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Bioaugmentation for Aerobic Bioremediation of RDX-Contaminated Groundwater

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Bioaugmentation for Aerobic Bioremediation of RDX-Contaminated Groundwater FINAL REPORT Bioaugmentation for Aerobic Bioremediation of RDX-Contaminated Groundwater ESTCP Project ER-201207 JUNE 2016 Dr. Mandy Michalsen, P.E. US Army Engineer and Research Development Center Dr. Fiona Crocker Dr. Karl Indest Dr. Carina Jung US Army Engineer and Research Development Center Dr. Mark Fuller Dr. Paul Hatzinger CB&I Federal Services Jack Istok, P.E. School of Civil and Construction Engineering Distribution Statement A This document has been cleared for public release Page Intentionally Left Blank This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Page Intentionally Left Blank Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to the Department of Defense, Executive Services and Communications Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 01-06-2016 Technical Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER FINAL REPORT N/A Bioaugmentation for Aerobic Bioremediation of 5b. GRANT NUMBER RDX-Contaminated Groundwater ER-201207 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER N/A 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Mandy Michalsen; Fiona Crocker; Karl Indest; Carina Jung - ERDC 372856 Mark Fuller; Paul Hatzinger - CB&I Jonathan Istok - Oregon State University 5e. TASK NUMBER N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER N/A 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION US Army Engineer and Research Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, REPORT NUMBER Vicksburg, MS 39180; CB&I Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; Oregon State University, School of Civil & Const. Engineering, Corvallis, OR 3 N/A 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) ESTCP 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 17D08, Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This project demonstrated an innovative application of bioaugmentation to enhance the biodegradation of hexahydro͈1,3,5͈trinitro͈ 1,3,5͈triazine (RDX) in contaminated groundwater under aerobic conditions. RDX is mobile and persistent in aerobic groundwater and typically forms large, dilute plumes that are difficult and costly to remediate using conventional technologies such as pump and treat or anaerobic biostimulation. The Umatilla Chemical Depot (UMCD) in Umatilla, OR was selected as the field site for this demonstration. The principal demonstration objectives were: (1) to select and optimize RDX-degrading microbial cultures for use in aerobic bioaugmentation at the UCMD, (2) to compare in situ RDX biodegradation rates for aerobic bioaugmentation to those for biostimulation, and (3) to quantify and compare costs of RDX. This final report presents a comprehensive summary of demonstration activities and results. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Bioaugmentation, groundwater, remediation, explosives, RDX 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE ABSTRACT OF Mandy Michalsen PAGES 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 259 206-764-3324 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Page Intentionally Left Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE DEMONSTRATION ..................................................................1 1.3 REGULATORY DRIVERS .............................................................................................2 2.0 TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................3 2.1 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................3 2.2 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGY ....................................3 3.0 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................5 4.0 SITE DESCRIPTION .........................................................................................................9 4.1 SITE SELECTION .........................................................................................................9 4.2 SITE GEOLOGY/HYDROGEOLOGY ..........................................................................10 4.3 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION ..............................................................................12 5.0 TEST DESIGN ..................................................................................................................13 5.1 CONCEPTUAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ...............................................................13 5.2 SITE CHARACTERIZATION .....................................................................................13 5.2.1 METHODS ...............................................................................................................14 5.2.2 RESULTS .................................................................................................................16 5.2.3 DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................19 5.3 PHASE I LABORATORY TESTING ...........................................................................19 5.3.1 Bioaugmentation Culture Optimization .......................................................................20 5.3.2 Microcosm studies .....................................................................................................23 5.3.3 Column Transport Experiments ..................................................................................24 5.3.4 Field Scale Culture Production ...................................................................................29 5.3.5 Phase I Recommendations ..........................................................................................35 5.4 PHASE II FIELD-SCALE CELL TRANSPORT TESTING ...........................................35 5.4.1 METHODS ...............................................................................................................36 5.4.2 RESULTS .................................................................................................................38 5.4.3 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM PHASE II .................................41 5.5 PHASE III: BIOAUGMENTATION FIELD TRIAL AND PUSH-PULL TESTING ........42 5.5.1 METHODS ..............................................................................................................42 5.5.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................44 6.1 Quantitative Performance Objectives ..............................................................................50 6.2 Qualitative Performance Objectives ...............................................................................53 7.0 COST ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................54 7.1 COST MODEL .............................................................................................................54 7.2 COST DRIVERS ..........................................................................................................55 7.3 COST ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................57 8.0 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES .........................................................................................67 9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................70 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………………....75 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Demonstration performance objectives....................................................................6
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