La Vuelta Del Casco Inglés

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La Vuelta Del Casco Inglés La vuelta del casco inglés. Ad portas de la celebración de los 150 años de la Tercera y en el marco de la misma, en Reunión de Compañía se decide volver a utilizar el casco de presentación estilo británico en reemplazo del casco estilo norteamericano. Sin embargo, tras algunas gestiones de voluntarios y al tomar conocimiento de la calidad y modelos que ofrecía el mercado, dicha decisión fue postergada indefinidamente. Tras casi 10 años, la idea fue retomada por Oficiales y entusiastas voluntarios que recorrieron y revisaron las alternativas de distintos fabricantes de cascos en Santiago y la V Región. Finalmente, tras meses de gestiones, pudo desarrollarse un modelo de casco basado en uno de nuestros viejos cascos de suela, con óptimos resultados. En paralelo, era de interés de la Oficialidad contar con una punta de cimera, la pieza de bronce que corona la cresta o cimera del casco, lo más similar a la original, lo que a la larga generaría una prolongada búsqueda de empresas que pudieran realizar un trabajo a la altura de nuestras expectativas, ya que en el mercado sólo se encontraban reproducciones en latón o bronce dibujados. Fue así como Cristian Arpoulet y su equipo de “Medallas Hours”, de Santiago, aceptó esta propuesta y desarrolló los cuños que nos han permitido obtener una pieza de gran factura. Las dos partes de la punta de cimera, fueron dibujados y esculpidos en dos cuños de acero por un experimentado dibujante y matricero que trabajó en Casa de Moneda, lo que garantizó un trabajo artesanal de gran calidad en los detalles y terminaciones. Hacemos mención a que el formato del número “3” se mantuvo respecto del casco original a fin de respetar la concepción de dicho modelo. Es así que después de 10 años y como una forma de iniciar la celebración de los 160 años de la Compañía, podemos lucir con orgullo nuestro nuevo casco de presentación, junto al uniforme que hace 108 años nos acompaña. Sobre el casco inglés en Chile El origen de este casco, adoptado por la Tercera el año 1905, no está relacionado a los bomberos, sino más bien a la policía británica. Este modelo de casco es conocido como “Custodian Helmet”, y técnicamente llamada “Home Office Pattern Helmet”, y era un casco utilizado por las policías en Inglaterra y el País de Gales. El casco es el tradicional sombrero del conocido "bobby” inglés, usado por condestables (comisarios) y sargentos de patrulla de infantería en Inglaterra desde 1863. Era fabricado con láminas de corcho o en suela. Su diseño se basa en el casco del Ejército del Home Service del Ejército británico (el conocido casco “Pith” o Victorian British Army Home Service), el que a su vez, está basado en el “Pickelhaube”, el tradicional casco prusiano creado en el siglo XIX para el ejército, los bomberos y la policía alemanas. Este modelo de casco fue muy popular en Chile, ya que su uso se extendió a comienzos del 1900, apoyado, en parte, por su estilizado formato y porque también se fabricó en el país. Como el fabricado por la Casa “José Domecq”, fundada en 1918, inscrito en uno de los cascos que son parte de la colección patrimonial de la Compañía. La manufactura de este tipo casco era realizada por varias fábricas en Inglaterra, entre las cuales destacaba “Merryweather & Sons”. Su llegada a Chile, como casco de bomberos, pudo haberse debido a la compra de las bombas a vapor de esta misma fábrica, varias de las primeras bombas a vapor en Chile son de esta fábrica, y a su costo respecto del casco de bomberos de metal diseñado por esta misma fábrica. Probablemente, el primer grupo de cascos comprados por la Tercera fueron fabricados por Merryweather, prueba de ello son los cascos de los primeros mártires de la Compañía, fallecidos en 1907, sólo un par de años después de la llegada de estos cascos. “Merryweather & Sons ” no sólo era conocida por la fabricación de bombas a vapor, de las cuales adquirimos la poderosa “Cachapoal”, sino también porpor ser fabricantes de una infinidad de herramientas de trabajo para bomberos y la industria. Su casco de bomberos de metal llegó a tener un uso muy extendido tras ser adoptado por la London Fire Brigade (LFB) en 1868, y usado en Inglaterra hasta comienzos del 1900. Dicho casco fue diseñado por el afamado capitán Eyre M. Shaw ., Oficial Jefe de la London Metropolitan Fire Brig ade. Los cascos Merryweather, desde finales de la Inglaterra Victoriana, fueron utilizados por los bomberos británicos hasta bien entrado el siglo 20. InspiradoInspirado en los cascos usados por los coraceros del ejérciejércitoto francés, estaban hechos de bronce o níquel. Pero dado que estos materiales son conductores,conductores, lo que era un riesgo de seguridad debido a que se