Module 2: Family

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE LA MIXTECA CENTRO DE IDIOMAS, DIVISION DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO

ENGLISH LANGUAGE READING PROGRAM: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

MODULE 2: FAMILY

Postgraduate Intermediate Reading program Module 2: Family Prerequisites: All students must have completed and passed Module 1: Grammar. Information about the teacher My name is Maria Pinto. I am in Office 12 in the new Centro de Idiomas building. Email: [email protected] Web page: www.utm.mx/~mariapinto/Lectura.html Course information To successfully complete the Postgraduate Intermediate level Reading program, students must: 1. Complete the activities and pass the exam for module 1 (Grammar). The pass grade is 6.0. 2. Complete the readings and pass the exam for three (3) other modules. The pass grade for each module is 6.0. [Note: Students can choose to complete the readings and present exams for more than four modules, if they so choose.] Students can choose to complete all the modules in one semester, or to complete the modules over several semesters. When they have completed the packet of readings for each module, they must contact the course coordinator, Maria Pinto, to arrange to present the exam for that module. There are no face-to-face classes for this course. Students are expected to download the packet of readings from Maria’s website, and work through them. Please visit Maria in her office, or send her an email if you have any questions or need help with the readings. Please make sure Maria has an up-to-date, working email address for you, so that she can contact you when necessary! Exam information You need a promedio of 6.0 to successfully complete the Intermediate level course. To successfully complete the course, you must pass Module 1 (Grammar), and three (3) other modules. You must get a promedio of 6 (or more) out of 10 in each module to pass the course. Exam for the Family module There will be two readings, and three activities for each reading. The first reading uses informal language, while the second uses English for publication (academic, technical, or formal English). There is one vocabulary activity, and there are two comprehension activities for each reading. The readings will be on the theme of Family. The readings are included in this pack, so you can study for the exam. However, the activities are not included. You will have one hour to complete the exam. When should I do the exam for this module? Do the exam when you think you are ready to do it. You will have one hour to complete the exam. When you have worked through the packet of readings, and feel that you are ready to do the exam, send Maria an email, stating which day, and at what time, you would like to do the exam. (You can write in English or Spanish.) Come to Maria’s office at the Centro de Idiomas on the appointed day, at the appointed time.

Table of contents Prerequisites: ...... 2 Information about the teacher ...... 2 Course information ...... 2 Exam information ...... 2 Table of contents ...... 3 Vocabulary: Family ...... 5 Reading 1: The Robinsons of Ramsay Street ...... 6 1.1 Vocabulary. Write the missing word to complete the sentence...... 6 1.2 Comprehension. Answer the questions...... 6 1.3 Comprehension. Write the names in the correct places in the family tree...... 7 Reading 2: A Brother's Hands ...... 8 2.1 Vocabulary. Circle the correct meaning in Spanish for each word / phrase in English...... 9 2.2 Comprehension 1. Circle True or False...... 9 2.3 Comprehension 2. Answer the questions...... 9 Reading 3: The Wooden Bowl...... 10 3.1 Vocabulary. Match the word or phrase in English, with its meaning in Spanish...... 10 3.2 Vocabulary / Comprehension. Circle the correct word to complete the sentences...... 11 3.3 Comprehension. Answer the questions...... 11 Reading and writing for publication ...... 12 Writing to a friend ...... 12 Writing a fable or story ...... 12 Writing in academic or technical style ...... 12 Approaches to Reading 6...... 12 Reading 4: Changing family structure ...... 13 Style notes ...... 14 4.1 Comprehension. Skill-building - Reading for gist...... 15 4.2 Vocabulary. Answer the questions...... 15 4.3 Comprehension/Grammar. Complete the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original...... 15 Reading 5: Mexican Family Culture ...... 17 Style notes ...... 18 5.1 Comprehension. Skill building - Skimming and scanning...... 18 5.2 Vocabulary. Circle the word or phrase that has the same meaning...... 18 5.3 Comprehension. Answer the questions...... 19 Reading 6: Family Structure and Child Well-being: Integrating Family Complexity ...... 20 Style notes ...... 21 6.1 Comprehension. Skill building: Skimming and scanning ...... 22 3

6.2. Vocabulary/Comprehension. Circle the correct meaning...... 22 6.3 Comprehension/Grammar. Circle the option that has the same meaning as the original...... 22 The Exam Readings ...... 24 Exam Reading 1: Sister Love ...... 25 Exam Reading 2: Breadwinning Moms, Caregiving Dads: Double Standard in Social Judgments of Gender Norm Violators ...... 26 Answers ...... 28 5.2 ...... 28

Vocabulary: Family Grandmother Abuela Aunt Tia Grandfather Abuelo Uncles and aunts Los tios Grandparents Los abuelos Nephew Sobrino Grandson Nieto Niece Sobrina Granddaughter Nieta Cousin Primo / prima Grandchildren Los nietos Husband Esposo Father Padre Wife Esposa Mother Madre Husband and wife Los esposos The parents Los papás Son Hijo Sister Hermana Daughter Hija Brother Hermano Children Hijos Brothers Hermanos Mother-in-law Suegra Sisters Hermanas Father-in-law Suegro The siblings Hermanos y Daughter-in-law Nuera hermanas Son-in-law Yerno Uncle Tio The in-laws Los suegros

Nowadays, with divorce and remarriage, we also have a lot of ‘blended families’, and words to refer to relationships within these families. A blended family is formed when a man with children from a previous relationship marries (or lives with) a woman with children from a previous relationship. The new couple share their house full- or part-time with these children from previous relationships. Here are a few words to use to describe the relationship between people in a blended family: The person who marries your mother (but is not your father) = your stepfather The person who marries your father (but is not your mother) = your stepmother Your stepparents’ children = your stepbrothers and stepsisters A child one of your parents has with their new husband or wife = your halfbrother or halfsister The person you divorce = your ex-wife or ex-husband Another type of family is formed when children live with one parent (because the other parent is dead or is no longer living with the family). This is known as a ‘single parent’ household. Some words we use when one spouse (husband or wife) or parent is dead: You are a widow if your husband is dead. You are a widower if your wife is dead. You are an orphan if your parents are dead. Some children might live with people who look after them, but are not legally their parents. These are known as foster children. And some children might be adopted into another family – they might not share the same genes, but belong legally to their adoptive parents. These children have birth parents and adoptive parents.

