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Political Mobilization oftheAlbanian In partial fulfillmentIn partial the of requirements the degree for of Supervisor: Professor Michael LaurenceSupervisor: Professor Michael Miller Local ElectionsLocal in Macedonia Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University Homeland Calling Budapest, Hungary Masters Art of Submitted to Submitted Erlin Agich 2013 By

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for the purpose of of purpose the for CEU eTD Collection providing mewith materials. mood swingsI as writingmy was thesis. my with cope to havingfor and studies, yearof during mysecond present beingforphysically Igor and Natasha emotionally; and intellectually both crisis, of times during care loving her and me, in intellectual the inspiring fo and marathons, I myand thesisto endlessthis support.mother who inZajas, dedicate was Kichevo. born during Seminar. theThesis Professor thesis my on feedback constructive their for Kovacs M. Maria thank Professor and Brubaker Rogers to want also I thesis. my with struggling was I when even optimistically soft His thesis. my in interest renownedgroupamong of a students. challenging very professors, to opportunity the me giving for Studies Department Nationalism University’s European Central the to gratitude my express to want I I want to thank my friends: Sara friends: my thank to want I par my thank to want I and patience his for Miller L. Michael Professor and Supervisor my thank to want I n fnly I wan I finally, And

r always being there when I was struggling with my thesis; Vigjilenca thesis; my with struggling was I when there being always r

t to thank Munir Mehdiu and Radio Television “Uskana” for for “Uskana” Television Radio and Mehdiu Munir thank to t

ents, Evrim and Rukie, and my sister Arin, for their motivation their for Arin, sister my and Rukie, and Evrim ents, - pkn anr f communica of manner spoken Acknowledgments for for

her endless trust in my academic skills; Nesrin skills; academic my in trust endless her –

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13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

i. ii. i. i. Theoretical and Methodological Framework Introduction i. The Impact of Transnational Practices (Then what?) i. ii. i. iii. ii. i. i. i.

Engaging Diaspora the The Strategies and Participation “Local Geo Recent Demographic Changes Decentralization Process: Local Self The Process of Mobilization (Why?) Research Methodology in Applied the Thesis History the of [Albanian] Terminology andConcepts Defined Conceptualizing Expatriate Voting Bibliography Conclusion and Remarks The Campaign

The Emigration Agency of Republicthe of Macedonia Resolution on Migration Policy of Macedonia Diaspora Engagement Policies: Citizenship “Ethnic Cantonization”: The Homeland Politics Demographic Data Albanian Diaspora Expatriate Voting Macedonia in Reactions Ethnic of Macedonians to the Results in Following Election the Results in Kichevo Impact Expatriate of Voting onDomestic Voter Turnout Voter Turnout Analyzed Interview withthe Coordinator of “Uskana 2013” The Campaign the of Albanian Profile of Candidatesthe for Mayor of Kichevo The Campaign the of Democratic Union for Integration

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Myra A. Waterbury, “Bridging the divide: Towards a comparative framework for understanding kin state and and kinstate understanding for framework comparative a Towards the divide: “Bridging A.Myra Waterbury, referred Hereafter, interviews and speeches, articles, newspaper the of All translations to Kichevo”, win over Albaniandiaspora from the support for “DUIis asking I.

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political parties is a is rarepolitical parties . 2013

to as ‘Macedonia’. ‘Republic of Macedonia’ is the constitutional name of the state, but the ofthebut name state, constitutional is the ofMacedonia’ ‘Republic as ‘Macedonia’. to

and Thomas Faist (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010), 131. 2010), Press, AmsterdamUniversity (Amsterdam: Faist Thomas and oa electi local 2 )

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occurrence the Republic of Republic the

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mobilizing of M of , “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational ofMigrants’ Politics “The , s oriented analysis of analysis oriented s votes cast by members of the Albanian the of members by cast votes ttsis n oe trot n M in turnout voter on statistics e tutrd n codne to accordance in structured be will analyze the campaign of, mainly, mainly, of, campaign the analyze will unicipality Kichevo unicipality ) taeis n priiain te hw) ad ) h ipc of impact the c) and ‘how’); (the participation and strategies b)

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CEU eTD Collection 14 Voting,” ofExternal 13 doi: 2013, May27, accessed Rights 12 Kichevo, and Albanian the of members that idea the polity. particular a of flourishing “ affectasfuturetheir will decisions whose governments the to votes multiple need stakes multiple with persons community, democratic (Lopez hence, and, origin of state their of voting and engaging expatriate on debate the surrounding framework theoretical the of overview brief a offer will Albanian the normative participate with non of inclusion democratic the should and/or non resident of exclusion democratic the should questions: two around on debate contemporary The II. tkhles r toe whose those are stakeholders Rainer Owen, “ Owen, “ Owen, David

the second question, that is, whether or not the Albanian the not or whether is, that question, second the ,” ,” - Bauböck Political Philosophy and Social International of Review Critical Several scholars have claimed that expatriates are not subject to the political authority authority political the to subject not are expatriates that claimed have scholars Several Theoretical Guarra); Transnational Citizenship and the Democratic State Democratic the and Citizenship Transnational

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others such as Rainer as such others

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transnational political membership has been mainly structured mainly been has membership political transnational ” icmtne o lf ln ter uue well future their link life of circumstances 14 diaspora inho diaspora

to engage to Volume 75, Issue 5, Article 4 (2007): 2428 (2007): Article 4 5, Issue 75, Volume As we shall see later, the campaign of DUI was based on based was DUI of campaign the later, see shall we As they - Macedonian diaspora have a a have diaspora Macedonian Bauböck hud e uoaial ecue fo te demos the from excluded automatically be should

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n a stakeholder conception of conception stakeholder a n - Macedonian diaspora should should diaspora Macedonian

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voting by individuals who have a have who individuals by voting

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where the election is held is election the where

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CEU eTD Collection 23 (2011):1. 18 Series WorkingPaper Macedonia,” and Serbia 22 21 20 I Migration, International 19 Handbook IDEA 18 ‘global’ a namely, conception, this pre Ragazzi and Balalovska people’s the from disconnected increasingly is Yugoslavia, Macedonia the belonging” processes, political country’s the in participation the into looking Before standard by that supported is do identified administrators. public and sailors soldiers, I elect time. long the a took societies ofdemocratic contemporary in daypractice political this of the proliferation for Rome to seal under them sent and Rome of offices n

Ibid. Post Politics and “Diaspora Balalovska, Kristina and Ragazzi Francesco Ibid. Ibid. Rainer Andy

i. etc elections mestic the year the

‘ ainl belonging national

Sundberg, Expatriate Macedonia Votingin Bauböck

ethnic nation, irrespective of the people’s actual presence on the territory the on presence actual people’s the of irrespective nation, ethnic “ Acrig o rsia Balalov Kristina to According .

