining Satisfaction with Current Water Supply Conditions Anar lives in a private house and has central water on schedule, 2 days a week for an hour and a half or two. They have central sewerage system and it works properly. However they do not use central water for drinking as its quality is poor. Accordingly, they carry water from villages or buy 5liter containers of Bakuriani water. However they fill reservoirs with central and use it for household. Giorgi lives on the fourth floor in a multistoried house. He has water twice a week for an hour or an hour and a half. All the neighbors have water tanks in cellars which are filled up by self-flowing, and then they fill tanks standing on attics with the help of individual pumps. The quality of water is very poor. They do not use central water for drinking (except hopeless situations). They go to villages and carry spring or well water to their homes. Sewerage system is in better condition. Irakli lives on the first floor of a multistoried house. Central water is on schedule there: 2 days (for 2-3 hours). They fill up reservoirs in the cellar by self-flowing and then fill tanks on the attic with individual water pumps. This way they collect water. It points that those families which do not have enough means to purchase water tanks and pumps have to carry water from yards to the upper floors. Sewerage system is in bad condition and is often obstructed. Ayate lives in a two -storied house with other 31 families. After the collapse of the Soviet Union they were left without water for 15 years. During this period they either bought water from cars or carried it by their cars and motorcycles from Marneuli or village Koda. They addressed the governor several times with complains and at last three years ago they set water with 20mm pipes from the nearby factory. The families bought and erected 20 tone water tank with their own means. Water runs on schedule in the factory for 2-3 days per week (2-3 hours). Besides, they can get water from the factory only when it functions. The factory did not function the whole winter last year; accordingly they were not supplied with water at all and had to carry it with their cars. They have neither taps nor sewerage systems in the flats and they use toilet in the yard. Sewerage system in the factory is obstructed and all faeces spread all over the territory that causes terrible insanitation. Abiko is from Tsereteli (the village has recently been joined to Marneuli). He has central water 3 times a week for 2-3 hours but during the summer they did not have water at all. They have two water reservoirs: one in the cellar which fills self-flowingly and the other in the attic which is filled with water pump. His family does not use central water for drinking as its quality is very poor. This summer central pipes were damaged and water flew out, when water supply was stopped the polluted water flew back to the pipes so the population got muddy running water. His neighbor has 42 meters deep borehole and they have to carry drinking water from them. Sewerage system does not exist in the village and they use so called ―chechma‖ (dug holes) toilets. Ilgar lives in a private house. They are supplied with central water only for 2 days in a week for 1-2 hours. Its quality is low and his family fills reservoir with water. They do not use central water for drinking. As for the sewerage system they do not have officially set system, they themselves attached to the sewerage of the former bakery factory but have ―chechma‖ toilets. Ilgar is dissatisfied with water supply.

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Givi‘s family lives in multistoried house, they have central water only 2 days per week. They have two water tanks, one in the cellar the other in the attic of the house. They draw water by pump and use it the whole week. Though water in the attic gets warm and it is not drinkable and is of a very low quality. When you fill water in the vessel it has a lot of sediments. He says that it is harmful for health to use water without filtration. The house has central sewerage system but from time to time it is obstructed. However, as compared with water he is satisfied with its functioning. Gurma‘s family which lives in a private house has central water once a week for 2 hours. They fill small reservoirs with central water and consume it during the week. According to Guram its quality is very poor. Water is turbid and is of full sand and leaves. Pressure is low as well. They do not have sewerage system at all so they use so called ―chechma‖ (dug holes) toilet which occasionally is cleaned with the help of cars. They draw central water in order the sand to sink on the bottom though they boil the water and only then drink it, but for the household they do not boil it. When the reservoir is empty they buy water from cars and fill reservoir. He is dissatisfied with water and sewerage systems. The participants of the workshop mark, that once they found alive frog in running water. Mr. Givi says that he found a fish in the water. The quality of water in all districts of Marneuli is really very poor.

2. Awareness of the Total Amount of Household Water Consumed Guram‘s family has irrigation ditch so they consume water only for household needs. According to calculations, his family consumes approximately 6 tones of water per month. Ilgar‘s family has irrigation ditch as well that is why they use water only for household. As they do not have enough water they use water sparingly and the quantity of water consumed by them is no more then 8 tones. Abiko‘s family consumes approximately 10-12 tones per month. They have their irrigation ditch. Anar‘s family consumes 12 tones of water (they are 4 members) and the family uses irrigation ditch to water crops.

3. The Level of Awareness of the Current Costs Incurred for Coping Strategies Gurma‘s family once in 3-4 months cleans ―chechma‖ toilet with the help of car and it cots them 30GEL. Three years ago they bought a reservoir and paid 70GEL for it. Besides they pay 1.80 GEL per head monthly (totally 7.20GEL). In addition at least once a month they have to buy water from cars and pay 10GEL per tone of water. According to his calculation his family has approximately 37GEL expenses per month for water and sewerage. Givi paid 280GEL for the reservoir set in the attic two years ago but for the cellar reservoir 150 GEL. They have two water pumps and paid 60GEL per each. The pump consumes electricity for amount 7-8 Gel per month. In addition, al least twice a month they have to buy water from cars (for 4 tones they pay 40GEL). As for sewerage they pay 20tetri per head monthly. Givi‘s family approximately has monthly expenditures in amount of 60-70GEL for water and sewerage as they have 3 children (they pay less for water per head as real number of the family members is not got registered). 6 members are registered in Ilgar‘s family and he pays 1.80 GEL per head (totally 10.80 GEL). The have not purchased a water tank they have had it since Soviet times. They do not buy extra water and do not pay for sewerage as he self-willfully attached to the factory sewerage system. He has to clean his toilet once in 6 months and expenses contain 5GEL per months. So Ilgar‘s family expenditures for water and sewerage are 15 GEL per month.

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Tsereteli resident Abiko‘s family pays 1.60 GEL per head (6.20 GEL monthly). However last month the whole village received debts receipt for the period they did not have water at all and they did not pay. Electricity charges for water pump contain 10GEL for them. For sewerage cleaning he has to pay approximately 5GEL (30GEL once in 6 months. Abiko‘s family total expenditures contain 22 GEL per month. Residents of Ayat‘s house purchased a 20 tone tank for 3000 GEL and2000GEL for constructing works, a counter and a tap. In case the factory supplies them with water a family pays them 2 Gel per month. The factory on its side pays to the water supply company. Those who keep cattle in the yard have to buy water for amount of about 20GEL (Ayat himself buys as well). When they are not supplied with water he has to carry water by car that costs him 15GEL. They pay approximately 10 GEL per month to clean the general toilet. Water and sewerage y expenditures per month for his family are more then 50 GEL. Irakli‘s family pays 7.20 GEL according to family members. His family buys water several times a months and pays 40GEL. Electricity charges of water pump cots them 8GEL. So their monthly expenses for water are up to 55Gel. Giorgi‗s family has two members and their monthly charges are 3.60 GEL. In addition they pay for electricity 5-6-GEL and 10GEL to buy water. So expenses of his family for water and sewerage are up to 18GEL. There are 2 members registered in Anar‘s family but really more people live there. Sometimes his family is fined and now he pays for 4 persons (7.20GEL). In addition electricity charges spend by water pump cost him 10GEL per month as water pump is directly attached to the kitchen tap and it switches on every time they open the tap. For public sewerage service his family pays 20 tetri. In addition they need to carry drinking water from the village. They need fuel for approximately 15 GEL. If he is busy and they can not bring water from the village they buy 5 liter tanks of Bakuriani water and pay 3GEL per tank. His family has to buy at least 3 tanks per day. According to him the family expenses on water are very high contain 80 GEL.

4. Key Factors Determining Willingness to Pay the 2.70 GEL Per Head Per Month The workshop participant men evaluate water tariff and its future perspectives positively. According to Abiko the population is so exhausted of water and sewerage system that they are ready to pay even 5 GEL if the system is fully regulated. Though, they consider that it will be difficult for population to pay for bringing water and sewerage systems in. Guram‘s family will not be able to pay. But tariff itself will be quite profitable for them as they spend more money on water at present. To Givi‘s opinion the difference between the old and new tariffs is 90 tetri and according to the terms which the water supply company offers them they will not have additional charges. That is why it is acceptable for them if they do not have to pay for bringing water in the houses. This will be quite profitable for them: ―First of all we will not worry that the tank is empty and what can we do, the second we will give water the children and switch on washing machine with no worry‖. (Givi ). Algar of course will pay for each member of his family; he also agrees to pay 400Gel for individually bringing water in. Abiko‘s family will have a problem in paying however the established tariff according to him is acceptable: ―situation in the village (Tsereteli) is better, people have wells and we do not have problems with drinking water. However no one will have problems with tariff but 400GEL for bringing the system in will be hard for everyone to pay‖ (Abiko).

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According to Ayat they are ready to pay even 3GEL as are tired of water problems. They have general sewerage and tap accordingly they will not have to pay for individual water system. It cost them very expensive to buy central reservoir and pipes. Extra charges will be unaffordable for them. For Irakli and Giorgi, living in the block of flats, the established tariff is not a problem; they think all the inhabitants will afford to pay water costs them rather expensive now. It also vey good, they will not have to cover expenses of bringing pipes in. Anar will gladly pay 2.7GEL to get 24 hour, high quality water. Though he says it will be difficult for him to pay 400GEL for individual pipes. As for counters and paying tariff according to consumed water, for the participants the tariff quite acceptable as they will have to pay less according to individual counters. In addition when they buy water they pay 10GEL per tone. Ilgar considers as well that counters will be rather advantageous for them. In this case they will control quantity of consumed water and will have to pay less. Abako and Ayat will easily pay for the consumed water. For Anar, payment according to counter is cheaper as well as they consume approximately 12 tones of water. To their point of view if they have water for 24 hour on schedule it will increases water consume but later population will get used to it and will reduce water consume with the purpose of saving.

5. Level of Hygiene Awareness Givi marks that his children often have problems with health because of water: ―we try not to give children running water. We either boil it or buy and bring it from the village. But we can not always control it so every month the children have diarrhea. It is of course the result of polluted water‖ (Givi). The workshop participants say that because of water cases of diarrhea occur quite frequently in Marneuli. When members of Irakli‘s family take a bath they have allergic reaction on central water. Anar marks that when he washes his skin on the neck is damaged. The participants deny cases of jaundice in Marneuli caused by water. They joke that their organism is so used to polluted water that when they drink pure water they fell bad. In order to improve its quality the draw, boil or filter water in a traditional way (they pour water through the perforated white stone and put under it cotton or gauze, the water drops on it and black sediments are left on the gauze or cotton, others do the same with the help of a bottle). As for sanitation and hygiene conditions in the families, they say their wives and mothers do their best to keep everything clean. However Anar and Ayat mentioned that because of lack water sanitation problems in their families are acute. The participants mark that there is no information in Marneuli concerning sanitation, hygiene and health conditions. When a problem occurs they address local doctors. According to them, epidemiological station does not function in Marneuli as well and it has been transferred to Gori. They wish to receive information on sanitation, hygiene and health on the spot. Most accessible for them is TV. But elderly participants consider it will be better to found a special information center as they do not often watch TV. The younger ones say that in case there is a corresponding internet site they will read it.

6. Alternative Coping Strategies in Not Willing/Can‘t Afford to Pay the Tariff The workshop participants mainly agree to pay according to established tariff. Those who have problem to bring water in at last agree to pay: ‖If we do not bring pipes in, there will be no water in the old system and we don‘t have alternative water for watering. So we shall have to pay for bringing it in but payment according to established tariff is not a problem‖ (Abiko). The participants say that 24 hour; high quality water supply will make their lives easier: it will reduce their charges, save energy and time, and their problems concerning their health, hygiene and sanitation will come to an end. They will as well save electricity expenses (as they will not have to use water pumps) and buy automatic washing machines.

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Annex 2-10: Poverty Mapping Analysis

1. Introduction Poverty mapping is an important analytical tool for identifying the geographical distribution of poor households in project areas such as secondary towns so that where necessary, specially adapted engineering schemes and welfare assistance can be targeted to these areas during Project design and implementation. This is not possible in post-Soviet states, such as Georgia, since in these states, the forces of housing market and land values did not operate and may still be partly suppressed. The distribution of low income households is characteristically scattered, and cannot be easily identified by neighborhood or housing conditions. Statistical data from the Household Survey of Secondary towns record that the incidence of poverty is widespread in these urban areas, and the concentration of households living below official subsistence levels can be plotted per survey sampling zones. Additional proxy poverty indicators such as physical access to adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities (an MDG goal) can, however be plotted. Stakeholders drawn from the local towns were invited to workshops to discuss the poverty maps, and they were invited to mark hotspots on the map where water supply and sanitation provision was especially inadequate. Therefore the Poverty Mapping technique was adapted to local socio – economic conditions, providing information on the likely concentration of low income households in each survey sampling zone. The targeting of these poor households will therefore take a different form for Georgia in that the Social Service Agency will need to review its records of households eligible for TSA, and to cross reference the estimated total number of poor households per zone (from the Household Survey) with the numbers on their lists from each residential area, and update accordingly. 2. Poverty Mapping Analysis Four poverty mapping consultations were conducted in the Tranche 1 towns of Zugdidi, Anaklia, Marneuli and Mestia, in September 2010, with various stakeholders. The maps produced show the percentage of poverty1 per zone in each town. The focus group participants were asked to verify this data plus give additional information on areas with water supply and sanitation hotspots. IDP accommodations were also recorded on the maps. According to the focus group participants, the poverty distribution was quite closely reflected by the maps in Zugdidi and Anaklia. The Marneuli focus group made some corrections to the map and indicated a temporary settlement for IDPs as the poorest part of Marneuli. In Mestia, the respondents were divided into two groups: one group agreed with the poverty mapping, however, said that the income distribution was the opposite for two districts at the entrance and exit of Mestia. The second group stated that it was incorrect to divide Mestia into districts according to poverty levels since each district had both poor and rich residents.

1 Based on the calculations from the PATA survey.

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Regarding water supply and sanitation, water supply was considered to be equally problematic for the whole Zugdidi. As a result, the majority of the population take water from wells and boreholes. The sewerage system was neither functioning properly. An NGO representative marked places of IDP compact settlements as the problem is particularly essential for them. In addition, multistoried buildings supplied with water on schedule from the borehole were marked on the maps. No central water or sewerage system exists in Anaklia. Moreover, the quality of water taken from wells is very poor. The situation is most difficult during the summer since most of the wells dry up. Almost every family has a garden to grow crops and vegetables for household consumption. The water is supplied on schedule in Marneuli. One village on the outskirts of Marneuli does not have a central water system. The water quality is considered to be relatively poor due to malfunctioning of the system itself. The highest spending on water, both as a direct cost and as coping strategies, was incurred by the residents of Marneuli. Only apartment blocks are connected to a central sewerage system, with the exception of a few illegal connections by houses. However, the pipes are often problematic. In Mestia, new water pipes are currently being laid and the population has 24-hour water supply. The water pressure is week in some areas, however, this would be solved when with the replacement of the existing pipes. The problem is that during rain, the water is mixed and becomes turbid. The lack of a proper sewerage system was considered as a more critical issue. The focus group participants also listed the effects of an improved water and sanitation system, it would: reduce the number of health problems associated with poor water and sanitation conditions, have a positive influence on agriculture, more attractive conditions for small-business development, save time and energy, contribute to the development of tourism and reduce the spending on coping mechanisms. (As a final point, the necessity of an irrigation system was asked to be taking into account together with the construction of a new water and sanitation system. It should be noted that many rely on their gardens to obtain food for household consumption.)

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2. Focus Group Workshop on Poverty Mapping (September 2010)

A. Zugdidi

Poverty Map of Zugdidi Legend of the Maps

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 a. The following persons attended Poverty Mapping Workshop: 1. Darejan Gabedava –Deputy Governor of Zugdidi Municipality 2. Marine Kertskhava – Director of Zugdidi School N2 3. Tamar Makatsaria- representative of Zugdidi Public Health Center 4. Givi Kilasonia – Technical Manager of Water Supply Company 5. Davit Esebua – Chief architect of the Municipality 6. Eka Machavariani – Head of Association ―Gaenati‖ 7. Pridon Tsipuria – Municipal Beautification service 8. Elguja Akobia – Fire-preventing-rescue service 9. Besik Chitanava - LTD ―Kolkhida Peizazh‖ landscape gardening and seeding enterprise b. Additional Information on Areas with High Proportions of Low Income Households and Problems of Water and Sanitation:

Darejan Gabedava says that only people living around the market area have income more than 62 GEL per head, as they earn their living by trade. Such division agrees with the area marked on the map of comparatively economically well to do district of Zugdidi. When the workshop participants got acquainted with the map they agreed with distribution of incomes according to the district indicated on the map. As technical manager of water supply company says water supply is equally problematic for the whole Zugdidi. In Soviet times the city was supplied with water from Abkhazia. However after the n conflict with Abkhazia the whole central system failed. Darejan Gabeda agrees with it: ―Central water does not exist in Zugdidi. Population mainly uses individual wells, which are form 7 to 14 meters deep. But multistoried houses are supplied from boreholes and none of it is reliable. When the water from boreholes was tested none of the boreholes satisfied the standards. The population is not informed about it, however their gastrointestinal tract and flora is so used to the water that it does not cause problems to them. But it caused problems to guests. We had pupils from Minsk who were taken to hospital because of infection disease‖(the representative of public health center corrected Darejan, that when they were examined it was found out that children had infection since they had arrived from Belorussia as pupils of the same school in Minsk were infected as well).

Technical manager of Water Supply Company marks that generally the quality of water in the region is poor. Water in all wells in bordering with Zugdidi villages (Anaklia among them) is not drinkable. When a 200 meters deep borehole was bored in Ganmukhuri the water sill has taste of sulfur. We are going to receive filters from Germany to filter water from the borehole and the population will be able to drink it.