Reading 1: The Robinsons of Ramsay Street My favourite soap opera is Neighbours. Neighbours is set on Ramsay Street, in Melbourne, Australia, and tells the story of three families – the Robinsons, the Clarkes, and the Mitchells. All three families live on Ramsay Street. The Robinson family tree is the most complicated. When the show started, there were six people in the Robinson household: the father, Jim, his four children, Paul, Julie, Scott, and Lucy, and his mother-in- law, Helen Daniels. Helen had lived with the family since the death of her daughter, Paul’s According to the Neighbours’ storyline, Scott wife, Anne. (Anne died when her daughter and Charlene have now been married for over Lucy was born.) 20 years. They have two children, Daniel and Madison. Lucy Robinson has also grown up, Neighbours was first broadcast on Australian and is now married to David. But the two television in 1985 – and is still running today! eldest children, Paul and Julie, have had the Of course, there have been a lot of changes most complicated lives. (The actors who played over the years! When I first started watching Paul and Julie stayed on Neighbours, while the Neighbours, Scott Robinson was in high actors who played the other siblings left the school, and Lucy Robinson in primary school. show after a few years.) My favourite moment in Neighbours was when Julie Robinson was married to Philip until her Scott Robinson married his high school death. She and Philip had one child, their sweetheart, Charlene Mitchell, in 1987. (The daughter Hannah, and Philip’s two children actors who played Scott and Charlene were (from a previous relationship), Debbie and both singers, and left the show a year after Michael, also lived with them. their on-screen wedding to focus on their singing careers, so Scott and Charlene have Paul Robinson has been married five times! not appeared on Neighbours for over 20 years. He also has five children – his daughter Amy, Do you recognise the actors? They appear in with a woman named Nina, three children with the picture at the top of the next column. Check his second wife: Lucinda, Robert, and his (now the answers at the end of this article for their deceased) twin Cameron, and a son, named names.) Andrew, with his third wife. He has been married to Terry, Gail, Christina, Lyn, and Rebecca. [* The singer Kylie Minogue played Charlene Mitchell. Jason Donovan, who also became a famous singer, played Scott Robinson.]

1.1 Vocabulary. Write the missing word to complete the sentence. Eg. Scott is Charlene’s husband. 1. Helen was Lucy’s ______. 4. Paul is Jim’s ______. 2. Hannah is Debbie’s ______. 5. Lucinda and Robert are ______. 3. Paul’s current ______name is 6. Amy is Paul’s ______. Rebecca. 1.2 Comprehension. Answer the questions. 1. Who was Anne Robinson?

2. When the show started, what was Lucy Robinson’s job? 3. Which of Jim’s children has died? 4. How many children did Paul Robinson have with his fourth wife?

1.3 Comprehension. Write the names in the correct places in the family tree. Some names have been given to help you.

(a)

(b) Anne Robinson (d)

Julie Paul (c) Scott (d) Lucy (e) (d)

Debbie (f)

Hannah (g) Madison

(h) Amy

m1 Terry (l)

(m) m2 (i) Cameron (d)

m3 (j) (n)

m4 (k)

m5 Rebecca

Reading 2: A Brother's Hands Back in the immediate sensation. Albrecht's artwork was far fifteenth century, better than those of most of his professors. By the in a tiny village time he graduated, he was beginning to earn a lot near Nuremberg, of money. lived a family When Albrecht Durer returned to his village, the with eighteen Durer family had a dinner for him. After a long children. In and happy meal, Albrecht rose from his position order to feed his at the head of the table to drink a toast to his family, the beloved brother for the years of sacrifice that had father, who was enabled Albrecht to fulfill his ambition. His a goldsmith, closing words were, "And now, Albert, blessed worked almost brother of mine, now it is your turn. Now you can eighteen hours a go to Nuremberg to pursue your dream, and I will day. Despite support you." their poverty, two of Albrecht All heads turned eagerly to the far end of the Durer the Elder's children had a dream. They both table where Albert sat, crying, shaking his head wanted to become artists, but they knew that their from side to side while he repeated, "No ... no ... father would never have enough money to send no ... no." Albert said softly, "No, brother. I either of them to Nuremberg to study at the cannot go to Nuremberg. It is too late for me. Academy. Look what four years in the mines have done to my hands! The bones in every finger have been The two boys finally made an agreement. They smashed at least once, and lately I have been would toss a coin. The loser would work in the suffering from arthritis so badly in my right hand nearby mines and support his brother while he that I cannot even hold a glass to return your attended the academy. Then, when that brother toast, much less make delicate lines on parchment completed his studies, in four years, he would or canvas with a pen or a brush. No, brother ... for support the other brother at the academy, either me it is too late." with sales of his artwork or, if necessary, also by laboring in the mines. They tossed a coin on a Albrecht Durer’s masterpiece is a drawing of two Sunday morning after church. Albrecht Durer hands, pressed together in prayer. They are the won the toss and went off to Nuremberg. hands of his brother Albert. Albrecht drew them to give thanks to Albert for all that he had Albert went down into the dangerous mines and, sacrificed. The world knows this drawing as “The for the next four years, financed his younger Praying Hands.” brother, whose work at the academy was an

2.1 Vocabulary. Circle the correct meaning in Spanish for each word / phrase in English. 1. In order to a) Por que b) Por c) Para 2. toss a coin a) lanzar el dado b) tirar una moneda c) apuntar una flecha 3. an immediate sensation a) sensato muy b) impacto a muchos c) famoso casi pronto inmediatamente 4. to drink a toast a) hacer un brindis b) comer pan tostada c) tostar una bebida 5. parchment a) hoja b) rama c) tronco 6. masterpiece a) dueño de la obra b) obra hecha a mano c) obra maestra