115 states and independent territories that allow citizens abroad to cast votes in in votes cast to abroad citizens allow that territories independent and states 115 to 1945 there were only six countries that introduced that countries six only were there 1945 “ the newly independent states developed a conception of national belonging that belonging national of conception a developed states independent newly the

, the state of Macedonia of state the ( , “Ties Across Borders: Te Growing Salience of Transnationalism and Diaspora Politics,” Politics,” Diaspora and ofTransnationalism Growing Salience Te Borders: Across “Ties ,

2007 “The History and Politics of Diaspora Voting in Home Country Elections,” Country VotingHome in ofDiaspora Politics and History “The . ” ):1. The Europeanization of Citizenship in Succesor S Succesor in Citizenship of Europeanization The 20

ntegration and Social Cohesion in Europe in Europe Cohesion Social and ntegration

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identified a new form of ethnic nationalism ethnic of form new a identified a f ebr o te Albanian the of members of government “post present

the vast majoritydemocraticthe vast of states ISSN 2046 ISSN

- territorial nationalism territorial ,

giving al . Particular attention should be paid to conc to paid be should attention Particular . - 4096.

policies

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expatr tates of the Yugoslavia the Former of tates - Territorial Citizenship in Croatia , , Croatia Citizenshipin Territorial external

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State Electoral Commission Electoral State Rainer Ibid. Ibid. Post Politics and “Diaspora Balalovska, Kristina and Ragazzi Francesco e post he

The above The Each Bauböck Bauböck 24

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uolv tts are states Yugoslav who reside outside of Macedonia. of outside reside who democratic democratic d itnin o eun ec when etc. return, to intention ad,

, “Stakeholder Citizenship and Transnational Political Participation: A Normative Evaluation Evaluation A Normative Participation: Political Transnational and Citizenship “Stakeholder ,

eiig abroad residing

Fordham Law Review Review Law Fordham adds to this this to adds - mentioned authors find it find authors mentioned that The Europeanization of Citizenship in Succesor States of the Yugoslavia the Former of States Succesor in Citizenship of Europeanization The

homeland of this this of . state territorie yhomogenous .

26

Although Balalovska and Ragazzi’s and Balalovska Although

has the right to right the has ih co with saying , ‘

post ae n have s

would grantwould en n rmtn a promoting on keen Volume 75, Issue 5, Article 4 (2007): 2426 (2007): Article 4 5, Issue 75, Volume - territorial - are allowed to hold on to their Macedonian citizenship Macedonian their to on hold to allowed are that ainl wo eie usd te tt’ borders state’s the outside reside who nationals - 4096. w esnl ouet ( documents personal ew “

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ministries and government and ministries centered “nationals” political membership “nationals”political

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f eogn t a nation a to belonging of

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deterritorialized allow states , or 65% of the of 65% or , al agencies are are agencies al . ” 27

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Francesco Ragazzi and Kristina Balalovska, “Diaspora Politics and Post Politics and “Diaspora Balalovska, Kristina and Ragazzi Francesco passports,” without biometric “Novoting 2. http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=05F8445ECDE5DC42A8163E241BEEDA89

total of123 s such as such s means ro t 20, hr wr ol svrl ea poiin ta pritd symbolic a permitted that provisions legal several only were there 2008, to Prior Terminology and ConceptsTerminology and Defined

right to vote after the ‘Law for Amending and Supplementing the E the Supplementing and Amending for ‘Law the after vote to right

that only 5% of the total electorate resides abroad. abroad. resides electorate total the of 5% only that

“Macedonian diaspora” or “diaspora” in that sense, as it relates to Macedonia. Macedonia. to relates it as sense, that in “diaspora” or diaspora” “Macedonian all

MPs. MPs. contested terms and require detailed explanation of how and why they are theywhy and how of explanation detailed require and terms contested The Europeanization of Citizenship in Succesor States of the Yugoslavia the Former of States Succesor in Citizenship of Europeanization The

This n alaetr ad pre and parliamentary in to vote to 30

t n h cuty o o so. do to country the in nt L a ad hr i almos is there and ia, aw meant that members of the diaspora who hold a Macedonian a hold who diaspora the of members that meant aw

in local elections local in

Dnevnik Online, Online, Dnevnik - 4096.

8 side . isoa, “Albanian diaspora”,

The total electorate of Macedonia, including including Macedonia, of electorate total The non t November 14, 2012 accessedMay 27, 27, accessedMay 2012 14, November ta elections ntial - xset ieaue n conceptualizing on literature existent hs a as gv te isoa a diaspora the gave also Law This embers of embers - Territorial Citizenshi Territorial esses. Officially, the diaspora diaspora the Officially, esses. from These numbers are highly highly are numbers These - aeoin diaspora”, Macedonian P abroad arliament (MPs) arliament mil from mainly , p in Croatia , , Croatia in p lectoral Code’ lectoral . people

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Ibid., 12. Ibid., diaspora,” ‘diaspora’ “The RogersBrubaker, i.

