Nutritional Status in Commercial Currant Fields

AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND

Vol. 11 (2002): 301Ð310.

Nutritional status in commercial currant fields

Raina Niskanen Department of Applied Biology, Horticulture, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, e-mail: [email protected]

The nutritional status on commercial currant fields was elucidated by advisory analytical data of 357 pairs of soil and leaf samples from commercial black, red and white currant fields in Southern and Middle Finland. The purpose was to investigate how nutrient concentrations in soil and leaves fitted in the recommended ranges, correlated with each other and to evaluate their usefulness in diagnosis

of nutritional status. Soil pH(H2O) and extractable nutrients (NO3-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn) and leaf nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B) were analysed. The mean soil pH, P, K and Mn were in the recommended ranges. Over 50% of soil P and 60% of Mg results and the greatest part of Ca results passed below the lower recommended limits, but soil B and Cu were frequently over the upper recommended limits. The mean leaf N, P and K on all currants, Mg on black and red currants and Ca and B on black currant were within the recommended limits. The lower recommended limit of Mg was passed below in 74% of white currant leaf samples. Positive correlations were found between soil and leaf nutrient concentrations for P, Ca and Mg. The recommended lower soil analysis limits might possibly be too high for coarse soils, because low values of soil P, Mg and Ca were common. The nutrients also might not be evenly distributed in the sampled soil layer but might be accumulated in a thin surface soil layer because of repeated surface broadcasting of fertilizers. Key words: black currants, leaf analysis, macro- and micronutrients, red currants, Ribes nigrum, Ribes x pallidum, soil pH, soil testing, white currants

ways a satisfactory guide to the fertilization of Introduction perennial plants like berry and fruit crops (Bould et al. 1960). Recommendations based on soil The chemical composition of a plant changes analysis assume that there is a direct relation- with nutrient supply, although the change is by ship between the extractable nutrients in the soil no means commensurate with the variation in and the uptake by plants. However, this relation- external supplies (Asher and Loneragan 1967, ship is affected by environmental factors like soil Spear et al. 1978). Soil analysis alone is not al- moisture. Therefore leaf analysis can be a more