2.2 Comprehension 1. Circle True or False. 1. Albrecht Durer the Elder was a goldsmith. a) True b) False

2. Albert Durer’s family was poor. a) True b) False

3. Albert Durer was older than his brother Albrecht. a) True b) False

4. Albrecht Durer the Younger paid for his brother’s studies. a) True b) False

5. Albert Durer never became an artist. a) True b) False

2.3 Comprehension 2. Answer the questions.

1. How many siblings did Albert Durer have?

2. What was Albert Durer’s job?

3. Where did Albrecht Durer the Younger study?

4. How long was the course at the Academy?

5. What health problems did Albert Durer have?

Reading 3: The Wooden Bowl A frail old man went to live with his son, The four-year-old watched it all in silence. daughter-in-law, and four-year old grandson. The old man’s hands trembled, his eyesight was One evening before supper, the father noticed blurred, and his step faltered. The family ate his son playing with wood scraps on the floor. together at the table. But the elderly He asked the child sweetly, “What are you grandfather’s shaky hands and making?” Just as sweetly, the failing sight made eating boy responded, “Oh, I am difficult. Peas rolled off his making a little bowl for you and spoon onto the floor. When he Mama to eat your food in when grasped the glass, milk spilled I grow up.” The four-year-old on the tablecloth. smiled and went back to work.

The son and daughter-in-law The words so struck the parents became irritated with the mess. so that they were speechless. “We must do something about Then tears started to stream father,” said the son. “I’ve had down their cheeks. Though no enough of his spilled milk, word was spoken, both knew noisy eating, and food on the what must be done. floor.” So the husband and wife set a small table in the That evening the husband took corner. There, Grandfather ate alone while the Grandfather’s hand and gently led him back to rest of the family enjoyed dinner. Since the family table. For the remainder of his days Grandfather had broken a dish or two, his food he ate every meal with the family. And for was served in a wooden bowl! When the some reason, neither husband nor wife seemed family glanced in Grandfather’s direction, to care any longer when a fork was dropped, sometimes he had a tear in his eye as he sat milk spilled, or the tablecloth soiled. alone. Still, the only words the couple had for him were sharp admonitions when he dropped a fork or spilled food.

[This story has been told many times, in many countries. It was collected by the Brothers Grimm, for Grimm’s Fairy Tales, and was also told by Leo Tolstoy.]

3.1 Vocabulary. Match the word or phrase in English, with its meaning in Spanish. a) una advertencia b) chicharros c) débil d) enojarse e) estremecerse f) ensuciarse g) quedarse callado h) ser borroso i) vacilarse

1. frail: 4. to tremble: 7. to be blurred:

2. to falter: 5. peas 8. to become irritated:

3. an admonition: 6. to be speechless: 9. to be soiled:

3.2 Vocabulary / Comprehension. Circle the correct word to complete the sentences. A man invited his (1) father / son / grandfather to live with him, his (2) daughter-in-law / mother / wife and his son. The grandfather had (3) good / bad / worse eyesight, which made eating difficult.

The man said that he (4) was had / have had / had had enough of the Grandfather’s spilled milk and noisy eating, and (5) moves / moved / moving him to a table in the corner. Sitting at the other table made the grandfather (6) happy / angry / sad. The grandson started to make a wooden bowl for his

(7) fathers / parents / grandmother. This made them (8) joyful / tearful / hateful and thoughtful.

From that day on, the grandfather ate with (9) his / their / her family.

3.3 Comprehension. Answer the questions.

1. How many grandchildren did the old man have?

2. What food did the grandfather have problems eating?

3.What is the little boy making?

4. Why do the parents no longer care when the grandfather drops or spills things?

Reading and writing for publication The first three readings were written for friends, or for publication as fables. Writings in that style generally include the reader as a listener. The next three readings were written for publication in books or journals. Different techniques and styles are involved when writing for publication in academic or technical journals or books. Let’s look at the difference between the styles...

Writing to a friend Writing a fable or story Writing in academic or technical style I went to the market yesterday Peter went to the market, but he to buy some apples, but there was unable to find apples. The The market on Smith Street weren’t any, so I can’t send you shopkeeper said that he was generally stocks apples. any. The shopkeeper says he’s going to import apples from However, the lack of rain this bought some from overseas, overseas, and that these would past rainy season has impacted and they should arrive next arrive the following week. Peter on the apple harvest. The fruit week. But I think they’ll be very wrote to his friend to say that vendor has been forced to expensive. Do you still want me apples would be expensive and import apples from overseas. to buy you some? to ask if he still wanted some. Prices have risen, and sales have dropped.

Reading 4 comes from a book, Reading 5 from an online article, and Reading 6 consists of the first section of journal article published in February 2015. The first activity after each reading is a summary of Style Notes for the reading. What style is the reading written in? What are the grammatical features of this style? Why is the article written in this style? Subsequent activities ask you to identify style features, then use the skills of skimming, scanning, and reading for gist, to find the information you need.

Approaches to Reading 6 Reading 6 is more difficult than Readings 4 and 5. However, when reading for your studies, you will be faced with articles in English that contain several words you do not understand, or use grammatical constructions that are difficult to understand. Do not approach Reading 6 with a dictionary. Do not read Reading 6. Go directly to the activities. Follow the instructions, and do each activity. The aim is to learn to find the information you need, to learn tricks you can use in reading for your studies, and tricks you can use in writing in English, not to try to understand something unrelated to your studies.