PhD dissertation dissertation PhD – that is, politics: “

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sn te em ‘d term the using its ability to pick out p out pick to ability its

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in Political Science: “The Multiple Voices of ‘Macedonian Diaspora’”, Diaspora’”, ‘Macedonian of Voices Multiple “The Science: Political in

as a category of practice of category a as As we shall see shall we As

iaspora defined hn o n i dsiciey o t so; distinctively is one no then the henomena, to make distinct make to henomena,

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Institut deParis Politiques d’Études prev

the term, or the targeted population behind this this behind population targeted the or term, the ahr hn an than rather pertains os ifrne bten groups between differences ious Ethnic and Racial Studies Racial and Ethnic

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. 32

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Volume 28 No. 1 1 No. Volume28 diaspora category is a word of of word a is category the ethnic community that this this that community ethnic the y, instead, instead, y, , the term “diaspora” term the ,

31

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o avoid misconception avoid o ii. Rainer in Unbound?,” Nationalism ofthe1990s: Politics’ ‘Diaspora Croatian “The Ragazzi, Francesco in Unbound?,” Nationalism ofthe1990s: Politics’ ‘Diaspora Croatian “The Ragazzi, Francesco

apin ehi Abnas h rsd otie f aeoi, e hl a Macedonian a hold yet Macedonia, of outside reside who Albanians ethnic campaign: PrePrint, 2009), 166. 2009), PrePrint, endeavor gather financial and The By Bauböck the Albanian ’ ’ , being a less precise and more ideologically charged concept, is reserved for a a for reserved is concept, charged ideologically more and precise less a being , ,

conflating ‘ “ most relevant most Albanian ainls regime nationalist 2009), 166. 2009),

in Kichevo

, “Stakeholder Citizenship and Transnational Political Participation: A Normative Evaluation Evaluation A Normative Participation: Political Transnational and Citizenship “Stakeholder , campaign .” .” in Fordham Law Review Review Law Fordham - Macedonian Diaspora 33 to “Albanian “Albanian to

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s

DI sd h tr “ term the used DUI , . Bauböck due to the multifocal aspect of the of aspect multifocal the to due synonym for synonym

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create s

diaspora”

, who , diaspora Volume 75, Issue 5, Article 4 (2007): 2426. (2007): Article 4 5, Issue 75, Volume

the term ‘diaspora’ is ‘expatriate’, especially since this this ‘expatriate’, especiallysince is ‘diaspora’ term the

a upr fr long a for support distinguishes distinguishes

useful political actor to deploy various forms of of forms various deploy to actor political useful – ’

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- - )Yugoslav )Yugoslav Di soa shqiptare” aspora between these two terms. terms. two these between

Region, ed. Ulf Brunnbauer, (Munchen: (Munchen: Ulf Region,Brunnbauer, ed. Region, I

chose ‘diaspora’ over ‘expatriate’ ‘expatriate’ over ‘diaspora’ chose groups term “ term of shared commitment to an an to commitment shared of - ed. Ulf Brunnbauer, (Munchen: (Munchen: Ulf Brunnbauer, ed. itne political distance

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, 9. ,

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Transnational Societies, Transterritorial Politics:Migrations in the (Post the in Politics:Migrations Transterritorial Societies, Transnational

- aeoin ae Study Case Macedonian hra te eod at f h hpeae tr, ‘ term, hyphenated the of part second the Whereas ” in June 2011 June in 37 terms

hs te yhntd em wt Abna a is eiig component defining its as Albanian with term, hyphenated the Thus, ora” which istrue ora” inthe case which of

, “Multiple voices of ‘Macedonian diaspora’: Politics and practices of (trans)national of(trans)national practices and Politics ‘Macedoniandiaspora’: voices of “Multiple , ‘ ‘ ‘ Albanian iselenistvo ethnic Albanians from Macedonia living Macedonia from Albanians ethnic

“ by the above the by irto, rhtcue n te mgnto o (oeln. An (Home)land. of Imagination the and Architecture Migration, an ideological movem ideological an -

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g to “nationals to g e. rnbur 20) wih s n o te ey few very the of one is which 2009), Brunnbauer, (ed. Tölölyan - mentioned author, mentioned . ” 38

and ’ Imagination of Home(land). An Albanian An ofHome(land). Imagination .

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ent ent ‘ the dispersed diaspora

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cultural community cultural Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris de Politiques Institut d'Études “[w]here once were dispersi were once “[w]here abroad

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CEU eTD Collection 44 masovno http://fa 43 Македонија Република 42 Македонија Република 41 ci economic and Macedonia Macedonia, 80% ethnic constitute fromwhich Macedonia Albanians outof i there where countries the diaspora Macedonian in censuses the by confirmed be can numbers These country. the left have Macedonia from Albanians ethnic 140,000 over period, has Macedonia from Albanians of emigration whereas communities ethnic of emigration 1981, since migration analyze we o number the because accurate, not are figures these But involved. others and Roma, 2.2% Turkish, down ha Macedonia “officially” Macedoniaregulatedemigrateda and from abroad. residence have p Canada. and Australia, etc Switzer Germany, oie b Ersa, hc showed which Eurostat, by rovided thecountry”, from emigrating massively citizens “Macedonian “ Xhaferi Xhaferi Les Sreangesrs en Suisse, en Les Sreangesrs .. 42

ktor.mk/archives/46965?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=makedonskite f irto i peetd s olw: 26 Mcdna, 96 Abna, 3.2% Albanian, 29.6% Macedonian, 62.6% follows: as presented is migration of aeoin iies ae also have citizens Macedonian In all the related documents and studies, the ethnic dimension of emigration from from emigration of dimension ethnic the studies, and documents related the all In in live them of majority a Europe, of Council the by collected data the of basis the On 4) h mtvs o r for motives The - , “ , “ , se f the Albanian diaspora from Macedonia is Macedonia from diaspora Albanian the f - Финансискиот потенцијал на иселениците и нивното вклучување во економијата на економијата во вклучување нивното и наиселениците потенцијал Финансискиот Финансискиот selat After vary from case to case; one common motive behind their emigration are the are emigration their behind motive common one case; to case from vary s been nebulous. According to the 1994 census in Macedonia, the ethnic the Macedonia, in census 1994 the to According nebulous. been s - vo

rcumstances of the time, as well as well as time, the of rcumstances 1994 to2013,the number - stranstvo ad Iay Dnak See, uti, rne Blim Netherlands, Belgium, France, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, land,

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rm Macedonia from . For example, in Switzerland there are 60,000 employees 60,000 are there Switzerland in example, For .

