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La Placa Base Del Pc MANTENIMIENTO DE EQUIPOS INFORMÁTICOS Ignacio Moreno Velasco UNIVERSIDAD DE BURGOS Versión 7.4. Octubre 2019 4.- LA PLACA BASE DEL PC. Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos Tabla de contenido 4.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN 3 4.2.- CHIPSET 5 4.2.1.- Buses: 6 4.2.1.1.- Interfaz de bus 6 4.2.2.- Puente Norte 7 4.2.2.1.- Bus del sistema 7 Front Side Bus (FSB). Intel® ............................................................................................................................. 7 QuickPath Interconnect (QPI)Intel®: ................................................................................................................ 9 DMI (Direct Media Interface) ........................................................................................................................ 10 Bus del sistema de AMD: Hypertransport .................................................................................................... 11 4.2.3.- Puente Sur 13 4.2.3.1.- Bus de enlace 13 Ejemplo: Intel Direct Media Interface (DMI) ................................................................................................ 13 Ejemplo: Bus Hypertransport ........................................................................................................................ 14 4.2.4.- Evolución del chipset 17 4.2.4.1.- Pentium II-III, K6-Athlon 17 Bus del sistema (host bus) ........................................................................................................................... 17 Bus de enlace ................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.2.4.2.- Pentium 4-Athlon XP 19 Ejemplo: Chipset VIA Apollo P4X333. ........................................................................................................... 19 Ejemplo: Chipset 82875P. ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.2.4.3.- Arquitectura PCI Express 21 Intel ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 AMD, nVIDIA ................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.5.- Ejemplos 23 4.2.5.1.- Sistemas de sobremesa 23 Intel Serie 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.5.2.- Estaciones de trabajo y servidores 25 Intel C600 para procesadores Xeon E5 ....................................................................................................... 25 AMD Chipset para procesadores Opteron ................................................................................................... 25 Tema 4: Placa base del PC versión 7.4 2/25 Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos 4.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN Es una placa de circuito impreso (PCB: Printed Circuit Board) que soporta y conecta físicamente los elementos fundamentales de un ordenador: Microprocesador, memoria, chipset, tarjetas de periféricos, conectores, así como otros componentes electrónicos (condensadores, bobinas, etc.). En la imagen podemos observar una placa base para Intel® Core i7 del fabricante MSI: Figura 1: Imagen de placa base MSI Z68A‐GD80. www.msi.com Tema 4: Placa base del PC versión 7.4 3/25 Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos La siguiente figura muestra un ejemplo de esquema funcional de una placa base actual: Microprocesador PCIe CPU0 Controla Interfaz de BUS dor de BUS DE MEMORIA RAM CPU1 memoria BUS DEL SISTEMA BUS Puente sur Interfaz Ranura PCI-e Externo Ranura PCI-e S-ATA Disco Ranura PCI-e duro Interfaz SATA PCIe Test On On Smart Re place DVD SWITCH Loa dLine Battery Boost B attery Ba ttery Periféricos Interfaz Interfaz USB SPI BIOS Teclado BUS Interfaz SPI PCI Ratón Bus externo USB Bus expansión I C P Ranura S U Tarjeta Bus serie punto a punto B Heredada Bus paralelo compartido Figura 2: Diagrama de bloques funcional de una placa base genérica. Ignacio Moreno Velasco Tema 4: Placa base del PC versión 7.4 4/25 Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos 4.2.