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Niskanen, R. Nutritional status in currant fields reliable tool in assessing the nutritional status The intention of this study was to elucidate and response to fertilizers and in giving infor- the nutritional status on Finnish commercial cur- mation about the real uptake of nutrients. In Fin- rant fields, to compare leaf nutrient levels of dif- land, leaf analysis has been used in the fertiliza- ferent currant species, and to investigate how tion recommendations for currants since the nutrient concentrations in soil and leaves fitted 1970s. However, the values recommended for in the recommended ranges, correlated with each leaf nutrients have largely been based on the re- other and to evaluate their usefulness in diagno- search done abroad. In addition, the studies have sis of nutritional status. mainly concentrated on black currant (Ljones 1963, Bould 1964, 1969, Bjurman 1971, Bould and Parfitt 1972, Vang-Petersen 1973, Säkö and Laurinen 1979, Aaltonen and Dalman 1993, Nis- kanen et al. 1993, 1999, Kongsrud and Nes 1999, Material and methods Aflatuni et al. 2001), and there are few studies on red and white currants (Vang-Petersen 1973, To study the nutritional status of commercial Ljones 1984, Aaltonen 1990, 1992, Aaltonen and currant fields, soil testing and leaf macronutri- Dalman 1993, Niskanen et al. 1993, 1994, 1999, ent data provided by Soil Testing Service Ltd Dierend et al. 1998, Rupp and Tränkle 2000). was investigated. During 1982Ð1991, soil and Therefore, recommendations for black currant leaf samples were taken by growers after har- (Ribes nigrum L.) have largely been applied also vest at the end of August or at the beginning of to red and white currants (Ribes x pallidum Otto September in commercial black, red and white & Dietr.). currant fields located in Southern and Middle Fluctuations in berry yields are major prob- Finland. The total numbers of soil and leaf sam- lems in commercial currant production (Voipio ples were 287, 51 and 19 for black, red and white and Niskanen 1990, Niskanen and Matala 1991), currant fields, respectively. The samples were and more knowledge is needed for solving the sent to Soil Testing Service Ltd for analysis. The causes of low yields. More research is needed cultivars were not always reported by the grow- on the effects of fertilization on the berry yield ers. However, ‘Red Dutch’, ‘Rondom’ and and the applicability of soil and leaf analysis in ‘White Dutch’ grew in some red and white cur- the advisory work on fertilization (Niskanen rant fields, and the main black currant cultivar 1989). Both environmental and economical was ‘Öjebyn’. viewpoints assume that fertilization must be as According to the instructions (Soil Testing appropriate as possible. In practical cultivation, Service Ltd), soil samples should consist of 8Ð there have been problems in the interpretation 10 subsamples taken from the depth of about 0Ð and combination of soil and leaf analysis results, 20 cm and mixed thoroughly. The textural and because they give sometimes contrary compre- humus content classes of soils were estimated hensions of the nutritional status. When nutrient by finger assessment. The pH and nitrate nitro- concentrations in leaves are within the recom- gen were determined in soil-water suspension mended range, it has been difficult to use them (1:2.5) after 12 hours standing. An ion-specific as a basis for optimization of fertilization, be- electrode was used for the measurement of the cause the values vary depending on the condi- nitrate nitrogen. Before 1989, only nitrate nitro- tions. Because of these problems, leaf analysis gen values higher than 10 mg lÐ1 soil were re- has not been useful enough and has not met the ported. Soil P, K, Ca and Mg were extracted by needs of practical cultivation (Matala 1999). acid ammonium acetate (0.5 M acetic acid, 0.5 M Therefore, the use of commercial analysis of leaf ammonium acetate, pH 4.65, ratio 1:10 v/v, 1 h) samples has decreased radically (Alainen 1999, (Vuorinen and Mäkitie 1955). Soil boron was personal communication). extracted by hot water (Berger and Truog 1944)

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Vol. 11 (2002): 301Ð310. and copper and manganese by acid ammonium solved in 2 M HCl. P, K, Ca, Mg and B in ash acetate-EDTA solution (Lakanen and Erviö extracts were determined by plasma emission 1971). Phosphorus was determined by a modifi- spectroscopy. Leaf N was determined by the cation (Vuorinen and Mäkitie 1955) of molyb- Kjeldahl method. denum blue method, potassium and calcium by flame photometry, magnesium, copper and manganese by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and boron by plasma emission spectroscopy. The extraction method for soil copper and manga- Results nese was changed in 1986 and, differing from the other elements, only the results of the period The samples collected from commercial currant 1986Ð1991 were included in the present study fields during 1982Ð1991 consisted mainly of for these two nutrients. The results of manga- coarse mineral soils (Table 1). The greatest group nese are given as pH-corrected values. The meas- consisted of sandy moraines of medium humus ured manganese concentrations (mg lÐ1 of soil) content. The mean soil pH was in the recom- were multiplied by a coefficient which is depend- mended range, but the values were under the low- ent on soil pH (Sillanpää 1982). er limit in part of the soil samples (Table 2). The The leaf samples consisted of 40Ð100 com- percentage of low pH values was highest for red pletely developed healthy leaf blades (about currant fields. Nitrate N was below the range 100 g of fresh weight) of new shoots from all recommended for samples collected in autumn. around the bushes. Air-dried leaf samples were The data on nitrate N was limited and included ground and ashed at 550°C and the ash was dis- only samples from black currant fields where the

Table 1. Percentage of soil samples from currant fields of different textural and humus content classes during 1982Ð1991.

