DOCSLIB.ORG

Acute-Onset Persistent Olfactory Deficit Resulting from Multiple Overexposures to Ammonia Vapor at Work Janice C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acute-Onset Persistent Olfactory Deficit Resulting from Multiple Overexposures to Ammonia Vapor at Work Janice C J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/15572625-11-1-66 on 1 January 1998. Downloaded from Acute-Onset Persistent Olfactory Deficit Resulting From Multiple Overexposures to Ammonia Vapor at Work janice C. Prudhomme, DO, MPH, DennisJ Shusterman, MD, MPH, and Paul D. Blanc, MD, MSPH Impaired olfaction (a functional decrement in the Case Report sense of smell) is not uncommon. It is estimated A 41-year-old man was in his usual state of good that at least 2 million Americans suffer from an health until 1993, when he was acutely overex­ impaired sense of smell, although the actual num­ posed to an ammonia leak while employed as the ber is probably higher. 1 The importance of this owner-operator of a fish-processing plant. The primary sense should in no way be minimized, aqueous ammonia involved in the leak was used as since its absence can result in profound conse­ a refrigerant in the fish-processing operation. No quences. Both personal protection and quality of other irritant gases, including sulfur dioxide, were life can be compromised by impaired olfaction. used as refrigerants in the operation. At the time Intact olfaction provides an excellent warning sys­ of the leak, the patient experienced eye and nasal tem for detection of hazardous conditions includ­ irritation and mild facial skin burning. He avoided ing smoke from fires, ingestion of spoiled foods, mouth breathing and denied experiencing any and hazardous materials encountered on the job. other acute respiratory symptoms. He spent an An employee lacking intact olfaction could be se­ entire morning in the vicinity of the leak without riously impaired in certain settings, and indeed wearing respiratory protection. He had previously might be precluded from selected duties as a re­ experienced ammonia leaks with similar but less sult. Even appropriate respiratory protection (ie, severe symptoms. No quantitative industrial hy­ air-purifying respirators) might not offer suffi­ giene measurements of the ammonia concentra­ cient assurance against toxic exposures because tion were made. the impaired person would not be able to detect In contrast to previous ammonia exposures, af­ respirator leaks or cartridge breakthrough.2 The ter this incident the patient's nasal symptoms per­ http://www.jabfm.org/ senses of taste and smell are intertwined; loss of sisted, marked by a sense of nasal stuffiness and in­ smell can adversely affect gustatory pleasure or, termittent epistaxis continuing for 2 weeks. more importantly, can lead to anorexia. Although the nasal congestion later resolved, he Despite the frequency of irritant upper airway also complained of a concomitant, complete loss exposures occupationally,3 published cases of of smell that improved only minimally. \Vhereas work-related residual olfactory impairment have some sense of smell did return, he noticed diffi­ on 6 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. frequently lacked documentation of sensory test­ culty recognizing previously familiar odors, such ing. Recognition of the link between irritant ex­ as his wife's perfume or freshly mowed grass. Foul posure and upper airway functional loss is thus or unpleasant odors did not replace normal smells. important to occupational and general health No other nasal or respiratory tract symptoms, practice. such as rhinorrhea or discharges, persisted. His We report a case in which persistent hyposmia sense of taste returned to baseline after a transient (reduction in the sense of smell) occurred follow­ complaint of a metallic taste. ing an acute industrial exposure to ammonia. His senses of hearing and vision remained in­ tact. He reported no history of atopic disease, in­ cluding allergic rhinitis. He was a lifetime non­ Submitted 2 May 1997. From the Division of Occupational and Environmental smoker and was on no medications at the time of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Address exposure. There was no history of nasal trauma reprint requests to Paul Blanc, MD, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San related to his symptoms. He was examined by an Francisco, PO Box 0924, San Francisco, CA 94143-0924 otolaryngologist 6 months after the acute expo- 66 JABFP Jan.-Feb.I998 Vol. II No.1 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/15572625-11-1-66 on 1 January 1998. Downloaded from surej no structural abnormalities were observed. A nasal biopsy or lavage was performed to aid in the brief trial of intranasal flunisolide was prescribed exclusion of inflammatory or infectious cofactors with no effect. known to impact olfaction adversely. When he was examined 30 months after his The occupational importance of olfactory im­ acute exposure, his external nares were patent and pairment has been recognized in two major re­ without apparent abnormality. Bilateral nasal views.4,5 General understanding of this topic can breathing was without deficit, and there was no si­ be hampered by the nomenclature used to describe nus tenderness to palpation. Findings of the the pathology of deficits, which can be confusing. oropharynx and pulmonary examinations were Three conditions with fairly universal definitions unremarkable. Assessment of his olfactory detec­ include anosmia (complete absence of the sense of tion threshold for phenylmethy carbinol using a smell), hyposmia (diminished ability to detect odor­ quantitative Smell Test Kit (Olfactolabj EI Cer­ ants), and dysosmia (distortion of normal smell). Ol­ rito, Calif) was consistent with hyposmia, yielding factory impainnent following specific occupational an olfactory threshold of 40 decismels (dS). * The exposures has been best documented following upper limit of normal (for persons aged 20 to 70 chronic exposure to various metals (chromium, years) on the decismel scale is 25 dSj the absolute nickel, cadmium), solvents, acids, petroleum prod­ cutoff for hyposmia is 35 dS. Using a standardized ucts, and more recently, acrylate and methacrylate diagnostic testing kit - the University of Pennsyl­ vapors.4-9 In contrast, relatively few acute irritant vania Smell Identification Kit (UPSITj Pitts­ exposures have been associated with olfactory burgh) - he was able to identify correctly only 24 deficits (transient or persistent)j these include hy­ out of 40 possible odors. drogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide, sulfuric acid, phosphorus oxychloride, and sulfur dioxide.IO- 14 Discussion Ammonia used in the refrigeration process is This case illustrates acute-onset hyposmia persist­ in a liquid form (ammonium hydroxide or ing more than 2 years after a transient industrial N1-40H). Because of its higher toxicity and flam­ overexposure to ammonia, superimposed upon mability or explosive properties, ammonia is now multiple previous exposures without earlier sub­ often replaced by less-toxic refrigerants.15,16 The jective sequelae. This case is important for several concentration of ammonium hydroxide used in reasons: (1) ammonia is a particularly common in­ refrigeration equipment falls in the range of 9 to dustrial and household chemical, (2) the resultant 38 ppm.17,IS damage became apparent after a single acute ex­ Ammonia can cause immediate irritation and http://www.jabfm.org/ posure, (3) the medical literature documenting inflammation of the mucosal lining of the upper acute olfactory injury following chemical exposure respiratory tract because it is highly soluble in wa­ is scant, and (4) this literature in most cases is ter. 19 Consequently, direct olfactory epithelial cell based upon self-reported olfactory dysfunction damage could result in impaired olfaction. Nasal rather than objective sensory testing. irritation is common to anyone who has used am­ It is important to recognize the limitations of monia during routine household cleaning. It is on 6 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. our case report, however. Baseline, objective data important to note that household cleaning prod­ are not available on our patient's olfactory func­ ucts contain approximately 5 to 10 percent ammo­ tion. As is common in the field of occupational nia by weight, whereas industrial strength forms medicine, precise, quantified exposure data are also can be considerably more concentrated.17,IS The lacking. Endoscopic evaluation can detect mucosal nasal mucosa can retain 60 to 80 percent of in­ changes consistent with inflammation or irritation, haled ammonia, regardless of concentration.20 although the otolaryngologist's report did not sug­ In certain occupations, especially agriculture, gest such pathologic changes. Additionally, no exposure to high levels of anhydrous ammonia is not uncommon. Farmers exposed to ammonia lev­ *Decismels (dS) are defined as 20 log (test concentration/refer­ els ranging from 50 to 200 ppm frequently report ence concentration), where the reference concentration is the av­ nasal congestion.21 Similar symptoms have been erage odor threshold in a reference population. Thus, a score of reported following short-term exposures (15 min­ 40 dS indicates that the patient's odor detection threshold was at a test concentration 100 times the population average for the utes) to anhydrous ammonia averaging 90 ppm compound employed. and time-weighted-average concentrations rang- Persistent Olfactory Deficit 67 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/15572625-11-1-66 on 1 January 1998. Downloaded from ing from 11.9 ppm to 52.4 ppm.22 Experimental of nasal steroids. This case series provides addi­ data corroborate the irritating effects of ammonia tional support
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemoreception
    Senses 5 SENSES live version • discussion • edit lesson • comment • report an error enses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, Sand theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields. Sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. We experience reality through our senses. A sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. Many neurologists disagree about how many senses there actually are due to a broad interpretation of the definition of a sense. Our senses are split into two different groups. Our Exteroceptors detect stimulation from the outsides of our body. For example smell,taste,and equilibrium. The Interoceptors receive stimulation from the inside of our bodies. For instance, blood pressure dropping, changes in the gluclose and Ph levels. Children are generally taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste). However, it is generally agreed that there are at least seven different senses in humans, and a minimum of two more observed in other organisms. Sense can also differ from one person to the next. Take taste for an example, what may taste great to me will taste awful to someone else. This all has to do with how our brains interpret the stimuli that is given. Chemoreception The senses of Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell) fall under the category of Chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors, an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and Olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat, along with the air we breath.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children's Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing
    Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Communities of Practice in Autism September 24, 2009 Charlottesville, VA Dianne Koontz Lowman, Ed.D. Early Childhood Coordinator Region 5 T/TAC James Madison University MSC 9002 Harrisonburg, VA 22807 [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ Dianne Koontz Lowman/[email protected]/2008 Page 1 Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Do you know a child like this? Travis is constantly moving, pushing, or chewing on things. The collar of his shirt and coat are always wet from chewing. When talking to people, he tends to push up against you. Or do you know another child? Sierra does not like to be hugged or kissed by anyone. She gets upset with other children bump up against her. She doesn’t like socks with a heel or toe seam or any tags on clothes. Why is Travis always chewing? Why doesn’t Sierra liked to be touched? Why do children react differently to things around them? These children have different ways of reacting to the things around them, to sensations. Over the years, different terms (such as sensory integration) have been used to describe how children deal with the information they receive through their senses. Currently, the term being used to describe children who have difficulty dealing with input from their senses is sensory processing disorder. _____________________________________________________________________ Sensory Processing Disorder
    [Show full text]
  • Parosmia Due to COVID-19 Disease: a 268 Case Series
    Parosmia due to COVID-19 Disease: A 268 Case Series Rasheed Ali Rashid Tikrit University, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery/ Otolaryngology Ameer A. Alaqeedy University Of Anbar, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery/ Otolaryngology Raid M. Al-Ani ( [email protected] ) University Of Anbar, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-9630 Research Article Keywords: Parosmia, COVID-19, Quality of life, Olfactory dysfunction, Case series Posted Date: May 10th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-506359/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Although parosmia is a common problem in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies assessed the demographic and clinical aspects of this debilitating symptom. We aimed to evaluate the socio-clinical characteristics and outcome of various options of treatment of individuals with parosmia due to COVID- 19 infection. The study was conducted at two main Hospitals in the Ramadi and Tikrit cities, Iraq, on patients with a chief complaint of parosmia due to COVID-19 disease. The study involved 7 months (August 2020-February 2021). Detailed demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment options with their outcome were recorded and analyzed. Out of 268 patients with parosmia, there were 197 (73.5%) females. The majority were from age group ≤ 30 years (n = 188, 70.1%), housewives (n = 150, 56%), non-smokers (n = 222, 82.8%), and associated with dysgeusia (n = 207, 77.2%) but not associated with nasal symptoms (n = 266, 99.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Sensory Defensiveness? by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L
    Super Duper® Handy Handouts!® Number 174 What Is Sensory Defensiveness? by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L Does your child get upset by tags in clothing, the sound of the vacuum cleaner, or certain smells in the environment? If so, your child may be showing signs of sensory defensiveness. Sensory defensiveness is a negative reaction to one or more types of sensations (such as touch, movement, sound, taste/texture, or smell), often requiring you to control his/her daily routine to avoid such things. Types of Sensory Defensiveness There are different types of sensory defensiveness including tactile (touch), gravitational (movement and balance), auditory (hearing), and oral defensiveness (taste, smell, texture). Tactile Defensiveness (Touch) The tactile system is our sense of touch. It protects us from danger and helps us identify different objects in the environment. A child showing signs of tactile defensiveness may: Overreact to ordinary touch experiences (e.g., touching play dough or being touched by someone). Avoid daily activities (e.g., washing face/hands or brushing hair). Avoid light touch (e.g., a kiss) but seek out deep touch (e.g., a bear hug). Vestibular Insecurity (Balance/Movement) The vestibular system is our sense of movement and balance. It tells us where our head and body are in relation to gravity and other objects and supports our vision, posture, emotions, and coordination skills. A child showing signs of gravitational insecurity may: Have an excessive fear of falling during ordinary movement activities (e.g., swinging, riding a bicycle, or climbing). Become overwhelmed by changes in head position (e.g., being upside down).