As for Zugdidi, the sewage system is so destroyed (water flows out during the flood) that it is impossible to drink water from wells. When the construction of water supply system begins the population can not be divided by districts. Water and sewage systems must be reconstructed in the whole city. Besides water is a problem especially in summer. It has not rained for a long time this summer and 70% of artesian wells drew out so the population has to carry it from nearby boreholes. The workshop participants consider that as quality of water both in individual wells and boreholes is poor, it is not correct to mark definite districts, as the whole Zugdidi has problems with water supply (when the workshop was over the representative of the NGO ―Gaenati‖ marked places of refugees compact residence as the problem is essential for them either. Besides we marked multistoried houses which are supplied with water on schedule from the borehole).

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According to the Technical Manager of Water Supply Company sewage system in Zugdidi is in dramatic condition. The cleaning system does not work and the sewage system flew directly into the river and then to the sea. He added that within the frames of project financed by Asian Development Bank the situation will improve. Central sewage system is brought approximately to each district and number of inhabitants involved in the project in the district is various. It occurred that 80% of population had sewage system in the districts with comparatively economical assured income. The situation is worse in so called Combinat district. The representative of NGO marks that they work with refugees living on the Combinat territory and the situation concerning water and sewage systems is the worst. According to Technical manager sanitation condition in Zugdidi is very poor as well. Population is supplied with water only for 1 hour a day. They do not have enough time to fill water and do household, sewage does not function without water either, so it is a chain process. None of private houses in Zugdidi has water on the first floor and they can not duly clean toilets.

After problematic places were marked on the map it was found out that except water and sewage problems, poverty is an essential issue. c. Short Statements from Stakeholders Present at the Meeting:

Zugdidi Public School N2:”Our school is a central one in Zugdidi, 1300 pupils study here. We have a well and a water pump in the school. Despite we do not know the quality of water we use for drinking. Now we ask Mr.Givi (technical manager), where we can test the water. Two months ago sewage system was repaired, we used chechma toilets. The main problem for the school is water. It is not reliable and our children drink it so we need high quality water. There were no cases registered of children‘s poisoning in our school. However it does not mean that poor quality water does not damage their health every day. That is why I think if we want to protect children‘s health first of all we must improve water and sewage systems at schools. Deputy Governor adds that some schools do not have even wells:‖ School N13 does not have water at all. The director asked for help. It is necessary 15 000 GEL to bore a borehole, local budget can not afford it. The cleaner carries water for drinking and cleaning with buckets from neighbors. Water is essential for schools and it must be improved first.‖

Zugdidi Public Health Center: Hospitals in Zugdidi are relatively supplied with water from boreholes. May be its quality does not correspond to standards but the Healthcare Public Center does not possess any information. According to its representative water supply to the hospitals is enough to keep sanitation and hygiene standards. There were no cases of spreading infections in hospitals because of lack of water. But during our conversation it cleared out that only Zugdidi Republican Hospital has 24 hour water supply. But in the Central hospital water is filled in tanks. At the end Mrs. Tamar admitted that a doctor must wash hands every minute but if it does not run he will not be able to keep hygienic norms. Deputy Governor adds that when they tested the water from the hospital‘s borehole it was polluted. Technical manager said that there was insanitation area around the borehole and it influenced the quality of water.

Fire-Preventing-Rescue Service: Failure of water system prevents work of rescue service. Fire preventing service does not have hydrates and it is only in Zugdidi and Kutaisi. It does not happen in any European cities. ―I have been working at a fire- preventing service since 1979 and water hydrates functioned only for two years. Fire- engines have 2 tones tanks which is enough only for 10 minutes in case of fire. It means that in ten minutes the car must stay on hydrate system (it must be switched to a direct water resource and receive water permanently). A car working on hydrates has pressure of 20 fire –engines. There are hydrates in Zugdidi but there is no water in it. Hydrates must be situated in every 150 meters. Even this standard is not kept in Zugdidi‖.

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(According to technical manager, old hydrate system was destroyed because of nonfunctioning and everything must be built again). As a representative of Fire- preventing-rescue service says because of lack of water and hydrates losses contain 200 000 GEL, in case the system functions properly it will reduce to 50 000 GEL. Expenses of the state on fuel will reduce either. If we spend 100 000 GEL on water in case hydrates work properly the charges will be 50 000GEL. Along with finances technique will be saved and population will have less losses. At present if it is not possible to contain fire only with water from fire-engines the property will burn thoroughly as fire-preventing service does not posses water supply system. In order to avoid such facts they remade 2 tone fire-engines into 10 tones which is violation of any standards, but they do not have an alternative. To create due water supply system for fire-preventing-rescue service is essential for the city and security of population.

City Beautification Service: if improvement of water and sewage systems does not directly make economic situation better for the population it will still negatively reflect on them. Zugdidi is not a fully supplied with sewage system and most of families have chechma toilets (dug holes) and wells. No one has so big yards to keep due distance between toilet and wells. If walls of well are concreted the distance between toilet and well must minimum 15 meters. So health of population in Zugdidi is endangered. Health of the members of my family was poor because of the water. The project will fully solve the problem. Technical manager says, that standard has been reduced lately but earlier, toilets were not built in the radius of 25 meters from well and water was drinkable then. It also depends on soil, he says, for instance sandy soil filters water very well but black soil does not conduct water at all and well is supplied only from groundwater. But generally soil in Zugdidi is sandy and poured water from above drains in it.

Landscape Gardening and Seeding Enterprise: Lack of water negatively influences our enterprise activity as well especially in summer. There has not been any precipitation for 72 days year. We could not reach river by cars to fill water, as it is not taken into account by urbanization service and we had to go to nearby villages to pump water and we spent much fuel on it. When it is drought, wells are dried up and fire-preventing service supplies us with water. At present we do not buy water for watering but supply is very bad. So for landscape gardening and seeding enterprise permanent water supply is very important. As you know villages situated around Zugdid depend on our enterprise and we can not function properly because of lack of water. If we had water for irrigation system and watered for those 72 days the winter would have been easier to overcome as crops and vegetable gardens would not dry out. This year 2kg of beans cost 4-8 GEL, it influences economic condition of each citizen.

Non-Governmental Organization “Gaenati”: Economic conditions of refugees are hard and damage of water and sewage systems affect them more sharply. Water system does not function in the collective centers. Women have to carry water by hand from their neighbors. Eka says that doctor has recently detected sharp infection diseases among refugee children which according to the doctor is the cause of water. (Representative of Health care service protested the information however Eka explained that the cases were acute and parents took children to Tbilisi). Refugees ask donors to assist them to improve their water supply system. At present there is no project functioning in this direction.

Municipality Chief Architecture: lack of water violates view of the city, all multistoried and private houses have water tanks on the roofs. If you look on the city from above you will see that Zugdidi is a blue city. We ask the population not to fit them outside, but what can they do? View of the city will improve along with the water supply system. In addition, the tanks are in bad condition as they are full of green sediments and it must not be used for drinking. May be the population does not drink water from the tanks but they rinse mouth cavity. So it is a nidus. Landscape gardening is very important for me either. It

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 does not only create the visual exterior of the city but supplies the city with oxygen. Planning of future water system must take into consideration the irrigation system: the expenses on watering grass in the city and if local budget will cover the charges. d. The Impact that a 24/7 Drinking Water Supply and Sewage System Would Have As the workshop participants say that regulated water and sewage systems will improve economic condition of the population. First of all electricity will be saved as all the families have reservoirs which are filled with water by pumps. The population will get rid of health problems caused by low quality water. The representative of NGO says that they worked with a small group of refugees on issues concerning development of small—scaled business. Refugee women had number of good ideas: opening of beauty saloons, laundries but they can not realize the ideas because of lack of water. Deputy Governor marks that there does not exist a laundry in Zugdidi at all. Governor‘s office wants to assist them in developing the corresponding infrastructure however automatic washing machines will not work without water. That is why the idea was not realized. Problems of water are very essential for public catering facilities. ―We do not know if sanitation norms are kept their as all of them have problems with water supply‖ says Tamar. Generally the participants say, that if we have due water and sewage systems number of health problems of the population will reduce at schools, public catering facilities, public health institutions, sanitation and hygiene conditions in the families will improve, seeding enterprise and fire-preventing service will work properly, number of losses will be reduced and increase security of the population. It will positively influence on agriculture, refugees and local population will have advantageous conditions to develop small—business, infrastructure of the city will become better (for instance laundry). e. Last Comments: As a technical manager of Water Supply Company says when we worked out water supply plan of Zugdidi Asian Bank for Development has bounded nearby villages to the system as well. It will reduce water supply of Zugdidi and will cause problems in future. It is also important that water supply exploitation system to be situated not far from Zugdidi in order the specialists can reach it easily in case of breakdown and isolate faults quickly. It is desirable, when planning the water supply system to take into account an irrigation system which will assist development of agriculture and the population will have economic profit.

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B. Anaklia

Poverty Map of Anaklia

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 a. The following participants were attending Poverty Mapping:

1. Davit Tskhadaia – Deputy of Territorial Unit of Anaklia 2. Irina Koshia – Specialist at Territorial Unit of Anaklia 3. Elguja Esartia – Therapist at Ambulatory of Anaklia 4. Kakhaber Dzadzania – Representative of Business Sector 5. Iralki Abuladze - Community Union ―Rhuza‖ 6. Khvicha Shamatava – Director at Anaklia Public School 7. Seriojha Abuladze – Worker at Pumping Station 8. Givi Kilasonia – LTD Water Supply Company 9. Gela Lemonjava – Representative of Municipal/local Council (‗sakrebulo‘) b. Additional Information on Areas with High Proportions of Low Income Households and Problems of Water and Sanitation

Deputy of the territorial unit of Anaklia and other workshop participants accepted poverty mapping in the form as it had been presented to them. Comparatively economically sustainable location is coastal region (more than 71.4% of the population receives less than 62 GEL as a salary per head) where the number of tourists has dramatically increased lately and hence it has had a positive effect on economical condition of the region. Moreover, except fishing the locals are actively involved in the construction works going on in situ. Entrance part of Anaklia has a medium (average) economical indicator (75% of the population has 62 GEL per head). There are few families who sustain themselves by gardening. As for the outskirts of Anaklia, residents are relatively poor there since 88.9% of the population has 61 GEL per head. It should be also mentioned that condition of the district becomes harder due to existing IDP settlements there.

There is no central water system in Anaklia. There are bores made during Soviet period. The most abound in water is the bore located in entrance of Anaklia. It is 200m in depth and marked by letter R. Most of the population is carrying water from the bores. Moreover, due to malfunctioning of water supply system, almost every family made a well in their own yards. However the water in the wells cannot be used for drinking. No one has checked the quality of water in place. Therefore, when the locals say that the water is of a bad quality they indicate redness, smell of sulphate or extreme saltiness of the water. According to the deputy, 80% of the population still uses water of well for household works. In the summer, situation has worsened in this direction because most of the wells have been dehumidified due to drought. Moreover there is small amount of water in wells.

Except water used for drinking, there is a problem of irrigation water in Anaklia. In spite of the fact that it is a resort, locals are still living with village life there. Almost everyone has a kitchen garden in order to get enough harvest for their families. This year, due to drought, the harvest has been dried (exact information on water problems are given on the map). The IDPs got well of 40 meters deep where the water is salty. In spite of that, the locals have to use the water since there is no alternative source.

According to deputy, artesian wells are not supplied with underwater sources but rather with the water flowing from the ground. This is the reason why the quality of water is bad. During the workshop, one of the workers at Water Supply Company said that water amount in the main bore is so much that during an hour one can get 120 ton of water. That amount is quite enough for the whole Anaklia. The quality has been checked and rechecked during the Soviet times and in line with the specialist, the water in the bore is

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 clean. The worker rejects an idea of leading water from Enguri (this initiation is not accepted by the main technical manager either). The workshop participants agree to each other that they do not need water led from Enguri. They name financial machinations as a reason of leading water from the named location.

The second assumption is related to ‗appropriation of water‘ by uncertain interested parties. In relation to the water quality of the bore, according to technical manager the water contains big amount of manganic acid and when the water is chlorinated, it changes the color. Therefore, they are waiting for special filters and do not supply population with water for this reason2. During the workshop escalation of situation took place between the technical director and local population. As a municipality initiation, plastic pipes are being installed and water is being led from the bore. Whole Anaklia is dug out. According to technical manager, the situation will not be changed before they get needed water filters from Germany. Drains dug out due to construction works cause discomfort to locals. They are afraid of their children to fall into the dug drains.

Sewerage was not functioning in situ. Locals are mostly having Chechma type toilets. Only the newly built hotel has filters on the sewerage (as it can be seen sewerage remains flow into the sea). c. Short Statements from Stakeholders Present at the Meeting:

 Therapist of Anaklia Ambulatory: As we have already mentioned water condition in Anaklia is heavy. 90% of the well waters gets red and dehumidifies in the summer. 15-20% of the population has self-made bores, 20-40 meters deep. There is no high amount of water in the bores. Soil contains high amount of iron and when the water is put on open air it rusts and gets deposit. In spite of wells not being tested at the laboratory, locals still use it for drinking. Intestine infections are spread in the summer, especially among the children. ―I assume this is the water that makes infections spread. I would suggest mothers having newly born children to give to their infants only boiled water‖, says the therapist. During soviet times, there were no cases of locals being intoxicated since the special agencies were checking the quality once in every 2-3 months. Nowadays this responsibility lies on agency of social healthcare however the latter does not have laboratory and hence is not able to check the quality of water. Except locals damage to health can be caused to the tourists. There are cases of tourists having diarrhea. Moreover Chechma type toilets can cause many diseases. According to the therapist, toilets should be located no less than 70-100 meters away from the populated area. Generally the locals do not have a yard that is 70 meter. Therefore they are unable to meet the set standards. There is an ambulatory in Anaklia which has its own well. The water from the well is used for technical purposes. Water that is needed either for hygiene or for drinking is carried from neighboring yard. Moreover, the therapist uses disinfection solutions when having a patient. In spite of trying to meet the hygiene and sanitation standards, the staff still is not able to do it completely since have problems with sewerage and water systems.

 Private Business: Kakhaber Dzadzania has a small market in Anaklia. In relation with increasing number of tourists, he had an intention of opening a small café. However, he could not manage it due to heavy water condition in the region. ―Hotels and cottages are being built. Only locals are not involved in construction works. New comers are asking for water all the time. Water is needed for everything. Hence lack of water hinders development of business in Anaklia‖.

2 Water is led to Anaklia from the bore. The ongoing project is financed by the local municipality.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10

Moreover, tourists do not drink local water. As they say water in every region has a specific taste. Everyone, employed personnel along with tourists buy water in bottles. Therefore, expenditure is high. ―At first sight water is not so important in case of having shop. In reality, you need water for washing hands, for drinking, for cleaning. For this purpose we carry water from the bores by car. This in its turn is related to expenditure of fuel and energy‖, adds Kakhaber Dzadzania.

 Anaklia Public School: ―Several years ago, we dug a bore of 16 meters. Although water is enough for the school, we are not sure about if the latter is clean. Once we applied to local municipality and asked to check the water quality. Our application was left without reaction. At the moment, this water is used for drinking from pupils, local staff and teachers. There was no any case of pupils getting infection however they often get intoxicated by the dried water at their wells. The school does not have wet spots. It only has Chechma type toilets in the school yards where sinks are installed. Moreover, there is a hand pump by which the staff takes the water. It is necessary to keep newly gotten water for some time in order to depose. In spite of this necessity, mostly the pupils do not do so and drink the water without applying this procedure. This may not have an instant effect on their health but time after time problems will occur‖. It is necessary to check water quality otherwise hygiene and sanitation measures are reserved.

 Engineer of Water Supply Company: Population has great problems related to water. Men have to carry water every day. It aimlessly spends their energy, health and time. Moreover, housewives have problems when cleaning, washing and preparing food. Besides, they do not have irrigation water and hence are unable to get vegetables. Women while washing cannot use enough amount of water and leave chemical washing powders on the clothes. The same can be said when washing products. It negatively influences healthcare.

 Deputy of Territorial Unit of Anaklia: Water problems cause difficulties for investors. The hotel functioning in the place led the water from the main bore. This caused conflicts between hotel owner and the locals who think that if the hotel takes the water from the bore they will be left without it. This problem is predominant everywhere. d. The Impact that a 24/7 Drinking Water Supply and Sewage System Would Have

According to the locals, arranging water supply system will bring along many positive changes. It will solve problems related to time and energy spending. Moreover, it will save agricultural products (this year 70% of harvest has been damaged whereas 30% has completely dried off). Properly functioning sewerage and water systems will contribute to development of tourism and increase of investors‘ interest in the region. Last not least, it will solve health problems that are mainly caused by low quality of water. In the end, it will decrease expenditure spent on water: purchasing water pump and reservoir as well as electricity expenditure. e. Final Comments

The workshop participants asked for taking local specificity into consideration in order to realize importance of water supply for local population. For this reason, while leading new water supply pipeline, it should be realized that except using this water for drinking it will be also utilized for irrigation.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10

C. Marneuli

Poverty Map of Marneuli

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 a. The workshop was attended by the following participants:

1. Nana Chakvetadze – Representative of the Middle School N5 2. Malkhaz Samashvili - Head of Agency of Infrastructural Development, Architecture and Construction at Municipality of Marneuli 3. Rovshan Babaershivi – Technical manager at technical service center of LTD United Water Supply System of Georgia 4. Leila Suleimanova – Head of NGO ‗Union of Georgian-Azerbaijanian Women‘ 5. Mansur Uizbashevi – Head of NGO ‗Kvemo Kartli‘ 6. Ali Mamedov – Shop owner 7. Ipkhim Nabievi – Café owner, representative of the community b. Additional Information on Areas with High Proportions of Low Income Households and Problems of Water and Sanitation

In line with the poverty mapping, there are two wealthiest districts in Marneuli (villages Jandari and Tsereteli) that have been integrated into the latter. There are blocks of flat and private settlement in Jandari. The participants think that block of flats is in the most difficult situation and that the data given on the map do not represent reality. 40% of the population is living in Jandari, the left 60% has been migrated either in Turkey or in Azerbaijan (the respondents cannot realize the fact that the migrated residents are supporting their local families economically. Money that they are sending to their families is more than the income of locals that mostly depend on local economy. Therefore, in my opinion, economical aspect of the poverty mapping is realistic, comment made by Teona Mataradze). According to the poverty mapping, the poorest part is the central district of Marneuli i.e. so called Sarvani (I think that the residents of the middle town are less involved in agriculture. They are depended on either pension or on salaries. Therefore, it is natural that the economy of village Tsereteli is characterized with the highest economical indicator, comment made by Teona Mataradze). According to the locals the poorest part of Marneuli is Military settlement where IDPs are residing at the moment. Water supply in the area is good (has a high pressure and has the longest supply). They also have central sewerage system (see the latter D on the map). According to the workshop participants, Marneuli should not be divided in such a way.