% of currant fields Black Red White (n = 287) (n = 51) (n = 19)

Textural class1 Clay, silt, loam 12 00 00 Fine sand 21 10 21 Sandy moraine 60 73 79 No information 051800 Humus content2 Low 06 0416 Medium 64 57 79 Rich 21 22 05 Very rich 01 00 00 Mull 02 00 00 No information 051800

1 Percentage of particle size fractions in textural classes: Diameter, mm Clay Silt Loam Coarser soils < 2 ≥ 30 < 30 < 30 < 30 2Ð20 > 50 < 50 < 50 > 20 < 50 > 50 2 Percentage of organic matter in humus content classes: < 3 low, 3Ð5.9 medium, 6Ð11.9 rich, 12Ð19.9 very rich, 20Ð40 mull n = number of samples

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Niskanen, R. Nutritional status in currant fields

Ð1 Ð Ð1 Table 2. Soil pH(H2O), extractable P, K, Ca, Mg and B (mg l soil) in 1982Ð1991 and NO3 -N (mg l ) in 1989Ð1991, copper (mg lÐ1) and pH-corrected manganese in 1986Ð1991 and percentage of samples with values below (low values) and above (high values) the ranges recommended for currant fields.

Property1 Currant n Mean SD Range Percentage of low values high values pH Black 287 6.3 0.4 5.3Ð7.4 27 14 Red 051 6.2 0.4 5.2Ð7.0 39 14 White 019 6.4 0.5 5.7Ð7.2 21 37 P Black 287 22 17 001Ð106 59 14 Red 051 26 21 04Ð95 51 22 White 019 20 10 08Ð43 53 05 K Black 287 187 80 020Ð562 32 06 Red 051 195 92 040Ð380 35 08 White 019 164 80 055Ð320 53 00 Mg Black 287 198 88 040Ð690 61 04 Red 051 168 65 050Ð395 78 00 White 019 164 57 080Ð255 63 00 Ca Black 287 1466 461 0500Ð4100 91 03 Red 051 1430 451 0625Ð2525 86 00 White 019 2005 1577 0725Ð8000 74 16 B Black 287 1.0 0.4 0.3Ð2.5 0848 Red 051 1.2 0.5 0.6Ð2.6 0063 White 019 1.6 0.6 0.6Ð2.8 0090 Cu Black 159 10.5 7.9 01.1Ð50.8 0875 Red 030 6.6 4.0 2.0Ð6.0 0053 White 017 11.7 6.4 01.8Ð25.6 0688 Mn Black 159 37 24 006Ð165 38 08 Red 030 37 17 11Ð96 23 03 White 017 55 72 020Ð330 18 12

Ð NO3 -N Black 033 7.5 6.5 01.2Ð31.0 1 Ranges recommended for coarse mineral soils (Viljavuuspalvelu 1997): pH 6.1Ð6.5, P 20Ð40, K 150Ð350, Ca 2000Ð Ð Ð1 2600, Mg 200Ð400, B 0.6Ð0.9, Cu 2.7Ð5.0, NO3 -N 30Ð50 mg l soil, Mn-value 25Ð75 SD = standard deviation, n = number of samples

nitrate N concentration was <10 mg lÐ1 soil in leaves were in the recommended ranges (Ta- 83% of samples. The means of soil P and K were ble 3). In black and white currant leaves, K level in the recommended ranges. However, P, Mg and was good but N was below the recommended Ca values commonly fell below the recommend- lower limit in one-fifth of the samples. High P ed lower limits. Soil B and Cu were frequently values were most common in red currant leaves over the upper recommendation limit. On the and high K values in black currant leaves. The average, soil manganese was in the recommen- mean Mg concentration in leaves of black and dation range. Low manganese values were most red currants were within the recommended range, common on black currant fields. low values being most common in white currant The mean values of N, P and K in currant leaves. On average, Ca and B in black currant

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Table 3. N, P, K, Mg, Ca (g kgÐ1 of dry matter) and B (mg kgÐ1 of dry matter) in currant leaves 1982Ð1991 and percentage of samples with nutrient values below (low values) and over (high values) the recommendation range.

