DOCSLIB.ORG

Content Analysis Describes How GAO Can Use This Methodology in Its Audits and Evaluations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Content Analysis Describes How GAO Can Use This Methodology in Its Audits and Evaluations . ) Preface ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY GAO assists congressional decisionmakers in their deliberations by furnishing them with analytical information. Many diverse methodologies are needed to develop sound and timely answers to the questions that the Congress poses. To provide GAO evaluators with basic information about the more commonly used methodologies, GAO's policy guidance includes documents such as methodology transfer papers and technical guidelines. · This transfer paper on content analysis describes how GAO can use this methodology in its audits and evaluations. It defines content analysis and details how to decide whether it is appropriate and, if so, how to develop an analysis plan. The paper also specifies how to code documents, analyze the data, and avoid pitfalls at each stage. Several software packages useful for GAO audits and evaluations are described. Content Analysis: A Methodology for Structuring and Analyzing Written Material is one of a series of papers issued by the Program Evaluation and Methodology Division (PEMD). The purpose of the series is to provide GAO evaluators with guides to various aspects of audit and evaluation methodology, to illustrate applications, and to indicate where more detailed information is available. Page 1 GAO/PEMD-10.3.1 Content Analysis )) 0 c. A J, 13 '. Preface O_C"\'1 D - \C -::: ·) L I 1 I ! __.,Jr ...,,c, We look forward to receiving comments from the readers of this paper. They should be addressed to Joseph F. Delfi.co at (202) 512-2900. Brian P. Crowley Assist.ant Comptroller General Office of Policy Joseph F. Delfi.co Acting Assistant Comptroller General Program Evaluation and Methodology Division Page2 GAO/PEMD-10.3.1 Content Analysis ------ -~--- -------------------- --- ~-------~------ .\ Page3 GAO/PEMD-l0.3.1 Content Analysis Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1 6 A Definition of Content Analysis 6 What Content The Uses of Content Analysis 7 Analysis Is Computerized Content Analysis 9 Some Advantages of Content Analysis 9 Some Disadvantages of Content Analysis 10 How to Apply Content Analysis 11 The Organization of This Paper 12 Chapter2 14 Assignment Objectives 14 Deciding Whether Data Available or to Be Collected 15 to Use Content Kinds of Data Required 15 Analysis Kinds of Analysis Required 16 Resources Needed 17 Chapter 3 19 Defining the Variables 19 Planning a Selecting Material for Analysis 22 Content Analysis Defining the Recording Unit 24 Developing an Analysis Plan 26 Chapter4 30 Creating Codes 30 Coding the Coding Options 31 Textual Material Coder Selection and Training 32 The Potential for Coding Error 33 Selecting and Managing Documents 35 Applying Codes 36 Using a Computer to Code 39 Chapter 5 42 Preparing for Data Analysis 42 Analyzing the Estimating Reliability 42 Data Counting a Code's Frequency 43 Page4 GAO/PEMD-10.3.l Content Analysis Contents Finding Associations 43 Reporting the Methodology and Results 45 Chapter6 46 Planning 46 Avoiding Pitfalls Coding 48 Analyzing and Reporting the Data 50 Appendixes Appendix I: Analysis of Qualitative Data 52 Appendix II: Software for Content Analysis 54 Appendix III: Intercoder Reliability 64 Bibliography 68 Glossary 74 Papers in This 75 Series Tables Table 1.1: Seven Steps in Conducting a 12 Content Analysis Table 5.1: Frequency of Stars and Stripes 44 Stories on Selected Topics Table Il. l: Software Features Relevant to 55 Content Analysis Table III.l: Codes Applied by Two Coders 64 Table Ill.2: Observed Co-occurrences of 65 Codes Figures Figure 4.1: A Coded Passage 30 Figure 4.2: Overlapping Codes 37 Figure 4.3: Nested Codes 38 Abbreviations AID Agency for International Developm~nt DOD Department of Defense GAO General Accounting Office VA Department of Veterans' Affairs Page 5 GAO/PEMD-10.3.1 Content Analysis -- ------------- --- - -----------------~--~--~~~--~--~~~~~""---~~~~--- Chapter 1 What Content Analysis Is A Definition of In content analysis, evaluators classify the key ideas in a written communication, such as a report, article, Content Analysis or film. Evaluators can do content analysis of video, film, and other forms of recorded information, but in this paper, we focus on analyzing words. Here is a formal definition of content analysis: it is a systematic research method for analyzing textual information in a standardized way that allows evaluators to make inferences about that information. (Weber, 1990, pp. 9-12, and Krippendorff, 1980, pp. 21-27) Another expression of this is as follows: "A central idea in content analysis is that the many words of the text are classified into much fewer content categories." (Weber, 1990, p. 12) The classification process, called "coding," consists of marking text passages with short alphanumeric codes. This creates "categorical variables" that represent the original, verbal information and that can then be analyzed by standard statistical methods. The text passages can come from structured interviews, focus group discussions, case studies, open-ended questions on survey instruments, workpapers, agency documents, and previous evaluations. 