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CEU eTD Collection 46 107. 2004), Press, University Central European (Budapest: inCase,” 45 foll migration Abroad Home and emigration to Exclusion relation in communities Macedonia. from community Albanian behind force salient the as served have discrimination ethnic the of members for discrimination as well as era, socialist relation emigration. to as serves it Kichevo, of population whole the of representative be to small too is study this Although s were Macedonians Al ethnic 7 the of out ethnic 20 Albanians, ethnic 7 of consisted class The later. decade a up ended had they where see to up followed and Mileski”, “Mirko fro year) academic (1989/1990 students Kichevo. from communities ethnic different stud interesting an Case Macedonian the pressures. gave Macedonia from Albanians ethnic Macedonians ethnic

Ibid. Relations: ofInterethnic Economy Political “The al., et Gerald Knaus

In their article, their In As mentioned earlier, e earlier, mentioned As Nationalism after Communism: Lessons Learned, Lessons Communism: after Nationalism

a good basis to understand the diverging paths of the two ethnic communities in communities ethnic two the of paths diverging the understand to basis good a w rm neehi cmeiin i competition; interethnic from ow Gbil hfe’ agmn spot ti statement: this supports argument Sheffer’s Gabriel , y to fill in the gap of “hard data” regarding emigration dynamics of of dynamics emigration regarding data” “hard of gap the in fill to y till in Macedonia (in fact, many of them were still living in Kichevo) in living still were them of many fact, (in Macedonia in till

– ,

which dates back to Yugoslavia to back dates which the The Political Economy of Interethnic Relations: Ahmeti’ Relations: Interethnic of Economy Political The banians had left left had banians authors Knaus Geral Knaus authors

xclusion of ethnic Albanians from the labor market during the during market labor the from Albanians ethnic of xclusion in . m an ethnically mixed class at Kichevo’s gymnasium Kichevo’s at class mixed ethnically an m s one out pointed As the economic the

up Macedonians and 4 ethnic Turks. ethnic 4 and Macedonians from 45

14

hi ln and land their The authors The d,

aeoi, hra al f h 2 ethnic 20 the of all whereas Macedonia, eds. Alina Mungiu eds. n other words, the nature (and the ethnic ethnic the (and nature the words, other n Kristof Bender and Marcus Cox Marcus and Bender Kristof

these diverging paths of the two ethnic ethnic two the of paths diverging these

. For these reas these For . sector

i his n Ahmeti’s Village or the Macedonian the Macedonian or Ahmeti’sVillage have

have served as the as served have mgae t escape to emigrated

book - randomly select randomly Pippidi and Ivan Krastev, Ivan Krastev, and Pippidi , ons, a large number of number large a ons,

isoa oiis At Politics: Diaspora “ tnc aitos in variations ethnic

10 years later, 6 later, years 10 ed first ed s Village or or Village s push factors push

conduct domestic - year ed . 46

CEU eTD Collection 4. 2005), Press, University Stanford (Stanford: 48 x. 2003), Press, 47 campaign yet e there Macedonia, in voting expatriate t on articles scholarly of lack the to addition in Hence, Macedonian t for diaspora and from individual. to individual since task, easy an not is imagined) and real homela their with relationships continuing their and existent) (where connectedness maintained have people c host (or countries destination their at some and homelands, persons’ these at looked have them in world a by posed issues the with anthropology, from Researchers competition among groups ethnic so multiethnic in migration of composition) lections and the campaign surrounding this surrounding campaign the and lections

Andre Levy and Alex Weingrod, introduction to introductionto Alex Weingrod, Levy Andre and to Sheffer, introduction Gabriel .

4. T

e an aeil ue i te eeomn o the of development the in used materials main he ountries), and another set of researchers have looked at the relationship which these these which relationship the at looked have researchers of set another and ountries), h cs stu case The Research in Methodology the Applied Thesis –

are andvisuals, primary mainly text sources,onin both based

sociology, lre iiu of milieu large a is, that thesis, this in analyzed dy

history, and other social studies “ studies social other and history, with he Diaspora Politics: Politics: Diaspora local electionslocal

the . ”

ir 47

which

homeland homeland

are

cdmc akrud, uh as such backgrounds, academic

no scholarly analyses scholarly no Homelands and diasporas, holy lands and other places, places, and other lands holy diasporas, and Homelands millions of persons are ‘on the move.’” the ‘on are persons of millions , was At Home Abroad Home At ‘connectedness’ varies ‘connectedness’

15 particular

ite i otn h otoe f economic of outcome the often is cieties rm a from

on - going as this dissertation was developing.goingas dissertation this

he Albanian he

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, (Cambridge: Cambridge University University , Cambridge (Cambridge: the er o this of heart have increasingly become engaged become increasingly have oiiain f h Albanian the of mobilization

on the on -

Macedonian diaspora and diaspora Macedonian greatly from case to case, to case from greatly

topic of the of topic thesis tern

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48 2013

nd (both nd electoral Some of Some

as of of as local local -

CEU eTD Collection NewYork of Studies 50 Identity National 49 of impact the c) and ‘how’); (the political practices Østergaar accordance in organized is thesis the of structure the introduction, the in mentioned Albanian the of mobilization the to related “Liberta Center Research and Institute Skopje” Political the of Director the by provided were published, analysi empirical coordinators. 125 the of all among shared motive general the with us provides assessment qualitative its project, 2013” “Uskana phone. un an conductedin “ specific a addition, In sources. attention was and givenmetaphors tosymbols during thecampaign. primary of lot a are there since strategies, these mainly used strategies group targeted particular and locations, “ Uskana 2013 Uskana centers

Eva Discursive “The al., et RuthWodak, Østergaar T is sources these analyze to used methodology The Th Although this interview interview this Although

e research he n uhni eeya cmuiain n ntttoa, ei, oiia and political media, institutional, in communication everyday authentic on d above e focus focus - Nielsen d , Second Edition, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 8. 2009), Press, University Edition, Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Second , ” it regards both written and spoken ‘discourse’ as a as ‘discourse’ spoken and written both regards it - Nielsen

of the campaign the of in project is put is

Volume 37, Number 3 (2003): 765. (2003): Number3 37, Volume – : s of the voter turnout: the sources for analysis, which were yet to be be to yet were which analysis, for sources the turnout: voter the of s