Technical manager of Marneuli Service Center of United Water Supply Company says that according to chemical composition, the central water of Marneuli is the cleanest and the best in the whole country. Marneuli is supplied from Khrami wells. The main problem today lies in malfunctioning of the system itself. The iron pipes mostly are out of order (this system was built in 1969). When one of the pipes is damaged and repaired from the united water supply company another defect takes place. As the technical manager says soil holds water more than the pipes. This mixes soil around the pipes with them. As technical manager adds, they chlorinate water for water treatment purposes. After that, soil admixtures are not dangerous for health any more. As for the school representatives when they see muddy water, they are not interested in its chemical composition and hence do not use it for drinking. All the participants, except technical manager think that the water across Marneuli is of bad quality. In opposition to the opinion expressed by the population, the technical director still asserts that despite the water being psychically dirty its biological as well as chemical composition remains to be more than satisfactory. Water is not gathered in one reservoir but is rather delivered to population directly through the pump. This makes it muddy and dirty only for 15-20 minutes, as the technical manager affirms. After that time, it gets clear (the manager does

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 not take the following fact into consideration – since the schedule is tight, locals have to gather water immediately after it has come. It means that dirty water is directly put in tanks which are used from the population till the next time of when water comes, comment made by Teona Mataradze). According to the community representative, across the whole country, the number of people having dialezi is the highest in Kvemo Kartli. He thinks that it is due to bad quality of water. The technical manager does not agree to this opinion. He asserts that it is more because of the population irrigating products with Mashaveri water (which contains fecal masses as well as admixtures that are produced after reprocessing gold).

There are 46 block of flats in Marneuli. As the technical manager says, population living there is supplied water on the basis of a schedule. These blocks are linked with central sewerage system. Water is not delivered well to three blocks (81,81a and 86). Their schedule is limited. Besides that, the water is of a bad quality. The reason is that the central system is out of order. According to community representatives since the system is not functioning well, in some spots water is delivered to those families that are living either until the third floor or on the first floors. Almost every family living in the blocks are having reservoir in their basements.

Jandari district can be divided into two parts in line with the water supply (village Jandari and Jandari blocks). British Petrolium has built its own water station there. They gather water in reservoir first and then it is allocated/distributed to the population. They do not have central water and sewerage systems. Residents of Jandari mainly buy water from the water machines. Water is highly used form Marneulians i.e. about 500 liter is utilized per 24 hours, per head (this information that had been delivered from the technical manager, was not confirmed by the locals. According to them, only 10 liters is used from a family per month. High expenditure of water is also related to the water system being out of order. This is the reason why such amount of water is spent. Hence, fault does not lie on locals, comment made by Teona Mataradze) (see the details on Marneuli map). Only the blocks are having sewerage system. Private settlements do not have the latter. According to the technical manager, since the beginning, only the blocks were designed to lead sewerage system into. Private settlements were not included in this plan. Despite being prohibited to connect private sewerage to the central system private settlements were still connected to the latter.That brought along dysfunction of the whole system. This was done at the streets of Kostava, Narimanova, Baghi, etc. From the beginning arrangement of central system was considered to be led only into the hospitals, blocks and Svanta settlement. Nowadays, sewerage system is functioning from 26 Maisi street, goes to Rustaveli street, then till the end of Moskovi street, from Jhordania and Gamsakhurdia streets is reconnected with Rustaveli street again. Except those streets, there is no central sewerage system on other places. Military residential area is also suffering from lack of sewerage system. However, even those places that are having the named system are not content with the quality of latter since it often gets stuck and needs complete repairs. c. Short Statements from Stakeholders Present at the Meeting

 Marneuli Middle School N5: ―There are no sinks and toilets in the school. They are located outside, in the school yard. School gets water on the basis of schedule. It has a water tank and gathers it in the latter. This water is not good for drinking therefore staff is using if either for hygiene or for sanitation purposes. Children are carrying water in bottles. Even when water is coming at school it is muddy and needs to be cleaned from admixtures. It does not matter whether we are ascertained that the water is of a good quality. We still do not believe that it is clean. I am afraid when the teachers are drinking sink water. The most problematic for the school is water schedule and bad quality (teachers and pupils are able to

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10

drink water only once in two days). School can arrange problems related to hygiene and sanitation‖. Nana remarks that in comparison with other schools their school is in better condition. Some schools do not have water at all whereas some are getting it only by schedule. The worst situation is in kinder gardens. It is needed for them to have 24 hour water supply to prepare food, keep hygiene and sanitation norms. The kinder gardens are not able to do that due to lack of water and its bad quality. The technical manager corrects what Nana says and remarks that two kinder gardens out of four have 24 hour supply whereas left one is delivered with water once in every two days and the left fourth garden is supplied with water once in every three days. According to NGO representatives, gardens are keeping water in enamel vessels and are using it for drinking. Therefore, 24 hour supply of water is more than important for them.

 Shop Owner: Ali who spends 75 GEL on water per month says that the most problematic is the central market in terms of water. There are toilets connected to central sewerage systems however the hygienic and sanitary situation is very bad there. Water is not supplied to the market. It is due to lack of attention from the municipality. They do not pay for leading water onto the market territory. Hospitals (central and Aversi Clinic) have water every day, for 12 hours. During the night, they keep water in the reservoirs. Maternity home is supplied with water by schedule. Reservoirs are also used in this case.2

 Café: Café of Ipkhim is located on the market square. They do have neither proper water nor the sewerage systems. He pays 10 Gel per liter. They use bought water for preparing food. According a café owner, it gives them sense of discomfort. 24 hour water supply to the café will solve problems related to hygiene and sanitation. Flexible water schedule and its good quality will increase number of the café‘s clients and the profit will be higher (monthly expenditure on water amounts to 300 Gel). They have a hand-made hand washer in the corner. Water that is gathered in the vessel standing under it is poured in the yard. It causes sanitation problems. They do not talk about where the water used for food preparation is gone. Presumably, it is poured in the same area.

 NGO “Georgian-Azerbaijani Women Union”: As Leila says, water and sewerage problems are having extremely negative effects on her job. Often when the staff is holding a meeting, they are running home to gather the water. Most of their time goes on water gathering and division process. Employed women are place in worse situation. If they cannot gather water on time their families are left without it for 3-4 days. The women living on higher floors are carrying it from the neighbors living on lower floors. Therefore, they often suffer from genealogical and problems related with kidneys. Locals living in private houses are having so called chechma type toilets close to homes. Leila thinks that it damages health of local population. Moreover, the families are pouring water used for washing and cleaning directly in the yards. This water goes to their wells back. Hence all the sanitation norms are violated. After all, no one should be surprised because of so many diseases and illnesses spreading. d. The Impact that a 24/7 Drinking Water Supply and Sewage System Would Have

Locals think that if the water and sewerage systems are arranged, they will not have so many health problems. If so, genealogical problems and intestine and kidney diseases will be decreased in number. Sanitation norms in public as well as private sectors will be preserved. The population will be freed from everyday worries. They will save energy, time and finances.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10

e. Final Comments

One of the participants, Leila says that opinion of the local population should be taken into consideration when the new design of water supply system will be initiated. First, they should pay attention to water quality and to the fact that most of the locals are living in private settlements. It means that the locals who have small size gardens will be needing this water for irrigation as well. Otherwise, their families will have food problems.

D. Mestia

Poverty Map of Mestia Legend

a. The following persons attended the Poverty Mapping Workshop:

1. Irma Japaridze- Director of Professional College of Mestia 2. Maizer Japaridze – Service Center Manager of Mestia Joint Water Supply Company 3. Piruz Pilpani – Head of Mestia Sakrebulo staff 4. Zaur Khergiani – the Head (Tavkaci) 5. Luiza Rezesidze – a hospital 6. Gocha Chelidze – representative of local government

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10

7. Gocha Kaldani – ecological service 8. Rusudan Nakani – Non-governmental organization ―Women of Mountainous Region‖ 9. Jeiran Ratiani – Charge of Governor of Mestia Municipality b. Additional information on Areas with High Proportions of Low Income Households:

The participants of the workshop are divided into groups: one group agreed with poverty mapping, however they said that entrance district (Lenjeri) was richer but the last district (Lalaidi) was poorer (the data is allotted vise versa to the poverty map ). The reason, according to them, is that some hotel owners live in Lenjera and the only income of population in Lalaiti is agriculture. The second group marked, that is was incorrect to divide Mestia into districts according to poverty as in each district lived both poor and rich – says the Charge of Mestia Governor and the representative of NGO agrees with him. Gocha Chelidze considers number of employed people in Lalaiti is less and it gives difference from poverty point of view.

Majority of the participants mark that water pipes are laid all over Mestia and the population has 24 hours water supply. Only Zaur Khergiani says that pressure of the water is week in Latali and Lalaidi and sometimes water does not run at all. Though the Charge and the Manager of Water Supply Company (Maizer Japaridze) says that new pipes are being laid in Mestia now and the problem will be solved in the nearest future. The Manager of Water Company marks as well that pipes are old from center of Mestia up to Lenjera and they must be replaced. That is why construction works are going on and those places are dug over. The participants point that all families in Mestia use central water for drinking, however sometimes it is turbid. Manager of the Water Company marks water, the population is supplied with at present naturally mixes during rains (according to him 2/3 of springs become turbid and if they cut the water off ¾ of the population will be left without water) that is why leakages are necessary. He says that Joint Water supply Company posses the information and Asian Development Bank and the Company promise to set the leakages next year. The representative of Non- governmental Organization, Rususdan says that when even once water is turbid she can not trust its quality any more. The Charge (Jeiran), Manager of Water Supply Company (Maizer) and the Head (Zauri) say that water was tested and it is drinkable. ―If the water is not drinkable Asian Development Bank will not invest the construction works. Water is only turbid and it needs leakage system but the water is perfect, there is not water of such quality in whole Georgia‖ The Charge (Jeiran).

According to the Charge sewerage system does not exist in Mestia. According to Maizer communists constructed sewage system in some hotels and institutions and the population self-willfully joined it. Rusudan says that sewage pipes and concrete road were laid in Soko district last year. So the whole district (the entrance part, Lenjeri) was attached to. But she says that one place is damaged (other participants mentioned it as well) it does not reek in winter however in summer it is terrible.

The Charge (Jeiran) marks that what Rusuduan says is not correct, as it was not a sewage system but drain system laid in Soko district and the population self-willfully joined it. He says that when Asian Development Bank begins its project they will not rehabilitate the sewage system they are going to construct it all over again as it does not exist at all. Rusiko (NGO) and the Charge (Jeiran) argue why they let the population to attach their sewage pipes to drain system which is actually open and endangers ecological situation.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 c. Short Statements from Stakeholders Present at the Meeting

 Professional College of Mestia: Damaged sewage system especially negatively influences the situation in our school (or drain system). When going to school you have to pass the section of the road (Lenjera) where the sewage is broken. Terrible reek and insanitary cause discomfort to pupils, teachers and parents. I have just learnt that my school is attached not the sewage system but to drain which of course is inadmissible. There are 9 wet points in our school and water and sewage system has been changed at school. But the problem is that water runs through old pipes and the population took water from school. Water pressure is comparatively good, it reaches the first floor. The quality is as everywhere, sometimes it is turbid (in June, July) however children drink the water but there were not registered cases of their sickness in our college. According to the information I have received today it is necessary our college to be attached to sewage system. If quality of water in Mestia improves it will touch us as well. So our institution does not have problems with water.

 Non-Governmental Organization “Women of Mountainous Region”: To Rusiko point of view normal operation of water and sewage systems is essential for everyone. In this connection such division, how the improved water system will influence a separate organization or district is unacceptable to me. Each district and organization must have water and sewage systems. ―When I think of my organization, how defective water and sewage systems bother us, I come to a conclusion that it bothers us like any other housewife. It is one global issue and it must not be divided. Water is essential for everyone. So if the system improves it will be positive for Mestia in general‖.

 Hospital: We have no laboratory in our hospital. If we need to test water we have to do it in Zugdidi. As such we did not have any cases of sickness because of water. We have old pipes as it is everywhere that spoils quality of water. It does not cause our hospital any sanitation or hygiene problems. We have 24 hour water supply and its pressure is quite strong. I do not know if our sewage system is attached to drain or not but it functions. But generally if quality of water improves in Mestia it will be good for us as well. d. The Impact that a 24/7 Drinking Water Supply and Sewage System Would Have

According to the workshop participants improved and rehabilitated water and sewage systems will assist to economic development of the whole region: Zaur Khergiani says that water and sewage are the first for the population to live. The existing system was laid about half of a century ago; it is destroyed and can not be rehabilitated. Gocha Kaldani considers that one can not start any business without water and sewage system. In order to develop tourism in the region the system must be rehabilitated.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-10 e. Last Comments:

Zaur Khergiani, the head of the village says that Lalaidi population self-willfully laid water system. Its pressure is week and the population is not constantly supplied with water. He says, that when water system rehabilitation works begin it is necessary to start from the district which has problems with water supply and then in Mestia generally.

Rusudan: There are priorities which must be taken into account when you start a new work. The population is used to solve all the problems themselves, but they are powerless with water and sewage. That is why sewage must be rehabilitated first as it is the main problem. Whether or no we are used to the water quality and as competent people assure us it is clean. We shall wait until it cleans at last however sewage system is most problematic. Open drains are seats of dieses which spread all over and damage not only us but the future generations. If there are priorities, I tell you that essential for our region is to improve sewage system. I speak as a citizen now and say that defective sewage damages our children‘s and our health.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-11: Social and Poverty Reduction Monitoring Framework

ISSUES Implementing Monitoring Monitoring Target Group Objective Actions IDENTIFIED Agent Indicator Agency A. Tariff Officially Poor Affordable access to Gradual phasing in of uniform Water Company Tariff structure Regulator Affordability and severely WSS tariff or introduce interim block poor households tariff /lifeline tariff Tariff phasing in dates Connection costs on installments Number of households on basic tariff (as percentage of poor households) Regular Access Soft disconnection procedures Water Company No. of Household disconnected Regulator No. of households referred to SSA for TSA assessment. Improved control over Create plumbing service fund Special funds at water No. of information leaflets printed Social Services household water /microcredit and agency to company level. and distributed to households consumption support the poor to repair leaking (including minority languages) appliances in houses and NGO appointed by apartments water company to No. of Appliances repaired assist and monitor Number of trained staff repairing household leaks No IDP households from communal settlements with improved access to WSS

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-11

ISSUES Implementing Monitoring Monitoring Target Group Objective Actions IDENTIFIED Agent Indicator Agency Vulnerable Improve TSA targeting Identify vulnerable household Social Service Percentage of vulnerable Groups categories sensitive to increased Agency households receiving TSA in water costs: and provide TSA for categories:- water and sanitation Poor urban Subsistence farmers with no agricultural water supply Large households ( incl. Azeris) Female headed households Minority & IDP households Extended and dedicated Government to abound TSA with Ministry of Finance Additional WSS subsidy funds Social Services TSA for water supply additional funds for water supply available for the poor. Socially excluded Improved ability to Produce information leaflets & Water company Leaflets and other information Social Services households \; manage water pictorial explanations and DVDs assisted by NGO produced consumption on :- Information provided in minority Reduced risk of infection household water management languages Ethnic minorities and metering, and IDPs Improved control of household water Hygiene and sanitation advice for demand households Leaflets i in Georgian and at least 2 minority languages (Azeri and Armenian). Women and men Income Generation Set up microcredit savings groups Specialized NGO Number & type of SMEs started Institution in from poor through SME charge of households development Provide skills training for SME No. of unemployed youth employment and start up receiving vocational training. small industry.

Micro credit lending records And Vocational Skills training Number of households raised from poverty

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-11

ISSUES Implementing Monitoring Monitoring Target Group Objective Actions IDENTIFIED Agent Indicator Agency B. Water and All Households Improved knowledge on Raise Awareness on Water use Water Company with Improved connection rates Health services Health in WSS service Water use and Hygiene, specialist marketing areas Public relations campaign in each company Improved health status of the Increased rates of service centre. population-incidence of water connections borne diseases reduced. Focus on local water and sanitation issues Reduced expenditure per household on medical care Safe water is social Priority given to safe water in Water company, services health facilities and schools donors C. Physical Access IDPs Ensure IDP have good Review design options for Water company with Number of IDP households in Social Services to Improved water physical access to improving IDP access to improved specialized NGO communal settlements with and sanitation project benefits WSS standard level of access to WSS Implement best acceptable option Number of IDP households with to increase WSS access Improve poor access to WSS living conditions D. Transparent and All households. & Facilitate improved Set up a WSS consultative group Specialized NGO Gender balanced consumer Regulator responsive WSS equal Genders communication and at national level assisted by Regulator councils set up and operating in management transparency between each town service provider and Set up gender balanced customers consumer groups in each WSS Articles of association and service centre responsibilities defined Six monthly reports produced

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-12: Stakeholders Analysis

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank CBO(s) Community Based Organization(s) EA Executing Agency EMDF Ethnic Minority Development Framework FGW Focus Group Workshops FHH Female Headed households WSS Water Supply and Sanitation GEL Lari (Georgian Currency) GNEWSRC Georgian National Energy & Water Supply Regulatory Commission GoG Government of Georgia (Central) HOH Head of Household HR(M) Human Resource (Management) IA’s Implementation Agencies IDP Internally Displaced Person IFI International Financing Institutions LAR Land Acquisition and Resettlement LLSGG Law on Local Self-Governance and Governance LoS Level(s) of Service MDF Municipal Development Fund MENRP Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources Protection MESD Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development MFF-IP Multi-Tranche Financing Facility Loan & Investment Program PPMU Project Preparation Management Unit MRDI Ministry of Regional Development & Infrastructure NGO(s) Non-Governmental Organization(s) PA Public Awareness PPP Public Private Partnership PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance PSP Private Sector Participation SCWSE State Commission for Water Supply & Energy SPRSS Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-12

TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference TOT Training of Trainers TSA Targeted Social Assistance WHO World Health Organization WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WTP Willingness to Pay for Improved Services

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-12

1. Introduction In order to ensure that the primary stakeholders are able to have a say in the preparation and implementation of the ADB projects in Georgia, mechanisms for public consultation and community participation are recommended in the present document.

