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Producing Garlic in Michigan

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Producing Garlic in Michigan Extension Bulletin E-2722 New, September 2000 Producing Garlic in Michigan Ron Goldy, Southwest District Vegetable Agent Southwest Michigan Research & Extension Center MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION he culinary uses and recent reported health well as a dietary supplement. A liquid garlic spray benefits of garlic (Allium sativum L.) have has been used as an insect repellent for other crops. T contributed to an increased interest in garlic by consumers, growers and backyard gardeners. Interest in growing garlic has extended Types to regions outside typical U.S. production areas, The two basic types of garlic are softneck and where less is known about cultivar performance and hardneck. About 30 days after the bulbing process production techniques. This bulletin presents the has begun, hardneck garlic will produce a central basics of garlic production for commercial and “flower” stalk (called a scape, Figure 1), much as home gardeners in Michigan. onions do, except the garlic stalk is solid instead of hollow. Softneck types do not produce this stiff flower stalk and therefore have a soft neck that is History more conducive to making garlic braids. Garlic Garlic is a member of the Lily family and the genus Allium. Other members of the genus are onion (A. cepa L.), chive (A. schoenoprasum L.), leek (A. ampeloprasum L.) and several other edible and ornamental species. Elephant garlic is not a type of garlic but a bulbing leek. Evidence of garlic cultivation can be found as far back as 3200 B.C. in Egypt. It continues to be an important part of Mediterranean, European and Asian diets as a food item, as well as a medicinal plant used to treat a variety of ailments. Recent research indicates that fresh and processed garlic may have some health benefits. Garlic is currently used for its unique flavor as a food ingredient as Figure 1. “Flower” stalk or scape produced by hardneck garlic. 1 Producing Garlic in Michigan grows much like onions except it has flat rather than round leaves. The bulbing process is day length dependent. It is initiated by increasing day length in April and May. Softneck bulbs are generally less winter hardy and harder to peel, with smaller cloves, milder flavor and lower yields in Michigan trials. Softneck bulbs, however, have a longer storage life than hardneck bulbs. Propagation and cultivars Garlic does not flower and produce seeds. Small bulbs (bulbils, Figure 2) are produced at the apex Figure 2. Bulbils produced at the tip of the scape. of the scape where flowers would normally be expected to develop. These bulbils are clones of the parent plant and can be planted for production, but between garlic growers, and names can easily be garlic is usually propagated by dividing bulbs and lost, switched and duplicated, all of which can lead planting individual cloves. Each clove produces a to a confusing cultivar situation. clone of the parent plant. Selection of strains by Because garlic does not produce seed, breeders growers has led to the naming of several hundred cannot breed and develop cultivars specific to garlic cultivars. Much sharing of cultivars occurs growing regions. Cultivar testing by Michigan State Cultivars: The two types of garlic are softneck and hardneck (also called topset or stiffneck). Softneck types generally are earlier maturing and white, have a longer storage life and are easier to braid. Softnecks, however, are harder to peel, have small cloves (especially near the center of the bulb) and have small seed cloves. Hardneck types have four to eight cloves arranged around a central stalk, are easier to peel, more winter hardy and later maturing, and have more usable garlic and larger seed cloves. The disadvantages of hardnecks are purple pigment in the skins and shorter storage life. From Michigan yield trials the following cultivars can be recommended. German White: Hardneck with Music: Hardneck with white to Polish Softneck: Softneck with a white skin with some purple lightly pink skin with some purple white outer skin with some purple striping. It has six to eight large striping. It has four to six large stripes on the inner skin. It can cloves per bulb, medium maturity cloves per bulb, medium maturity have 12 to 20 cloves per bulb and and good storage life. It has a and good storage life if grown in has later maturity and excellent strong, pungent, hot flavor. Yield cold climates. It has excellent storage life. It usually has a strong, will generally be about five to six flavor, pungent but not too hot. hot flavor. Yield can be seven to times the weight planted, with Yield will be about four to six eight times the weight planted many bulbs being 2 to 2 1/2 times the weight planted, with (although it has not been this high inches in diameter. many bulbs being 2 inches in in Michigan trials), with many diameter bulbs being 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter. Good for braiding. 