1 Content analysis is particularly useful in GAO work because of the large quantity of written material that evaluators typically collect during a project, especially when it comes from diverse and unstructured sources. To classify a document's key ideas, the evaluator identifies its themes, issues, topics, and so on. The result might be a simple list of the topics in a series of meeting notes. Content analysis can go further if the evaluator counts the frequency of statements, detects subtle differences in their intensity, or examines issues over time, in different situations, or from different groups. 1See appendix I for a brief discussion of related forms of textual analysis. Babbie (1992) and Weber (1990) give an overview of the form of content analysis we discuss in this paper. Page6 GAO/PEMD-10.3.l Content Analysis Chapter 1 What Content Analysis Is Thus, content analysis can not only help summarize the formal content of written material; it can also describe the attitudes or perceptions of the author of that material. For example, if an evaluator wanted to assess the effects of a program on the lives of older people from their perspective, he or she could analyze open-ended interview responses to determine their outlook on life, loneliness, or security. Similarly, an evaluator could assess the effect of Voice of America broadcasts by analyzing the content of Soviet newspaper articles and radio broadcasts. (Inkeles, 1952) Here are several ways in which GAO evaluators 'have The Uses of successfully used content analysis techniques. Content Analysis 1. In Stars and Stripes: Inherent Conflicts Lead to Allegations of Military Censorship (GAO, 1988), GAO evaluators used content analysis to help assess issues of censorship, news management, and other influences on various editions of the military newspaper. Details of technique and substance from this report are used as examples throughout this · transfer paper. 2. In Student Loans: Direct Loans Could Save Billions in First 5 Years With Proper Implementation (GAO, 1992c), GAO evaluators examined transcripts of focus groups discussing the difficulty of implementing a student loan program. The participants' views on whether the Department of Education could administer a direct loan program were mixed, but the evaluators were able, through content analysis, to highlight the dominant views and the reasons for them. 3. Federal Employment: How Federal Employees View the Government As a Place to Work (GAO, Page 7 GAO/PEMD-10.3.1 Content Analysis Chapter 1 What Content Analysis Is 1992a) reported that while the majority of the survey respondents looked favorably on working for the government, many did not. The evaluators used content analysis to assess the respondent's insightful, written comments to open-ended questions. An appendix in the report is devoted to the analysis of these comments. 4. Another excellent example of the use of content analysis appears in Women in the Military: Deployment in the Persian Gulf War (GAO, 1993c). For this study, the evaluators gave a primarily positive assessment of women's performance, using content analysis to determine that while men and women endured similarly harsh encampment facilities and conditions, both men and women considered health and hygiene problems inconsequential and their cohesion in mixed-gender units effective. 5. Among other fine examples of the use of content analyis is Veterans' Health Care: Veterans' Perceptions of VA Services and VA's Role in Health Care Reform (GAO, 1994a). The report's scope and methodology section details the analysis and summary of veterans' views that changing the VA system could, among other things, diminish or eliminate their benefits as well as harm them both emotionally and in terms of their specialized health care needs. Other uses of content analysis in GAO reports include an analysis of transcripts of focus groups on people's ability to participate in food assistance programs (GAO, 1990), an analysis of descriptive text on the maintenance of aging aircraft (GAO, 1993a), and an analysis of open-ended discussions with Amerasian immigrants on their experiences in Vietnam, the Philippines, and the United States (GAO, 1994b). Page 8 GAO/PEMD-10.3.1 Content Analysis Chapter I What Content Analysis Is The increasing availability of written information on Computerized computer files, and the increasing number of Content Analysis computer programs to analyze text files, makes content analysis easier