2. Stakeholder Analysis Table The analysis reviewed secondary data, household survey data, key informant interview transcripts and focus group reports, identified the stakeholders considered to be the key players and determined their interests in relation to the Programme. Their capacities and mandates have been analyzed and their influence on the viability of the Program has been assessed according to whether their level of influence is high, medium or low. The analysis has identified the potential participants and the method of their involvement. Care was taken to ensure that the voice of stakeholders with less influence such as poor households in urban communities was properly represented. The technical assistance team has identified the individuals, groups and organizations that will be influenced by or affected by the water supply and sanitation services projects in the following groups:  General public, users  Government  Representative assemblies  Civil Society organizations  Private sector  Donor and International financial institutions Meeting and interviews were held with all these groups to analyze their present interests and implications for the water and sanitation sector, the way that they will be affected by the project, as well as their possible participation in the preparation and implementation of projects. The table below illustrates stakeholders included in the design of the Program and the relative importance and influence of each group is assessed. Primary stakeholders are those groups, people and institutions who will be affected either positively (direct beneficiaries) or negatively (those involuntarily resettled). Secondary stakeholders are defined as the important intermediaries involved in project delivery.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-12

Table 1: Stakeholders Analysis Table

Stakeholders Interest in the project Influence Importance on the to the

Program1 Program2

Primary Secondary

General Public Households (various ♦ MFF loan target group. Medium High categories including Very high interest in receiving officially poor and affordable increased and extremely poor) improved supply of piped water to their homes and in improving their standard of living and quality of life Women ♦ Key stakeholders 3in this sector High High project .Traditional gender roles of water collection, cooking, cleaning and child care will be made easier. Ethnic Minorities ♦ Interests as above, plus receiving Low High (Azeri, Armenian and specific communication and other smaller information on Georgian citizens‘ groups). rights and responsibilities and development opportunities for women and men, in their first languages IDPs – especially ♦ Vulnerable group, interested in Low High those living in receiving better access to communal improved water supply and settlements sanitation as part of upgrading their living conditions Vulnerable urban ♦ Vulnerable group, interest to have Low High Households mitigation measures related to the conducting loss of free access to water for subsistence gardens agriculture in gardens Public facilities ♦ Key stakeholder for achieving Medium High (hospital, schools) sector project target to improve public health. Interest in receiving good quality water and sanitation, to improve hygiene and health status of the population.

1 Stakeholders' influence on the Sector Programme is a measurement of indirect Power. Direct power is defined as ‗power‘ 2 ‗ Importance‗ is measured as to whether this stakeholder‘s interests are important to achieving project targets and objectives. An ‗important‘ stakeholder may have little power or influence (e.g. low income households, must gain access to safe water according to project objectives l 3 Key Stakeholders are essential for project implementation. Project design must incorporate their interests

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Stakeholders Interest in the project Influence Importance on the to the

Program4 Program5

Primary Secondary

Government Institutions State Commission on ♦ Key stakeholder High Water and Energy Coordinating all water related planning and policy decisions Ministry Of Economy ♦ Key stakeholder High and Sustainable Owner of UWSCG assets, In Development charge of water extraction licensing Ministry of ♦ Responsible for water resources Medium High Environment and protection Natural Resources Protection. Ministry of Agriculture ♦ Responsible for water quality Medium and Food monitoring Ministry of Health ♦ Interest in the general Low High improvement of hygiene and health status of the population. Ministry of Internally ♦ Interest in the general Low medium Displaced Persons improvement of living conditions from the occupied of IDPs in Georgia. territories. Accommodation, & refugees of Georgia Gender Equality ♦ Advises Parliament on gender Medium High Council equality issues - reports to the Chair of the Parliament Promotes the Gender equality law and its incorporation into other State legislature Can comment on detailed project design Regional ♦ Have a strong interest in Medium Government improving water supply and sanitation conditions for their population

4 Stakeholders' influence on the Sector Programme is a measurement of indirect Power. Direct power is defined as ‗power‘ 5 ‗ Importance‗ is measured as to whether this stakeholder‘s interests are important to achieving project targets and objectives. An ‗important‘ stakeholder may have little power or influence (e.g. low income households, must gain access to safe water according to project objectives l

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Stakeholders Interest in the project Influence Importance on the to the Program Program7

Primary 6 Secondary

Executive Agencies Ministry of Regional ♦ Interest in improving the general High Development and performance and organization of the Infrastructure sector. United Water Supply ♦ Key stakeholder High Company of Georgia Strong interest in the improved provision of water to its clients, by the rehabilitation of systems. Interest in improving its financial sustainability, its management capacity. Georgian National ♦ Key stakeholder High Energy and Water Interest in putting in place a sound Supply Regulatory regulatory framework Commission Representative bodies, civil society Local Self Governed ♦ Interested in the good level of public Medium bodies services in their areas. Community Based ♦ These groups are under - developed in Low Organizations Georgia but may be stimulated by the proposed formation of water and sanitation consumer councils NGOs ♦ Key stakeholders Medium/ High High NGOs representing women‘s groups, NGOs representing the poor, NGOs representing ethnic minorities, NGOs representing IDPs Media ♦ Important for awareness raising. Medium Lawyer‘s associations ♦ Involved with implementing water Medium rights, minority rights, gender equality Office of the ♦ Ombudsman will be involved in resolving Medium Ombudsman (includes issues raised by ethnic minorities over the Council of Ethnic access to project benefits. Minorities in Georgia ) Ombudsman will receive representations from proposed water and sanitation consumer councils

6 Stakeholders' influence on the Sector Programme is a measurement of indirect Power. Direct power is defined as ‗power‘ 7 ‗ Importance ‗ is measured as to whether this stakeholder‘s interests are important to achieving project targets and objectives.. An ‗important‘ stakeholder may have little power or influence ( e.g. low income households , must gain access to safe water according to project objectives l

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Stakeholders Interest in the project Influence Importance on the to the Program Program7

Primary 6 Secondary

SSA (Social Security ♦ SSA will be involved in the subsidy Medium High Agency) process to the poorest. Georgian Trade Union ♦ Twenty two member unions including Low Medium/ Confederation for self employed trades and individual Low entrepreneurs , and for utilities workers, interested to development local employment Georgian Chambers of ♦ Six regional branches, one thousand Low Commerce members. Interested to develop business, especially agro business and tourism. Donors and International Financial Institutions Asian Development ♦ Strong interest in assisting the High Bank Government of Georgia in water sector reform and water supply targets Other donors and IFIs ♦ Interest in helping the Georgian govt. in Low reaching water supply targets Private Sector Construction ♦ Interest in bidding for work and Low Low companies participating in construction and rehabilitation of works Local entrepreneurs ♦ Interest in increased work Low Low (construction & opportunities related to the plumbing) installation of water meters and household water pipeline repairs Larger Factories and ♦ Interested in having affordable water High Low Enterprises – who are supply, sensitive to high commercial major water users water tariff, may try to abandon piped water supply extract their own water sources. Potential significant environmental impacts. Water related business ♦ Small private enterprises which Low Medium depend on a reliable supply of good Including Small and quality water at affordable prices in Medium sized order to operate their businesses, Enterprises especially agro industry, and services Private water supply ♦ Negatively affected by drop in demand Medium Low vendors for alternative safe water sources Tourism industry ♦ Interested in regular water supply and High Medium sanitation, and cleaner Black Sea along the Coast

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3. Description of the Main Stakeholder Groups The following section describes the main stakeholders involved in the proposed projects (activities, linkages, capacities, and experience in participation, social capital issues, and expectations in the project).

3.1. General Public Households Households in the target areas currently need to supplement the water that they receive from the water mains, with water that is mainly collected by women and children from standpipes and other sources elsewhere in the town. They will economize on water consumption to save water and to reduce costs which, in extreme situations, may adversely affect public health and nutrition standards. There are many types of households, who will have different concerns regarding improvements to water and sanitation. Households vary according to size, income level, ethnicity, and main occupation. Vulnerable households who may be unable to afford the new tariff include those classified as‘ poor‘ or severely poor‘ (often including households who are female headed, large, IDP, and lone pensioners). Attitudes towards willingness to pay will differ according to accommodation type (apartments experience low water pressure and will be very positively affected), some low income house dwellers supplement their household diets by cultivating their gardens, using tap water. This may become unaffordable when the new tariffs are introduced.

Women Women in all households benefit from an improved water supply since their gender roles in collecting water, cooking and cleaning will be made easier, and create spare time for other activities or rest. As key end users of WSS, women should be encouraged and supported to participate in WSS planning, design and implementation. Women should also be involved in performance monitoring as part of the proposed Local WSS Consumer councils. 50% of places on the council should be reserved for them. Women also lack access to information on health and hygiene, women‘s rights, and other items of interest. Minority women have special needs for information to be provided in their first languages to enable them to participate in project design and implementation. Azeri women will require special attention for delivering project information and communication since they seldom leave their homes after marriage and are less able to read and write in any language.

Ethnic Minorities Ethnic minorities risk social exclusion from sector improvement benefits due to communication barriers. Two major ethnic minority groups exist in Georgia. According to the census data of 2002, these are Azeris (6.5%) and Armenians (5.7%) who are concentrated in certain geographical areas, e.g. in Marneuli (Azeris) and Akhalkalaki (Armenians). As with the other citizens of Georgia they have a special interest in improvement of their water and sanitation conditions at affordable prices. The minorities have special needs for specialized communication of all project information leaflets in their minority languages in order to facilitate their participation. Economically active age groups are unlikely to speak or understand Georgian. However school age children are now being taught the national language.

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IDPs IDPs, especially those living in communal settlements are classified as vulnerable households because of low income and obstacles to employment. The prevailing toilet and bathroom standards in the communal settlements prevent a normal standard of access to water supply and sanitation. Special provisions will need to be made for IDPs to improve their living conditions so as to access these benefits either in their existing accommodation or moved to purpose built residential accommodation with standard residential provisions. If the community will be moved, care should be taken to preserve social networks and to allow IDP children to continue attending their schools.

Vulnerable Urban Subsistence Farmers This group of general public stakeholders is included in a wider group of vulnerable low income households with higher than average water consumption (i.e. including large families). The new tariff will make cultivation of vegetables for family consumption, or washing and cleaning for large households unaffordable. Without targeted welfare cash transfers these people may become undernourished, child nutrition and standards of personal hygiene may become lowered. These households will seek cheaper alternative sources of water, and urban /rural conflicts may arise in peri-urban areas, as low income urban households take water from rural water sources, especially in areas with water shortages.

Public Facilities Administrators and managers of hospitals and schools in the target areas currently do not have adequate supplies of water for their facilities. Hospitals often receive and treat patients during outbreaks of water borne communicable diseases The patients and staff of hospitals and clinics, and the teachers, staff and pupils of schools, kindergartens and colleges will directly benefit from an increased supply of water. Schools in particular will then be able to promote hygiene education messages to their pupils and to the wider community. Improvement of water and sanitation standards in these public utilities will have a major positive impact on achieving the declared Program target of improving health and sanitation.

Involuntarily Displaced Persons These people are negatively affected either temporarily or permanently. Businesses and residents may be temporarily affected during the construction period. Some residents and businesses may require relocation where land is taken for new infrastructure (e.g. Water and waste water treatment plants). ADB guidelines on compensation and other mitigation measures will need to be followed, and a resettlement action plan (RAP) drawn up. The needs of the host communities in areas where the resettlement will occur will also need to be addressed.

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3.2. Government State Commission on Water Supply and Energy This commission is an informal consultative body set up to prepare various issues attributed to the competence of executive power. This is high-level Commission does not have a Board of Directors. It is an ad hoc body comprised of 15 members chaired by the Prime Minister which makes policy decisions on sector development. This Commission is established for the purpose of improving the WSS sector, promoting regulation in the energy sector, coordinating the work of Departments involved in this sector. It meets monthly and periodically produces reports on its work. The Chancellery of the Georgian Government provides organizational and technical support. The Commission provides a forum in the Office of the Prime Minister for the inter-Ministerial policy Decisions on sector policy areas that overlap and which requires national-level decision-making. It is served by a Secretariat that records meeting discussions, provides reports and information to the Members, prepares minutes of meetings, and provides direction and priority areas to be considered. The Secretariat can usually delegate specific tasks to member Ministries on water resource policy and planning issues.

Ministry of Finance This ministry coordinates the process of preparation and submission of the draft state budget. It is responsible for the preparation of Basic Dimensions and Directions (BDD) in coordination with the offices of payment designated by the National Bank of Georgia, State Representatives in the administrative-territorial units–Governors, the authorities of the Autonomous Republics, the authorities of LSG bodies and the GoG, for which the mentioned above bodies shall present to the MF the requested information. The BDD of the country‘s development is the master plan of the country‘s development, which includes the information on Medium-term macroeconomic and fiscal forecast, as well as information on main issue-areas of the development of the central, autonomous and local self-government authorities of Georgia.

Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development This ministry is responsible for formulation of economic policies including the policy on state-owned asset registration and management issues. It exercises governing authority over UWSCG through the State Enterprise Management Agency (SEMA). It is also responsible for ground water registration and licensing.

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources (MEPNR) and a number of its line agencies regulate environmental concerns such as water sourcing, waste water disposal, and ecosystem management. It also formulates environmental policies through the Department of Integrated Environmental Management (DIER) which has two divisions consisting of the Division of Environmental Policy and Division of International Relations. The competencies of Department of Environmental Policy and International Relations are to prepare state and international environmental programs, to determine the priority directions of relationship with international organizations and countries in environmental field, to coordinate and monitor implementation of international commitments, to coordinate activities of focal points of environmental conventions having international and regional importance, to participate in organizing activities of joining environmental convention having international and regional importance.

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Ministry of Agriculture and Food This ministry defines the safety parameters for the drinking water and performs the selective laboratory control of drinking water. The National Service of Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection (NSFSVPP) which is under the MLSHSP is in charge of controlling the drinking water quality based on the standards set by the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs (MLHSA). NSFSVPP which is responsible for supervision, protection and monitoring of sanitary and hygienic conditions and security requirements related to drinking water supply and wastewater discharge and develops appropriate rules and norms. The NSFSVPP controls compliance with the defined safety parameters for the drinking water and performs the selective laboratory control of drinking water in accordance with the safety parameters.

Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection This ministry provides for sanitary rules for water sample testing; terms of taking water samples; requirements for sample processing. Pursuant to MoLHSP Order No. 306 (11/7/2007), it sets water quality standards, hygienic specifications and requirements for bottled drinking and mineral water. It also ensures that the State controls quality of drinking water and that it meets WHO and EU directives.

Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons Accommodation and Refugees This ministry is responsible, among other things for the care of IDPs. It has a limited budget, but will seek to improve IDP living conditions through this Program. Obtaining cash transfers for IDP water bills will be a major interest.

Gender Equality Council This recently created body reports to the Chair of the Parliament. At present it has no budget for implementing projects but is likely to seek to implement the new Gender Equality Law through donor financing. This will include promoting gender equality in employment opportunities and improvement public health and hygiene services for women and children.

Social Security Assistance This agency is classified as a legal entity under public law, reports to MOHLSA. It works with a lump sum budget to provide cash welfare transfers to families officially classified as ‗poor‗ using the Government TSA assessment system.

The Ombudsman & Council for Ethnic Minorities The Ombudsman works independently of the Government and addresses grievances from the general public, including from the ethnic minorities through the CEM. The potential for developing a working relationship between the Ombudsman‘s office and the proposed local water and sanitation consumer councils (LWSSCC) should be explored.

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Regional Administration The Chief Executive of Georgia/President has State Representatives (State Attorney–Governors) who coordinate and exercise control over the execution of the laws of Georgia and the normative acts of the President and Government of Georgia in the regional administrative-territorial units of Georgia. The President has a direct line of authority with the Governors assigned in the regions. As per Article 81 of Georgia‘s Constitution, coordination of the implementation of regional policy and relations of Government with Local Self-Governing units is the responsibility of the Prime Minister. The regions in Georgia are not political units nor administrative units under the jurisdiction of self- government. Regions are geographical units overseen by the Governors who represent the President at the regional or provincial areas. The regional areas are defined by the Ministry of Justice as follows:  Imereti (operational area: municipalities of Khoni, Samtredia, Vani, Tskaltubo, Bagdadi, Tkibuli, Terjola, Zestaponi, Kharagauli, Chiatura, Sachkhere and self-governing city of Kutaisi);  Kakheti (operational area: municipalities of Akhmeta, Telavi, Kvareli, Sagarejo, Gurjaani, Lagodekhi, Sighnaghi and Dedoplistskaro);  Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti - (operational area: municipalities of Mestia, Tsalendjikha, Zugdidi, Khobi, Senaki, Martvili, Abasha, Chkhorotsku municipalities self-governing city of Poti);  Guria (operational area: municipalities of Lanchkhuti, Ozurgeti and Chokhatauri);  Shida Kartli (operational area: municipalities of Gori, Kaspi, Khashuri, Kareli, Kurta, Eredvi and Tigvi);  Kvemo Kartli (operational area: municipalities of Tsalka, Dmanisi, Tetri Tskaro, Bolnisi, Marneuli, Gardabani and self-governing city of Rustavi);  Mtskheta-Mtianeti (operational area: municipalities of Mtskheta, Dusheti, Kazbegi, Akhalgori and Tianeti);  Samtskhe-Javakheti (operational area: municipalities of Adigeni, Akhaltsikhe and Ninotsminda);  Racha-Lechkhumi (operational area: municipalities of Lentekhi, Tsageri, Ambrolauri and Oni);  Autonomous Republic of Adjara (operational area: municipalities of Kobuleti, Kedi, Khulo, Shuakhevi, Khelvachauri and self-governing city of Batumi).8

District Administration Article 1 of the Law on Self-Government defines the parts of a self-governing unit where the territorial body of the self-government shall be created, namely: i) settlement (village, borough, and city), ii) agglomeration of settlements (community); and iii) district - a part of a settlement or a neighborhood. Being a part of the territorial body of a self-governing unit, the administration of a district resides in the hands of the City Executive (Gamgeobeli). According to the organic law of Georgia on Local Self-Government (LSG) and Law on Government, local self-government is executed at village, community (Temi), small town (Daba), town level and in town that is not included in a district‘s structure. The function assigned to a district within the territorial administrational arrangement system constitutes a state local-government unit or central government at a local level.

