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Home , Edward Lee Howard, Jack Dunlap, Jerry Whitworth, Mole (espionage), Richard Miller (agent), Robert Hanssen

A Look at Insider Threats: , Motivations and Personalities of Some of the Most Notorious Traitors in History

Subtitle: Moles I Have Known Outline

• Insider Definitions. • Other Insiders. • Career Experience. • Soviet Tradecraft. • Insider Motivations. • Insiders –John A. Walker, Jr., Aldrich H. Ames, Hanssen, Jonathon Jay Pollard. • Traitors Among Us. • Insider Threat Detection Programs. Insider Definitions

• An entity with authorized access that has the potential to harm an information system or enterprise through destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service. • Trusted insiders with the intent to do harm can exploit their access to compromise vast amounts of sensitive and classified information as part of a personal ideology or at the direction of a foreign government. • An employee of an IC organization with access and clearances who volunteers to give national defense information to a hostile or foreign intelligence service. (The “CI Insider” –Traitor.) Other Insiders

• CIA: Philip Agee, David Barnett, Virginia Baynes, Wu‐Tai Chin, Douglas Groat, , William Kampiles, Kara & Hana Koecher, Edwin Moore, Harold Nicholson, Susan Scranage, Glen Shriver • FBI: Katrina Leung, , Nada Prouty, Earl Pitts, James Smith, Douglas Tsou, u/i KGB source. • NSA: David Boone, , Kenneth Ford, Victor Hamilton, , William Martin, Bernon Mitchell, , Joseph Petersen, William Weisband. • DIA: Waldo Dubberstein, Frederick Hamilton, Ronald Montaperto, Anna Montes. • NRO: Brian Regan. • US Army: Ryan Anderson, David Boone, Clyde Conrad, Thomas Dolce, Ernest Forbrich, George Gessner, Otto Gilbert, Jeffrey Gregory, James Hall, Ulysses Harris, Joseph Helmich, Selverick Insom, Eric Jenott, Robert Johnson, Ben‐Ami Kadish, Steven Lalas, Bradley Manning, William Millay, James Mintkenbaugh, Ali Mohamed, Thomas Mortati, Leslie Payne, Michael Peri, Roderick Ramsey, Roy Rhodes, Daniel Richardson, Glen Rohrer, Jeffrey Rondeau, Leonard Safford, Charles Slatter, Richard Smith, Albert Sombolay, Zoltan Szabo, George Trofimoff, Svetlana Tumanova, Kelly Warner, William Whalen, Huseyin Yildirim. . US Air Force: Herbert Boeckenhaupt, Harold Borger, ‘Bronson’, Edward Buchanan, Jeffrey Carney, Guiseppe Cascio, Christopher Cooke, ‘Crest’, John Davies, Raymond DeChamplain, James Fondren, Larry Franklin, George French, Oliver Grunden, ‘Herman’, John Jones, Joseph Kaufman, Francisco Mira, Gustav Mueller, Frank Nesbitt, Bruce Ott, Walter Perkins, , Russell Tinnell, “Walton’, ‘Wesson’, Ronald Wolf, James Wood. US Navy: Michael Allen, Stephen Baba, Russell Brown, Matthew Diaz, Nelson Drummond, Robert Ellis, David Fleming, Wilfredo Garcia,Ronald Graf, Antonia Guerrero, John Haeger, Stephen Hawkins, Robert Hoffman, Brian Horton, Bruce Kearn, Robert Kim, Craig Kunkle, Gary Ledbetter, Kurt Lessenthien, Leee Madsen, John Maynard, Samuel Morison, Michael Murphy, Jeffrey Pickering, Charles Schoof, Michael Schwartz, Philip Seldon, Timothy Smith, Glen Souther, Henry Spade, Michael Tobias, Ariel Weinmann, Edward Wine, James Wilmoth, Hans Wold, Jay Wolff. • US Marine Corps: Charles Anzalone, Leandro Argancillo, Robert Cordrey, Clayton Lonetree, Gary Marziaz, Frank Nesbitt, Brian Slavens. Career Experience