Nutrient1 Currant n Mean SD Range Percentage of low values high values

N Black 287 24.1 5.2 10.2Ð54.5 18 08 Red 051 26.9 5.2 16.5Ð45.7 06 06 White 019 24.9 4.5 16.9Ð31.2 21 00 P Black 287 05.6 1.7 02.2Ð10.1 05 09 Red 051 06.5 3.7 02.2Ð15.7 12 26 White 019 05.1 1.4 3.1Ð8.1 00 05 K Black 287 17.2 4.5 08.7Ð34.6 0126 Red 051 30.6 7.3 17.1Ð47.9 0812 White 019 31.7 3.2 25.8Ð35.9 00 00 Mg Black 287 05.1 1.3 2.3Ð9.3 17 03 Red 051 03.4 0.8 1.7Ð4.9 28 00 White 019 02.8 0.7 1.7Ð4.0 74 00 Ca Black 019 20.7 3.5 12.0Ð25.6 Red 006 31.0 2.6 27.8Ð35.6 B Black 040 34.3 10.20 19.5Ð82.0 Red 006 37.2 2.3 35.3Ð41.0

1 Recommendation ranges for nutrients in August (Viljavuuspalvelu 1997): NP KMgCaB Currant g kgÐ1 of dry matter mg kgÐ1 of dry matter Black 20Ð30 3Ð810Ð20 4Ð820Ð30 20Ð60 Red, white 20Ð35 3Ð820Ð40 3Ð510Ð25 20Ð60 SD = standard deviation, n = number of samples

leaves were in the recommended range, although the number of analyses was low. The most re- Discussion markable distinction between nutrient levels in leaves of different currant species was a higher The ranges recommended (Viljavuuspalvelu K level for red and white currants as compared 1997) in Finland for macronutrient concentra- with black currant. Mg was the only nutrient with tions in currant leaves are wider and for nearly higher values for black currant than for red and all nutrients higher than the optimum ranges for white currants. The other nutrient levels were black currant leaves suggested in England (N 29Ð higher for red currant than for black currant. 30, P 2.5Ð3.0, K 10Ð15, Mg 1.0Ð1.5 g kgÐ1 dry Positive correlations between leaf and soil matter) (Bould 1964, 1969) and values recom- nutrients were rather weak for P in black and mended for all currants in Norway and Sweden red currant fields (Fig. 1). Values of correlation (N 26Ð29, P 1.5Ð2.0, K 12Ð16, Ca 14Ð17 and coefficients were rather low also for Mg of black Mg 2.5Ð3.5 g kgÐ1 dry matter) (Larsson and currant and red currant (Fig. 2). A weak nega- Svensson 1989). tive correlation was found between soil and leaf In commercial currant fields, nutrient values K in red currant fields (Fig. 3). below the recommended lower limits were more

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Niskanen, R. Nutritional status in currant fields

Fig. 1. Leaf versus soil P in black and red currant fields in Fig. 2. Leaf versus soil Mg in black and red currant fields 1982Ð1991 (significance: *** P = 0.001, * P = 0.05; black in 1982Ð1991 (significance: *** P = 0.001, * P = 0.05; black currant, n = 287, red currant, n = 51). currant, n = 287, red currant, n = 51).

common in soils than in leaves. The fact that soil P, Mg and Ca values commonly fell below the recommended lower limits may reflect the great proportion of coarse soils with rather small nutrient sorption capacity. Furthermore, the pH was below the recommended lower limit in some of the soil samples. With decreasing pH the extract- ability of soil P by acid ammonium acetate de- creases (Hartikainen 1989) and the pH-dependent part of cation exchange capacity diminishes (Mäntylahti and Niskanen 1986). This latter fact is revealed by positive correlation between pH and extractable Ca and Mg representing prima- rily the exchangeable cation fraction (Niskanen and Jaakkola 1985). In regard to Mg, low values in soil were reflected by low values in the leaves of red and white currants. Soil and leaf analysis partially gave conflict- ing impressions of the nutritional status of cur- Fig. 3. Leaf versus soil K in black and red currant fields in rant fields. Although the nutritional status was 1982Ð1991 (significance: * P = 0.05, ns = not significant; satisfactory according to the soil analysis, the black currant, n = 287, red currant, n = 51). leaf concentrations were low. For example, in