8 http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=117 retrieved on 8 June 2010.

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A Sakrebulo is established at the district level and consists of the chairmen of local self- government Sakrebulos. This is a non-traditional resolution of the issue with respect to such administrational units. However districts, being local governments have competencies defined by law that cover the state functions delegated to districts by central government (deconcentration).

City Administration The Sakrebulo is the representative body of the local self-government while the Gamgeoba (City Hall) is the executive body of the self-governing unit set-up in conformity with the rules established by the Law on Local Self-Government. Among the important authorities of the Sakrebulo are to: i) create, re-organize and liquidate local services and legal entities in compliance with the rule set by the Georgian legislation; ii) on behalf of the LSG unit, give consent on concluding agreements and contracts; iii) review LSG unit budget, make amendments and to necessary acts up to evaluation in conformity with the rule and time-frame set by the Georgian legislation and on recommendation of Gamgeabeli; vi) approve perspective plans and programs of social-economic development of the LSG and to carry out control over their implementation; iv) introduce local taxes and fees; v) define the rule of management of the property, land forest and water resources under self-governing unit possession; vi) plan land use, divide the territory of the LSG into zones, define and alter their bodies; vii) define the rules and tariffs on communal services [including sewage tariff for LSG operated systems]; viii) approve the priorities for the self-governing socio-economic development and municipal program and plan, among other powers stated in the existing organic law and pertinent amendments. The Gamgeoba implements the decisions of the Sakrebulo. The Gamgebeli is a public servant elected by Sakrebulo. The Gamgebeli defines the directions of the Gamgeoba activities, coordinates the activities of the local structural units and the territorial bodies of the City Hall.

3.3 Executing Agency and Related Structures Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure The mandate of MRDI is in relation to regional infrastructure, general matters concerning regional development policy and setting the functions and management responsibilities of the WSS sector in Georgia, drawing water supply and waste water policy to ensure provision of sustainable and effective service to the customers and coordination of all WSS infrastructure projects in Georgia.9 MRDI is not independently mandated to formulate policies and make policy decisions for urban WSS sector nor for UWSCG which role is to provide UWSS services nationwide.10 Effective in 2009, MRDI also deals with administering international donor funded infrastructure projects including projects in WSS sector which is coursed through the MDFG.11

9 Pursuant to the competence of the MRDI as per Government Decree Charter of MRDI No. 77 dated 10/9/ 2004 and Pursuant to Government Decree No. 10 dated 30/1/2009. However, MRDI does not distinguish the urban WSS areas to be covered by the UWSCG because its Charter defines its competency and extent of service area based on the assets it owns. 10 MRDI is represented in SCWSE which is created to formulate the policy directions for the whole water sector in Georgia. 11 MDFG was under the MF until 2009; thereafter its activities were coordinated by the MRDI which has become the governing authority and controller of public entity MDFG.

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United Water Supply Company of Georgia This company is one of the water providers in Georgia. It manages and operates 56 service centers in the 9 regions of the country.12 Its coverage area which includes urban and portions of rural areas is defined based on the property which it owns. It has 3 organizational tiers consisting of the Central Office, 6 regional branches and 56 service centers; the organization chart of the company is presently being updated. In total, there are 2,910 positions, of which 2,632 are filled and 278 are vacant. UWSCG human resources require significant training in how to manage a modern WSS utility. has 3 organizational tiers consisting of the Central Office, 6 regional branches and 56 service centers; the organization chart of the company is presently being updated. In total, there are 2,910 positions, of which 2,632 are filled and 278 are vacant. UWSCG human resources require significant training in how to manage a modern WSS utility.

Georgian National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission Economic regulation for WSS is in the competence of the Georgian National Energy and Water Regulatory Commission (GNEWRC)13 which is a semi-independent body set up primarily to oversee and regulate the energy and WSS sectors. The mandate of GNEWRC has been expanded to oversee pricing of water and sewerage services. This commission has three commissioners appointed by the President for a six-year term. Staff are appointed by the chairman of the Commission. Sessions and resolution of the Commission are public. Resolutions and decisions by the Commission may be appealed by the affected person to the Constitutional or Supreme Court of Georgia. The Commission is currently developing the pricing methodology for water and wastewater services and the principles to guide the relationship between the service providers and the users (Consumption Rules). The Commission‘ operating expenses are paid by regulatory fees.

3.4. Representative Bodies- Civil Society LSG The Local Self-Government units possess delegated and exclusive authorization that includes mandatory and voluntary functions. Delegated authorization covers the functions which the Central Government has delegated. Local self-government bodies independently execute the functions consisting of exclusive authorizations while those aspects that are delegated are conducted under the supervision of a relevant state body. The Local Self-Governments (LSGs) are mandated to undertake the following functions: i) management and disposal of the property and land resources under the ownership of the self- governing units; [which includes those acquire through MDFG financing facility but need to be transferred to the UWSCG as the law requires]; ii) review, approval of the LSG budget, including amendment, additions, hearing of the budget reports and its assessment; iii) introduction of local taxes and fees, definition of their rates within the limits prescribed by the existing law; iv) collection of local fees; v) land use planning, division of self-government unit territories by zones (planting, recreational, industrial, commercial and other special zones), demarcation and alteration of their borders; vi) management of permissions on constructions, supervision over the construction

12 Except those covered by the Georgian Water and Power Company, Batumi Water Company, other service areas in the Adjara region, and uncontrolled areas in the Inner Kartli region and Sachere which has a WSS system owned and operated by the municipality. 13 Created pursuant to Paragraph 3 of Article 1 of the Law of Georgia on Electric Energy and Natural Gas.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-12 underway on the territory on the LSG; vii) setting housing and communal service tariffs and service rules; determining vehicle parking lots, planning and cleaning and street lighting of settlements, water supply (removed as per law creating UWSCG), drainage and sewage system (as per amendment effective June 2010), planning and implementation, maintenance of cemeteries; viii) maintenance, construction and development of the roads of local importance [which may affect or may be affected by laying water supply pipes]; ix) spatial-territorial arrangement of the self- governing unit in compliance with the existing Georgian legislation; x) approval of priorities of socio-economic development of the LSG unit of the municipal programs and plans; xi) mobilizing resources in the spheres of health and social welfare and informing the population about the appropriate events/actions such as the creation of safety environment fir people‘s health, the establishment of the wholesome manner of life and the identification of risk factors concerning health; among other devolved powers.

NGOs The NGO sector is well developed in Georgia. NGOs promote a variety of interests ranging from supporting women, children, the poor, IDPs, Minority groups and the environment. International NGOs often receive funding from their national fund raising bases, as well as from international aid budgets provided by their Country of origin and multilateral aid organizations such as the ADB, UN and the EU. International NGOs and local NGOs with offices in Tbilisi often act as co-ordinators of smaller NGOs funded and working with them at local levels. Some regional cities and towns such as in Zugdidi have offices for major international NGOs such as the Red Cross, working on border security issues, and local NGOs, funded by donors and international NGOs working with IDPs. Capacity for working with donor agencies varies according to previous experience.

Community-Based Organizations CBOs are characteristically linked to small or medium sized geographical areas such as neighborhoods and have members living in that area. Whereas NGOs tend to be comprised of members with specified interests and experience, which are not necessarily area based. The CBO community is not yet well developed in Georgia and the distinction between CBO and NGO is sometimes unclear. It is advisable to make local investigations in project areas about the existence of CBOs. CBOs are effective as monitors of project implementation and social and environmental impacts in their neighborhoods.

Media Although the press is still available, due to the small circulation and relatively high prices, mainstream media in Georgia is mainly represented by TV. The Georgian Public Broadcasting, Rustavi and Imedi are covering the whole country and Public Broadcasting regularly has the news and other shows on the minority languages (Armenian, Azeri, Ossetian and Abkhazian). Therefore, through Georgian Public Broadcasting (and in some cases Rustavi and Imedi) information on project activities can be spread on a regular basis. Also, the issues related to the implementation of water supply and sanitation sector policies can be discussed.

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Georgian Trades Union Confederation This organization is under utilized in Georgia. Potential exists for them to represent equal pay and employment rights for women as part of the Gender Action Plan.

Georgian Chamber of Commerce This organization is the representative body of all Georgian businesses and will defend business interests in the setting of commercial water tariffs etc.

3.5. Private Sector Construction Companies The construction industry was developed in Georgia since Soviet times and until the last two years was one of the major drivers of the Georgian Economy. There are several construction companies that would benefit from the implementation of rehabilitation/construction projects in cities and employ significant numbers of local people. Additionally, these companies can be provided with the repairs/maintenance contracts when the projects are over.

Major Business Water Consumers There are several businesses/government institutions that are consuming very high volumes of water. Ten major business consumers, each consuming more than 1,000 m3 water per month, account for the about 40% of UWSCG current revenues. From these ten, five are the private companies and five represent government.

Table 2: List of Major UWSCG Non-Domestic Clients

Monthly Name consumption, m3 Ministry of Defense 128,101 Madneuli 112,222 Georgian Manganese 74,648 Ministry of Corrections and Legal Assistance 42,236 Poti Port 9,953 Interventional Medicine Centre in Kutaisi 7,788 JSC ―Glass‖ 5,157 Kutaisi Mother and Child Clinic 3,157 Border guards' coastline defense department 1,795 Marneuli food processing factory 1,171

These stakeholders will have a major influence over the Program, and may have different interests than those of the Program especially over the amount of water extraction permitted and any rise in commercial water tariff.

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Water Related Businesses There are mostly SMEs relying on good quality regular water supply. In all the Program towns, there are a range of privately owned businesses that rely on a regular supply of good quality water for their activities and products. These include caterers, cafes, bakeries, hairdressers, dentists, and private clinics etc. The private sector will be positively affected by the Program and improved water supplies will directly contribute to the growth and improved profitability of these businesses. These SME stakeholders will be concerned with the new tariff levels.

Private Water Source Suppliers and Vendors These enterprises will be negatively affected by the new high quality water supply available from the taps. They will need to diversify their business. The potential for them to switch to water delivery to outlying rural areas, outside the coverage of the urban water schemes should be explored.

Local Skilled Entrepreneurs There are significant numbers of local people in project towns who are vocationally trained as builders, electricians and mechanics. The project could provide them with job opportunities in the future for maintenance and local repair work to the water supply network and sanitation facilities they will be positively affected by the Program. Additional training can be provided to the local unemployed youth to acquire the necessary skills.

Tourism Industry The government of Georgia has included Tourism in its strategy of poverty reduction. Hotels characteristically consume large amounts of water. Tourism development is linked to the rehabilitation of WSS infrastructure in mountain resort areas as well as the improvement of environment and ecological conditions around and in the Black Sea. Water pricing will be a key factor in the setting of competitive tourist room rates etc.

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Annex 2-13: Consultation and Participation Plan

1. Public Consultation and Participation During the implementation of the Investment Programme‘s activities, different types of stakeholder participation will take place. These will include information sharing, consultation and feedback from stakeholders, collaborative decision-making and empowerment of beneficiaries through shared development decisions.

2. Communication: The Public Relations Campaign A general awareness raising a Public Relations Campaign should be put in place at the beginning of every project. The objective of the PR Campaign will be to achieve a harmonious transition from the old management system and tariff to the new one and to ensure that water meters are respected. This campaign should be started six months before the construction begins, and continue until the system is operational i.e. the PR campaign will start ahead of and then continue in parallel with the other consultation stages As part of the Public Relations campaign, information leaflets should be produced on the topics listed below, together with contact details for further information. A designated water company official or department, plus websites addresses should be given, to answer further queries. In areas where there are concentrations of ethnic minorities, these leaflets, and media interviews etc should be produced in the minority language as well as in Georgian. In these locations the proposed Information centers will also produce information in minority languages. NGOs and CBOs will be part of the monitoring teams, and will be invited to link with the population and, when necessary, assist in possible conflict resolution. Local facilitators, possibly from local NGOs or CBOs will facilitate the dialogue between stakeholders. They will implement communication, participation, information and education activities. They will monitor changes in attitudes and practices of stakeholders. The purpose of the campaign will be to:  Publicize the health benefits of safe drinking water and sanitation to the general public  The need to practice good hygiene and sanitation in the home and work place.  The benefits of the new system, in terms of labor saving, particularly for women.  Publicize the potential commercial benefits of the new system and any future SME development support initiatives associated with the WSS scheme.  Explain why high standard WSS systems cannot be free, how the system differs from the old soviet style systems because the tariff includes maintenance and waste water treatment costs.

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 The benefits of water metering in keeping overall water prices down. Give examples of a typical household water bill at the new tariff. Meters should be installed without volumetric charging for a trial period so that consumers can estimate their bills and have time to get leaking appliances repaired and to adjust their water consumption.  Propose to communities in apartments with block meters to elect representatives to supervise water appliance repairs and to organize payments where block metering will be operating  The need to repair leaking toilets and taps in order to reduce water bills (plus any schemes available for financing and carrying out repairs)  Introduce the Local WSS Consumer committees (which will have 50% female representation) and request nominations for election to it...  Introduce the Water Regulator and the office of the Public Defender. (The latter to resolve grievances between service provider and consumers)  Explain the rights and responsibilities of WSS consumers and the Water Company, and grievance procedures  Publicize where information can be obtained on how to apply for welfare cash transfers to subsidies WSS bills (if relevant).  Introduce the new proposed information centers (one in each town) and explain their purpose. (Initially their purpose will be to give out information on the new system and the implementation Programme and to answer all customer queries).  Give adequate notice as to the date when the new system and billing procedures will commence. Construction companies will be informed, via different media, including web site, on procurement notices and bidding process. Local entrepreneurs, such as plumbers will be informed about the project development.

3. Public Consultation To assist in transparency and capacity building for public consultations UWSCG staff managers of UWSCG service centers assisted by an NGO will convene some general public meetings with households, institutions (schools, clinics, local businesses and enterprises), at the beginning of each stage of the project (i.e. planning, design and construction) to collect customers‘ views and proposals to incorporate them where relevant, into the system design process. The media (local TV, press and radio) will play a valuable role in disseminating information and communicating feedback in a timely way. Customers & consumers (households, schools, hospitals, enterprises, etc) will be kept informed about the progress in implementation of the project via local media. Regular meetings will be held between the monitoring groups and the media The consultations will provide consumers with access to decision-making by the local water company by increasing their participation in the planning, design and implementation and operation of the drinking water supply. It will also increase the level of public monitoring of O&M of the water supply systems. The capacity and competence of female and male consumers to have a say in WSS management will be increased. The following table indicates the type of participation activity in which each stakeholder groups will be involved:

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3.1 Working Groups Smaller working meetings will also be set up with domestic consumers‘ representatives and other stakeholders from non-government organizations and private sector. Representatives from the stakeholders listed below will be able to participate in working groups dealing with planning, design and implementation of the project; in addition, they will be invited to discuss improvements in the provision of water services, water tariffs and environmental protection:

3.2 Monitoring Groups Monitoring consumers groups will be established in localities where a project will be implemented and will be used as a basis for recruiting future local WSS Consumer Councils. Incentives should be provided for women to carry out this function. These groups will play a leading role in the participation process and will monitor progress and facilitate the resolution of problems and issues as they arise during planning, implementation and after completion of WSS infrastructure. At local level, monitoring groups will be made up of users‘ representatives, (at least 50% women) and local NGOs, women‘s groups, ethnic minorities and IDPs where relevant. Private entrepreneurs who rely on water for their business and local elected government will also participate. Problems that cannot be resolved locally will be raised at UWSCG national level by the monitoring group or ultimately, during the operational period to the office of the Public Defender.

