Design and Synthesis of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
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What You Should Know About HIV and AIDS
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT HIV & AIDS WHAT IS AIDS? AIDS is the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome – a serious illness that makes the body unable to fight infection. A person with AIDS is susceptible to certain infections and cancers. When a person with AIDS cannot fight off infections, this person becomes ill. These infections can eventually kill a person with AIDS. WHAT CAUSES AIDS? The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. Early diagnosis of HIV infection is important! If you have been told that you have HIV, you should get prompt medical treatment. In many cases, early treatment can enhance a person’s ability to remain healthy as long as possible. Free or reduced cost anonymous and confidential testing with counseling is available at every local health department in Kentucky. After being infected with HIV, it takes between two weeks to three months before the test can detect antibodies to the virus. HOW IS THE HIV VIRUS SPREAD? Sexual contact (oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse) with an infected person when blood, pre-ejaculation fluid, semen, rectal fluids or cervical/vaginal secretions are exchanged. Sharing syringes, needles, cotton, cookers and other drug injecting equipment with someone who is infected. Receiving contaminated blood or blood products (very unlikely now because blood used in transfusions has been tested for HIV antibodies since March 1985). An infected mother passing HIV to her unborn child before or during childbirth, and through breast feeding. Receipt of transplant, tissue/organs, or artificial insemination from an infected donor. Needle stick or other sharps injury in a health care setting involving an infected person. -
International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights 2006 Consolidated Version
International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights 2006 Consolidated Version Second International Consultation on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Geneva, 23-25 September 1996 Third International Consultation on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Geneva, 25-26 July 2002 Organized jointly by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Material contained in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided credit is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, CH-1211 Geneva 10, and to UNAIDS, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published jointly by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. HR/PUB/06/9 UN PUBLICATION Sales No. E.06.XIV.4 ISBN 92-1-154168-9 © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2006. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Information Centre. Requests for permission to translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution—should also be addressed to the Information Centre at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4187, or e-mail: [email protected]. -
In Escherichia Coli (Synthetic Oligonucleotide/Gene Expression/Industrial Enzyme) J
Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 3671-3675, June 1983 Biochemistry Synthesis of calf prochymosin (prorennin) in Escherichia coli (synthetic oligonucleotide/gene expression/industrial enzyme) J. S. EMTAGE*, S. ANGALt, M. T. DOELt, T. J. R. HARRISt, B. JENKINS*, G. LILLEYt, AND P. A. LOWEt Departments of *Molecular Genetics, tMolecular Biology, and tFermentation Development, Celltech Limited, 250 Bath Road, Slough SL1 4DY, Berkshire, United Kingdom Communicated by Sydney Brenner, March 23, 1983 ABSTRACT A gene for calf prochymosin (prorennin) has been maturation conditions and remained insoluble on neutraliza- reconstructed from chemically synthesized oligodeoxyribonucleo- tion, it was possible that purification as well as activation could tides and cloned DNA copies of preprochymosin mRNA. This gene be achieved. has been inserted into a bacterial expression plasmid containing We describe here the construction of E. coli plasmids de- the Escherichia coli tryptophan promoter and a bacterial ribo- signed to express the prochymosin gene from the trp promoter some binding site. Induction oftranscription from the tryptophan and the isolation and conversion of this prochymosin to en- promoter results in prochymosin synthesis at a level of up to 5% active of total protein. The enzyme has been purified from bacteria by zymatically chymosin. extraction with urea and chromatography on DEAE-celiulose and MATERIALS AND METHODS converted to enzymatically active chymosin by acidification and neutralization. Bacterially produced chymosin is as effective in Materials. DNase I, pepstatin A, and phenylmethylsulfonyl clotting milk as the natural enzyme isolated from calf stomach. fluoride were obtained from Sigma. Calf prochymosin (Mr 40,431) and chymosin (Mr 35,612) were purified from stomachs Chymosin (rennin) is an aspartyl proteinase found in the fourth from 1-day-old calves (1). -