Reading 4: Changing family structure Trend 6. Changing Family Structure As people live longer and have fewer children, family structures are transformed. This has important implications in terms of providing care to older people. Most older people today have children, People currently divorced constitute a 1 and many have grandchildren and 4 small proportion of older populations. siblings. However, in countries with very This will soon change in many countries low birth rates, future generations will as younger populations with higher rates have few if any siblings. As a result of this of divorce and separation age. In the trend and the global trend toward having United States, for example, 9 percent of fewer children, people will have less the 65-and-over population is divorced or familial care and support as they age. separated compared to 17 percent of people age 55 to 64 and 18 percent of As life expectancy increases in most people age 45 to 54. This trend has 2 nations, so do the odds of different gender-specific implications: Nonmarried generations within a family coexisting. In women are less likely than nonmarried more developed countries, this has men to have accumulated assets and manifested itself as the “beanpole family,” pension wealth for use in older age, and a vertical extension of family structure older men are less likely to form and characterized by an increase in the maintain supportive social networks. number of living generations within a lineage and a decrease in the number of Childlessness is another important factor people within each generation. As 5 that will affect caregiving but has received mortality rates continue to improve, more relatively scant attention. In modern people in their 50s and 60s likely will societies, around 20 percent of women do have surviving parents, aunts, and uncles. not give birth. Rising percentages of Consequently, more children will know childless women are seen in Europe and their grandparents and even their great- North America and, increasingly, in Latin grandparents, especially their great- America and Southeast Asia as well. grandmothers. There is no historical Research among European adults age 18 precedent for a majority of middle-aged to 39 shows that, in some countries, more and older adults having living parents. than one-third either intend to remain childless or are uncertain about remaining While the picture of the nuclear or childless. 3 extended family that stays together through life is still the norm in most Given the variation in family structure nations, it is changing in many countries 6 worldwide, it will be increasingly around the world. Among baby boom important to distinguish between the generations in the West, the family unit various reasons for childlessness— may take a variety of shapes. This reflects voluntary, involuntary coerced, higher rates of divorce, remarriage, involuntary natural, or loss of children blended and step-family relations, and due to HIV/AIDS. Each has different adults who have never married or are implications for care arrangements as voluntarily childless. Further, many middle-aged women reach older age. couples and single mothers delay Older people’s living arrangements reflect childbearing until their 30s and 40s, 7 their need for family, community, or households increasingly have both adults institutional support. Living arrangements working, and more children are being also indicate sociocultural preferences— raised in single-parent households. for example, some choose to live in nuclear households while others prefer

extended families. The number, and often support and nowhere to live if extended the percentage, of older people living family will not take them in. Further, alone is rising in most countries. In some changes in household structures European countries, more than 40 percent occurring in the face of large numbers of of women age 65 and older live alone. AIDS deaths in parts of Africa and Asia Even in societies with strong traditions of may leave many orphans living with and older parents living with children, such as supported by grandparents. There also in Japan, traditional living arrangements are broader concerns related to young are becoming less common (Figure 9). In adult migration to urban areas, levels of the past, living alone in older age often intrafamily remittances, and return was equated with social isolation or family migration of adults after extended abandonment. However, research in many periods of employment in other countries. cultural settings shows that older people, Long-term care for older people has even those living alone, prefer to be in 9 become a key issue in the West and also their own homes and communities. This in many less developed, middle-income preference is reinforced by greater nations. Such care involves a range of longevity, expanded social benefits, support mechanisms such as home increased home ownership, elder-friendly nursing, community care and assisted housing, and an emphasis in many living, residential care, and long-stay nations on community care. hospitals. While the cost of long-term care While multigeneration households are is a burden to families and society, there 8 dwindling in the more developed world, are other concerns as well. For example, two- and three generation households are the staffing needs of caring for aging still the norm in most less developed populations have increased the migration countries. Despite the apparent of health workers from lower income to robustness of such living arrangements higher income nations. Clearly, it is not for older people, concerns are emerging. premature to talk about the globalization For example, unmarried women or of support for older persons. widows without children can have little

[From: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. (March 2007). Why Population aging matters: A global perspective.]

Style notes The article is a summary of data and reports on families. As a summary, it is direct and to the point. The article is also very clearly written. Each paragraph focuses on one idea or facet of the problem, and the implications of these. There are four types of sentences in the article: a) A Statement. These sentences are generally in the simple present, present continuous, or the present perfect tenses. b) A Prediction. The statement is generally followed (or preceded) by a prediction. The grammar tense used is the future with ‘will’. Sometimes, instead of a prediction, we have a Possibility, the modal verbs ‘can’ and ‘may’ are used to indicate possibility. c) An Example. Reference is made to other studies that have been carried out. d) An Implication. What does the current situation (outlined in the Statement) mean? An implication is like a prediction or a possibility, but talks about the present, while the other two talk about the future.

4.1 Comprehension. Skill-building - Reading for gist. Which paragraph (or paragraphs) talks about the following topic? Write the number of the paragraph. a) several generations of a family being alive at the same time b) divorce and its implications c) childlessness and its implications d) differences between developed and less developed countries

4.2 Vocabulary. Answer the questions. 1. (para 2) What is a ‘beanpole family’? a) several generations all alive b) small families of thin people c) people in their 50s and 60s

2. (para 4) What does the word ‘assets’ mean? a) a collection of people b) money, land, jewellery, etc c) a husband

3. (para 5) Another way of saying ‘childless’ in paragraph 5 is: a) women who do not give birth b) factor that will affect caregiving c) rising percentages

4.3 Comprehension/Grammar. Complete the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original. Eg. (para 1) Where countries have very low birth rates, future generations will not have many siblings. 1. (para 1) People will have less familial care and support as they age. People ______have as much familial care and support as they age.

2. (para 3) Households increasingly have both adults working. The number of households where both adults work is ______.

3. (para 4) Older men are less likely to form and maintain supportive social networks (than women). Women are ______likely than men to form and maintain supportive social networks.

4. (para 7) The number of older people living alone is rising in most countries. The number of older people living alone ______risen in most countries. 15

5. (para 8) Two- and three generation households are still the norm in less developed countries. ______normal for two or three generations of the family to live together in less developed countries.