• Jan 1968, DIA, entry into IC as Navy LT. North Korean Navy ‐ Pueblo incident, Soviet Navy. • 1975, DIA, Soviet/ Division, Strategy & Doctrine Branch. Analyzed Soviet Intelligence (KGB & GRU). • 1976, DIA Division. Analyzed Soviet Intelligence (KGB & GRU, threat to DOD, cases, etc.). • 1981, FBI, Intelligence Division, Operational Analysis Section (CI‐ 3A & B). Analyzed Soviet Intelligence (KGB & GRU operations, cases, tradecraft, etc.). • 1984, Naval Investigative Service, Counterintelligence Directorate, CI Collection Manager. Briefed on Soviet Intelligence. • 1986, US Army Intelligence. Counterintelligence and Terrorism Division. Manager/supervisor. Analyzed hostile/foreign intelligence services, including Soviet Intelligence. Career Experience

• 1992, Intelligence Community Staff/Community Management Staff, CIA. Detailed to Counterintelligence and Security Countermeasures Office. • 1994, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, 902nd MI Group (CI), US Army Counterintelligence Center. Manager/supervisor. Handled hostile intelligence threat to “black programs,” & Soviet Intelligence. • 1996, DoD CI Working Group. Analyzed Military Service CI organization, methods, & tradecraft. • Jan 2001, retired from 902nd MI Group. • May 2003, trip to as part of CICentre SpyTour. Briefed by KGB officers, travel to intelligence sites, etc. • Jan 2004, DIA Defense HUMINT Service, CI Support to HUMINT. CI Contractor. • 2005, DoD Counterintelligence Field Activity. Liaison Officer, CI Contractor. • 2006 to present, FBI Academy, DIA/Joint Counterintelligence Training Center & DIA/Joint Military Attache’ School. Role‐Player and Role Player . • 1970‐1991, Naval Reserve Intelligence Command, CTF‐168 (Collection), projects, operations, and XO, Naval Intelligence Support Center, XO, Naval Investigative Service, Officer/Agent and Senior CI Adviser. Career Experience

• Defectors ‐ debriefed, talked to, met, or just friends. • Soviet Navy: Captain Third Rank Nick Shadrin (Nikolay Artamonov). • KGB: Gennadiy Aksilenko, KGB co‐optee, Peter Deriabin, Oleg Gordievskiy, General , Nikolay Kholkov, Yuri A. Koshkin, Stanislav Levchenko, Oleg Nechiporenko, Alexander Preobrazhensky, Vladimir Sakharov, Victor Sheymov, Andrey Suvorov (Rostov), Oleg Tsarev, Alexander Vassiliev ‐ 15. • GRU: Ismail Akhmedov (Ege), Vylacheslav Baranov, Sergey Bokhan, DS‐3108, Major Dmitri Kozlov, Stan Petters (Stanislav Lunev), Anatoliy Somaninskiy, Victor Suvorov (Vladimir Rezun), Boris Voladarsky ‐ 9. Soviet Tradecraft

• Personal Communications: Personal Meets. • Impersonal Communications: Accomodation Addresses (AA), Roll‐Over Cameras, Short Range Agent Communications (SRAC), Concealment Devices, Computer Discs (CD), Dead Drops (DD), Brief Encounters (BE), One‐Time Pads, Brush Passes, Recognition Signals, Signal Sites (SS) – Emergency Signals, Surveillance, Surveillance Detection Routes (SDR), Car Tosses, Secret Writing (SW). Soviet Tradecraft

• Recruitments: • Russians use basically same tradecraft, sometimes updated, but change targets. • Long‐term, gradual, cautious, used mainly by KGB. • Cold pitches –“crash,” used sometimes by GRU. • Excellent overall, but not overly successful against the US target in recent decades, as American target difficult, thus we concentrate on Insiders. Insider Motivations

• MICE: • Money (Greed). • Ideology. • Compromise (Blackmail). • Ego (Adventure/Thrills). Insiders

• Time‐Line. • Nexus/Relationship. • Tradecraft. • Damage Assessment. • Discovered/Caught. • Motivation. • Personality. • Books. Johnny Walker the Red