Cloning and in Vitro-Transcription of Chymosin Gene in E. Coli
The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2010, 3, 63-68 63 Open Access Cloning and In Vitro-Transcription of Chymosin Gene in E. coli S.A. El-Sohaimy1 Elsayed. E, Hafez2,* and M.A. El-Saadani3 1Food Science and Technology Department, Arid land Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt 2Plant Molecular Pathology Department, Arid land Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt 3Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract: Chymosin, commonly known as rennin, is the main milk-coagulating enzyme available in rennet. RNA was extracted from the abomasum of a suckling calf water buffalo and was subjected to RT-PCR using degenerate primers to amplify 850bp of the chymosin gene. The sequence was aligned with 19 different mammals' chymosin genes. The sequence revealed that there is a similarity to them ranging from 64% to 98%. The purified recombinant proteins were obtained from the transformed E. coli and yeast. The clotting activity of both of the resulting proteins was examined compared to the commercial peers. It was noticed that the concentration of the purified protein ranged from 15,000 to 40,000 MCU. Therefore, the activity of the obtained proteins was the same and it was 105% when compared to the commercial peer. Having examined the cytotoxicity of the purified proteins, the results revealed no toxicity. We can conclude that the obtained recombinant protein is more active and safe even when expressed in bacteria rather than yeast. Keywords: Chymosin, Milk Clotting, Recombinant E. coli and Recombinant Protein. INTRODUCTION Many microorganisms are known to produce rennet-like proteinases which can replace the calf rennet. -
Progress in the Field of Aspartic Proteinases in Cheese Manufacturing
Progress in the field of aspartic proteinases in cheese manufacturing: structures, functions, catalytic mechanism, inhibition, and engineering Sirma Yegin, Peter Dekker To cite this version: Sirma Yegin, Peter Dekker. Progress in the field of aspartic proteinases in cheese manufacturing: structures, functions, catalytic mechanism, inhibition, and engineering. Dairy Science & Technology, EDP sciences/Springer, 2013, 93 (6), pp.565-594. 10.1007/s13594-013-0137-2. hal-01201447 HAL Id: hal-01201447 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201447 Submitted on 17 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Dairy Sci. & Technol. (2013) 93:565–594 DOI 10.1007/s13594-013-0137-2 REVIEW PAPER Progress in the field of aspartic proteinases in cheese manufacturing: structures, functions, catalytic mechanism, inhibition, and engineering Sirma Yegin & Peter Dekker Received: 25 February 2013 /Revised: 16 May 2013 /Accepted: 21 May 2013 / Published online: 27 June 2013 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2013 Abstract Aspartic proteinases are an important class of proteinases which are widely used as milk-coagulating agents in industrial cheese production. They are available from a wide range of sources including mammals, plants, and microorganisms. -
CURRICULUM VITAE Updated on Jan 24, 2020
T. Davtyan, Armenia CURRICULUM VITAE Updated on Jan 24, 2020 Surname Davtyan First name(s) Tigran Affiliation and official address Rhea Pharmaceutical Armenia LLC Armenia, 0084, Yerevan Gusan Sherami St., 2 Building (Malatia-Sebastia adm. district) Republic of Armenia Tel.: (+374-) 91 400994, 98-55-96-29 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Present Positions: Professor, Chief Scientist Rhea Pharmaceutical Armenia LLC Home address: Michurin str. 5, 23, 375041, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia. Tel: +374 10 55-96-29 Date and Place of birth: 1 December, 1966, Yerevan, Armenia Nationality: Armenian Citizenship: Republic of Armenia Passport ARM, AH0248176, 24 OCT 2006, 009 ID № 1112660259 Marital status: Married, has 2 children, 3 grandchild Education (degrees, dates, universities) 2016 Professor. Field: Biology 2003 Doctor of Biological Sciences (ScD). Field: Molecular Biology 1993 Candidate of Biological Sciences (Ph.D); Field :Genetics and Immunology 1989-1992 Ph.D. student, Laboratory of Genetic Mechanisms of Cell Malignization And Differentiation, Institute of Cytology, St. Petersburg, Russia. 1983-1988 Yerevan State Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Specialization (specify) Drug Design and quality control, HIV/AIDS and clinical immunology; Viral infections; immunity and stress resistance; Molecular mechanisms and Genetic regulation of innate immune response; Autoinflammation; 1 T. Davtyan, Armenia Career/Employment (employers, positions and dates) 2011- 2019 Director of Analytical Laboratory of Scientific Centre of Drug and Medical Thechnology Experttise JSC 1999 - 2011 Head of HIV-Clinical Trail Laboratory of the ARMENICUM Research Center, Yerevan, Rep. of Armenia. 1998 - 2006 Consultant on Science, Laboratory of Immunology, The Second Clinical Hospital of the Yerevan State Medical University, Rep. -
HIV an Illusion Toxic Shock
SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE generated from a linear model could be a and Ho's] data is remarkable", note that vmons per day is not defined or function of both the baseline CD4 level Loveday et al. 8 report the use of a PCR addressed, nor can it be! No one else has and viral loads. Further studies with larg based assay and find only 200 HIV "virion access to either the unapproved drugs or er sample sizes are needed to resolve RNAs" per ml of serum of AIDS patients the branch PCR technology! What is the these discrepancies. - 1,000 times less than Ho and Wei. So benchmark rate for the turnover of CD4 Shenghan Lai, J. Bryan Page, Hong Lai much for the "remarkable concordance". cells in the general population? Departments of Medicine, Peter Duesberg To counter the 42 case studies of Wei et Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular al. 1 and Ho et al.2, we at HEAL (Health University of Miami School of Medicine, Biology, University of California, Education AIDS Liason) can provide at Miami, Florida 33136, USA Berkeley, California 94720, USA least 42 people who are western-blot-posi Harvey Bialy tive for 'HIV', have low T4 cells, who are Bio/Technology, New York, not using orthodox procedures, and have HIV an illusion New York 10010, USA been healthy for years! On the other 1. Maddox, J. Nature 373, 189 (1995). hand, we can also provide you with hun SIR - In an editorial' in the 19 January 2. Ho, D.D. et al. Nature 373, 123-126 (1995). -
Serine Proteases with Altered Sensitivity to Activity-Modulating
(19) & (11) EP 2 045 321 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/15 C12N 9/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12Q 1/37 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09150549.5 (22) Date of filing: 26.05.2006 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Haupts, Ulrich AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 51519 Odenthal (DE) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • Coco, Wayne SK TR 50737 Köln (DE) •Tebbe, Jan (30) Priority: 27.05.2005 EP 05104543 50733 Köln (DE) • Votsmeier, Christian (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 50259 Pulheim (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • Scheidig, Andreas 06763303.2 / 1 883 696 50823 Köln (DE) (71) Applicant: Direvo Biotech AG (74) Representative: von Kreisler Selting Werner 50829 Köln (DE) Patentanwälte P.O. Box 10 22 41 (72) Inventors: 50462 Köln (DE) • Koltermann, André 82057 Icking (DE) Remarks: • Kettling, Ulrich This application was filed on 14-01-2009 as a 81477 München (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) Serine proteases with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances (57) The present invention provides variants of ser- screening of the library in the presence of one or several ine proteases of the S1 class with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances, selection of variants with one or more activity-modulating substances. A method altered sensitivity to one or several activity-modulating for the generation of such proteases is disclosed, com- substances and isolation of those polynucleotide se- prising the provision of a protease library encoding poly- quences that encode for the selected variants. -
A History of the Hiv/Aids Epidemic with Emphasis on Africa *
UN/POP/MORT/2003/2 5 September 2003 ENGLISH ONLY WORKSHOP ON HIV/AIDS AND ADULT MORTALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat New York, 8-13 September 2003 A HISTORY OF THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC WITH EMPHASIS ON AFRICA * UNAIDS and WHO ** * This document was reproduced without formal editing. ** UNAIDS, Geneva and WHO, Geneva. The views expressed in the paper do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations Secretariat. Quality and Coverage of HIV Sentinel Surveillance With a brief History of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Adult Mortality in Developing Countries New York, 8-13 September 2003 2 1 History of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with emphasis on Africa In 1981, a new syndrome, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), was first recognized among homosexual men in the United States. By 1983, the etiological agent, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), had been identified. By the mid-1980’s, it became clear that the virus had spread, largely unnoticed, throughout most of the world. The HIV/AIDS pandemic consists of many separate epidemics. Each epidemic has its own distinct origin, in terms of geography and specific populations affected, and involve different types and frequencies of risk behaviors and practices, for example, unprotected sex with multiple partners or sharing drug injection equipment. Countries can be divided into three states: generalized, concentrated and low. Low Principle: Although HIV infection may have existed for many years, it has never spread to significant levels in any sub-population. -
Camel and Bovine Chymosin: the Relationship Crystallography Between Their Structures and Cheese-Making ISSN 0907-4449 Properties