Load more

Recommended publications
  • QPN-Vol1.Pdf
    Qualitative Psychology Nexus: Vol. 1 Mechthild Kiegelmann (Ed.) Qualitative Research in Psychology Verlag Ingeborg Huber All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced by any process or technique, without the prior permission in writing from the publisher. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to the publisher (see address below). Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data Qualitative research in psychology / Mechthild Kiegelmann (ed.). - 1. ed.. - Schwangau : Huber, 2001 (Qualitative psychology nexus ; Vol. 1) ISBN 3-9806975-2-5 1. Edition 2001 © Verlag Ingeborg Huber Postfach 46 87643 Schwangau, Germany Tel./Fax +49 8362 987073 e-mail: [email protected] Web-Page: http://www.aquad.de ISBN 3-9806975-2-5 Content Preface by the editor 7 Introduction 8 Group I: Examples of Applications of Qualitative Methods, Part I 1. Discussion (summarized by Leo Gürtler) 17 2. Categorizing the Content of Everyday Family Communication Irmentraud Ertel 21 3. Emotions and Learning Strategies at School – Opportunities of Qualitative Content Analysis Michaela Gläser-Zikuda 32 4. The Role of Subjective Theories on Love Leo Gürtler 51 5. Deciding which Kinds of Data to Collect in an Evaluative Study and Selecting a Setting for Data Collection and Analysis Inge M. Lutz 66 6. Dynamics of a Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach to Interactive Reception Thomas Irion 78 7. Cross-Cultural Youth Research as International and Inter- disciplinary Cooperation: The Project “International Learning.” Ilze Plaude and Josef Held 90 Group 2: Examples of Applications of Qualitative Methods, Part II 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Personalizing Predictions of Video-Induced Emotions Using Personal Memories As Context
    A Blast From the Past: Personalizing Predictions of Video-Induced Emotions using Personal Memories as Context Bernd Dudzik∗ Joost Broekens Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Mark Neerincx Hayley Hung Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT match a viewer’s current desires, e.g., to see an "amusing" video, A key challenge in the accurate prediction of viewers’ emotional these will likely need some sensitivity for the conditions under responses to video stimuli in real-world applications is accounting which any potential video will create this experience specifically for person- and situation-specific variation. An important contex- for him/her. Therefore, addressing variation in emotional responses tual influence shaping individuals’ subjective experience of avideo by personalizing predictions is a vital step for progressing VACA is the personal memories that it triggers in them. Prior research research (see the reviews by Wang et al. [68] and Baveye et al. [7]). has found that this memory influence explains more variation in Despite the potential benefits, existing research efforts still rarely video-induced emotions than other contextual variables commonly explore incorporating situation- or person-specific context to per- used for personalizing
    [Show full text]
  • Affective Image Content Analysis: a Comprehensive Survey∗
    Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18) Affective Image Content Analysis: A Comprehensive Survey∗ Sicheng Zhaoy, Guiguang Dingz, Qingming Huang], Tat-Seng Chuax, Bjorn¨ W. Schuller♦ and Kurt Keutzery yDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA zSchool of Software, Tsinghua University, China ]School of Computer and Control Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China xSchool of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore ♦Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK Abstract Specifically, the task of AICA is often composed of three steps: human annotation, visual feature extraction and learn- Images can convey rich semantics and induce ing of mapping between visual features and perceived emo- strong emotions in viewers. Recently, with the ex- tions [Zhao et al., 2017a]. One main challenge for AICA is plosive growth of visual data, extensive research ef- the affective gap, which can be defined as “the lack of coinci- forts have been dedicated to affective image content dence between the features and the expected affective state in analysis (AICA). In this paper, we review the state- which the user is brought by perceiving the signal” [Hanjalic, of-the-art methods comprehensively with respect to 2006]. Recently, various hand-crafted or learning-based fea- two main challenges – affective gap and percep- tures have been designed to bridge this gap. Current AICA tion subjectivity. We begin with an introduction methods mainly assign an image with the dominant (average) to the key emotion representation models that have emotion category (DEC) with the assumption that different been widely employed in AICA.