2 Producing Garlic in Michigan University began in 1996 at the Southwest Soil and site preparation Michigan Research and Extension Center near Garlic can be grown in a wide variety of soil types, Benton Harbor to find those best suited to provided they are well drained. Sandy loams are Michigan conditions. In these trials, ‘Music’, best because of their water-holding capacity and ‘German White’ and ‘Polish Softneck’ have generally good drainage. Clay soils are suitable if performed satisfactorily and can be recommended they can be loosened enough so as not to inhibit for commercial production in Michigan. Do not planting and bulb growth. Soils high in sand are plant large amounts of an untried cultivar until it suitable if adequate water for irrigation is available. has shown promise for two or three growing High organic soils should be avoided because of the seasons. high potential for frost heaving during the winter o Planting stock should be stored at 50 F and no and the seasonally high winter water table. Clay and more than 60 percent relative humidity. Lower organic soils also tend to adhere to and/or stain the temperatures cause rapid sprouting, side shoots, outer skins, which decreases marketability. Garlic is rough bulbs and early maturity, all of which lead to susceptible to the same pest problems as onions and reduced yields. Higher temperatures shorten other Allium species. Therefore, avoid planting storage life and increase disease potential during garlic in fields where onions have been planted storage. Bulbs sold for table use have been stored at within the past two years. temperatures near 32oF and should not be planted. Garlic grows best at a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.0. Lower It is important to obtain planting stock from a pH levels inhibit plant growth, and soil pH below reputable dealer who can provide true-to-name, 5.0 can actually lead to plant death. A general soil disease- and nematode-free stock. The reputation of test should be performed before planting to a seed stock grower may be difficult to establish. determine pH and nutrient availability. On-site visits to production fields are helpful but If lime is needed, it should be applied according to not always possible. Ordering small amounts of the soil test results and incorporated. The soil should be same cultivars from different sources will allow well worked at least 10 inches down. Some sites quality comparisons between sources. When the may need to be subsoiled if a hardpan has stock arrives, inspect it for external appearance and developed at the bottom of the plow layer. Garlic mold symptoms under the skin and between cloves. roots extend several inches into the soil, and a Also look for damaged root plates (the area where hardpan too near the surface can restrict root the roots attach to the bulb). Plates should not be penetration and the plants' ability to obtain water discolored or soft, and roots should not be easily and nutrients. removed. Any of these problems could indicate the presence of fungi. If the stock is badly infected, do The first step in site preparation is controlling not plant it. Keep material from each supplier annual and perennial weeds. This can be separate and observe how it grows during the accomplished by cultivation and/or herbicide season. Once you have quality planting stock, it is application. Site preparation should begin at least possible to increase it yourself to the point where two to three months prior to planting in new fields. you have enough plant material for sales and for Starting early provides several opportunities for replanting. Do not be tempted to sell your best cultivation or two applications of a broad-spectrum material — keep that for your planting stock for contact herbicide, if necessary. When using a field next year. currently in production, review the herbicide 3 Producing Garlic in Michigan program used on the current crop to be sure there will be no detrimental carryover. Spring planting of a legume cover crop such as an annual clover will help reduce weed problems and build the soil with nitrogen and organic matter. Planting Garlic is planted in the fall — ideally, six weeks before the ground freezes. Depending on your location in Michigan, this is generally some time in October. Spring planting can be done, but yields Figure 3. Garlic planted in a double-row system with a spacing of will be greatly reduced, and it may be difficult to 12 inches between rows and 36 inches between double rows. store planting stock this long. The goal is to get only root development before winter. If shoots do acre. Cloves planted for the green garlic market can emerge shortly after planting, they will be killed be planted at tighter spacings because they will be back by the cold and the plant will have wasted harvested before bulbing.
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