306 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND

Vol. 11 (2002): 301Ð310. commercial fields K in black currant leaves tend- tion in the analysis results of a material collected to decrease in August although the soil K was ed from many commercial fields. There seemed satisfactory (Niskanen 2001). In this case it was to be, however, no great differences in the aver- possible that high Ca decreased the uptake of K. age macronutrient composition of black currant Antagonism between the K and Ca uptakes of leaves between commercial cultivations and pot black currant was also found in the study of and field experiments (Niskanen 2001). Ljones (1963). The weak negative correlation The recommended lower soil analysis limits between soil and leaf K in commercial red cur- might be too high for coarse soils, because low rant fields might be related to this connection. values of soil P, Mg and Ca were rather com- Rather weak positive correlations were found mon. It is also possible that nutrient concentra- only in the cases of P and Mg. In a Norwegian tions are not evenly distributed in the sampled field experiment on black currant, positive cor- soil layer. In order to avoid of breaking the shal- relations between soil and leaf nutrients were low root systems, soil tillage is lacking in per- found for P, K, Mg and Ca (Ljones 1963). In field ennial crop fields. It has been shown on black experiments on black and red currants carried currant (Coker 1958) that under nontilled soil out by Aaltonen and Dalman (1993), the values the level of root activity is greatest from 5Ð10 of linear correlation coefficients between nutri- cm deep, if the surface soil moisture conditions ents in the currant leaves and in the soil were are favorable. In fruit and berry fields the com- mostly low. Leaf nutrient concentrations were mon practice has been to broadcast fertilizers on only slightly dependent on soil nutrients also in the soil surface. Therefore, nutrients accumulat- Finnish commercial apple orchards (Dris et al. ed in a thin surface soil layer from where the 1997, Dris and Niskanen 1998) and strawberry absorption of nutrients by roots has largely tak- fields (Niskanen and Dris 2002). When the soil en place. In this case, nutritional status might be nutritional status is at least satisfactory, the poor satisfactory according to the leaf analysis but correlation between nutrient concentrations in according to the soil analysis nutrient levels soil and in leaf dry matter is obvious and can be might be low because in soil sampling higher due to many factors affecting the availability and nutrient concentrations of the thin surface layer uptake of nutrients, e.g. weather conditions, soil have been diluted to a larger sampled soil vol- moisture and nutrient levels, competition be- ume. tween nutrients in plant uptake, efficiency of High values of soil B and Cu were common shoot growth, amount of yield and incidence of in currant fields. This can be attributable to the pests. Also the soil and leaf sampling, its timing use of compound fertilizers including micronu- and how properly it is done, has an effect on how trients. The repeated surface broadcasting of representative the results are. The data from com- these fertilizers might have caused enrichment mercial currant fields included material which of B and Cu in the soil surface layer at a detri- was analyzed during a period of ten years. Dif- mentally high level, because these elements are ferences in field management and weather con- liable to be tightly bound in soil. High Cu and B ditions during growing seasons could cause var- levels in soil have been commonly found also in iation in the data. Additional variation might be strawberry fields (Kukkonen and Uosukainen caused by differences in leaf nutrient composi- 1999, Niskanen and Dris 2002). It is considered tion between cultivars. Leaf Ca has been ana- that low strawberry yields might be partially lyzed only seldom, the data from red and white caused by high soil B concentration. In currant currant fields was limited and there might be fields it might be also necessary to reconsider variation in the sampling methods used in dif- the amount of B and Cu fertilization. ferent farms. As compared with the results of a High soil P values were found in a part of single field experiment, different growth condi- currant fields. In nontilled soil, broadcasted P is tions and soil characteristics cause more varia- bound to 1Ð2 cm thick surface layer and the sol-