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative Data Analysis Software: a Call for Understanding, Detail, Intentionality, and Thoughtfulness
    MSVU e-Commons ec.msvu.ca/xmlui Qualitative data analysis software: A call for understanding, detail, intentionality, and thoughtfulness Áine M. Humble Version Post-print/Accepted manuscript Citation Humble, A. M. (2012). Qualitative data analysis software: A call for (published version) understanding, detail, intentionality, and thoughtfulness. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(2), 122-137. doi:10. 1111/j.1756- 2589.2012.00125.x Publisher’s Statement This article may be downloaded for non-commercial and no derivative uses. This article appears in the Journal of Family Theory and Review, a journal of the National Council on Family Relations; copyright National Council on Family Relations. How to cite e-Commons items Always cite the published version, so the author(s) will receive recognition through services that track citation counts. If you need to cite the page number of the author manuscript from the e-Commons because you cannot access the published version, then cite the e-Commons version in addition to the published version using the permanent URI (handle) found on the record page. This article was made openly accessible by Mount Saint Vincent University Faculty. Qualitative Data Analysis Software 1 Humble, A. M. (2012). Qualitative data analysis software: A call for understanding, detail, intentionality, and thoughtfulness. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(2), 122-137. doi:10. 1111/j.1756-2589.2012.00125.x This is an author-generated post-print of the article- please refer to published version for page numbers Abstract Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) programs have gained in popularity but family researchers may have little training in using them and a limited understanding of important issues related to such use.
    [Show full text]
  • Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) 1 Descriptive Presentation of Qualitative Data
    Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) 1 Descriptive Presentation of Qualitative Data Rosemarie Anderson, PhD 2 Professor, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology (www.itp.edu) Consultant, Wellknowing Consulting (www.wellknowingconsulting.org) Introduction. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) is a descriptive presentation of qualitative data. Qualitative data may take the form of interview transcripts collected from research participants or other identified texts that reflect experientially on the topic of study. While video, image, and other forms of data may accompany textural data, this description of TCA is limited to textural data. A number of software programs are available to automate the labeling and grouping of texts and are especially useful in the analysis of numerous transcripts. Generally speaking, though, Microsoft Word can be used effectively for most TCAs and the steps are described below. A satisfactory TCA portrays the thematic content of interview transcripts (or other texts) by identifying common themes in the texts provided for analysis. TCA is the most foundational of qualitative analytic procedures and in some way informs all qualitative methods. In conducting a TCA, the researcher’s epistemological stance is objective or objectivistic. In teaching Qualitative Research Methods, I describe TCA as a form of “low hovering” over the data. The researcher groups and distills from the texts a list of common themes in order to give expression to the communality of voices across participants. Every attempt reasonable is made to employ names for themes from the actual words of participants and to group themes in manner that directly reflects the texts as a whole. While sorting and naming themes requires some level of interpretation, “interpretation” is kept to a minimum.