Reading 5: Mexican Family Culture By Cassie Damewood

The culture of Mexican families has a strong saint days in each community typically involves foundation in unity. Mexico's divorce rate is one more fanfare than individual community of the lowest in the world and generations of members' birthdays. families typically live in the same neighborhood Rites of Passage or in the same house, which reflects the Young Mexican females are honored on their dedication to supporting family members and 15th birthday with a quinceañera celebration. displaying loyalty no matter what happens. The party is full of ceremony and emotion as Home Life the girl's father ceremoniously exchanges her Traditionally, there were clearly-defined roles flat, childish style shoes for a demure pair of for mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters in modestly high-heeled shoes to denote her Mexican families. The mother was the heart of passage into womanhood. The event is full of the family, the one who cooked, cleaned and sentiment as the young woman dances with cared for the children on a full-time basis. her father as the guests look on. Another Fathers generally took charge of family touching Mexican cultural tradition is the decisions, and their authority was rarely matrimonial golden coin ceremony. The groom challenged by either the mother or children. bestows his betrothed with 13 golden coins as Machismo, the Spanish word for male a gesture of his trust in her to treasure and chauvinism, was readily accepted in Mexican care for him and his possessions. Her families and the wife often endured physical acceptance of the coins signifies her devotion and psychological mistreatment, as well as to love, respect and nurture him. adultery. These roles are similar to what were Community Culture the traditional version of American family Devotion to unity and mutual support extends values before the 1960s and 1970s. to Mexican cities, towns and neighborhoods. Brothers were expected to defend the honor of The schools, churches and worker their sisters, both verbally and physically. organizations all depend on the combined Sisters were relied upon to emerge in the efforts of families to sustain themselves. image of their mothers, learning how to cook, Instead of concentrating on attaining individual nurture children and cater to the needs of the wealth and social status, the philosophy leans men in the family. Both brothers and sisters toward ensuring everyone is sustained usually lived in the family home until marriage. financially and emotionally through the combined support of friends, neighbors and This traditional home life is evolving in many family. Many businesses have employees who parts of Mexico, especially in northern cities. are all related to each other either by blood or While some Mexican families still have a marriage. traditional home life, many others have home lives that look very similar to modern American Government and Politics daily life. Many communities have minimal trust in the government, and seeing law enforcement Religious Practices officials as corrupt is common. This shared Mexican families conventionally worship negativity builds even stronger commitments to together. More than 90 percent of Mexicans family and neighborhood cooperation and follow the Roman Catholic religion, and the support. Families frequently bond together to church plays a large part in providing spiritual protect each other from crooked politicians and and social support. Christenings, weddings and police officers, or contribute to monetary efforts funerals are all elaborate religious celebrations to free the imprisoned with bribes or bail that bring Mexican families and neighbors money. together, building strong cultural ties that extend into daily life. Celebrating the patron 17

Family Culture Evolution where the roles are becoming less defined and In Mexico, like many other countries, the more flexible. However, this progression is culture continues to evolve as people from mainly in the northern parts of the country and other countries become part of the population traditional spousal relationships remain popular and new ways of thinking evolve. The media in southern and rural regions. As with any also has a significant influence on family nationality, individual families have their own values. These influences have resulted in culture, but remnants of the traditional family attitudinal changes in family relationships, culture and the importance of family values in especially between husbands and wives, Mexico still remain in many regions.

[Downloaded from: http://family.lovetoknow.com/family-values/mexican-family-culture]

Style notes This article was published online, on a site called Love To Know. The site claims that all articles are fully researched, but the author’s name is not given, and no references are provided to back up the statements. The writing is clearly structured, with section headings indicating what each section will talk about. Grammatically, the article predominantly uses the present tenses (active and passive voice), because the site claims that this is what Mexican society is like now. However, when giving historical information on home life, in that section, the article moves briefly into the past for two paragraphs. 5.1 Comprehension. Skill building - Skimming and scanning. Skimming and scanning is the technique of running your eyes down a text looking for a particular word or words. When you find them, you read the text around those words. We use skimming and scanning when we are looking for answers in a hurry. Read the sentences below. Before each sentence, there is a word in parentheses. Look for this word when you skim and scan to find the answer. [Note that sometimes the word is included in the sentence, and sometimes, a synonym is included.] Circle True or False for each sentence. 1. (divorce) Few Mexican couples get divorced. a) True b) False 2. (adultery) Mexican women used to cheat on their husbands. a) True b) False 3. (saint days) Saint days are less important than birthdays. a) True b) False 4. (shoes) The father changes the girl’s shoes at her 15th birthday party. a) True b) False 5. (support) People help each other in Mexico. a) True b) False

5.2 Vocabulary. Circle the word or phrase that has the same meaning. The words below are underlined in the text. 1. nurture a) challenge b) depend on c) care for 2. cater to a) meet b) eat c) signify 3. conventionally a) traditionally b) recently c) happily 4. fanfare a) noise b) celebration c) famous people 5. attaining a) getting b) letting c) meeting 6. bond together a) stick b) rely c) unite

7. spousal relationships a) husband-wife b) parent-child c) brother-sister relationships relationships relationships

5.3 Comprehension. Answer the questions. 1. How do you say ‘machismo’ in English?

2. When did siblings traditionally leave the family home? 3. What do the 13 golden coins symbolize?

4. If you are in jail, who will pay the money for bribes or bail? 5. Which part of Mexico is changing?

Reading 6: Family Structure and Child Well-being: Integrating Family Complexity Susan L. Brown, Wendy D. Manning, J. Bart Stykes