    [Show full text]
  • Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity Athanasia Printza 1,* , Mihalis Katotomichelakis 2, Konstantinos Valsamidis 1, Symeon Metallidis 3, Periklis Panagopoulos 4, Maria Panopoulou 5, Vasilis Petrakis 4 and Jannis Constantinidis 1 1 First Otolaryngology Department, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] (K.V.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Otolaryngology Department, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 387479 Alexandroupoli, Greece; [email protected] 3 First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 387479, Alexandroupoli, Greece; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (V.P.) 5 Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 387479 Alexandroupoli, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: A significant proportion of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 report a new onset of smell or taste loss. The duration of the chemosensory impairment and predictive factors of recovery are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, temporal course and recovery predictors in patients who suffered from varying disease severity. Consecutive adult patients diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 via reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at two Citation: Printza, A.; coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Reference Hospitals were contacted to complete a survey Katotomichelakis, M.; Valsamidis, K.; reporting chemosensory loss, severity, timing and duration, nasal symptoms, smoking, allergic Metallidis, S.; Panagopoulos, P.; rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, comorbidities and COVID-19 severity.
    [Show full text]
  • Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology
    TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OUTLINE A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Taste and Smell System B. Quantifying Chemosensory Disturbances C. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders causing Primary Smell Impairment with Secondary Loss of Food Flavors a. Post Traumatic Anosmia b. Medications (prescribed & over the counter) c. Alcohol Abuse d. Neurodegenerative Disorders e. Multiple Sclerosis f. Migraine g. Chronic Medical Disorders (liver and kidney disease, thyroid deficiency, Diabetes). D. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders Causing a Primary Taste disorder with usually Normal Olfactory Function. a. Medications (prescribed and over the counter), b. Toxins (smoking and Radiation Treatments) c. Chronic medical Disorders ( Liver and Kidney Disease, Hypothyroidism, GERD, Diabetes,) d. Neurological Disorders( Bell’s Palsy, Stroke, MS,) e. Intubation during an emergency or for general anesthesia. E. Abnormal Smells and Tastes (Dysosmia and Dysgeusia): Diagnosis and Treatment F. Morbidity of Smell and Taste Impairment. G. Treatment of Smell and Taste Impairment (Education, Counseling ,Changes in Food Preparation) H. Role of Smell Testing in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders 1 BACKGROUND Disorders of taste and smell play a very important role in many neurological conditions such as; head trauma, facial and trigeminal nerve impairment, and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson Disorders, Lewy Body Disease and Frontal Temporal Dementia. Impaired smell and taste impairs quality of life such as loss of food enjoyment, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite and safety concerns such as inability to smell smoke, gas, spoiled food and one’s body odor. Dysosmia and Dysgeusia are very unpleasant disorders that often accompany smell and taste impairments.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Receptors
    Laboratory Worksheet Exercise: Sensory Receptors Sense Organs - Sensory Receptors A sensory receptor is a specialized ending of a sensory neuron that detects a specific stimulus. Receptors can range from simple nerve endings of a sensory neuron (e.g., pain, touch), to a complex combination of nervous, epithelial, connective and muscular tissue (e.g., the eyes). Axon Synaptic info. Sensory end bulbs Receptors Figure 1. Diagram of a sensory neuron with sensory information being detected by sensory receptors located at the incoming end of the neuron. This information travels along the axon and delivers its signal to the central nervous system (CNS) via the synaptic end bulbs with the release of neurotransmitters. The function of a sensory receptor is to act as a transducer. Transducers convert one form of energy into another. In the human body, sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into electrical impulses called action potentials. The frequency and duration of action potential firing gives meaning to the information coming in from a specific receptor. The nervous system helps to maintain homeostasis in the body by monitoring the internal and external environments of the body using receptors to achieve this. Sensations are things in our environment that we detect with our 5 senses. The 5 basic senses are: Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell An adequate stimulus is a particular form of energy to which a receptor is most responsive. For example, thermoreceptors are more sensitive to temperature than to pressure. The threshold of a receptor is the minimum stimulus required to activate that receptor. Information about Receptor Transmission Sensory receptors transmit four kinds of information - modality, location, intensity and duration.