    [Show full text]
  • A Content Analysis of Client Hope in Psychotherapy Sessions
    Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2008 A content analysis of client hope in psychotherapy sessions Stacie Lyn Cooper Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cooper, Stacie Lyn, "A content analysis of client hope in psychotherapy sessions" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 10. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/10 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CLIENT HOPE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY SESSIONS A clinical dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology by Stacie Lyn Cooper November, 2008 Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This clinical dissertation, written by Stacie Lyn Cooper under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY June 27th, 2008 Faculty Committee: ___________________ Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D., Chairperson ____________________ David Elkins, Ph.D. ____________________ Thomas Greening, Ph.D __________________________
    [Show full text]
  • A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS of MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP Camille Velarde
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Communication ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2014 A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP Camille Velarde Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds Recommended Citation Velarde, Camille. "A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds/83 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Camille R. Velarde Candidate Communication & Journalism Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Tamar Ginossar, Chairperson Dr. Judith White Dr. Stephen Littlejohn ii A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP By Camille R. Velarde B.A., Communication, University of New Mexico, 2009 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 iii Dedication “I used to think I was the strangest person in the world but then I thought there are so many people in the world, there must be someone just like me who feels bizarre and flawed in the same ways I do. I would imagine her, and imagine that she must be out there thinking of me too. Well, I hope that if you are out there and read this and know that, yes, it's true I'm here, and I'm just as strange as you.” ― Frida Kahlo This thesis is dedicated to my sister, Merica.
    [Show full text]
  • Death: a Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016
    Minnesota State University, Mankato Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects Projects 2019 Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016 Aaron Suomala Folkerds Minnesota State University, Mankato Follow this and additional works at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Counselor Education Commons Recommended Citation Folkerds, A. S. (2019). Death: A qualitative content analysis of counseling journals, 1986-2016 [Doctoral dissertation, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/942/ This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016 By Aaron Suomala Folkerds A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education In Counselor Education and Supervision Minnesota State University Mankato, MN June 2019 June 19, 2019 Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986-2016 Aaron Suomala Folkerds This dissertation has been examined and approved by the following members of the student’s committee. Dr. Diane Coursol Advisor Dr. Jacqueline Lewis Committee Member Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Gazeta De Ámsterdam: History and Content Analysis
    ARTÍCULOS Historia y comunicación social ISSN: 1137-0734 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/hics.62466 Gazeta de Ámsterdam: History and content analysis Javier Díaz Noci1 Recibido el: 22 de mayo de 2018. / Aceptado: 31 de mayo de 2019. Abstract. One of the most interesting Spanish-language newspapers of the second half of the seventeenth century was published by a Jewish printer, David de Castro Tartas, and appeared in Amsterdam at least from 1672 and at least until 1702, allegedly with continuity, under the title Gazeta de Amsterdam. It was partially based in translations of news items from other Dutch-language newspapers of its time. Nevertheless, it included news items presumedly collected in Castro’s (and, in the latest years, Manuel Texeira’s) office. The weekly newspaper was addressed to a community of Jewish who were born as Catholics in Portugal and Spain, emigrated to the Republic of the Netherlands due to religious tolerance. David de Castro Tartas launched another Italian-language newspaper,Gazzetta d’Amsterdam. Since new issues of both newspapers have been found recently, we propose to complete the history of Castro’s activity as newspaper editor, not only printer. Using content analysis, we try to underline the importance of this Spanish (and Italian) language printer and editor in the reproduction of material translated and adapted from other newspapers and in the production of news items originally managed in his office. Keywords: Early modern history; Journalism history; Spanish language journalism; Newspaper history [es] Gazeta de Ámsterdam: Historia y análisis de contenido Resumen. Uno de los periódicos más interesantes en lengua española durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII fue publicado en Ámsterdam por un impresor judío, David de Castro Tartas, quien dio a la luzGazeta la de Amsterdam, ciertamente con continuidad, entre al menos 1672 y hasta al menos 1702, si bien en los últimos años cedió el testigo a Manuel Teixeira.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2 Content Analysis : Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects
    UNIT 2 CONTENT ANALYSIS : QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASPECTS Structure 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History of Content Analysis 2.3 Use of Content Analysis 2.4 Types of Content Analysis 2.4.1 Quantitative or Conceptual Analysis 2.4.2 Qualitative or Relational Analysis 2.4.3 Advantages of contint Analysis 2.4.4 Disadvantages of Content Analysis 2.5 Evaluating Web Documents 2.6 Summary 2.7 Answers to Self Check Exercises 2.8 Keywords 2.9 References and Further Reading -. 2.0 OBJECTIVES After studying this unit you will able to: understand what is content? analyze a document using quantitative as well as qualitative techniques; and evaluate a web document using various techniques. 2.1 INTRODUCTION Content analysis is a tool to identify the occurrence of concepts in an exposition. It is nothing but quantification of text or its meaning. An exposition can be an article, book, lecture, interview, conversation, Web page or any other reading material. To conduct a content analysis of any text, the text maybe coded or broken down, into manageable meaningful categories on a variety of levels- word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme-and then examined using any one of the two basic methods of content analysis viz. conceptual analysis or relational analysis. 2.2 HISTORY OF CONTENT ANALYSIS Content analysis is an important job for developing a product in the library parlance, particularly, when we think of bringing information consolidation packages for the user community. It not only consists of analysis of text matter but also the idea that the text carries.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Do Universities Need Either Happiness Education Or Religion Education?
    Why do Universities Need either Happiness Education or Religion Education? -Jeong-Kyu Lee, Ph.D.- <Abstract> This article examines why universities need either happiness education or religion education. To discuss this study systematically, four research questions are stated. First, what are the concepts of religion and happiness? Second, what is the relation between religion and happiness? Third, why do universities need happiness education or religion education? Last, what are the implications for Korean universities? In order to defend the research questions, a descriptive content analysis method will be utilized with a cross cultural approach. As for the limitations of this study, the subject of happiness is adjusted the focus of two lenses of religion and education. The field of religion is limited to three major religions, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity, which greatly influencing Korean religion and culture. This paper is especially focused on The Analects in Confucian Classics, Dahmmapada in Buddhist Sutras, and The Gospels in the Christian Bible. Additionally, education is directed the lens to South Korean higher education. One of research results is that educational administrators and policy makers in Korean higher education should design “Teaching & Research Happiness Frameworks,” providing useful “happiness curricula” and “religious programs” for their students to boost their life satisfaction and well-being. *Completion Date: Sep. 16, 2019. *This academic article is a descriptive position paper. *Key Words: higher education, Korean education, happiness education, religion education, happiness, religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity I. Introduction The purpose of this article is to examine why universities need either happiness education or religion education. To discuss this study systematically, four research questions are stated.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Content Analysis 3
    Defining 1 Content Analysis Distribute _____________________________________An Introductionor Content analysis is one of the most popular and rapidly expanding techniques for quantitative research. Advances in computer applications and in digital media have made the organized study of messages quicker and easier . but not automatically better. This book explores the current optionsPost for quantita - tive analyses of messages. Content analysis may be briefly defined as the systematic, objective, quan- titative analysis of message characteristics. It includes both human-coded analyses and computer-aided text analysis (CATA). Its applications can include the careful examination of face-to-faceCopy, human interactions; the analy- sis of character portrayals in media venues ranging from novels to online videos; the computer-driven analysis of word usage in news media and politi- cal speeches, advertising, and blogs; the examination of interactive content such as video gaming and socialNot media exchanges; and so much more. Content analysis has been applied to many areas of inquiry. It has been used to investigate naturally occurring language (Markel, 1998), newspaper coverage of the greenhouseDo effect (Miller, Boone, & Fowler, 1992), letters to the editor (Perrin & Vaisey, 2008), and how characters of different genders are shown on TV (Greenberg, 1980). It has been used in such highly specific studies as those analyzing Turkish elementary school math books (Özgeldi & Esen, 2010), greenway plans in northwest Indiana (Floress et al., 2009),
    [Show full text]