WINDFLYER. TIME‐LINE: ‐ Apr 1967, assigned to Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet, Norfolk, VA. ‐ Dec 1967, walk‐in to Soviet Embassy on 16th Street, Washington, DC. Gave up Top Secret KW‐47 keylist. ‐ Sep 1969, transferred to San Diego, befriends . ‐ 1970, Jerry A. Whitworth recruited. ‐ Nov, 1971, USS Niagara Falls as Classified Material Custodian. ‐ Jun 1976, Barbara Walker (Crowley) divorces Walker. ‐ Jul 1976, retires from US Navy, opened a detective agency in Virginia Beach. ‐ Jun 1983, recruits Michael Walker. ‐ May 1984, RUS letter (Whitworth). ‐ 29 Nov 1984, Barbara Walker informed FBI Boston Field Office about John Walker’s . ‐ 15 May 1985, received call about aunt’s funeral in NC. ‐ 20 May 1985, 150 FBI agents, DD site, 3:30am call, Walker arrested at Maryland hotel. ‐ 22 May 1985, Michael Walker arrested by Naval Investigative Service, released from prison in 2000 after 15 years. ‐ 23 May 1985, Aleksey Trachenko (KGB case officer) left for Moscow. ‐ 29 May 1985, Arthur Walker arrested, sentenced to three life sentences, plus 40 years, died 5 July 2014. ‐ 3 Jun 1986, Jerry Whitworth arrested, fined $410,000 and sentenced to 365 years . ‐ 6 Nov 1986, John Walker sentenced to two life terms plus 10 years, at Butner, NC, was scheduled to be released in May 2015, but died 28 August 2014. Johnny Walker the Red

• Nexus/Relationship: • FBI HQ, 1981‐1984, Dave Szady, Jim, Jack Lowe, Dave Major. Gen Oleg Kalugin. DIA, Pueblo. • Naval Investigative Service HQ, 1984‐1986, Al Sipe ‐ Lanny McCullah. • Briefings –Navy, NIS, NSA. CINCLANTFLT N‐2, Norfolk, Admiral Thomas Brooks. • Tradecraft: • KGB. Personal meets ‐ Soviet Embassy & department store (Zayre’s). DDs in Maryland and DC area, Minox minature camera. Travel to Hong Kong, Vienna, , and Casablanca, Morocco. Johnny Walker the Red

• Damage Assessment: • Considered one of the most damaging in the history of the US. Information passed included naval codes ‐ US ability to detect Soviet submarine movements, read over a million US encrypted messages through highly sensitive decryption key, locations of SOSUS, ship movements during War –caused the death of unknown numbers of men in Vietnam. “Information would have been ‘devastating’ to the US if there had been a war between the US and the .” Vitaliy Yurchenko, Soviet defector. Paid an estimated $1,000,000. Spied for 18 years. • Discovered/Caught: FBI tip‐off, analysis/investigation. • Motivation: • Greed. • Ego, adventure? • Immoral, self‐importance. • No ideology. Believed US Government “broken,” and “K‐Mart has better security than the Navy.” • Books (6). Rick Ames

PLAYACTOR/NIGHTMOVER. TIME‐LINE: ‐ 1962, CIA employment as clerk‐typist. ‐ 1967, Career Training (CT) Program, married to Nan. ‐ 1969, Case Officer, assigned to Turkey. ‐ 1972, CIA HQ, SE Division of the DO. ‐ Aug 1976, FR Division in City. ‐1981, Mexico City, Mexico, met Rosario. ‐ 1983, CIA HQ, CI branch chief for Soviet operations, detailed to . ‐ 16 Apr 1985, CIA HQ, initiated contact with KGB officer in Soviet Embassy, met with Soviet diplomat ostensibly to recruit him. ‐ 1986, assigned to , continued meetings. ‐ 1986, ANLACE FBI task force with four agents. ‐ Oct 1986, CIA task force. ‐ 1986‐1988, CIA‐FBI meetings. ‐ 1989, assigned to CIA HQ, SE Division. ‐ 1990, Counterintelligence Center (CIC) Analysis Group. ‐ 1991, Counternarcotics Center (CNC). ‐ Jan 1992, FBI at CIA HQ, closing in on Ames. ‐ 1992, CIA had lead on Ames. ‐ 12 May 1993, case opened on Ames. ‐ 1993, FBI investigation of Ames. ‐ Feb 1994, FBI arrested Ames outside his home, Arlington, VA. Sentenced to life, Rosario to 63 months. Rick Ames

