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The Year 1968—Some Claiming Objectivity and Others Stating Their Prejudices—I Am Convinced That Fairness Is Possible but True Objectivity Is Not

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file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (1 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm "Splendid . evocative ... No one before Kurlansky has managed to evoke so rich a set of experiences in so many different places—and to keep the story humming." -Chicago Tribune To some, 1968 was the year of sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Yet it was also the year of the Martin Luther King, Jr., and Bobby Kennedy assassinations; the riots at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago; Prague Spring; the antiwar movement and the Tet Offensive; Black Power; the generation gap; avant-garde theater; the upsurge of the women's movement; and the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union. In this monumental book, Mark Kurlansky brings to teeming life the cultural and political history of that pivotal year, when television's influence on global events first became apparent, and spontaneous uprisings occurred simultaneously around the world. Encompassing the diverse realms of youth and music, politics and war, economics and the media, 1968 shows how twelve volatile months transformed who we were as a people—and led us to where we are today. "A cornucopia of astounding events and audacious originality ... Like a reissue of a classic album or a PBS documentary, this book is about a subject it's hard to imagine people ever tiring of revisiting. They just don't make years like 1968 very often." - The Atlanta Journal-Chronicle "Fascinating ... [Kurlansky] re-creates events with flair and drama." - Seattle Post-Intelligencer "Highly readable ... a rich perspective ... Kurlansky is a writer of remarkable talents and interests." - San Francisco Chronicle Mark Kurlansky is the James A. Beard Award-winning author of the New York Times bestseller Salt: A World History, The Basque History of the World, Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World, A Chosen Few: The Resurrection of European Jewry, A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny, a collection of stories, The White Man in the Tree, and a children's book, The Cod's Tale, as well as the editor of Choice Cuts: A Savory Selection of Food Writing from Around the World and Throughout History. He lives in New York City. OTHER BOOKS BY MARK KURLANSKY Salt: A World History The Basque History of the World file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (2 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World A Chosen Few: The Resurrection of European Jewry A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny Choice Cuts: A Savory Selection of Food Writing from Around the World and Throughout History (anthology) The White Man in the Tree and Other Stories (fiction) The Cod's Tale (tor children) file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (3 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm 2005 Random House Trade Paperback Edition Copyright © 2004 by Mark Kurlansky Questions for discussion © 2005 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (4 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House Trade Paperbacks, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Random House Trade Paperbacks and colophon are trademarks of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Control Number: 2004095998 isbn 0-345-45582-7 Random House website address: www.atrandom.com Printed in the United States of America Book design by Carole Lowenstein To my beautiful Talia Feiga; so that she will know truth from lies, love life, hate war, and always believe that she can change the world ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my deep admiration and profound gratitude to Walter Cronkite, Gene Roberts, and Daniel Schorr, who informed this book with countless invaluable insights and the wisdom they so generously shared from three most remarkable careers. I also owe a great debt to Nancy Miller, my patient editor, who has been dreaming and thinking with me about this book for ten years; to Deirdre Lanning, who helped me through a cybernightmare; and to my absolutely incomparable agent, Charlotte Sheedy, who is the kind of sixties person I am proud to have as a friend. Thanks to Alice Dowd of the New York Public Library for her help and cooperation, to Mary Haskell for generously sharing her poster collection, and to my friend Hanna Kordowicz for her help in Poland, Elzbieta Wirpsza for her Polish translation, my friend Krystyna Skalski and Andrzej Dudzinski for help in Warsaw, Mark Segall for his assistance, and Dariusz Stola for his insights into Polish history. Thanks to Peter Katel, Fernando Moreno, and Tito Ramirez Morales for help in Mexico City, and Chantal Siri and Chantal Regnault in Paris. Thanks to Marlene Adler for her help at CBS, Jane Klain at the Museum of Broadcasting, Sarah Shannon for help in research, and Deborah Kroplick, without whose help and enthusiasm I am not sure how I would have finished. file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (5 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm Thanks to my wife, Marian Mass, who helped me in a hundred ways and whose great heart renews my faith in the world, and to the memory of her sister, Janet Phibbs, who I think would have liked this book. I am also deeply appreciative of the help given to me by Adolfo Aguilar Zinser, Raul Alvarez Garin, Eleanor Bakhtadze, Francois Cerutti, Evelyn Cohen, Dany Cohn-Bendit, Lewis Cole, Roberto Escudero, Konstanty Gebert, Alain Geismar, Radith Geismar, Suzanne Goldberg, Myrthokleia Gonzalez Gallardo, Tom Hayden, Alain Kri-vine, Jacek Kurori, Ifigenia Martinez, Pino Martinez de la Roca, Lorenzo Meyer, Adam Michnik, Francois Pignet, Roberto Rodriguez Banos, Nina and Eugeniusz Smolar, Joanna Szczesna, and especially Mark Rudd for his time, hospitality, the use of his unpublished manuscript, and for his honesty. And to everyone who said "No!" and most especially all those who are still saying it. CONTENTS introduction: The Year That Rocked the World xvii part 1 The Winter of Our Discontent chapter 1 The Week It Began 3 chapter 2 He Who Argues With a Mosquito Net 25 chapter 3 A Dread Unfurling of the Bushy Eyebrow 38 chapter 4 To Breathe in a Polish Ear 64 part 2 Prague Spring chapter 5 On the Gears of an Odious Machine 81 chapter 6 Heroes 103 chapter 7 A Polish Categorical Imperative 118 chapter 8 Poetry, Politics, and a Tough Second Act 129 chapter 9 Sons and Daughters of the New Fatherland 143 chapter 10 Wagnerian Overtones of a Hip and Bearded Revolution 158 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (6 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm chapter 11 April Motherfuckers 178 chapter 12 Monsieur, We Think You Are Rotten 209 chapter 13 The Place to Be 238 part 3 The Summer Olympics chapter 14 Places Not to Be 253 chapter 15 The Craft of Dull Politics 261 chapter 16 Phantom Fuzz Down by the Stockyards 269 chapter 17 The Sorrow of Prague East 287 chapter 18 The Ghastly Strain of a Smile 306 chapter 19 In an Aztec Place 321 part 4 The Fall of Nixon chapter 20 Theory and Practice for the Fall Semester 347 chapter 21 The Last Hope 366 NOTES 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 INDEX 413 I think that the people want peace so much that one of these days governments had better get out of the way and let them have it. — Dwight David Eisenhower, 1959 There is a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart, that you can't take part. and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears . and you've got to make it stop. —Mario Savio, Berkeley, 1964 The road is strewn with many dangers. First is the danger of futility; the belief there is nothing one man or one woman can do against the enormous array of the world's ills. Yet . each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring, those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance. —Robert F. Kennedy, Cape Town, South Africa, 1966 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm (7 of 350)04.04.2006 16:28:44 file:///D|/Temp%2093/1968/1968.htm Our program is based on the conviction that man and mankind are capable not only of learning about the world, but also of changing it. —Alexander Dubcek, speech in Bohemia, May 16, 1968 We criticize all society where people are passive. — Daniel Cohn-Bendit, visiting London, June 1968 Silence is sometimes a disgrace. — Yevgeny Yevtushenko, August zz, 1968 The youth rebellion is a worldwide phenomenon that has not been seen before in history. I do not believe they will calm down and be ad execs at thirty as the Establishment would like us to believe. Millions of young people all over the world are fed up with shallow unworthy authority running on a platform of bullshit.
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