4. Participation Modalities The levels of participation in the project planning, design, construction and monitoring will be determined by the importance of the stakeholder in terms of accomplishing the project and, the level of power and influence that the stakeholder has. The levels of involvement are, providing information, consultation, participation in management, and partnership. Table 1: Modalities of Stakeholder Participation in the Project

Consultation Partnership Keeping Participation Stakeholders (collecting (sharing informed (interactive work ) comments) responsibility) UWSCG X GNEWSR X State commission on X water and engineering ADB X Other relevant Donors X and IFIs Ministry of Economy X Ministry of X Environment Ministry of Health X Ministry of Agriculture X Regional Government X District Government X

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Consultation Partnership Keeping Participation Stakeholders (collecting (sharing informed (interactive work ) comments) responsibility) Local Government X Social Services X Agency Ombudsman X Council of Minorities X International NGOs* X Local NGOs X Implementing Other local NGOs X CBOs X Women‘s groups X Georgian Trades X Union Confederation Georgian chamber of X Commerce Lawyers‘ associations X Local & national X Media Large commercial X X water users SME water users X Skilled entrepreneurs X Construction industry X Local Tourism X businesses Ethnic Minority groups X IDP groups X Public Facility X managers Youth groups X Representatives of X Poor and vulnerable groups Involuntary X resettlement affected persons General public X

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5. Consultation Plan Participants to be invited to comment on development stages according to the following table. Table 2: Consultation Plan

Capacity PR Building Stakeholders Planning Design Construction Operation Campaign For participation UWSCG X X X X X GNEWSR X X X X State X X X X X commission on water and engineering ADB X X X X X Other relevant X X X Donors and IFIs Ministry of X X X X Economy Ministry of X X X X X Environment Ministry of X X X X Health Other central X X government ministries Local X X X X Government Social services X X X agency Ombudsman X X Council of X X Minorities International X X X X X NGOs (if implementing ) Local NGOs X X X X X Implementing Other local X X X X NGOs CBOs X X X X X Women‘s groups X X X X X X Georgian Trades X X Union Confederation Georgian X X X chamber of Commerce

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Capacity PR Building Stakeholders Planning Design Construction Operation Campaign For participation Lawyers‘ X X associations Local & national X X X X X Media Large X X X commercial water users SME water X X X X users Skilled X X X X X entrepreneurs Construction X X X industry Local Tourism X X X X businesses Ethnic Minority X X X groups IDP groups X X X Public Facility X X X managers Youth groups X X X Representatives X X X X of Poor and vulnerable groups Involuntary X X X X resettlement affected persons General public X X

6. Capacity Building in Participation Low income and vulnerable groups and ethnic minorities, and women‘s groups will need capacity building and support in order to effectively participate in project process. This work should be carried out by a specialized NGO. This capacity building will include three stages:  Awareness raising about WSS issues, consumers rights and responsibilities;  Confidence building: group work on SWOT analysis related to the WSS project and how it affects the group;  Development of Presentation skills; and,  Mobilization: selecting representatives to speak at public meetings and working groups.

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Annex 2-14: Contacts and Activities of NGOs & Other Civil Society Representatives

Name Contact & Address Main activities . Jonathan Puddifoot . Poverty alleviation CARE International in . Chavchavadze Avenue 49b . Assist socially and the Caucasus . Tbilisi 0162 economically . E-mail: [email protected] disempowered individuals . (+995 32) 29 13 78; 29 19 41 . Ana Toklikishvili . Committed to programs Open Society Georgia . 10, Chovelidze street that respond to political and Foundation . Tbilisi, 0108 economic change, and . E-mail: [email protected]; contribute to the long-term [email protected] development of open . (+995 32) 25 05 92; 25 04 63 society in Georgia

. 3 Kavsadze Street . Empower people to effect Eurasia Partnership . Tbilisi 0179 change for social justice Foundation . E-mail: [email protected] and economic prosperity . (+995-32) 22-32-64, 25-39-42/43 through hands-on programs, helping them to

improve their communities and their own lives. Local Georgian NGOs . Women‘s . Elene Rusetskaia . Gender information portal Information Centre . 40 Tsinamdzgvrishvilli Street . Experience in working with . Tbilisi 0102 international donors . E-mail: [email protected] . Work on different projects . (+995 99) 56 17 33 . Links with regional NGOs . Association . Eka Machavariani . Work with IDPs in both ―Gaenati‖ . 4 Lazis Street urban and rural areas . Zugdidi 2100 . Experience in working with . E-mail: international donors [email protected] . Have training courses in . (+995 93) 32 20 88 English . Youth programmes . Association . Marina Davitaia . Work with IDPs, especially Samegrelo Medea . 6 Ferdinadi Street women to ensure their . Zugdidi 2100 participation into society . E-mail: [email protected] . Human rights, gender . (+995 93) 39 42 82 equality . Azeri Women‘s . Leila Suleimanova . Office in Marneuli but Association in . 3 Giorgadze Steet working across the region Georgia . Marneuli 3000 with Azeri women . E-mail: [email protected] . Teach Georgian language . (+995 93) 20 50 65 . ToT experience . Influence the young women‘s more active participation into society

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Name Contact & Address Main activities . Samtskhe- . Nazeli Demurchiani . Gender politics, more Javakheti women . 41 Miqoiani Street women involved in politics for peaceful . Akhalkalaki 0700 . Conduct trainings in 5 Georgia . E-mail: [email protected] towns in order to increase . (+995 99) 58 31 62 awareness on elections . International . Eto Gigauri . Returned women from Organization for . 1 University Street migration, their views on Migration (IOM) . Telavi gender roles and further . JCP – Job . E-mail: [email protected] employment opportunities Counseling & . (+995 55) 53 16 30 . Job placement centre - Placement Centre posts vacancies . Research centre . Eliso Janashia . Publishes a regular for human rights . 4 Kostava Street newspaper on social issues and social . Poti 4400 protection . E-mail: [email protected] . (+995 99) 15 17 03

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Annex 2-15: Draft National Gender Action Plan

Strengthening of institutional mechanism of gender equality Target: Assist to the implementation of the state policy of Gender Equality Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 1.1. Assist to the 1.1.1. Elaboration and adoption of internal normative Corresponding internal normative and regulatory Parliament of Georgia 2010 strengthening of and regulatory acts of the Gender Equality Board acts are developed and adopted prior to the end Gender Equality Board of the Gender of the Parliament of Georgia, including normative of 2010 the Parliament Equality Board acts of the ministries about creation of the Gender Equality Board in the directives of the ministries 1.1.2. Assistance for strengthening of the Gender Co-ordinator of the Gender equality Board of the Parliament of Georgia State budget Equality Board of the Parliament with human, Parliament is already hired and administers the Gender Equality Board of International and financial and technical resources affairs the Parliament donor organizations Number of experts who provided technical assistance to the Gender Equality Board 1.1.3. Promotion of laws on gender equality, domestic Number of meetings for popularization of the law Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget abuse, trafficking and other corresponding legal Number of participants of the meetings the Parliament 2011 International and acts (according to the regions) International organizations donor organizations Number of distributed materials during the Non-governmental Non-governmental meetings organizations organizations The law is translated into English, Abkhazian, Ossetic, Azerian and Armenian languages The Guideline of the law is already issued and distributed 1.1.4. Strengthening of coordination and cooperation of Identification of contact persons in all Gender Equality Board of 2010- the Gender Equality Board with the executive corresponding Ministries of the executive the Parliament 2013 authority at central and local levels by creation authority and registration of contact persons in Corresponding Ministries of the network of contact persons and further the process of implementation of the action plan International organizations training on issues of the gender equality Number of trainings for contact persons of the Non-governmental executive authority organizations 1.1.5. Strengthening of coordination and cooperation of Number of mutual meetings and activities Gender Equality Board of 2010- the Gender Equality Board with women‘s forum the Parliament 2013 of Sakrebulo Women‘s forum elected in Sakrebulo International organizations Non-governmental organizations

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1.1.6. Assistance to the dialogues and consultations Annual report of the Gender Equality Board about Gender Equality Board of 2010- between the Gender Equality Board and the Civil implementation of the action plan the Parliament 2013 Society, including preparation of annual reports Annual conference about monitoring and International organizations about implementation of the action plans and the assessment of the action plan Non-governmental discussion of questions Number of mutual activities of the Board and the organizations Civil Society on questions of the action plan Number and intensity of consultative meetings between the Board and the Civil Society 1.1.7. Assessment of implementation of the action plan Assessment of the action plan takes place at the Gender Equality Board of 2010- beginning of the final year of the action plan the Parliament 2013 International organizations Non-governmental organizations Education and improvement of the knowledge target: Assist to the inclusion of gender subjects in education and improvement of the knowledge of population about issues of gender equality Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 2.1 Consideration of 2.1.1. Gender analyses of the Law on Education and Gender expertise of the Law takes place before Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget aspects of gender preparation of the package of recommendations for the deadline of the action plan the Parliament 2013 International and in the Law of consideration of gender aspects Number of recommendation packages as a Ministry of Education and donor organizations Georgia on result of the expertise Science of Georgia Non-governmental Education Draft of legislative amendments as a result of the International organizations organizations expertise Non-governmental organizations 2.2. Assistance to the 2.2.1. Gender analyses of the following documents The above mentioned documents are analyzed Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget introduction of the and elaboration of recommendations for before the deadline of the action plan the Parliament 2013 International and gender equality consideration of the gender aspects: Ministry of Education and donor organizations on different levels National curriculum Science of Georgia of education and Text-books of secondary schools including International organizations in scientific sphere Non-governmental manual of civic education; Non-governmental organizations Tutorial materials organizations Standard of a teacher, including standard of school subjects Code of ethics of a teacher and a pupil 2.2.2. Consideration of gender aspects in above Developed recommendations are considered mentioned documents according to the before the deadline of the action plan developed recommendations 2.2.3. Integration of gender equality principles in Gender equality principles are included in consultative program of the resource centers of materials before the deadline of the action plan education

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2.2.4. Inclusion of components of gender equality in Information about fundamental questions of continuous educational system of the teachers gender equality is included and taught by the program of continuous educational system of the teachers 2.2.5. Gender analyses of scientists‘ participation in Analyses is complete and corresponding scientific grant programs and elaboration of recommendations are developed corresponding recommendations 2.3. Assistance to the 2.3.1. Periodical research of conditions of the gender Periodical research of conditions of the gender Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget improvement of equality and discussion of received results equality is completed before the deadline of the the Parliament 2013 International and gender action plan International organizations donor organizations consciousness of Results of the research are transparent and Non-governmental Non-governmental population publicly discussed organizations organizations 2.3.2. Carry out media campaigns about questions of Number of media means used for free public- Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget the gender equality: service advertisings and talk-shows the Parliament 2013 International and Free public-service advertisings Number of participants in the talk-shows Public broadcasting donor organizations Talk-shows Number of free public-service advertisings and International organizations Non-governmental Newspaper articles talk-shows Non-governmental organizations Number of newspaper articles and informational organizations Informational materials materials Radio transmissions Number of radio transmissions and radio stations 2.3.3. Conferences, actions, seminars and trainings for Number of trainings/seminars/conferences and different target groups of women, men and youth actions (particularly for the inhabitants of villages, internally Number of target groups displaced persons and ethnic minorities /females), comprising the following questions:: Gender stereotypes and gender discrimination (particularly on cultural and traditional bases) Political activity of women Economic strengthening of women Reproductive health Improving of participation of women in peaceful procedures Right of ownership

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-15

Economics Target: Encouragement of equal participation of men and women in economic field Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 3.1. Assistance to the 3.1.1. Analyses of the state and several selected The state budget and 2 or 3 municipal budgets Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget introduction of municipal budgets and the process of monitoring with are analyzed annually the Parliament 2013 International and principles of the consideration of gender aspects Results and recommendations of the analyses Relevant ministries donor organizations gender budget on and monitoring International organizations Non-governmental every level of 3.1.2. Cooperation with corresponding structures for Number of work meetings with relevant organizations governing Non-governmental introduction of the principles of the gender budget on governmental organs organizations

the basis of the results of the monitoring Number and rank of governmental employees who participate in the meetings 3.1.3. Holding of seminars and trainings about gender Number of held trainings and seminars budget for the representatives of governmental organs Number of participants in the trainings/seminars Number of informational and analytical material on the theme of gender budget in the Georgian language 3.2. Assistance to the 3.2.1. Research and analyses of horizontal and vertical Results of implemented analyses and Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget principles of gender gender segregation in governmental and non- recommendations the Parliament 2013 International and equality in economic governmental sectors Number of implemented researches according to Relevant ministries donor organizations policy and recruitment the sectors International organizations Non-governmental

3.2.2. Gender analyses of reforms and economic Principles of gender equality are included in the Non-governmental organizations restructuring and development of recommendations for state economic programs before the deadline of organizations the integration of gender equality principles in the state the action plan economic policy and programs 3.2.3. Assistance to the equal participation of men and Number of men and women who participate in women in the programs of professional training and the programs retraining 3.3. Strengthening of 3.3.1. Gender analyses and development of appropriate Number of held trainings and seminars Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget women‘s economic recommendations of the accessibility to the credits and Number of participants in the trainings/seminars the Parliament 2013 International and potential their use Relevant ministries donor organizations 3.3.2. Business education and training/retraining of Results of the monitoring Trade unions Non-governmental women who are employed in small touristic businesses, Recommendations as a result of the monitoring International organizations organizations agricultural business and in public industry (particularly for the inhabitants of villages, internally displaced Non-governmental persons and ethnic minorities /females); organizations Growth of accessibility to the new technologies for strengthening their economic potential

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Statistics Target: Improvement of gender statistics Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 4.1. Assistance to the 4.1.1. Improvement of segregated indicators and data New indicators are developed before the Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget National Statistic according to the gender deadline of the action plan the Parliament 2013 International and Service of Georgia for Number of meetings and consultations for the National Statistic Service donor organizations the improvement of creation of the new indicators International organizations Non-governmental gender statistics 4.1.2. Preparation, issuance and distribution of the annual Statistical booklets/circulation organizations statistical collection of ―Man and woman in Georgia‖ 4.1.3. Inclusion of gender aspects in statistical researches Number of implemented researches that financed by the state comprised gender questions Political participation of women Target: Assistance to the equal participation of men and women on every level of decision making Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 5.1. Improvement of 5.1.1. Gender analyses and development of the Number of normative acts of completed gender Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget legal framework for the package of amendments of relevant laws and normative analyses the Parliament 2013 International and assistance to the acts Package of recommendations as a result of Relevant ministries donor organizations growth of the level of gender analyses International organizations Non-governmental women's participation Non-governmental organizations organizations 5.2 Assistance to the 5.2.1. Assistance to the inclusion of gender aspects in the Number of female candidates in the list of parties Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget equal participation of programs of political parties for the growth of the level of by the moment of the end of the action plan the Parliament 2013 International and men and women in the women‘s participation Number of held meetings with political parties Relevant ministries donor organizations political life Correlation of the number of female and male International organizations Non-governmental

candidates in future parliamentary election Non-governmental organizations Number of female candidates among elected organizations parliamentary members 5.2.2. Assistance to the stability of women‘s forum elected Number of held trainings and seminars in Sakrebulo and strengthening their knowledge and Number of women participating in trainings possibilities Number of discussed questions 5.2.3. Development of the special program on local level Number of held trainings and meetings at the (particularly for the inhabitants of villages and ethnic local level

minorities /females) for the identification of leader women Number of identified leader women (according to

and for their participation in the decision making organs the regions)

5.2.4 Assistance to the motivation of women for Number of held trainings

governmental positions and to the career development in Number of women employed in civil services, civil services, ministries and other machinery of government ministries and other machinery of government who participated in trainings

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Building of safety and peace Target: Assistance to the participation of women in the process of peaceful activities Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 6.1. Assurance of the 6.1.1. Development of the national action plan about The plan is developed Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget active and massive women, peace and safety according to the resolutions of the Parliament 2013 International and participation of women UNO # 1325, 1829, 1888 and 1889 Relevant ministries donor organizations in peaceful processes 6.1.2. Assistance to the initiatives of women in the Number of participants and implemented and governmental organs Non-governmental on local and direction of public diplomacy with participation of civil activities in the direction of public diplomacy International organizations organizations international levels societies, professional, analytical and social groups Non-governmental 6.1.3. Consideration of the principles of gender equality in Principles of gender equality towards refugees organizations the process of rehabilitation and reintegration of the are considered in the state strategy before the population affected by the conflict deadline of the action plan

Health and social protection Target: Consideration of gender aspects in the spheres of health and social protection Aim Activity Indicator Executor Term Source of financing 7.1. Assistance to the 7.1.1. Strengthening of reproductive health component in The component of reproductive health is Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget accessibility on the the curriculum of retraining of village doctors for the strengthened in the curriculum of retraining of the Parliament 2013 International and services of improvement of the service in this sphere village doctors Relevant ministries donor organizations reproductive health 7.1.2. Inclusion of the subjects of reproductive health and Subjects of reproductive health are included in and governmental organs Non-governmental and corresponding a healthy life principles in the national curriculum of educational programs before the deadline of the International organizations organizations information secondary schools action plan 1 Non-governmental 7.2. Introduction of the 7.2.1. Regular gender expertise of the programs of health Number or programs and projects of the gender organizations principle of gender protection by the Gender Equality Board expertise equality in the programs Developed and introduced recommendations as of the health protection a result of the expertise 7.3. Assurance of 7.3.1. Perfection of the code of the Labour laws with Principle of gender equality is included in the Gender Equality Board of 2010- State budget social protection with consideration of international standards and demographic code of the Labor Laws before the deadline of the Parliament 2013 International and consideration of condition of the country for the following questions: the action plan Relevant ministries donor organizations specific needs of men - Maternity leave; The code of the new Labour Laws is in and governmental organs Non-governmental and women - Safe conditions of labour; compliance with international standards about International organizations organizations maternity leave, safe conditions of work, leaves - Safety of work in conditions of planned or non- due to the sickness of family member and health Non-governmental planned reorganization of the organization insurance. organizations (particularly in case of pregnant women); - Leave due to the sickness of the family member; - Health insurance of employees. 7.3.2 Research of disabled persons and their sick-nurses The research is complete and recommendations from the angle of gender; Development of are elaborated recommendations

1 This question should be agreed with the Gender Equality Board to find out the extent in which it is possible to execute regular gender expertise taking into consideration active legal basis and resources. Alongside with this, this question needs to be agreed with the ministry of Justice to find out whether it is possible to add the Gender equality Board in the directives of the Ministry of Health;

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-16: UWSS Proposed Gender Action Plan Matrix