• Nexus/relationship: • CIA, Jeanne Vertefeuille. Jan 1992 IC Staff, CIA HQ, FBI, Jim. 902d MI Group, Army Counterintelligence Center, Foreign Counterintelligence Activity. • Tradecraft: • KGB & SVR. Personal meets ‐ Soviet Embassy, Rome, Italy, Bogata, Columbia. Rick Ames

• Damage Assessment: “Gave up” at least 11 CIA/FBI double agents, including GRU General Polyakov, at least four executed, provided many documents through CDs, a number of NSA & CIA technical operations (at least 100 CIA operations), divulged military and political secrets. “Ames caused more damage to the national security of the US than any other spy in history.” Paid over $2,500,000. Ames highest paid spy in history. Spied for 9 years. • Discovered/Caught: FBI/CIA analysis (financial –bank records, etc.). investigations (trash cover). CIA source said “served in Rome.” • Motivation: • Greed. • Ego, adventure? • Revenge/resentment? • Thought he wouldn’t get caught, arrogant? “(He was) smart, but not as smart as he thought he was.” Jack Devine, veteran CIA officer, AFIO luncheon , 13 June 2014. • Books (5). Bob Hanssen

TIME‐LINE: ‐ 1976, entry on duty, FBI, assigned to Field Office. ‐ 1977, transferred to Gary, Indiana office. ‐ Aug 1978, assigned FBI New York Field Office, approached GRU (Amtorg). ‐ Jan 1981, transferred to FBI HQ, CI‐3D (Budget). ‐ Aug 1983, transferred to Soviet analytical unit (CI‐3A). ‐ 16 Apr 1985, approached KGB. ‐ 1987‐1991, FBI HQ, Soviet analytical unit (CI‐3A). ‐ 1991‐1998, stopped spying, not sure why. ‐ 1993, approached GRU again, rejected. ‐ 1995, State Department, Office of Foreign Missions. ‐ 1999‐2001, Brian Kelley, CIA officer, falsely accused. ‐ 18 Feb 2001, arrested after loading a DD in park near his home, Vienna, VA. Sentenced to life in prison, Supermax in . Bob Hanssen

• Nexus/Relationship: • FBI HQ, CI‐3A & B, paralleled Hanssen’s tenure, saw him almost daily, considered him a friend, Jim, Paul Moore, Dave Major, Bob. CIA, Brian Kelley. • State Department, Office of Foreign Missions, mid‐ to late 1990s. • Army Counterintelligence Center, Bud, 2001. • Tradecraft: • KGB & SVR. Letters – AAs, DDs in Virginia, CDs. Knew KGB tradecraft as well as FBI tradecraft. Good OPSEC, didn’t reveal his name. Bob Hanssen

• Damage Assessment: • “Gave‐up” at least 10 FBI/CIA double agents, possibly General Polyakov, at least three executed, many documents, Continuity of Government, National HUMINT Collection Plans, 6000 pages, FBI tunnel under Soviet Embassy. Spied for more than 8 years. • Discovered/Caught: FBI bought KGB case file on Hanssen, listened to audiotape, fingerprints on trash bag, analysis/investigations. • Motivation: • Greed. • Adventure/ego. Thought he could get away with it, “touch the third rail.” • Personality: • Quiet‐shy, awkward, didn’t stand out, not “one of the group,” few friends, loner, hard to get to know, looked down at you ‐“smarter than you,” relatively pleasant, cerebral, but bordered on arrogant. • I was unaware that Hanssen was a traitor/mole as were the FBI staff around him. He remained undetected, why? • Books (4). Jay Pollard