research papers Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Camel and bovine chymosin: the relationship Crystallography between their structures and cheese-making ISSN 0907-4449 properties Jesper Langholm Jensen,a,b Bovine and camel chymosin are aspartic peptidases that are Received 19 November 2012 Anne Mølgaard,a Jens-Christian used industrially in cheese production. They cleave the Accepted 31 January 2013 Navarro Poulsen,a Phe105-Met106 bond of the milk protein -casein, releasing b Marianne Kirsten Harboe, its predominantly negatively charged C-terminus, which leads PDB References: bovine Jens Bæk Simonsen,c‡ to the separation of the milk into curds and whey. Despite chymosin, 4aa8; camel chymosin, 4aa9 Andrea Maria Lorentzen,d Karin having 85% sequence identity, camel chymosin shows a 70% higher milk-clotting activity than bovine chymosin towards Hjernø,d Johannes M. van den bovine milk. The activities, structures, thermal stabilities and Brink,b Karsten Bruun Qvistb and a glycosylation patterns of bovine and camel chymosin obtained Sine Larsen * by fermentation in Aspergillus niger have been examined. Different variants of the enzymes were isolated by hydro- aDepartment of Chemistry, University of phobic interaction chromatography and showed variations Copenhagen, Denmark, bChr. Hansen A/S, in their glycosylation, N-terminal sequences and activities. Bøge Alle´ 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Glycosylation at Asn291 and the loss of the first three residues c Denmark, Nanobioscience, Department of of camel chymosin significantly decreased its activity. Thermal Basic Sciences and Environment, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and dInstitute of differential scanning calorimetry revealed a slightly higher Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, thermal stability of camel chymosin compared with bovine University of Southern Denmark, Denmark chymosin. -
Duesberg and Critics Agree: Hemophilia Is the Best Test
SPECIAL NEWS REPORT 1 REVIEWING THE DATA–I the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study 66 2 (MHCS) sponsored by the National Cancer 65 3 Institute (NCI), follows 2000 hemophiliacs 64 4 Duesberg and Critics Agree: at 16 centers in the United States and West- 63 5 ern Europe. In 1989, the New England Journal 62 6 Hemophilia Is the Best Test of Medicine published a study from the 61 7 MHCS comparing 242 HIV-infected hemo- 60 8 philiacs who received high, medium, or low 59 9 Peter Duesberg and his critics in the com- addition, some researchers contacted by Sci- doses of factor VIII. If exposure to contami- 58 10 munity of AIDS researchers disagree vio- ence say Duesberg has drawn incorrect con- nants in factor VIII were the cause of the 57 11 lently about the cause of AIDS. But they clusions from their work. immune suppression seen in AIDS, it would 56 12 agree on one thing: Hemophiliacs provide a In making his argument that hemophili- be expected that those who received higher 55 13 good test of the hypothesis that HIV causes acs suffer from AIDS independent of HIV, doses of the factor would be more likely to 54 14 AIDS. Hemophiliacs offer a unique window Duesberg cites 16 studies showing that HIV- develop AIDS, says NCI’s James Goedert, 53 15 on the effects of HIV infection because there negative hemophiliacs have abnormal ratios the principal investigator of MHCS. But the 52 16 are solid data comparing those who have of two types of critical immune-system cells: study, says Goedert, found no association 51 17 tested positive for antibodies to HIV—and CD4 and CD8. -
AIDS Denialism Beliefs Among People Living with HIV/AIDS
J Behav Med (2010) 33:432–440 DOI 10.1007/s10865-010-9275-7 ‘‘There is no proof that HIV causes AIDS’’: AIDS denialism beliefs among people living with HIV/AIDS Seth C. Kalichman • Lisa Eaton • Chauncey Cherry Received: February 1, 2010 / Accepted: June 11, 2010 / Published online: June 23, 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract AIDS denialists offer false hope to people liv- example, claim that Nazi Germany did not systematically ing with HIV/AIDS by claiming that HIV is harmless and kill 6 million Jews (Shermer and Grobman 2000) and that AIDS can be cured with natural remedies. The current Global Warming Deniers believe that climatology is a study examined the prevalence of AIDS denialism beliefs flawed science with no proof of greenhouse gases changing and their association to health-related outcomes among the atmosphere (Lawler 2002). Among the most vocal people living with HIV/AIDS. Confidential surveys and anti-science denial movements is AIDS Denialism, an out- unannounced pill counts were collected from a conve- growth of the radical views of University of California nience sample of 266 men and 77 women living with HIV/ biologist Duesberg and his associates (1992, 1994; Duesberg AIDS that was predominantly middle-aged and African and Bialy 1995; Duesberg and Rasnick 1998). Duesberg American. One in five participants stated that there is no claims that HIV and all other retroviruses are harmless and proof that HIV causes AIDS and that HIV treatments do that AIDS is actually caused by illicit drug abuse, poverty, more harm than good. AIDS denialism beliefs were more and antiretroviral medications (Duesberg et al.