” -

- Mr. Edmond Ademi. Mr. Edmond address etoe pran t te nlss f h availab the of analysis the to pertains mentioned s three ’s 50 structured manner via direct interaction,and direct mannervia structured

, “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational ofMigrants’ Politics “The , a) a) methodology : a member of the Albanian the of member a : the in addressed topics core on the ing - process tp prah o “p a to approach step

hs group this

Construction of National Identity” in in Identity” ofNational Construction is not representative of the whole coordinative body of the of body coordinative whole the of representative not is is a very specific one, it it one, specific very a is

migrant transnational practices on democrat on practices transnational migrant

of mobilization also n ls, h tei icroae sm comparative some incorporated thesis the last, And

includ f people of - Macedonian diaspora, as well as its aftermath. As aftermath. its as well as diaspora, Macedonian 16

es

n neve wt te coordinator the with interview an

- rocess oriented analysis of transnational transnational of analysis oriented rocess (the ‘why’); b) strategies and(the strategies participation ‘why’);b) Macedonian diaspora. The interview was interview The diaspora. Macedonian .

h dsore nlss a lmtd to limited was analysis discourse The electoral was easy to easy was critical The Discursive Construction of of Construction Discursive The

followed up followed campaign of DUI. of campaign

form of social practice social of form

discourse

e ore wih are which sources le identify t identify Center for for Center

via Skypevia and/or

analysis ic processes in processes ic he Migration Migration

rhetorical Since the the Since

to of the the of which which ; other ” Eva 49

a

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 53 NewYork of Studies 52 Albanian into translates ‘migrants’ my study, of purposes the methodfor methodological 51 practical local electionsas the2013 aresolely referred‘Homeland politics.’ purposes, to Albanian the between place taking place/are took methodology research one hence, elections, Albanian the of practices political transnational of case origin. of communities local in situation the better to subset of homeland i politics the withline in homeland pertains politics’ ‘Diaspora whereas migrants’ politics and politics translocal diaspora politics, emigrant politics, homeland politics, immigrant are which “ section of the chapters dedicatedtothem. bewill inthe furtherintrodu three elaborated analysis of process. “steps” ofthe one Each Albanian the of mobilization coun the Migrants (and refugees) (and Migrants

Ibid. Ibid. 763. Ibid., Eva WhencitingEva i.

Østergaar

The author adds that recent events have given ‘ given have events recent that adds author The

Homeland PoliticsHomeland try of origin of try to those groups that are that groups those to . “

53 political activities pertaining to the domestic or foreign policy of the homeland the of policy foreign or domestic the to pertaining activities political

d -

Nielsen more inclusive definitions of the concept‘diaspora’the ofof inclusive definitions more Østergaar

Volume 37, Number 3 (2003): 765. (2003): Number3 37, Volume

.” 52

(the ‘then what’) ‘then (the , “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational ofMigrants’ Politics “The ,

codn to According d - 51 Nielsen

may mobilize around a whole host of issues, the main types of types main the issues, of host whole a around mobilize may s translocal politics, which ares translocal politics, – -

Macedonian diaspora, since it it since diaspora, Macedonian “ grouped as another subset of homeland politic homeland of subset another as grouped ,

I adopt her terminology verbatim, whereas when applying her whenapplying whereas terminologyverbatim, her adopt I excluded .

This methodology fits in perfectly when analyzing the the analyzing when perfectly in fits methodology This Østergaar

from will not will 17

participating d - Mace - Nielsen ” 55 eeog o assess to enough be diaspora politics diaspora

All of these defini these of All donian diaspora and Macedonia. and diaspora donian - aeoin isoa n h local the in diaspora Macedonian defined as “ defined as ‘H , has

in the political system of their their of system political the in mln politics omeland evolved in a multiple stage multiple a in evolved .” initiatives from abroad frominitiatives abroad ’ a “wider a ’ 54

- Center for Migration Migration for Center And f And Macedon tions overlap in the in overlap tions

the politics which politics the al practices al inally,another

iandiaspora. conn concerns ’ otation

ctory

For ” ”, ”, –

CEU eTD Collection III. 60 59 58 57 NewYork of Studies 56 fi and signi principles; its and process decentralization the define process; decentralization the to lead which events the of overview historic brief a provide will: section Albanian the support.” rally to Europe Western to leaders their send frequently “who Partisi, Saadet religious the or Partisi Hareket Milli thesis. this in case elections 2013. in trus of principles constructing for motives underestimated.” Nielsen locally entirely are which those maintained to compared as territories national across of aim acti political transnational in engage migrants some orientation political transnational in questions of set first The

Ibid. 767. Ibid., Ibid. Ibid. Eva

ficance attachedficancewinning inM to Østergaar

‘Sending country actors’ can be governments, but also political parties political also but governments, be can actors’ country ‘Sending ‘ answer to trying In The Process ofMobilization (Why?)

hs eto i t udrtn why understand to is section this cnwegs that acknowledges

. ” ” 56 – - d

aeoin diasp Macedonian a question formulateda question - This set of questions of set This Nielsen

59 Volume 37, Number 3 (2003): 765. (2003): Number3 37, Volume

ec, hs hpe wl fcs on focus will chapter this Hence, Østergaar

, “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational ofMigrants’ Politics “The ,

rcie “focuses practices Why?’ do transnational political activities take place, take activities political transnational do Why?’

d te oiiig oe of role mobilizing “the Eva - Nielsen r fr h lcl lcin i M in elections local the for ora 60

Østergaar is

In order to contextualize the motives of DUI to mobilize to DUI of motives the contextualize to order In by Smith unicipalityKichevo. mainly

ie eape o Trih oiia pris uh as such parties political Turkish of examples gives

“ rnils f rs ad oiaiy r constructed are solidarity and trust of principles n h dtriat fr rnntoa political transnational for determinants the on ad oiaiy cos odr drn te local the during borders across solidarity and t d 18 58 ensued from ensued