It is well established that children’s living words, is there value added to including a 1 arrangements are diverse. Fewer children measure of family complexity in studies on reside with two biological married parents and family structure variation in child well-being? more live with unmarried parents, whether in In addition, is the role of family complexity families with two biological cohabiting parents, contingent on family structure? We argue that two cohabiting stepparents, a single mother, from a theoretical standpoint, it is important to or a single father. Children also reside in account not only for parents but also siblings stepfamilies, and increasingly these are in the family environment. In addition to unmarried (cohabiting) rather than married providing a descriptive portrait of today’s families (Kreider & Ellis, 2011). The rise in children in complex families, we empirically unmarried and stepfamily living has coincided tested two assertions: that family complexity is with a rapid acceleration in family instability, (a) distinct from family structure and (b) with more children transitioning across related to child well-being. Using data from the multiple living arrangements over the course 2008 SIPP, we focused on two indicators of of childhood (Raley & Wildsmith, 2004). economic well-being among children: (a) the family income-to-needs ratio and (b) public This traditional approach to conceptualizing assistance receipt. 2 children’s living arrangements relies on a measure of family structure that captures Background children’s relationships to the parental adult(s) Research on family structure has burgeoned in the household, ignoring children’s 4 over the past few decades, as scholars have relationships to siblings as well as family carefully investigated living arrangement members outside the household. Growing patterns and their implications for child well- family instability coupled with rising unwed being (Brown, 2010; McLanahan & Sandefur, childbearing portends more family complexity, 1994). Children residing outside of families a term that typically describes the presence of with two biological married parents tend to half- or stepsiblings in the household. Nearly fare less well, on average, than those in this 15% of children reside with at least one half- family form. The differences among children in or stepsibling (Kreider & Ellis, 2011). single-parent (mother or father only), married Comparatively few studies have considered stepparent, and cohabiting families (two family complexity, but the evidence to date biological parents or stepparent) are suggests that family complexity is negatively comparatively small. This pattern holds across associated with child well-being (Gennetian, several domains of child outcomes, including 2005; Halpern-Meekin & Tach, 2008; Tillman, cognitive, behavioral, and physical and mental 2008; Yuan, 2009). Bridging the family health (e.g., Artis, 2007; Brown, 2004; Fomby structure and family complexity literatures, we & Cherlin, 2007; Magnuson & Berger, 2009; illustrate how these two measures can be Manning & Lamb, 2003). Yet this literature integrated in studies of the linkages between needs to be expanded to include the sibling family composition and child well-being using complexity that characterizes many children’s data from the 2008 Survey of Income and family lives (Cancian, Meyer, & Cook, 2011). Program Participation (SIPP; Measures of family structure capture only www.census.gov/sipp/). 5 parent–child relationships. This approach The purpose of this study was to evaluate implicitly assumes that parents are the most 3 whether family complexity is uniquely salient feature of the family environment, associated with child well-being net of the channeling resources such as time and standard measure of family structure. In other money to children, which in turn shapes their

development and well-being (Kalil & DeLeire, consequence of relationship dissolution and 2004). However, the distribution of economic repartnering for children is often the presence and parental resources to children also may of half- or stepsiblings (Carlson & depend in part on the presence of other Furstenberg, 2006; Guzzo & Furstenberg, children, especially when those children have 2007). Thus, the usual assumption that a different sets of parents. Parents tend to stepfamily emerges because of the child’s invest less in children who are not biologically relationship to a parent’s new spouse or that related to them (Case, Lin, & McLanahan, stepfamilies occur only within marriage is 2000; Hofferth & Anderson, 2003). These outmoded. conclusions come from the extensive literature Moreover, family complexity is not on married stepfamilies. Although the 8 synonymous with stepfamilies. Family challenges associated with the formation and complexity is evident across all family maintenance of married stepfamilies are well structures. It can occur among single-parent known, this research has excluded cohabiting families through multiple partner fertility. Also, families, and much of it is now rather dated it is less realistic today to presume that (Sweeney, 2010). children living with two biological married Many children who reside in stepfamilies (as parents are a homogeneous group. Although 6 defined by the presence of a stepparent) also a majority live with either no or full siblings experience family complexity. High levels of only, a growing minority reside with either half- divorce and repartnering among single or stepsiblings. Even some children in what mothers set the stage for growth in would be labeled “traditional nuclear families” stepfamilies. As parents move from one using a standard measure of family structure partner to the next on what Cherlin (2009) actually experience family complexity termed “the marriage-go-round,” children are (Gennetian, 2005; Halpern-Meekin & Tach, more likely to spend time living with half- or 2008; Manning, Brown, & Stykes, 2014). This stepsiblings. complexity seems to be related to child outcomes. Furthermore, more children are experiencing 7 new forms of stepfamilies that exist outside the boundaries of formal marriage. A

Brown, S.L., Manning, W.D., & Stykes, J.B. (2015). Family Structure and Child Well Being: Integrating Family Complexity. Journal of Marriage and Family 77, pp.177-190. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12145.

Style notes The section above comes from a journal article that was published in February 2015. As a journal article, it contains fairly simple grammar, but complex sentence structure. In addition, the references interrupt the flow of the reading. The article also uses a lot of big words – where we generally use small words, and less formal language when speaking, or writing informally. Reading (and writing) journal articles is a skill that needs to be learnt. Writing for publication in a journal is a highly specialized form of writing. In this reading, we are not reading to understand every word, we will be practising reading to find answers to certain questions (skimming and scanning) and to see whether our guesses as to meaning are correct (reading for gist).

6.1 Comprehension. Skill building: Skimming and scanning Look at the questions below. Do not read the article. Use your finger or your eyes to go down the page looking for the answers to the questions below. (Hint: Look for the underlined word, number, or acronym.) Write the answers in the column on the right. 1. What does SIPP stand for? 2. Write down the names of the two (three) authors who talk about child well-being. 3. How many references were published in2004? Write the names of the authors of these papers. 4. In which paragraphs does the word “stepfamilies” NOT appear? Write down the paragraph number/s. 5. What percentage (%) of children live with at least one half- or stepsibling? 6. What four types of health are mentioned in paragraph 4? 7. Name the author who talked about “the marriage-go-round”. 8. Not counting this article, in which years has Brown published articles? Write down the years. (Hint: Look at the references.)