Level Aim Activity Indicators of Progress Executor National Strengthen the Gender Equality Board . Define the powers of the GEB . Powers defined Parliament . Create work Programme including the . Work programme drawn up with dates incorporation of the Gender Equality law . Ministries agree their gender development Chairman of the into other legislation, starting with sub programmes Parliament employment law. . Budgets allocated GEB . Define and negotiate the responsibilities and programme for each ministry and local municipalities to achieve gender equality according to sector . Allocate budget to the above activities Strengthen the national statistical . Define gender disaggregated (GD) data . GD Statistical indicators defined GEB database to include gender requirements . Agreements drawn up disaggregated statistics, relevant to the . Make formal agreements with data . Budget allocated GeoStat water supply and sanitation sector collectors and providers to provide . Agreements made regular GD monitoring . Data produced on regular basis . Data published Georgian Water Improve access of female candidates to . Advertise vacant posts in managerial . Post advertised in national and local media Georgian Water Companies skilled and managerial positions positions & state that posts are open to and in women‘s information centres Companies female and male applicants . Gender equality employment stated on . Provide in –house training courses to advertisements improve was management skills, with . Women participating on management reserved quota of places for women. courses run by NWCG . Train administrative staff in gender . Staff Gender awareness training courses, aspects of WSS management related to WSS management developed . Set female quotas for apprenticeship and implemented training schemes & vocational training . Increase in number of women employed in schemes for WSS management and the WSS sector maintenance. . Staff participation records . Number of women trained in apprenticeship training schemes

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Level Aim Activity Indicators of Progress Executor Increase transparency and . Set up town level consumer advisory . One consumer advisory board set up in Georgian water accountability in water and sanitation boards (with 50% of places allocated to each town companies & office of the management women) to make regular reports to . Functions and responsibilities of the boards Public Defender of Georgian Water companies on urban defined GNEWSRC WSS conditions in their towns . Each board contains 50% female members . Participants to be paid nominal fee for . Report to be agreed by both genders collecting data and reporting on local . Budget set to pay members issues. . Response and implementation mechanism . Define mechanism for response to defined and publicized consumer requests for improvements & . Formal regular communication link maintenance developed with office of Public defender of . Create link with the office of the public GNEWSRC defender in GNEWSRC to deal with WSS . Public information on consumer rights and grievances obligations to be printed on water bills and . Define mechanism for communication publicized in Information centres with the office of the public defender of . In areas with large ethnic minorities this GNEWSRC information to be published in local . Print public information on water bills languages and printed on bills and in about the office of the public defender and information centres the local WSS councils. . In minority areas: print consumer information in local languages Cities & Towns Capacity building for women to be able . Confidence building activities at women’s . Number of women attending training NGOs with appropriate with improved to increase control over their living information centres sessions skills in gender WSS conditions . Practicing public speaking & role play development & . Negotiation skills information . Internet skills . Information on how water supply and sanitation management is organized . Information on women’s rights in Georgia . Training for Participation in town water & sanitation consumer groups Additional capacity building for women . Literacy classes in Georgian language . Number of minority women attending NGOs rom or working from minority groups before joining (read, written and spoken) for ethnic classes closely with minority capacity building programme minorities - linked to specific daily . Number of minority women obtaining communities with requirements language proficiency certificates appropriate skills in . Georgian Laws on citizen’s rights and the . Georgian Laws on citizens rights and gender development & Gender Equality law professionally gender equality translated into minority information translated into minority languages Azeri languages and Armenian)

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Level Aim Activity Indicators of Progress Executor . Ad hoc minority translation service for future laws and regulations . Ad hoc advice service on how to deal with local government Capacity Building for SME development . Talks and training for women wanting to . Number of women attending training NGO specializing in (for SME which require WSS as a major set up SMEs (e.g. hairdressing, food sessions women and SME component of their trade) processing, catering, wedding & funeral . Number of SME started per town development catering ‘Kelekhi’ ) . Number of years each SME operates for . Micro credit for women’s SME . Micro- credit lending and repayment development accounts Increase women’s participation in . Improve women’s access to information . Number of women requesting WSS planning and managing water and on how water supply and sanitation is management information sanitation service provision planned and managed in their local area . Number of women attending WSS . Provide information on consumers rights management advice sessions with and responsibilities engineer from Water Company . Provide information on how to manage . Number of Consumer rights and household water consumption responsibilities leaflets printed and distributed to households . Number of household water management advice leaflets printed and distributed to households Households Provide support to poor families , . Advice & Assistance (where appropriate) . Number of FHH applicants seeking advice NGO /SSA especially female Headed Households in applying for welfare payments to pay . Number of FHH applicants obtaining in applying for and negotiating welfare WSS bills welfare payments support for WSS utility payments Awareness raising on improving family . Production of leaflets and DVDs on . Number of DVDs produced NGO health and hygiene hygiene and sanitation advice in Georgian . Number of DVDs distributed to households and minority languages . Number of leaflets produced per language . Number of leaflets distributed to households . Incidence of water borne diseases decreased Awareness raising on improving . Production of posters, leaflets & DVDs on . Number of Posters, DVDs, and leaflets NGO maternal and child health and on family MCH, FP, RH, HIV etc including in produced per language planning, Reproductive health, HIV minority languages . Number of DVDs and leaflets delivered per prevention etc language

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-17: Current Public Welfare Assessments & Payments to Poor Households

Poverty Reduction Economic Development & Poverty Reduction Programme (2003) In 2000, following a joint initiative of the World Bank and the UNDP the Georgian Government started preparing a poverty reduction programme with long-term objectives that included achieving the sustainable and rapid economic growth and decreasing social inequality. In June 2003, President Shevardnadze approved the Economic Development and Poverty reduction Programme (EDPRP) of Georgia. EDPRP has been prepared with the active participation and support of society, executive authorities, NGOs, academia, businessmen and our foreign friends and donors. The EDPRP represented a logical continuation of a decade of economic reform in Georgia. The EDPRP was in full compliance with general principles of state building laid down in the parliamentary appeal made by the President of Georgia ―the new project for a new Georgia‖. This included the final establishment of democracy, ensure safety, stability and territorial integrity, and strengthen defense capacity and integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures. EDPRP was a multi-dimensional and complex strategy. However, there was a single thesis that ran through the whole strategy. This is the liberal transformation of Georgia – establishment of market economy and solid basis for economic development. EDPRP envisaged speeding up economic development and equitable distribution of the resources that would ultimately lead to a reduction in poverty. The goal of the EDPRP was to raise the welfare of the population of Georgia by improving the quality of life of each person along with the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. To achieve this goal, two strategic objectives have been defined:  Fast and sustainable economic development: average growth rate of real GDP at 5-8% per annum, resulting in a two to threefold growth of real GDP by 2015 in comparison to 2001; and,  Reduction of poverty: reduction of extreme (in relation to alternative poverty line) poverty from 15% to 4-5%, and reduction of poverty level in relation to the official minimum subsistence from 52% to 20-25% by 2015. To achieve these strategic objectives, the following priorities have been identified:  Improvement in governance;  Macroeconomic stability;  Improvement in the structural and institutional environment;  Development of human capital;  Social risk management and social security improvement;  Development of economic priority sectors;  Improvement of natural environment condition;  Socio-economic rehabilitation of post-conflict zones; and,  Development of science and information technologies.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

EDPR had a detailed Plan of Activities, clear Monitoring Indicators and the role of Government in Managing Social Risks. EDPRP also included detailed cost evaluation of the activities envisaged with indication of possible sources of funding. It was decided that the international financial institutions (the IMF and the World Bank) would continue working with government on the basis of this very document. However, due to capacity constraints implementation was delayed.

Changes to EDPRP Post 2003 In November 2003 post-revolutionary institutional reforms imposed a need for significant changes to the EDPRP itself and these were supported by the international finance institutions. In early 2008 Government has established 5-year program ―United Georgia Without Poverty‖ that sets the main directions for the Georgian state for the years 2008-2012. The main goals of this program are 1) Public welfare - Georgia without poverty and 2) Ensuring national security and complete territorial and civil reintegration – United Georgia. Public welfare will be achieved through growth of budget expenditure share on social programs, growth of employment rate, significant reduction of poverty, growth of the social pension packages, developing health care infrastructure, providing mandatory insurance packages to over 1 million people, etc. It should be noted that in some areas government has made significant progress, e.g. from 2004 minimum pensions have increased 5-fold from GEL 15 to GEL 80, basic health insurance policies have been provided to more than 800,000 people. As for the significant reduction of poverty, it is stated that it will be achieved by 50% decrease of the number of beneficiaries in the current social programs, implying that due to the increase of their wealth they will need no further assistance. Due to the fact that there is no consistent methodology (Statistics Department has been continuously changing methodology for calculation of poverty – e.g. for EDPRP the absolute threshold approach was used, now it publishes poverty rates calculated against relative poverty thresholds – 60% of median income for general poverty and 40% of median income for extreme poverty) it is difficult to capture the actual dynamics of changes in real poverty during 2003-2008. Therefore there is some confusion about definitions and numbers people living in poverty in Georgia, and strategies to deal with poverty are not yet properly formulated by government. Data that exist for 2005-2008 show a minor (2%) decline in general poverty and a smaller (0.6%) reduction in extreme poverty. According to official statistics over a fifth (22.1%) of the Georgian population lives in poverty and a tenth (9.4%) in extreme poverty. Similar estimations are made by the World Bank – the Poverty Assessment conducted in 2008 showed that 23.7 percent of Georgia‘s population is poor, while 9.3 percent are extremely poor. The poverty headcount is 29.7 percent in rural areas and 18.3 percent in urban areas. The extreme poverty headcount is 12.4 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively. As a result, rural areas account for 59 percent of total poor, and 62 percent of extreme poor. The incidence of poverty varies considerably across different parts of the country. The highest incidence of poverty is observed in Shida Kartli (59.4 percent), followed by Kakheti (46.3 percent), and Mtskheta-Mtianeti (40.6 percent). The intermediate level of poverty is observed in Ajara (27.4 percent) and Guria (33.2 percent). The lowest incidence of poverty is found in Tbilisi (12.9 percent), Samegrelo (14.4 percent), and Kvemo-Kartli (17.3 percent).

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

The 2009 UNICEF nation-wide welfare monitoring survey covered 4,808 households across Georgia and its findings are nationally representative. For consumption poverty three different measures were used – the official poverty line - 89.7 GEL a month per person (60% of median expenditure); the extreme poverty line - 61.1 GEL a month per person (equivalent of 1.25 USD a day); and the general poverty line - 122.2 GEL a month per person (equivalent of 2.5 USD a day). Survey showed that 25.7 per cent of Georgia‘s population is poor, while 9.9 per cent are extremely poor.

Targeted Social Assistance, SSA Database on TSA The current system of targeted social assistance in Georgia is based on rating scores rather than on income, where there is threshold for the poverty level and social assistance, e.g. households with rating scores below 57,001 are considered extremely poor and are eligible for social assistance payments. The current system was introduced on August 4th, 2005 when the Decree of the Government of Georgia ―On Evaluation methodology of the Socio-economic state of the socially vulnerable households‖ introduced a system of ranking points, where there is threshold for the poverty level and monetary assistance, e.g. households with ranking points of 57,000 and below are considered extremely poor and are eligible for monetary assistance and household with rating score below 70,001 receive vouchers for health insurance policy. According to the head of the Department of the Database Management and Statistical Analysis, Mr. Akaki Danelia, these thresholds are rather supply, than demand driven (based on how many households can be covered by existing GoG government subsidy for social assistance, that is fixed in the state budget) Currently, a total of 467,085 persons (living in all urban areas) with rating scores below 100,000 are registered in the SSA database dated June, 2010. From these 467,085 persons 276,512 persons are living in the area that is under responsibility of the UWSC. Detailed information is given in Fig 1 and summarized below:

Below 57001 to 70001 to Region Total 57000 70000 100000 Tbilisi 60,411 38,969 67,700 167,080 Adjara 7,391 5,333 10,769 23,493 Guria 4,460 2,351 3,619 10,430 Racha-Lechkhumi & Kvemo Svaneti 2,825 882 1,101 4,808 Kakheti 11,431 5,616 10,151 27,198 Imereti 46,366 17,246 26,200 89,812 Mtskheta-Mtianeti 3,961 1,643 2,625 8,229 Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 23,090 10,847 17,714 51,651 Samtskhe-Javakheti 5,211 2,781 7,059 15,051 Kvemo Kartli 16,032 7,762 15,988 39,782 Shida Kartli 10,486 7,136 11,929 29,551 UWSC total 123,862 56,264 96,386 276,512 Total 191,664 100,566 174,855 467,085

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

Also, it should be noted that, after the Decree of the Government of Georgia ―On monetizing of Social Benefits‖ from 11th January, 2007 all social benefits for some vulnerable group categories (e.g. IDPs, war veterans, single mothers, families of war casualties), were abolished and people from all these categories received additional monetary subsidies, which varies from group to group (from Gel 7 to GEL 44). This subsidy is intended to cover the expenses associated with the increased costs of utilities (i.e. electricity, water, gas, etc.). Registration in the unified database of the helpless families. For registration in the unified database of the helpless families a citizen of Georgia must fill the application form and present it to the regional office of the SSA. Application forms are available at the offices of the Agency and online. If a person and his/her family members cannot visit the office of the Agency to fill the application form because of the health reasons the application can be completed at home after the visit of social agent. Documentation needed to fill the application form comprises:  ID cards or Passports of Georgian citizen of the adult members of a family;  Birth certificates of the underage members of a family;  Certificate of guardian or fosterer; and,  If application is presented by a person who is not a family member special authorization is required.

Registration Procedures and Rating Score Calculation Special representative of the Agency (social agent) visits a family and fills the family declaration. Accuracy of the information presented in the declaration is confirmed by the signature of a family member. Rating score of a family is calculated based on the data presented in the family declaration. Rating Score Q is calculated according to the formula below Q  10  int( 10000  I ) Where, I is the prosperity index and this index is is calculated according to the formula below:

Where, C = Consumer Index; N = Needs Index;

L0 = Coefficient;

C1= Agricultural Property (Land) Index;

C2= Agricultural Property (Livestock) Index;

C3= Non-Agricultural Property (Land) Index;

C4= Revenue Index;

C5 = Expenses Index;

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

C6= Demographic Index;

C7= Education and Skills Index;

C8= Housing (Living Conditions) Index;

C9= Territorial Index;

C10= Interviewer‘s Index;

C0= Index of the Monthly Allowance for Families in Need and Refuges; and,

C01= Index of the Monthly Subsistence Allowance from Targeted Social Assistance Based on the Decree N145 of the Georgian Government from July 28, 2006. After the calculation of the rating score family receives certificate of registration in the unified database of the vulnerable families. The cash allowance is awarded to families which rating score is less than 57 001. The benefit is awarded after four months from application. Subsistence allowance is fixed after visit of social agent to family and completion of the appropriate form.

Alternative Social Assistance Helpless families have the right to choose the type of cash benefit. If a family receives the social benefit for families in need (so called family allowance) and/or the family members are IDP and receive monthly allowance for IDP, before completion of the application a social agent explains that in case the social benefit for families in need is fixed the family allowance and/or the monthly allowance for IDP will be ceased. A family has the right to choose which type of benefit to fix. Note: commutation to the monthly allowance for IDP with the social allowance for families under poverty line or the social benefit for families in need does not influence on the legal status of the IDP. In case the family decides to be the beneficiary of the social benefit for families and/or the beneficiary of the monthly allowance for IDP the family may refuse the allowance for families under poverty line. In case a family at first refuses the allowance then they have the right to apply for the allowance again. In such case a family member must present the new application with the request. The benefit will be fixed in the next month after reapplication.

Reasons for Cessation of the Allowance and Re-Inspection of Socio-Economic Conditions of Family In case a family demands to reassess the socio-economic conditions of the family, the family representative must fill the special form: "Application for Reassessment". Other reasons include:  Birth of a child;  Death of a family member;  Substantial change of the socio-economic conditions (employment, legal incomes and others);  Change of the place of residence of a family or of a family member;  Family do not live on the address which is indicated in the database permanently;  Family is divided artificially;  Family is united artificially;  Actual socio-economic conditions of a family is incompatible with the given rating score;

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

 Imprisonment;  Military conscription; and,  Mandatory treatment.

Reasons for Cessation of the Benefit  Giving false information about socio-economic conditions of a family. In case a family gives incorrect (false) information about the socio-economic conditions of the family they suspend the right to register in the database for the next three years;  Death of all family members who are capable to work;  Suspension of registration in the database; and,  Change of the rating score;

Maximum Rating Score to Fix the Benefit Maximum rating score to fix the monetary benefit is limited to 57 000. The amount of the monetary assistance (GEL) depends on the number of household members and is presented below:

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

GEL 30 54 78 102 126 150 174 198 222 246 270 294 318 342 366 390

When the amount of the benefit is calculated the family members are not taken in account if they are: a) Imprisoned; b) Undergoing mandatory treatment; c) On military service; d) Abroad for more than three months; According to Mr. Akaki Danelia, the monetary assistance is not based on calculation of the needs, but has calculated arbitrarily, compared to then existed state pension (GEL 38). Therefore the increase in tariffs would not readily cause the increase in monetary assistance. On the other hand, tariff increases for the poor families can be balanced by additional monetary allowance for the water tariff increase. This can be easily administered through the allocation of the relevant sums to the SSA, which can rapidly distribute it to their beneficiaries.

Other Social Benefits and Utility Charge Assistance Helpless families which have the rating score less than 70 001 receive the voucher for the health insurance policy. Also, after the Decree of the Government of Georgia ―On monetizing of Social Benefits‖ from 11th January, 2007 all social benefits for some vulnerable group categories (e.g. IDPs, war veterans, single mothers, families of war casualties, were abolished and people from all these categories received additional monetary subsidies, which varies from group to group (from Gel 7 to GEL 44). This subsidy is intended to cover the expenses associated with the increased costs of utilities (i.e. electricity, water, gas, etc.).