- . Nielsen

vities while others do not? do others while vities

’s h mblzn rl o DI ad the and DUI, of role mobilizing the

sending countries should not be be not should countries sending ‘ two dilemmas two three - step unicipality Kichevo, this this Kichevo, unicipality ’

prah o analyzing to approach : “ : Center for Migration Migration for Center nally, analyze the the analyze nally, When and why dowhy and When ” 57 –

Østergaar

- The based and and based as it is the is it as central d -

CEU eTD Collection 62 2005, Macedonia”, 61 Agreement The 2001. 13, August on Agreement Framework Ohrid the of signing the through Europe in Cooperation and Security for Organization the and a (NLA) Framework 2001. in Agreement s the brought Albanians, ethnic the Macedonia, in minority largest the by initiated rights, and recognition for struggle lasting long The nebulous. remained Macedonia seced diversity. ethnic sustaining foundation institutional the eroding gradually and identity national ‘standardizing’ political Macedonian nationalism, growing this to response a As citizens. Albanian ethnic its among especially co is the diverse these Yugoslavia, of Republic Federal Socialist the of ideology multinational Tito’s During groups. modern borders, claims territorial competing outsiders, “ s rsl o cmlx itr o dvso, einl miin ad aiuain by manipulations and ambitions regional division, of history complex of result a As

Ibid Power to Privileging Ethnic “From GrahamHolliday, - xsec i Mcdna o rpae b ecltn ehi ad ainl consciousness, national and ethnic escalating by replaced got Macedonia in existence 5. 141 ., ing from Yugoslavia, whilst the question of the position of the minority ethnic groups of groups ethnicminority the of position the of question the whilst Yugoslavia, from ing

prima facie

143 Along with Tito’s death and ot and death Tito’s with Along Organization Decentralization L Process: After a six month armed insurgency between the Albanian National Liberation Army Liberation National Albanian the between insurgency armed month six a After . nd the Macedonian state in 2001; in state Macedonian the nd

.

the region occupied by modern by occupied region the in The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post in Democracy Ethnic of Fate The ethnic communities of Macedonia of communities ethnic ” -

62 Macedonia day impression.

Fast forward to 1991, Macedonia gained its independence by peacefully by independence its gained Macedonia 1991, to forward Fast

lts ok p hmgnzn poet hog plce amd at aimed policies through project homogenizing a up took elites .”

61

s cneune f hs hsoi dsue ad hfs in shifts and disputes historic these of consequence a As is home to home is ocal Self her concomitant events of the 1980s, this harmonious this 1980s, the of events concomitant her

international intervention international - day Macedonia has been subject to repeated and repeated to subject been has Macedonia day

- a multiplicity of ethnic, linguistic and religi and linguistic ethnic, of multiplicity a - 19 Communist Europe Communist - Government Sharing: Ethnic Dominance and Democracy in in Democracy and Dominance Sharing: Ethnic

co - existed rather peacefully rather existed and New Territorial New and , European Centr European , –

– atd h confrontation the halted

i.e. the European Union Union European the i.e. igning of the Ohrid Ohrid the of igning e for Minority Issues, Minorityfor Issues, e –

or at least, that least, at or “ ous the the CEU eTD Collection Experience Macedonian in agreement?,” 65 2011) Macedonia the from 64 on 2012 April 24, accessed Issue 1/2002, in Europe, Minority Issues Ethnopolitics and of Journal State”, Macedonian 63 functions previously fro transferred Agreement Framework wasmunicipalities decreased from alo demands different accommodate Municipalities of Organization disputes ethnic lasting long by preceded was Municipalities of Organization Territorial on Law “the whereas disputes, without passed majority. a constitute they where regions in participation greater a for demands Albanian accommodate to primarily instituted autonomy rights. grant would which decentralization of process reformed an ethnically democracy inclusive plural inMacedonia.” A this of aim The well. as Agreement the represented and Albanian sign was

Přemysl Rosůlek introductionto Bieber, Florian “Multi JennyEngstrom, , 19. , nld: hl poeto, olcig ae, ra ad ua pann, managing planning, rural and urban taxes, collecting protection, child include: “

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CEU eTD Collection 69 68 Experience Macedonian in agreement?,” 67 2013, 27, 66 M Dnevnik was report media memorable One media. the from especially responses, of variety overall the reflect necessarily Macedoniansterritorial organization. tothe new not does and author the of opinion municipalities new several in minorities became and Skopje unilingual s city bilingual a became officially which Skopje, of capital the in mainly and Kichevo, Struga, Zhupa, Centar Rostushe, Lozovo, of municipalities inter the changing thus inhabitants, Macedonian ethnic dominant with municipalities to attached the u which cantonization” new the of contingency the scholars, some to According competencies. administe whoever Hence, uch and similar territorial re territorial similar and uch

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pr ad erain n al utrl activities, cultural all and development recreation roads), and local maintaining sport and construction transportation, public administration, services, welfare social (comp education, activities secondary communal and primary care, health primary

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http://www.analyticalmk.com/files/03 Ethnic Ethnic –

a daily newspaper newspaper daily a

One Decad One

, “Macedonia in 2011 in 2011 “Macedonia , Cantonization” .” , eds. Marija Risteska and Zhidas Daskalovski, (Skopje: FES and CRPM, 2011) CRPM, FES and (Skopje: Zhidas Daskalovski, Risteska and eds. Marija , 66

e after the Ohrid Framework Agreement: Lessons (to be) Learned from the the from (toLearned be) Lessons Agreement: Framework Ohrid e the after ndermined the civic the ndermined favor of the former. “This scared ethnic Macedonians, especially in in especially Macedonians, ethnic scared “This former. the of favor

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arrangements gave an impression that “Macedonians lost their lost “Macedonians that impression an gave arrangements : The Importance Kichevo of rising water supply, sewerage, public hygiene, waste waste hygiene, public sewerage, supply, water rising a municipality a h – –

on the way towards stabilization or before the new ‘grand’the new before or waystabilization theon towards Te daily The . r gt fe te a o Trioil Organization Territorial on Law the after ight - 2010/Ivana_BOSKOVSKA.pdf principle of principle 21

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and this applies to territory,power,and appliescompetencies, etc. this to Recent Kamelia to According oppositio

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p. 9 p. le Kichevo was saved temporarily saved was Kichevo le Demographic - Republic of Macedonia: The Impact of the Ohrid Framework Agreement”, Centre for Centre Agreement”, Framework Ohrid the of Impact The ofMacedonia: Republic Ohrid Democracy,” Democracy,” Ohrid d ‘saved from’ ethnicd living Albanians inMacedonia.