TIME‐LINE: ‐ 1977, applied for job at CIA, rejected, information not passed to US Navy. ‐ 1979‐1985, worked for US Naval Intelligence, NFOIO, NOSIC, Naval Intelligence Support Center (NISC). ‐ August 1981, met Anne Henderson. ‐ 1981, security clearances lifted. ‐ 1982, decided to spy. ‐ June 1984, transferred to NIS Threat Assessment Division, Anti‐Terrorism Center (ATAC). ‐ 1984, sought out/recruited by Israeli Intelligence, Colonel Aviem Sella. ‐ Oct 1985, security incident, mishandled classified information. ‐ 18 Nov 1985, questioned. ‐ 21 Nov 1985, arrested by FBI outside Israeli Embassy. ‐ 22 Nov 1985, Anne Henderson arrested. ‐ 1993, Anne Henderson divorced him, married second wife, Esther, in jail. ‐ 4 Mar 1987, Pollard pled guilty, sentenced to in Butner, NC, Anne to five years. Jay Pollard

• Nexus/Relationship: • Naval Investigative Service HQ, 1984‐1986, paralleled Pollard’s tenure, saw him almost daily, Ron Olive, CINUSNAVPHIL, Navy CTF‐168, role‐player ‐ FBI agent. • Tradecraft: • Israeli Intelligence, special Israeli Defense Ministry unit, HAKAM. Telephone calls, personal meets, emergency phone numbers, sensitive photocopying material, safe houses, weekly visits to drop material at Washington, DC apartment. Handlers – Eitan, Yagur, “Uzi.” Travel to Europe, married in Venice, & . Cover story ‐ rich uncle. Paid an estimated $54,000. Jay Pollard

• Damage Assessment: • Delivered more than 1,000 – 5,000 documents, PLO HQ in Tunisia, Soviet arms shipments to Syria, MIG‐29 fighter, US assessment of Israeli military activities, deployments and military readiness, ’s program to build an atomic bomb, Radio Signals Notification manual (list of all communications links used by the Soviet Union), Admiral Brooks: “(espionage) only been topped by Edward Snowden.” Soviet mole? Spied for 18 months. • Discovered/Caught: NIS individual alerted management, tech cover/investigations, FBI brought in, etc. • Motivation: • Ideology, religious convictions, not enough intelligence sharing with Israel, conflicted loyalty between US & Israel. • Greed. • Ego. • Revenge? • Personality: • Arrogant/braggart ‐“bullshiter,” self‐centered, narcistic, fantasy life. Didn’t know anyone that liked him. • Although I didn’t like him nor did anyone else within NIS that I knew, I was unaware he was a traitor/mole, nor were the NIS staff. Although he was reported, hesitant to report him, why? • Books (5). Traitors Among Us

• Soviet/Russian Intelligence. Chess players, very good tradecraft, excellent OPSEC & practices. • Various anamolies: Double agents “given up” by Howard, Lonetree, Ames, & Hanssen did not account for all the American assets lost to Russian counterintelligence. • “There was an as yet identified traitor who may have left Langley or simply stopped spying.” Milt Bearden, The Main Enemy. • “ . . . the CI mindset that there was another one still keeps him up at night.” John Lewis, retired FBI former assistant director. • “ . . . fourth mole still did exist or still does.” Mike Mattson, A Counterintelligence Cold Case File: The Fourth Mole, Association of Former Intelligence Officers, Intelligencer, Winter/Spring 2009. Insider Threat Detection Programs

• Army Intelligence. • Air Force, Office of Special Investigations, Listening Post (LP). • Navy, Naval Investigative Service, Passive Listening Post (PLP). • FBI & CIA, Special Investigations Unit (SIU). • National Insider Threat Task Force (NITTF), National Counterintelligence Executive (NCIX), Office of Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). EO 13587, 7 Oct 2011, created steering committee of NITTF. Building a National Insider Threat Program, Deputy Director, NITTF, InfraGard briefing, 2014, representatives in most government agencies. • Establishment of “Insider Threat Center,” briefing by Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, Michael Vickers, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3 June 2014. • David M. Charney, MD. Questions?

• Insider Definitions. • Other Insiders. • Career Experience. • Soviet Tradecraft. • Insider Motivations. • Insiders –John A. Walker, Jr., Aldrich H. Amers, , Jonathon Jay Pollard. • Traitors Among Us. • Insider Threat Detection Programs.