- CHIPSET Tras el microprocesador, el chipset es el conjunto de circuitos integrados más importante de la placa base. Asume las funciones más importantes del sistema que no se hallen integradas en el microprocesador. Así, dependiendo del microprocesador para el que esté diseñado, puede estar formado por uno o dos circuitos integrados, que gestionarán la comunicación del micro con: La memoria: Tanto la RAM (controlador de memoria) como el BIOS-ROM. Los buses de expansión: PCI, PCI-Express. Los buses periféricos: USB, Serial ATA, SPI, etc. El bus gráfico: PCI-Express, AGP. También es habitual que incluya periféricos como el reloj de tiempo real o la memoria CMOS-RAM. Esta dependencia del micro hace que un chipset solo sirva para una familia de micros, aunque puede haber varios chipsets compatibles con un mismo micro. El chipset determinará en gran medida las prestaciones de la placa base según las funciones que asuma. Por ejemplo: Soporte multiprocesador. Si asume el control de la RAM: el tipo (DDR-2, DDR-3), la cantidad, soporte de parity-checking, ECC… Soporte PCI (versión 2.1 ó 2.3, 32 ó 64 bits), versión de PCI-Express 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, … Cantidad y versión de buses USB, Serial ATA. Cada chipset requiere de una versión específica del BIOS, pues las rutinas BIOS se encargan de la configuración del chipset, lo que requiere procesos de R/W en los registros de configuración. Además, las rutinas BIOS permiten el acceso al hardware conectado (mediante, p.ej., interrupciones hardware). Este chipset consta de dos circuitos integrados. El puente norte (IOH) ya no incluye el controlador de memoria. Actualmente, la integración en el mismo die que la CPU de otros elementos como el procesador de gráficos (GPU) e incluso de puertos PCI-Express ha provocado la aparición de chipsets con un único circuito integrado que realiza el resto de funciones que no asume el microprocesador. (Véase Figura 2) Intel® Figura 3: Diagrama de bloques de un sistema basado en el chipset Intel X58 Tema 4: Placa base del PC versión 7.4 5/25 Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos 4.2.1.- BUSES: Los buses habituales de una placa base son actualmente: Bus externo del micro o Bus del sistema (Host Bus) Bus de memoria. Bus del sistema gráfico (Antes AGP, actualmente PCI Express). Buses de expansión: (Antes PCI, actualmente PCI Express). Buses externos: USB, ATA, Serial ATA, eSATA, … Bus de gestión del sistema SMBus (System Management Bus). Bus SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) con el usualmente se conecta el BIOS-ROM. El término “ancho de banda” (BW = BandWidth) se usa para referirse a la cantidad teórica de datos que puede transportar el bus por unidad de tiempo. Sin embargo, el ancho de banda es un parámetro que debe expresarse en hercios (Hz) y por lo tanto debe referirse, en todo caso, a un rango de frecuencias. 4.2.1.1.- Interfaz de bus Cuando en un sistema conviven varios buses, se necesitan circuitos integrados que permitan la comunicación entre ellos. El propio bus PCI necesita una interfaz (también llamado controlador PCI) para poder conectarse al micro a través del Bus del sistema. Dispositivo 1 BUS DE BUS EXPANSIÓN EXTERNO Interfaz Dispositivo n Figura 4: Ejemplo de Interfaz hardware entre dos buses. La interfaz de bus, también conocida como “controladora”, puede adoptar diversas formas: Tarjeta insertada en algún bus de expansión. Circuito integrado sobre la placa base. Hallarse integrado en alguno de los circuitos del chipset. Propuesto 4.1: Proponer un ejemplo real, asignando nombres propios al diagrama de bloques de la Figura 4. Figura 5: Elementos básicos de una interfaz hardware. Registro de datos: Almacen temporal (bufer) de los datos que llegan o van a la CPU. Registro de control: Aquí se escribe la configuración de funcionamiento. Registro de estado: De aquí puede leerse el estado de la transmisión y de la interfaz. Lógica de E/S: donde se realiza la conversión de los datos a nivel lógico y físico. P. ej. De paralelo a serie. Tema 4: Placa base del PC versión 7.4 6/25 Ignacio Moreno Velasco Apuntes Mantenimiento de Equipos Informáticos 4.2.2.- PUENTE NORTE Figura 6: Detalle de puente norte dentro un chipset. Ignacio Moreno Velasco Es el circuito integrado que comunica al micro con las partes del sistema que no se hallen integradas en el propio micro, haciendo además de puente entre el bus externo del micro (bus del sistema) y el puente sur (bus de enlace). Dependiendo del microprocesador con el que se comunique, puede contener o no: Controlador de memoria (bus de memoria). Interfaz con el sistema gráfico (bus gráfico). Unidad de Procesamiento Gráfico (GPU) 4.2.2.1.- Bus del sistema Actualmente, dentro de las arquitecturas x86, el bus del sistema se implementa mediante dos tecnologías distintas según se trate de microprocesadores Intel, que usan el bus QPI, o AMD que usan HyperTransport. Front Side Bus (FSB). Intel® Es el bus que usaron los micros Intel desde finales de los años 90 hasta la arquitectura Core. Se trata de un bus paralelo, bidireccional, compartido, de 64 bits de datos cuyas últimas versiones transmiten 4 datos por ciclo de reloj (quad pumped) aunque el bus de
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