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Download Manual 7 AQUAD 7 MANUAL: THE ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE DATA Günter L. Huber Leo Gürtler Softwarevertrieb Günter Huber 2 Copyright Notice: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. AQUAD 7 contains a copy of the GNU General Public License in the function group "Help" -> "About AQUAD." See also <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. Warranty Notice, GNU General Public License, paragraphs 15 and 16: "15. Disclaimer of Warranty. THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee." 3 In this manual registered trade-marks are used: Athlon is a trade-mark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Delphi is a trade-mark of Embarcadero Technologies, Inc. DivX is the trade-mark of DIVXNETWORKS, Inc. Pentium is a trade-mark of Intel, Inc. Windows and Word are trade-marks of Microsoft Corporation WordPerfect is a trade-mark of Corel Corporation SPSS is the trade-mark of SPSS, Inc. In addition, there are references to products of the following companies: Audacity Team, Irfan Skiljan, Online Media Technologies Ltd. 2. Edition 2015 Authors: Günter L. Huber and Leo Gürtler © Softwarevertrieb Günter Huber , Viktor-Renner-Str. 39, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Phone +49 7071 885147 e-mail: [email protected] 4 Content Introducion 9 Chapter 1 What you need to know before you start 13 1.1 AQUAD and your computer 13 1.2 The structure of AQUAD 14 1.2.1 Modules and menues 14 1.2.2 Individual files and file catalogs 21 1.2.3 Paper print-outs and result transferability 21 1.2.4 How to get out of AQUAD 2 2 1.3 How Aquad facilitates to find out the meaning of data 23 1.3.1 Sequence analysis: The reconstruction of latent structures of meaning 23 1.3.2 Content analysis: Qualitative content analysis / Quantitative content analysis 25 1.4 Tables or matrices 27 1.5 Exploration of linkages and regularities 27 1.6 How AQUAD deals with the exploration of causality 29 Chapter 2 How to get AQUAD ready for your analysis 31 2.1 Installation of AQUAD 3 1 2.1.1 The installation program 31 2.1.2 Starting AQUAD for the first time 34 2.2 How to set up a new project 34 Chapter 3 How to get texts ready for analysis 37 3.1 Format your text documents 37 3.2 Provide proper file names 37 3.3 Convert text files into the format ANSI Text (*.txt) 38 3.4 Define a project (or various projects) 40 Chapter 4 How to prepare multimedia files for an analysis in AQUAD 4 3 (Leo Gürtler) 4.1 Pictures as data 43 4.2 Sound recordings (audios) as data 44 4.3 Videos as data 46 5 Chapter 5 How to carry out a sequence analysis 51 5.1 Preparing the texts 51 5.2 Generating hypotheses 53 5.2.1 About the theoretical background 53 5.2.2 Principles for generating hypotheses 54 5.2.3 Combine hypotheses in text versions (grouping of hypotheses) 56 5.3 Testing the hypotheses 57 5.4 Generating and testing hypotheses in a sequence analysis with AQUAD 5 7 5.4.1 Generating and grouping hypotheses 57 5.4.2 Testing the hypotheses 61 Chapter 6 How to carry out a qualitative content analysis 63 6.1 Which are the steps in a qualitative content analysis? 63 6.2 How to reduce qualitative data? 64 6.3 General structure of the process of analysis 66 6.4 How to find units of meaning and codes? 69 6.4.1 How to find categorial codes? 70 Applying pre-determined category systems 70 Hypothesis-based categorization 71 Categories by theory-building 71 6.4.2 How to find sequential codes? 73 Looking for simple sequences 73 Looking for complex patterns of sequences 73 6.4.3 How to find thematic codes? 74 6.5 How to reconstruct systems of meaning? 74 6.5.1 Reconstruction from the context of particular data 75 6.5.2 Reconstruction by testing particular relations 75 6.6 How to compare relations of meaning? 75 Chapter 7 Special questions about coding 77 7.1 How to code data? 77 7.1.1 Types of codes 77 7.1.2 Loading AQUAD and starting the module "QUALitative content analysis" 79 7.1.3 Choosing text files for coding 81 7.1.4 Rules of codification 81 7.1.5 How to delete or replace codes? 85 7.1.6 How to get an overview on codes? 87 7.1.7 How to add some comments to your codes? 89 7.1.8 In case a little help is necessary 90 7.1.9 Why not have AQUAD do more work: semi-automatic coding 90 7.1.10 Reading codes from a print-out 91 7.1.11 What is a master code file - and why would you want to delete it? 91 7.1.12 How to code graphic data 92 Principles 9 2 Coding texts available in graphic format (JPG) 9 4 6 The function "zoom" vs. viewing pictures in original size 9 4 7.1.13 How to code audio data 96 Managing the "media player" 96 A general strategy for coding audio data 98 In any case: Transcribing important data segments 9 9 7.1.14 How to code video data 99 7.2 How to edit texts and codings? 99 7.2.1 How to edit texts? 99 7.2.2 How to edit codings? 100 7.3 What are meta-codes good for? 100 7.3.1 Modify code files: Add meta-codes 102 7.3.2 Modify code files: Replace codes by a meta-code 103 7.3.3 Reconstruct previous codings 103 7.4 How to enter multiple codes? 104 7.5 How to use keywords? 105 7.5.1 Looking for words in data texts 105 7.5.2 Looking for keywords in its context 106 Chapter 8 How to work with codes 109 8.1 How to retrieve codes 109 8.1.1 Retrieving coded text segments and particular codes 109 8.1.2 How to retrieve specific structures of coding 111 Nested codes 111 Overlapping codes 113 Multiple codes 113 Sequence of codes 114 Repetition of sequences 114 8.1.3 Digression: Distance between data segments 115 8.1.4 How to learn about unused codes 117 8.1.5 How to retrieve codes, count them and enter their frequencies into a table 117 8.2 How to assemble coded data segments and examine how codes are associated with each other 117 8.2.1 Associations within the context of unconditioned categories: Searching for codes 118 8.2.2 Associations within the context of conditioned categories: Table analysis 119 How to design a table 120 How to edit a table 122 How to run a table analysis 122 8.3 Associations in form of simple sequences of codes: Checking linkages 123 8.3.1 Which linkage structures are available in AQUAD? 124 General analysis / Examples 124 How to compare codes of two speakers 130 8.3.2 How to create and apply sequence codes 135 8.3.3 How to construct linkages 136 8.3.4 Linkage construction step by step 139 8.3.5 How to create and apply sequence codes 142 7 Chapter 9 How to carry out a quantitative content analysis 145 9.1 Counting words 145 9.2 Counting suffixes 148 9.3 How to exclude parts of texts from a word analysis 148 Chapter 10 How to deal with the memos of the researcher 149 10.1 What are memos good for? 149 10.2 How to write memos in AQUAD 150 10.2.1 Writing memos during coding 150 10.2.2 Access to memos from the main menu 151 10.3 How to retrieve your memos 152 10.3.1 Retrieving memos during coding 152 10.2.2 Retrieving memos from the main menu 153 Chapter 11 How to carry out an implicant analysis (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) 155 11.1 How to write data tables 155 11.2 How to convert your data in truth values 157 11.3 How to examine implicants of "positive" or "negative" criteria 158 11.4 What else can we do with implicants? 160 11.5 Functions of implicants in the process of theory building 162 Chapter 12 How to combine qualitative and quantitative analyses 163 12.1 The debate about qualitative vs.
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