    [Show full text]
  • Smell and Taste
    Smell and Taste Insight into important senses How do smell and taste work? What causes loss of smell and taste? How are smell and taste loss diagnosed? and more... Problems with these senses have a big impact on our lives. Smell and taste contribute to our enjoyment of life by stimulating a desire to eat – which not only nourishes our bodies, but also enhances our social activities. When smell and taste become impaired, we eat poorly, socialize less, and feel worse. Smell and taste warn us of dangers, such as fire, poisonous fumes, and spoiled food. Loss of the sense of smell may indicate sinus disease, growths in the nasal passages, or, at times, brain tumors. How do smell and taste work? Smell and taste belong to our chemical sensing system (chemosensation). The complicated process of smelling and tasting begins when molecules released by the substances around us stimulate special nerve cells in the nose, mouth, or throat. These cells transmit messages to the brain, where specific smells or tastes are identified. Olfactory (smell nerve) cells are stimulated by the odors around us—the fragrance from a rose, the smell of bread baking. These nerve cells are found in a tiny patch of tissue high up in the nose, and they connect directly to the brain. Gustatory (taste nerve) cells are clustered in the taste buds of the mouth and throat. They react to food or drink mixed with saliva. Many of the small bumps that can be seen on the tongue contain taste buds. These surface cells send taste information to nearby nerve fibers, which send messages to the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Smell Distortions: Prevalence, Longevity and Impact of Parosmia in a Population-Based, Longitudinal Study Spanning 10 Years
    Smell distortions: Prevalence, longevity and impact of parosmia in a population-based, longitudinal study spanning 10 years Jonas K. Olofsson*1, Fredrik Ekesten1, & Steven Nordin2 1Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. Parosmia, experiences of distorted smell sensations, is a common consequence of covid-19. The phenomenon is not well understood in terms of its impact and long-term outcomes. We examined parosmia in a population-based sample from the Betula study that was conducted in Umeå in northern Sweden (baseline data collected in 1998-2000). We used a baseline sample of 2168 individuals aged 35-90 years and with no cognitive impairment at baseline. We investigated the prevalence of parosmia and, using regression analyses, its relationship to other olfactory and cognitive variables and quality of life. Benefitting from the longitudinal study design, we also assessed the persistence of parosmia over 5 and 10 years prospectively. Parosmia was prevalent in 5% of the population (n=104) and was often co- occurring with phantosmia (“olfactory hallucinations”), but was not associated with lower self-rated overall quality of life or poor performance on olfactory or cognitive tests. For some individuals, parosmia was retained 5 years (17%) or even 10 years later (10%). Thus, parosmia is relative common in the population, and can be persistent for some individuals. This work provides rare insights into the expected impact of, and recovery from parosmia, with implications for those suffering from qualitative olfactory dysfunction following covid-19. 2 Introduction Parosmia is an olfactory disorder (OD) where odor perception is distorted and different stimuli trigger unpleasant odor sensations previously not associated with the stimuli (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfaction in Migraine and Its Psychiatric Comorbidities: a Narrative Review
    Olfaction in migraine and its psychiatric comorbidities: a narrative review CIRO DE LUCA1, MD, MARTINA CAFALLI2, MD, ALESSANDRA DELLA VECCHIA3, MD, SARA GORI1, MD, ALESSANDRO TESSITORE4, PHD, MARCELLO SILVESTRO4, MD, ANTONIO RUSSO*4, PHD AND FILIPPO BALDACCI1, PHD. 1Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. 2Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. 4Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Headache Center, I Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy Received: 28th September 2020; Accepted 12th October 2020 Abstract Objective Migraine is a primary headache with a constellation of neurovegetative and sensory-related symptoms, comprehending auditory, visual, somatosensorial and olfactory dysfunctions, in both ictal and interictal phases. Olfactory phenomena in migraine patients consist in ictal osmophobia, interictal olfactory hypersensitivity and an increased sensitivity to olfactory trigger factors. However, osmophobia is not listed as an associated symptom for migraine diagnosis in ICHD-3. Design We reviewed the literature about the anatomical circuits and the clinical characteristics of olfactory phenomena in migraine patients, and highlighted also the common comorbidities with psychiatric disorders. Discussion The evidence suggests a potential role of the olfactory dysfunctions as diagnostic, prognostic and risk biomarker of migraine in clinical practice. Olfactory assessment could be useful in reducing the overlap between migraine and other primary headaches - especially the tension type one - or secondary headaches (ictal osmophobia, olfactory trigger factors), and in predicting migraine onset and its chronic transformation (ictal osmophobia).
    [Show full text]
  • The Sensory Stimulation Programme and Neurological
    IJNH Innovational Journal of Nursing and Healthcare (IJNH) www.ijnursing.com Review Article The sensory stimulation programme and neurological Status in stroke: A comprehensive review Geeta Shiroor*, Tapti Bhattacharjee Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Nursing, Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract Human brain has a large capacity for automatic simultaneous processing and integration of sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. The combined information from different sensory organs facilitates our ability to detect, discriminate, and recognize sensory stimuli. Many research studies have shown that sensory stimulation program is effective in traumatic brain injury, amnesia, unconsciousness, stroke etc. Depending upon the condition and diagnosis of the patients, the program protocol needs to be decided. The present review focus on the effectiveness of sensory stimulation programme (SSP) on neurological status of patients with stroke. The SSP covered stimulation of all five sensory modalities including tactile, gustatory, olfactory, auditory, and visual senses. Thus it may conclude that the SSP may be helpful to stimulation of all sensory modalities in human being. Keyword: Sensory Stimulation Programme, gustatory, olfactory, auditory, and visual senses. *Corresponding author: Geeta Shiroor, Assistant Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Nursing, Pune, Maharashtra, India Email [email protected] 1. Introduction etc. Depend on the condition and diagnosis of the patients the program protocol needs to be decided [1]. The greatest gift by god to a human being is their sense organs. We enjoy life if our sense organs sense every Sensory system and stimulation: In this study, the beautiful sensation and convey to the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction
    Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction Seok Hyun Cho Hanyang Med Rev 2014;34:107-115 http://dx.doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2014.34.3.107 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea pISSN 1738-429X eISSN 2234-4446 Olfactory dysfunction is a relatively common disorder that is often under-recognized by Correspondence to: Seok Hyun Cho Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head both patients and clinicians. It occurs more frequently in older ages and men, and decreases and Neck Surgery, Hanyang University patients’ quality of life, as olfactory dysfunction may affect the emotion and memory func- Hospital, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, tions. Three main causes of olfactory dysfunction are sinonasal diseases, upper respiratory Seoul 133-792, Korea Tel: +82-2-2290-8583 viral infection, and head trauma. Olfactory dysfunction is classified quantitatively (hypos- Fax: +82-2-2293-3335 mia and anosmia) and qualitatively (parosmia and phantosmia). From a pathophysiologi- E-mail: [email protected] cal perspective, olfactory dysfunction is also classified by conductive or sensorineural types. All patients with olfactory dysfunction will need a complete history and physical examina- Received 17 April 2014 Revised 23 June 2014 tion to identify any possible or underlying causes and psychophysical olfactory tests are Accepted 3 July 2014 essential to estimate the residual olfactory function, which is the most important prognos- This is an Open Access article distributed under tic factor. CT or MRI may be adjunctively used in some indicated cases such as head trauma the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution and neurodegenerative disorders.
    [Show full text]