generalizó el uso de la electricidad, fueron cambiados por modelos de nuevos materiales como aluminio, plásticos o volviendo a la tradicional suela de cuero. También en el siglo XIX se podía encontrar otro modelo de cas co, el de estilo “ Edwardian” de suela de cuero. Un casco que también se difundió en los Cuerpos de Bomberos del país. Finalmente, otro casco presente en Chile en el siglo XIX fue el modelo francés, inspirado en los cascos de la caballería militar francesa (coraceros), el que se caracterizaba por una pronunciada cimera. Un poco más de historia del casco y el uniforme de la Tercera En 1905, la Tercera se encontraba con una escasez de cascos de trabajo, hasta ese momento se ha utilizado desde la fundación de la Compañía el casco estilo New Yorker de suela, habitualmente importado desde Estados Unidos. Por lo cual, se decide realizar cotizaciones en las casas de importaciones en Valparaíso para adquirir una partida de cascos norteamericanos. También recibió la oferta del modelo utilizado por la Novena de Santiago. Finalmente, la disponibilidad y precio de dichos cascos inclinó la decisión por éstos últimos. Luego de esta adquisición, la Compañía puso en venta los cascos New Yorker, por los cuales hubo interés inmediato de parte de la 2ª de Santiago, 6ª de Valdivia “i de otras” [1], quienes consultaron su precio, establecido en 10 pesos por cada uno, susceptible de variación. Por la misma fecha, se estaban entregando las indicaciones al sastre La Rosa para la confección de “las levitas para el nuevo uniforme”. Ya se contaba con el “paño lacre” importado [2] recientemente. El costo del paño encargado a Europa tenía un costo de $12 por yarda vendiéndose a los voluntarios al costo [3]. El uso del paño color “lacre” se remontaba a una década antes. Para efectos de informar al Directorio sobre el cambio de uniforme, se formó una comisión con el objeto de recomendar al Superintendente que se evite copiar este nuevo uniforme [3] por otras compañías, probablemente con el objeto de distinguirse de las demás en los incendios. Posteriores adquisiciones de este casco fueron realizadas a través de la Casa Juan G. Searly e hijos [4]. Este modelo de casco, sería reemplazado en 1954, para el Centenario de la Tercera, tras encontrar en el mercado nuevos modelos de cascos de trabajo, con nuevos materiales, que presentaban una mejor protección para los voluntarios de la Compañía. En esa instancia, el voluntario Santiago Franichevic H. diseño la placa o cucarda para este casco. Ahí comienza la era del casco modelo “Skullgard” de MSA de plástico y, en modelos posteriores, de fibra de vidrio que nos acompañó como casco de trabajo hasta 1995, cuando fue reemplazado por el casco Metro 660C de Cairns & Brother, y hasta hoy como casco de presentación. Simbolismo A diferencia de las cimeras presentes en otros cascos de este modelo en Chile, la punta de cimera de los cascos de la Tercera se distingue por el diseño de un símbolo formado por tres círculos unidos. Dicho dibujo podría estar asociado a un símbolo reconocido por distintos credos, pero que confluyen en un común denominador: la “Trinidad”, el dogma del Padre, Hijo y Espíritu Santo en el concepto cristiano, o la “triqueta”, asociada al triángulo, con el Ojo-que-todo-lo-ve o “Libertad, Igualdad y Fraternidad” de la Masonería. En tanto las alas, la parte posterior de esta punta de cimera, corresponden a una mezcla de plumas y escamas representativas de un dragón, símbolo de los bomberos londinenses. Bibliografía. In Case on Fire, The Illustrated history and modern role of the London Fire Brigade, Neil Wallington The Story of Helmets Ltd., Cromwell Helmets Cops and Bobbies, Police Authority in New York and London, 1830-1870. Wilbur R. Miller Notas. [1] Libro de Oficiales. Junta de Oficiales del 5 de Septiembre de 1905. Pág. 129-130. [2] Libro de Oficiales. Junta de Oficiales del 10 de Abril de 1905. Pág. 124. [3] Libro de Oficiales. Junta de Oficiales del 12 de Julio de 1909. Pág. 201. [4] Libro de Oficiales. Junta de Oficiales del 19 de Mayo de 1911. Pág. 226. Links Christys and CW Headdress, www.cwheaddress.net London Fire Brigade, www.london-fire.gov.uk/LifeAsAVictorianFireman.asp Victorian London, www.victorianlondon.org/professions/firemen.htm Merryweather and Sons Limited, www.merryweatherandsons.co.uk/company.html Capitán Eyre Shaw en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Massey_Shaw , www.london- fire.gov.uk/ChiefOfficerCaptainShaw.asp British Police, www.britishpolicehelmet.co.uk/ Custodian Helmet, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_helmet Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDzPdtzdx6Q Mauricio Fernández M., V.H. Tercera Compañía de Bomberos de Valparaíso Bomba “Cousiño y A. Edwards” .
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