307 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND

Niskanen, R. Nutritional status in currant fields uble P concentration of this layer increases and the use of nutrients and for prevention of nutri- may lead to higher loss of P by surface runoff ent losses by surface runoff and drainage water. and drainage water (Turtola and Jaakkola 1995, According to the soil analysis results low Ca, Turtola and Kemppainen 1998, Turtola and Yli- Mg, K and P values were common in currant Halla 1999). This risk is very possible, because fields but leaf analysis results were mostly in currants are often cultivated on coarse mineral recommended ranges and did not indicate fre- soils and slope fields. The recommended soil P quent nutrient deficiences in currant fields. Be- range for currant fields is rather high as com- cause the use of commercial analysis of leaf sam- pared the present recommendations for cultiva- ples has decreased radically, the fertilization has tion of cereal and other agricultural crops (Yli- been based only on soil analysis results. Then Halla et al. 2001). It might be necessary to ad- low soil nutrient values have led to high fertili- just recommendations for soil P also in currant zation recommendations and possibly to use of fields. Furthermore, it could be reasonable to superfluous high fertilizer doses. replace surface broadcasting of fertilizers by other fertilization methods like placement fertiliza- Acknowledgements. The author wishes to thank Soil Test- tion (Niskanen et al. 1999) and fertigation ing Service Ltd. for delivering the results of berry series (Kongsrud and Nes 1999) for improvement of analysis.

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Series A periment on commercial currant plantations in 1991Ð 77. Jokioinen: MTT Agrifood Research Finland. 45 1992). Helsingin yliopiston kasvintuotantotieteen lai- p. + 4 app. (in Finnish). tos, Puutarhatieteen julkaisuja 24. Helsinki. 81 p.

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Niskanen, R. Nutritional status in currant fields SELOSTUS Herukkaviljelmien ravinnetila

Raina Niskanen Helsingin yliopisto

Musta-, puna- ja valkoherukkaviljelmien ravinnetilan keskimääräiset typen, fosforin ja kaliumin pitoisuu- määrittämiseksi koottiin Viljavuuspalvelu Oy:n mar- det kaikilla herukoilla, magnesiumin pitoisuus mus- jasarja-analyysien tuloksia vuosilta 1982Ð1991. Ai- ta- ja punaherukoilla sekä kalsiumin ja boorin pitoi- neisto käsitti maa-analyysin (pH, NO3-N, P, K, Ca, suudet mustaherukalla olivat suositusten mukaisia. Mg, B, Cu, Mn) ja herukan lehtien ravinnepitoisuu- Valkoherukalla 74 % lehtinäytteistä magnesiumpitoi- det (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B) yhteensä 357 viljelmältä Ete- suus alitti suosituksen. Lehtien ja maan fosforin, kal- lä- ja Keski-Suomesta. Aineistosta selvitettiin, oliko siumin ja magnesiumin pitoisuuksien välillä oli mel- maan ja lehtien ravinnepitoisuuksien välillä yhteyt- ko heikko yhteys. Vaikka ravinnetila oli lehtianalyy- tä, ja kuinka hyvin ravinnepitoisuudet vastasivat suo- sin perusteella hyvä, maan fosforin, magnesiumin ja situsarvoja sekä kuvasivat viljelmien ravinnetilaa. kalsiumin pitoisuudet olivat usein pieniä. Tämä viit- Maanäytteiden keskimääräinen pH sekä fosforin taa siihen, että karkeilla kivennäismailla maa-analyy- ja kaliumin pitoisuudet ja pH-korjattu mangaani oli- sin ravinnesuositusten alaraja on liian korkea. Maa- vat suositusten mukaisia. Suurimmassa osassa maa- analyysin pienet ravinnepitoisuudet saattavat johtua näytteistä kalsiumin pitoisuus, yli 60 % näytteistä myös ravinteiden epätasaisesta jakautumisesta ja lai- magnesiumin pitoisuus ja yli 50 % näytteistä fosfo- menemisesta maanäytteessä, koska pintalannoituksen rin pitoisuus alitti suosituksen, mutta boorin ja ku- ja muokkaamattomuuden vuoksi ravinteet ovat ker- parin pitoisuudet ylittivät usein suosituksen. Lehtien tyneet aivan maan pintakerrokseen.

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