6.2. Vocabulary/Comprehension. Circle the correct meaning. Do not look up a dictionary. Look at the underlined word in the reading and try to guess the meaning from the context. Also use your knowledge of Spanish to help you – is there a similar word in Spanish? What does this word mean? 1. cohabiting (para 1) a) biological b) unmarried c) stepfamily 2. Bridging (para 2) a) separando b) explicando c) juntando 3. standpoint (para 3) a) apuntar b) pararse c) lugar 4. burgeoned (para 4) a) grown b) become smaller c) started 5. capture (para 5) a) ignore b) focus on c) teach 6. repartnering (para 6) a) fixing b) making another c) separating from your boy/girlfriend boy/girlfriend 7. Furthermore (para 7) a) ademas b) aunque c) adelante 8. labeled (para 8) a) ticketed b) qualified c) called

6.3 Comprehension/Grammar. Circle the option that has the same meaning as the original. 1. (para 2) This traditional approach to conceptualizing children’s living arrangements relies on a measure of family structure that captures children’s relationships to the parental adult(s) in the household, ignoring children’s relationships to siblings. a) Research looks at parent-child relationships, not at sibling relationships. b) Research looks at traditional living arrangements.

22 c) Traditional approaches measure family structure.

2. (para 2) The evidence suggests that family complexity is negatively associated with child well-being. a) Family complexity is a negative idea. b) Children don’t do as well in complex family structures. c) Children are negative.

3. (para 3) Family complexity is (a) distinct from family structure and (b) related to child well-being. a) Family complexity and family structure are different things. b) Family structure is related to child well-being. c) Family complexity, family structure, and child well-being have no relationship.

4. (para 4) Children residing outside of families with two biological married parents tend to fare less well than those in this family form. a) Children form families with two biological married parents. b) Children who live in families do better than children who don’t live in families. c) Children whose parents are married do better.

5. (para 5) This approach implicitly assumes that parents are the most salient feature of the family environment. a) You need to have parents to have a family. b) People think that parents are the most important thing in a family. c) The family environment approach must feature parents.

The Exam Readings The readings for the Module 2 exam are on the following pages, so that you can prepare for the exam. You will not be allowed to bring your notes into the exam. You need a score of 6 (out of 10) to pass the exam for Module 2.

Exam Reading 1: Sister Love Marcia met Howard Collins at church. Marcia past, and we couldn’t go back!” Howard never was thirty-five years old, Howard was forty-one. said anything. Howard lived with his mother in a small house Then, one Sunday morning, Howard phoned on the south side of town. Marcia lived with Marcia. “I don’t feel well,” he said. “I’m not her sister and father in an apartment, three going to go to church today.” Marcia was sad. streets away. “Today’s the meeting after church,” she said. Marcia did not work. Her father, George Grant, “I’ll be home late, but I’ll phone you when I get was ill and never left the apartment. He always home. I hope you feel better soon!” needed somebody with him. So Marcia stayed But Marcia had made a mistake. There was no at home with her father, and only went out meeting. So she walked home alone after when her sister Karin was in the house. church. Her father was asleep. She phoned The two sisters were very different. Marcia was Howard, but there was no answer. So she short with a small round face and short black went upstairs to the roof garden. And, just as hair. Karin was ten years younger. She was she was about to open the door, she heard tall, beautiful, with long brown hair, and a voices. It was her sister Karin. And Howard. suntan all through the summer. There were Karin was telling Howard that he had to break always lots of men ready to take Karin out to up with Marcia. “You love me, not Marcia,” she dinner or to the cinema. But Marcia stayed at said. home. Marcia ran away quickly to her bedroom. Karin worked in a shop in the town. When she “Why?” she thought. “Why does she do it? I was at home, she liked to go up to the roof stay home with Father all the time. I can’t go garden of their apartment building, in her white out to work, I can’t make new friends, I can’t bikini, and lie in the sun. meet new people. I go shopping once a week, and I go to church once a week. And then I met One day, Marcia brought Howard home to Howard. I was so happy! It’s not because she meet her family. Her father was not interested wants him. It’s because I love him.” Did in new people or his daughters’ friends. Karin Howard really love beautiful Karin, and not came into the room in her white bikini. She her? He didn’t know Karin. “She’s not going to smiled at Howard. have him...” Marcia thought. “So you’re Howard,” she said. “My big sister Marcia did nothing for a week. Every day, has a boyfriend at last!” She invited Howard to Howard and Karin got home later and later. On the roof garden to drink wine with her. Sunday, Marcia didn’t go to church. “I have a From then on, every Sunday after church, headache,” she told Karin. When Karin was Howard came home with Marcia, and sat on a with their father, Marcia went to the roof and chair in the roof garden, talking to the two saw the bottle of suntan oil. She smiled. sisters. One day, Karin asked Howard to drive After church, Howard drove his car to the Grant her home from work. “Could you bring me house. Karin and Marcia were on the roof. home after work? My shop’s very near the “He’s here!” Karin said excitedly. “Your man’s hospital where you work, and you only live here!” She jumped up and ran to the wall to three streets away from us.” Marcia wanted look down. But her feet slipped. She put out Karin to take the bus, but Howard said yes. her hands to catch the wall, but it was slippery Now, Marcia saw Howard every day, when he too, and she fell, off the wall, over the edge, brought Karin home. But sometimes, they and down... came home very late. “There was an Before she hit the ground, she knew. accident,” Karin would say. “We couldn’t get Slippery...suntan oil...Marcia! [Adapted from Sister Love and Other Crime Stories, by John Escott.]