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

Figure 1: Number of Persons registered in the SSA Database of poor households (June 2010)

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-17

Calculation of WSS Subsidies in Secondary Towns According to PATA survey conducted in 7 secondary towns, the percent of households for whom the current tariff of GEL 2.4 per capita per month represents more than 3% of income is 39.2% and percent of households for whom the current tariff represents more than 3% of expenditure is 38%. Therefore, if we will consider upper ceiling of social assistance, then 39.2% of households may require support to pay their bills. Taking into consideration the abovementioned total amount of subsidy required will equal to GEL 10.24 million. This subsidy would still be significantly lower than the present budget support given to the UWSCG of GEL 18.4 m/annum. Should the tariff be doubled to GEL 4.8 per capita per month then the table above indicates that this is not affordable to 77.4% of the households as percent of income (75.7% for the percent of expenditure). So the government needs to subsidize these households to make the services affordable. Similarly trebling the tariff to GEL 7.2 per capita per month implies that 90.1% of households may require support to pay their bills (88.7% as percent of expenditures). Each increase of the tariff by GEL 2.4 per capita per month would tentatively provide the UWSCG with an additional GEL 16 m/annum of user charges, provided that households are satisfied with the levels of service and continue to pay their bills. Unfortunately, the income distribution approach to affordability is very difficult to implement in Georgia due to the lack of detailed information on household incomes. The way to address affordability issues is to use the current system of targeted social assistance that is implemented through the Social Services Agency (SSA) paid from the national budget. However, the present system of targeted social assistance in Georgia is based on rating scores rather than on level of income, where there are several thresholds for the poverty levels and social assistance, e.g. households with ranking points of 57,000 and below are considered extremely poor and eligible for monetary assistance. Households with rating scores below 70,001 may receive vouchers for health payments. The abovementioned thresholds are supply, rather than demand driven (depends on the amount of subsidy allocated by the GoG to SSA for the specific social assistance, i.e. threshold is drawn at the limit where the funds are enough). Providing that ranking points are not directly related to income, we have to establish (still assuming that the ranking point measure the poverty more or less accurately and those who have less income are the those who have less ranking points) the new threshold for the existing system for TSA. The threshold should be calculated on the basis of the specific subsidy for covering all water/sanitation costs and to cover 39.2% of population SSA has to establish new threshold (somewhere below 200,000 points). In some cities local governments are already providing benefits to households with scores higher than 70,000, e.g. Rustavi city is subsidizing 100% of solid waste collection fees for households below 100,000 points and 50% for households between 100,001 and 150,000 points.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-18: United Georgia Without Poverty

Program of the Government of Georgia 2008-2012 Georgia without Poverty

Preamble

Main goals of the Georgian government for the years 2008-2012 are as follows:  Wellbeing of the population - Georgia without poverty.  Ensuring national security and complete territorial and civil reintegration.

In order to achieve the above mentioned goals orientation of the government towards the results will increase. For the purpose of improving wellbeing of the population, the efforts of the government will be directed to providing a fast and widely effective economic growth on one hand and towards implementation of large-scale social programs on the other. Fast and large-scale effective economic growth will be provided by creating a stable macroeconomic environment, by decreasing the role of the government in economy and by maintaining a low inflation rate. Achieving the said goals will be ensured by the proficient budget and simple and low tax rates, by attracting foreign investments and protection of the private property rights, by practicing liberal trade and transport policies, by increasing exports and commercialization of agriculture, by enhancing employment and accumulation as well establishing foundations of stable development for the future generations. The policies directed against poverty will envisage consolidation of the resources and creation of effective institutions for helping the poor. The above set objectives will be ensured through the goal-directed expenditure of the social budget resources, by employing effective mechanisms of selecting the beneficiaries, by the programs designed for development of the hospital systems, by a largely developed network of the village medical doctors, through the insurance system provided by the government for the socially vulnerable part of our population, by the package of social pensions and the Praiseworthy Beginning Program as well. Fast economic growth and reduction of poverty requires investments in road, port and railway infrastructure, as well as implementation of the Open Sky policy, liberal regime for the land transportations, increase of utilization of hydro-energy resources, diversification of energy supply and decrease of the regional misbalance. In order to implement the above mentioned goals it is of paramount importance to establish a compact and flexible public service free of corruption and orientated towards the talents and skills of the personnel.

Ensuring stable development of Georgia will prove impossible without

 Realization of effective foreign policies, operative law enforcement system and the effective armed forces.  Sustainable and transparent democratic institutions, free mass media facilities, active dialogue with the civil society and independent and impartial judiciary.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-18

Mission and Goals of the Government of Georgia National Security

 Georgia will become the NATO member - During the next 5 years the country will successfully complete all stages of integration into the NATO structure having met all the requirements of this organization. Georgia will become an organic component of the security system of the alliance instead of being only a "recipient" of the mentioned security.  Territorial and civil integration will be implemented - Reintegration of the Abkhazian and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions into the general processes undergoing in the country will be ensured on management as well as public service levels.  The principle of Four Freedoms will be implemented more widely in the relations with the European Union - Free movement of the goods, the capital and services will be ensured. Certain degree of free movement/travel will be increased for a definite group of people: for students, enterprisers and the scientists first of all.  Normalization of the relationship with the Russian Federation will be achieved - The cooperation will be based upon the principles of mutual understanding and respect. Economic collaboration will be developed without any technical restrictions or barriers.

National Well-Being Economic, Fiscal and Monetary Policies

 During the next 5 years the economic course and dynamics of recent years will be maintained. - The fast pace of economic growth will be continued - During the next 5 years the annual economic growth will reach 9% in average. According to the World Bank classification Georgia will be shifted to the group of the "average-high income countries".  The state share in economy will be decreased - The state share in the budget with regard to GDP will be reduced to 20% compared to the currently existing 29%.  Inflation will be firmly maintained on one digit level - In effect of stringent monetary policies carried out on the starting stage of the program and at the background of the proficient budget average level of inflation amounted to 6% during the last 5 years.  The amount of foreign investments will increase 6 times in the course of next 5 years - The investments will exceed the GDP to 15% and will amount to 10 billion dollars in total.  The budgets will be proficient - During the upcoming years the budget surplus will amount to minimum 0.5% of the GDP.  The tax regime will be supportive to employment, accumulation and economic growth - The income tax will be reduced to 15%. Other types of taxes on personal profit will be non- existent and the capital taxes will be abolished.  Georgia will turn into an international financial center - The country will attract the financial resources from the entire region. The attractiveness will depend on simple and low taxes, transparent financial regulations and a reformed economy. In effect of this, not less than 12 billion dollars of financial resources will be allocated. Trustful financial institutions will be operating in the banking, insurance and reinsurance spheres, as well as in trade with securities.  The Fund for Future Generations and the Fund for Stable Development will be created. The Fund for Future Generations will accommodate about 30% of the fiscal surplus/remains and 75% of privatization/capital income. The fund will also accumulate minimum 5 billion GEL and its management will be undertaken by the leading financial institutions of the world.  The Fund for Stable Development will take the surplus/remains amounting to 25% and 25% of the investment/capital income; it will accumulate about 3 million GEL.  The export share in the GDP will reach 40% - In effect of liberal trade policies, economic growth and development of free industrial zones the economy will be more projected to exports.  Only a small amount of property will remain in the hands of the state - More flexible and effective forms of privatization will be implemented. Management of the already existing companies will be undertaken by private operators in all sectors of economy.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-18

 Export undertaken through free trade will amount to more than 80% of the total export volume - The free trade regime will be enacted with the European Union, the USA, Turkey, the European free trade zone and the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council.  The guaranteed property right - In effect of the constitutional and legislative changes as well as by way of improvement of the judiciary practices, the degree of inviolability of private property will increase and it will be ensured not only by the legislative but on the implementation and comprehension levels as well.  The credit rating of the country will be improved - Under the findings of the internationally acknowledged research studies, the assessments will increase to minimum 4 scores.  Evaluation of the investment environment of the country will be improved - In the international comparative analysis of the business environment Georgia's indicators will exceed the average indicators of the countries of the European Union.

Wellbeing of the Population

 1/3 of the budget will be directed towards the social programs - This indicator will be firmly maintained during the next 5 years. Effectiveness of expenditure and its goal-orientation will be increased. The practice of extending "plain" aid without any definite address will be substituted by the principle of goal-directed help. Consolidation of the society will take place.  Employment will increase by way of active economic activity - Foreign investments amounting to about 10 billion will ensure the creation of 200 thousand new jobs.  Poverty will be substantially reduced - In 5 years number of the beneficiaries will decrease to 25%.  In effect of the completed pension reform the volume and quality of the pension package will be increased - The pension package will reach 100 dollars and it will constitute one of the components of poverty reduction strategy.  Positive migration will be maintained - Factual number of the population will increase to 150 thousand and the number of repatriates will exceed the number of emigrants.  The healthcare infrastructure will develop - 100 hospitals, constructed and equipped in compliance with modern standards will start functioning on a full scale.  Accessibility of medical care in rural areas - The village population will be provided by available medical care and more than 1000 well equipped village physicians will be at their service.  Public/ Compulsory insurance police will embrace 1 200 000 people - Members of each family graded below the poverty line will be able to benefit from the insurance package. The state backed insurance system will also be available to the schoolteachers, the operative military forces and the police. Insurance will be compulsory to all public servants.  The Praiseworthy Beginning program will be continued - The program will embrace 600 000 beneficiaries in 5 years.

Logistics, Transport and the Infrastructure

 The Poti free industrial zone will start its operation on full-fledged terms - The industrial zone will attract investments amounting to about 1.5 billion dollars and approximately 20 000 people will be employed. Effective operation of the free industrial zone will bring about development of industrial infrastructure and services across the region.  The Poti port infrastructure will be enlarged - The cargo turnover of the Poti port will increase up to 12 million tons. The port will process about 270 000 containers annually.  The Batumi port and the Kulevi terminals will be completely enacted - They will be engaged in processing and transportation of the raw oil products from Azerbaijan and Central Asia and these two facilities will become a major network of such activities.  The road infrastructure will be improved - Construction of the Eastern segment of the main highway will be completed; in addition, approximately 30% of the road fund will be rehabilitated.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-18

 Intensity of the air traffic and the number of the flights will be increased - Number of the air companies will be increased and number of the passengers will grow twice; approximately three international airports will be put into operation.  The Georgian Railways will turn into a successful corporation - Trade with the shares of the corporation will be undertaken at the leading and developed stock exchanges. The railway infrastructure will be developed; project of the roundabout railway will be implemented which will discharge the Tbilisi center from the abundant traffic.  The railway connections across China-Georgia-Europe will be settled - Construction of the Karsi-Akhalkalaki railway will be completed and the Georgian Railways will be connected to Turkey.  The real estate market will be developed dynamically - Volume of the construction will be increased twice during the next 5 years and diversification of the building product will take place.  More than 500 extra megawatt of hydro power will be produced - During the next 5years utilization of the hydro resource potential will be increased up to 13%; contribution of the hydro resources in the production of the energy resources will increase to 90% compared to the previous 25%.  Sustainability of the energy system will grow forth - Further regulation of the sector will continue; energy generation as well as its supply will be stabilized and diversified. Most part of the electric energy will be generated by means of the renewable resources (hydro-resources). Diversification of the import sources of the electric energy will be ensured. The energy system will operate in parallel regime with the neighboring countries.  Export of the electric energy will increase - Positive trade balance will be maintained and it's going to be increased three times compared to the indicator of 2007.  Diversification of the fuel sources for the rural population has been undertaken - The gasification program was implemented and therefore, in effect of regulations undertaken in the gas system and as a result of attracting additional capital to this sector the number of gasified settlements will increase.  The Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) optical fiber cable route will be put to operation - Transmission of large portions of information between Europe and Asia will be ensured.  Automation of the population will increase twice - The inequality in providing internet opportunities to the urban and rural population will be considerably reduced.  Accessible facilities for electronic payments will become available - Electronic payment system will be introduced, by means of cellular phones included. An available system of electronic payments will be enacted.

Agriculture and the Natural Resources

 Increase of effectiveness of the agricultural sector and its commercialization - Direct share of the average farming enterprises in the agricultural sector. During the next 5 years, export of the agricultural products will equal to 25% of the total exports; the territory supplied with the irrigation systems will be enlarged 2.5 times (from 130 thousand hectares to 300 thousand hectares).  More than 200 enterprises for processing agricultural products will be created - More than 10 thousand people will be employed and about 100 000 persons will be involved in the process. Development of the agricultural sector will enhance successful implementation of the governmental program: 100 New Processing Plants in Rural Areas.  The private sector will undertake management of the natural resources - The expiry terms will be increased on licenses for utilizing the natural resources. This will ensure economic efficiency on one hand and will reduce to minimum pollution and contamination of the environment on the other.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-18

Education, Culture and Sports

 Competitiveness of the universities will increase - In effect of implementation of the Education City Program the high education institutions will be involved in modern education and learning process. Quality of the studies will level up with the international standards. The Education City Program will be accomplished and 30 000 students involved in this program will get competitive education matching all modern international standards; more than 3 000 scholars will also be involved in the scientific research process; the quality of high education and integration of scholarly activities will increase considerably too.  Private education system will also develop in parallel to the public education system - Private investments will be allocated which will make the country a leading educational center in the region.  All public schools will be compliant to the modern standards - The Deer Leap Program will be successfully implemented and within the framework of the said program all public schools will be equipped with computers; this will enable them to be connected to the global network.  The program of rehabilitation of the sports infrastructure will be implemented - About 50 sports centers will be constructed all across Georgia which will be compliant to the modern standards. 3000 sportsmen with special skills and talent will be granted through a voucher system and 3000 children, living beyond the poverty line will also benefit from the Get Healthy Program.

The Public Sector

 The public sector will be based on the principles of dignity - For the purpose of increasing efficiency of the public sector the principles of its management will be brought closer to those of the private sector. Elements of the contact system will be implemented in the public sector; measurable mechanisms of evaluation of the performance of public institutions and clear criteria of monitoring will also be implemented; in effect of all these measures a flexible, transparent, effective and compact public sector will be created which will be guided by a special supervision system over the high officials.  The anticorruption reforms will be maintained and developed further - The system of property and financial declarations will be improved in the public sector. The norms of the code of ethics will be implemented; the system of employment and promotion will be more transparent and the mobility between the public and private sectors will also increase.  Electronic signatures and the unified governmental network will be implemented - The practice of using electronic signatures and electronic documents will be put into operation both in the private as well as in public sectors.

The Defense and Law Enforcement Systems

 Formation of the armed forces matching the NATO standards will be completed - Georgia's armed forces will move to the completely professional pattern. Optimization of management of the armed forces will be undertaken and the combating power of the army will be strengthened forth.  Reform of the law enforcement service has been undertaken - The quality of execution of the court decisions in due and effective time will be ensured.  Penitentiary system will be brought closer to the international standards - Rehabilitation of the prisons and jails will be undertaken; living conditions of the inmates as well as their maintenance and healthcare will be improved. Effectiveness of the probation system will be increased. Effective mechanisms of protecting the rights of the prisoners and their re- socialization will be drafted.  The quality of protecting the rights on life and property will be strengthened by the police - The trust and confidence extended to the police forces by the population will grow. The management system of emergency and crisis situations will be improved. For the purpose of increasing qualification and based on the international practices permanent mechanisms of training of the policemen will be implemented.

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes

Annex 2-19: Bibliography

1. Gender Index Gender Equality and Social Institutions in Georgia http://genderindex.org./country/georgia 2. Republic of Georgia Millennium Development Goals Progress Report for 2004-2005 3. Republic of Georgia National Statistics Office Website http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=0&lang=eng 4. Republic of Georgia Department of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia Women and Men in Georgia: A Statistical Booklet. Tbilisi. 2008 5. Republic of Georgia Social Service Agency http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=69&mid=743&lang=2 6. UNDP and SIDA Gender Dimensions of the Financial Policy of Georgia Tbilisi 2009 7. UNDP Georgia Human Development Report: The Reforms and Beyond 2008 8. World Bank Georgia Poverty Assessment 2009 9. World Health Organization ―Mixed Progress toward the MDG in the WHO European Region‖ (Factsheet) 2007 10. Asian Development Bank, Georgia: Interim Operational Strategy 2009-2009, January 2008 11. The United Nations Association of Georgia, MDG Georgia Progress Report, 2006 12. Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Programme of Georgia, Tbilisi, June 2003 13. CARE International in the Caucasus, Poverty in Georgia – Features, Causes, Responses, Tbilisi, June 2010 14. State Strategy for Internally Displaced Persons – Persecuted, Tbilisi, 2007 15. UNICEF, Report on the Georgia Welfare Monitoring Survey, 2009 16. Task Force for Regional Development in Georgia, Strategy Recommendation for Regional Development in Georgia for the Years 2011-2017, Tbilisi, 2010 17. Task Force for Regional Development in Georgia, Regional Development in Georgia, Diagnostic Report, Tbilisi, 2009 18. Nana Shumbadze and George Tarkhan-Mouravi, Gender and Society in Samtskhe- Javakheti, Georgia, Institute for Policy Studies, Tbilisi, 2005 19. Social Service Agency Website, http://www.ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=69&lang=2 20. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Website http://www.ncdc.ge/W3/Page4_1_ge.htm 21. WHO Country Profile, Website, http://www.who.int/countries/geo/en/

22. WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation, http://www.wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html

23. WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation, ―MDG assessment report 2008‖, http://www.wssinfo.org/resources/documents.html 24. Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Assistance, (MoHLSA) Website http://www.healthministry.ge/international_programs/int_healthcare_programs.php

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Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy & Regulatory Framework for Georgia Final Report: Output 2 – Social & Gender Development Strategy - Annexes Annex 2-19

25. Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia Website, http://www.mra.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1#index/56/ENG

ADB Documents 1. Asian Development Bank, Poverty Handbook, Analysis and Processes to Support ADB Operations, 2006 2. Asian Development Bank, Handbook on Social Analysis, 2007 3. Asian Development Bank, Georgia: Developing an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Strategy and Regulatory Framework for Georgia, February 2010 4. Asian Development Bank, Gender and Development, Our Framework – Policies and Strategies, June 2003 5. Asian Development Bank, Proposed Loan, Georgia: Municipal Services Development Project – Phase 2, July 2009 6. Asian Development Bank, Water for All: The Water Policy of the Asian Development Bank, 2001 7. Asian Development Bank, Asian Water Development Outlook, Achieving water security for Asia, 2007 8. Asian Development Bank, Gender and Development Plan of Action (2008-2010), December 2007

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