Exam Reading 2: Breadwinning Moms, Caregiving Dads: Double Standard in Social Judgments of Gender Norm Violators Ruth Gaunt The past several decades have witnessed The Shifting Standards Model dramatic changes in women’s political The shifting standards model suggests rights, economic privileges, and work that when people judge individual patterns. The massive entry of women into members of stereotyped groups on the labor force has been followed by a stereotyped dimensions, they compare considerable change in attitudes toward them to within-category judgment women’s employment (Brewster & Padavic, standards (Biernat et al., 1991; Biernat & 2000). Nevertheless, the change in Manis, 1994). That is, stereotypic attitudes regarding the roles of men and expectations serve as standards against women in the family has been smaller which a particular target is compared and (Scott & Braun, 2009), and the prevailing evaluated. For example, given the traditional views continue to define men as stereotype that women are less task primary breadwinners and women as competent than men, people are likely to primary caregivers (Gershuny, Bittman, & judge the competence of a particular Brice, 2005; Zuo, 2004). woman against a lower standard of competence than the competence of a Consistently, several studies attest to particular man. As a result, “good” for a negative evaluations of men and women woman does not mean the same thing as who violate these gender norms. Findings “good” for a man (Biernat et al., 1991). show that primary caregiving fathers and Similarly, judgments of a woman’s primary breadwinning mothers are viewed aggressiveness are made in comparison to less favorably than caregiving mothers and the expected range of aggression among breadwinning fathers (Brescoll & Uhlmann, women, whereas judgments of a man’s 2005; Coleman & Franiuk, 2011; Etaugh & aggressiveness are made in comparison to Folger, 1998). On the other hand, a few expectations for men. Behavior that is findings document positive responses to judged as “very aggressive” in a woman involvement in nonnormative roles may be seen as only “moderately (Deutsch, Roska, & Meeske, 2003; Lobel, aggressive” in a man (Kobrynowicz & Slone, Ashuach, & Revach, 2001). (...) Biernat, 1997). Evidence supporting the Social judgments of normative and norm- operation of stereotype-based standard violating couples are examined in this shifts has been documented in a variety of study with regard to three dimensions: judgment domains. It has been shown that attribution of warmth-related and judges shift their standards in ratings of competence-related traits (Cuddy, Fiske, & women versus men on height and weight, Glick, 2008), which may reveal stereotype- verbal ability, writing competence, based shifting standards (Biernat & Manis, aggression, and job-related competence; 1994; Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991); standards for Blacks versus Whites attribution of moral emotions to the target similarly shift on verbal ability, athleticism, (e.g., pride, self-conscience); and and job-related competence (Biernat & attributions of reciprocal marital emotions Kobrynowicz, 1997; Biernat & Manis, to the spouses (e.g., appreciation, 1994). criticism), which may also reflect the Shifting Standards of Work and Family perceivers’ own moral judgments of the Roles target’s behavior. Several studies have documented shifting standard effects in the domains of work and family. In a study on judgments of 26 financial success, women were rated other studies, participants estimated a financially successful at a lower income higher frequency of parenting behaviors than men (Biernat et al., 1991). That is, for for a mother who worked full-time, part- a man to be perceived as financially time, or stayed at home than for her male successful, he had to earn much more counterpart (Bridges, Etaugh, & Barnes- money than a comparably perceived Farrell, 2002; Park, Smith, & Correll, 2008). woman. Finally, studies have showed how shifting Similar shifting standard effects have been standard effects for parenting result in found in judgments of parenting roles. In shifting standards for employment. one study, participants were asked to Specifically, participants rated mothers as estimate the duration or frequency with less competent and committed to paid which a target parent engaged in various work than nonmothers and consequently parenting tasks. Findings showed that a discriminated against mothers when woman described as either a “very good” making hiring and salary decisions. Such parent or an “alright” parent was judged to discrimination was not found with regard perform significantly more parenting to fathers (Correll, Benard, & Paik, 2007; behaviors than a similarly described man Fuegen, Biernat, Hains, & Deaux, 2004). (Kobrynowicz & Biernat, 1997). In two

Gaunt, R. (2013). Breadwinning Moms, Caregiving Dads: Double Standard in Social Judgments of Gender Norm Violators. Journal of Family Issues 34(1), pp.3-24. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X12438686. [Excerpts taken from pp.4-7.]

Answers 1.1 2.2 4. (your answer) 1. grandmother 1a 4.1 2. half-sister 2a a) para 2 3. wife’s 3a b) para 4 4. son 4b c) paras 5, 6 5. siblings / brother and 5a d) paras 7, 8 sister 2.3 4.2 6. daughter 1. 17 1. a 1.2 2. miner 2. b 1. Jim’s wife, Helen’s 3. Nuremberg Academy 3. a daughter, Paul, Julie, Scott and Lucy’s mum. 4. 4 years 4.3 1. will not / won’t 2. She was a student. 5. broken bones in his hand, arthritis in the right hand 2. increasing 3. Julie 3.1 3. more 4. He (They) had none. 1c 4. has 1.3 2i a) Helen Daniels 5. It is 3a b) Jim Robinson 5.1 4e 1. a c) Philip 5b 2. b d) Charlene 6g 3. b e) David 7h 4. a f) Michael 8d 5. a g) Daniel 9f 5.2 h) Nina 3.2 1. c i) Gail 1 father 2. a j) Christina 2. wife 3. a k) Lyn 3. bad 4. b l) Lucinda 4. had had 5. a m) Robert 5. moved 6. c n) Andrew 6. sad 7. a 2.1 7. parents 1c 5.3 8. tearful 1. male chauvinism 2b 9. his 2. when they got married 3c 3.3 3. the man’s trust in his wife, 4a 1. one the wife’s devotion to him 5a 2. peas 4. your family 6c 3. a wooden bowl 5. the north 28

6.1 7. Cherlin (2009) 8. c 1. Survey of Income and 8. 2010; 2004; 2014 6.3 Program Participation 1. a 6.2 2. Brown, 2010; McLanahan 1. b 2. b & Sandefur, 1994 2. c 3. a 3. (3) Raley & Wildsmith; Brown; Kalil & DeLeire 3. c 4. c 4. paras 2, 3, 4 4. a 5. b 5. 15% 5. b 6. cognitive, behavioural, 6. b physical and mental 7. a