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CEU eTD Collection Conflict” Ethnic of Resolution nor Settlement 78 http://humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ISA_Ohridframework.pdf 26 March California, Francisco, San Conference, Association Studies theat International presented (paper Conflict” Ethnic of Resolution nor Settlement 77 76 75 74 Macedonia 2013, May23, 73 have inhabitants Albanian ethnic predominant with municipalities 2012, of quarter third the Albanian of families athat onebecome in will day minority they larger traditionally and Macedonians rates fertility higher comparatively “ problem. sole an within population entire the of 20% administrative unit. of threshold the reaches which community specif entitles Agreement Framework Ohrid The community. this toallocatedrights moremean would censusthe of outcome the in Albanians ethnic of number VMRO the Maximizing census. of the terminated consensus of members lack the and request, whereas this to negatively census, the in counted be diaspora a is it regardingcensus, the whereas Ahmeti Ali VMRO the government, “ registration Caucaso e Balcani Osservatorio completion. its before days Neither Macedonia: in Agreement Framework Ohrid “The ZoranIlievski, and Lebamoff Rosett Frances Mary in Macedonia,” Fails “Census RistoKarajkov, Mary Frances Rosett Lebamoff and Zoran Ilievski, “The Ohrid Framework Agreement in Macedonia: Neither Macedonia: inAgreement Framework Ohrid “The Zoran and Ilievski, Lebamoff Rosett FrancesMary Ibid in Macedonia”. Fails “Census RistoKarajkov, Organization Revolutionary InternalMacedonian

“ethno n Conspicuously, counting the Albanian the counting Conspicuously, topic; asapeople politicized fact, matter inMacedoniaAssessing isa of number of the - 105372 . ” http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Regions . 75 ae s rsl ficesn esos ewe h w ao atesi the in partners major two the between tensions increasing of result a as came ” 77

- Ethnic Maced Ethnic h pbi coey olwd h pltczd eae ewe te w leaders two the between debate politicized the followed closely public The political” .

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- 76 DPMNE

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its failure resulted in the loss of inthe failureloss resulted its

codn t Rso Karajkov’ Risto to According , 74

h rao fr hs but terminatio abrupt this for reason the

led by Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski and the DUI of DUI the and Gruevski Nikola Minister Prime by led

Osservatorio balcani e caucaso e balcani Osservatorio

- 29, 2008), accessed May 27, 2013 May27, accessed 2008), 29, –

Macedonia.

Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity National Macedonian for Party Democratic 23 - Macedonian diaspora in the census was not the not was census the in diaspora Macedonian

- ed fears of ‘demographic swamping’ ‘demographic of fears ed and - countries/Macedonia/Census 78

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due to due CEU eTD Collection Kichevo 2013, 27, 81 80 79 80. to 84 from Macedonia in municipalities of number previous the decreasing M Vra and Drugovo Zajas, Oslomej, municipalities: neighboring four that meant organization territorial newest The population. Macedonian ethnic dominant a organizat territorial of wave new months Three Albanian communityMacedonia. of diaspora leadership DUI’s by sent was which diaspora cl in succeeded Macedonian diaspora the censustake place. of2012didnot hig reported have inhabitants Macedonian ethnic predominant with municipalities thirty 2012, of months municipalitie for said be can opposite the whereas population, the of growth natural the to positively contributed

aim that there is there that aim “Conflict of ethnic concepts for the local elections in Kichevo?,” Kichevo?,” in elections the local for concepts ethnic “Conflict of Ibid. “Tetova’s ncplt Kichevo unicipality 7.

. “ Albanian the counting of request DUI’s with alongside failed, census the Although

http://www.plusinfo.mk/vest/65840/Dojche Local in the census the in is and will remain a remain will and is

population increases, Bitola’s decreases,” decreases,” Bitola’s increases, population her death rate than birth rate. birth than rate death her engaging prior to the to prior Geo - a direct a Politica

s with a majority of ethnic Macedonians ethnic of majority a with s

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h dapr i a oetc oiia poes Atog oe cannot one Although process. political domestic a in diaspora the

elections, in December 2012, several newspapers announced that a that announced newspapers several 2012, December in elections,

that of that orlto bten VMRO between correlation l Engineering”

vital part of domestic politics, and politics, domestic of part vital ion awaits M awaits ion DUI’s mobilization efforts, there is a is thereefforts, mobilization DUI’s

fe te ald census failed the after 80

Hence, this accounts for the second reason on why on reason second the for accounts this Hence,

- Vele Koha 24 unicipality Kichevo. At tha At Kichevo. unicipality

- Sudir , November 21, 2012, 2. 2012, 21, November , - na Plusinfo - - etnichki DPMNE

osiue a constitute ta te Albanian the that : . neshtica, would be attached to attached be would neshtica, , November 11, 2012, accessed May accessed 2012, ,11, November 79 - koncepti

In fact, during the first nine first the during fact, In srjcin o on i the in count to rejection ’s congruently,

-

conspicuous message conspicuous i - t point, Kichevo point, t ige municipality single za - lokalnite 81

- of the ethnic ethnic the of Oslomej and Oslomej Macedonian Macedonian - izbori -

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CEU eTD Collection 2013, May accessed 27, 2005, 83 it. to wereattached municipalities wherefour other organizationof2013, territorial afterthe and new before Kichevo municipality between 82 whilst has Albanians ethnic of number prodigious a municipality), single a constituting explanation best “new” the in majority a constitute Albanians ethnic if Kichevo, in Macedonian to and Macedonians and Macedonians in that means Macedonians Albanians.and 10ethnic 2 10 and Macedonians ethnic 110 territorial by Oslomej Albanians; new the With (16,5%). Albanian organization, ethnic and (53,5%) Macedonian ethnic constituted introducti the in mentioned As elections. the before 2009 in elections local last the during Welle Macedonians in changethe would organization territorialnew Zajas ,

“Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002” lastmodifi 2002” ofMacedonia, Republic the in Dwellings and Households ofPopulation, “Census auth employed the by are Kichevo municipality “new” and Kichevo municipality “Old” 1 by Vraneshtica and Albanians; ethnic 155 and Macedonians ethnic 784 , was a political consensus between DUI and VMRO and DUI between consensus political a was , are

many of them still hold on to their Macedonian citizenship Macedonian their to on hold still them of many Taking into consideration the numbers accounted in the official census of census official the in accounted numbers the consideration into Taking geo “local This Why then did then Why

municipalities with a predominant ethnicpredominant a with municipalities

an ethnically mixed municipality, with the two larg two the with municipality, mixed ethnically an Zajas increased these percentages by 211 ethnic Macedonians and 11 and Macedonians ethnic 211 bypercentages these increasedZajas

54,5% ethn 54,5%

the newly comprised comprised the newly h “e” M “new” the

is

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h fc ta, n ihv ad h sronig mu surrounding the and Kichevo in that, fact the the leadership of DUI need the need DUI of leadership the , - 2 ehi Abnas Hne te ethnic the Hence, Albanians. ethnic 927 oiia engineering” political

http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaXIII.pdf ic Albanian. the in Albanians

ncplt Kichevo unicipality M 83

and put into practice in early 2013 2013 early in practice into put and unicipalityKichevo.

“ 25 propo a em mlyd by employed term a , new

” Albanian population, which means which population, Albanian a o 2013, of as , rtion between ethnic Albanians and ethnicand Albanians betweenethnic rtion

M Albanian n te “old” the on, ncplt Kceo is Kichevo unicipality , 252 - DPMNE

ethnic Albanians; Drugovo by by Drugovo Albanians; ethnic - est ethnic communities being communities ethnic est Macedonian diaspora to vote vote to diaspora Macedonian

, 34 , . M

Hence, hr are there unicipality Kichevo? The Kichevo? unicipality 82 ,

- 35. which was which journalists

ratio M

ncplt Kichevo unicipality or to distinguish to or officially,

iiaiis (now nicipalities – between

several months several 20 57 ethnic 35,7%

agreed upon upon agreed of , emigrated , 278 033 ethnic ethnic 033 , 308 ethnic 308 2002, this this 2002, ed May, ed Deut

they are they

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CEU eTD Collection 85 124. 2004), Press, University Central European (Budapest: inCase,” 84 elections Macedonia. in proxy by in cast probably it. at looks one way any impossible is which villa that wrote (MINA) in article an emigrated), have who those disregards official data. Kichevo from emigration of situation the grasping sidewalks the along parked are plates withactivity,bustles and with cars Chicago Cadillacs impressive and other abroad.” working member family one least tha also res temporarily or household in 2002 above the of part

the Maced or Ahmeti’sVillage Relations: ofInterethnic Economy Political “The al., et Gerald Knaus Ibid., 105. Ibid., t “nearly in every household in rural areas and every second household in the town has at has town the in household second every and areas rural in household every in “nearly t ges of roughly 15,000 people put together, they somehow muster somehow they together, put people 15,000 roughly of ges “omn siae bt b mncpl fiil ad ay tnc lain citizens”, Albanian ethnic many and officials municipal by both estimate, “common a voting, that is, voting on behalf of a of behalf on voting is, that voting, To demonstrate this discrepancy in the official numbers of the census (which (which census the of numbers official the in discrepancy this demonstrate To During Nationalism after Communism: Lessons Learned, Lessons Communism: after Nationalism –

although they are notphysically present

in Kichevo, the Kichevo, in

my - mentioned ides

field trips to Kichevo, tripsto field

n the in ebr o te Albanian the of members

abroad.

re is either a close relative or a distant relative who has emigrated has who relative distant a or relative close a either is re

2013 54,5%

Not to mention that many houses in the area are empty. are area the in houses many that mention to Not

oa elections, local

of the total population total the of . ” I 85

came to acknowledge that inevery acknowledge that to came 84

family member family hs proa acut ae nipnal for indispensable are accounts personal These

26 Whereas d Whereas ”

-

aeoin diaspora Macedonian

, that is, residents, thatis, of eds. Alina Mungiu eds. The “ Although Zajas and Oslomej are small small are Oslomej and Zajas Although Macedonian International News Agency News International Macedonian –

diinl ubr f oe was votes of number additional aig no osdrto te ak of lack the consideration into taking uring summer, “the Albanian quarter Albanian “the summer, uring of Kichevo accounted in the censusthe in accountedKichevo of , is a popular phenomenon during during phenomenon popular a is , - Pippidi and Ivan Krastev, Ivan Krastev, and Pippidi

Kichevo. nt o irgr that disregard to not , [ed]

16 ethnic Albanian

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T

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CEU eTD Collection are which those to compared as territories 87 national across constructed locally entirely are solidarity and trust of principles 86 these on to s hand a has also aimed also DUI practices, political domestic in them Kichevo, engaging by Diaspora: 4. competencies; Municipality with administers whoever hence, sha which competencies important many process, decentralization the with Power: 3. Macedonians; Albanians in community Albanian ethnic large the of governance local the over control has mayor Albanian ethnic Eva electi local 2013 the for diaspora

To be elaborated in VI Chapter elaborated be To “ hn n wy o oe irns nae n rnntoa pltcl activities political transnational in engage migrants some do why and When trengthen members of tieswiththe the Østergaar Albanian the of mobilization the behind motives main three the Hence, e h lf o te iies f ihv wr alctd o local to allocated were Kichevo of citizens the of life the pe –

- based and maintained and based which was historically usurped by force and manipulation on part of ethnic ethnic of part on manipulation and force by usurped historically was which d ihv; . itrc “aig ak wa i dee a blnig o ethnic to belonging as deemed is what back” “taking Historic: 2. Kichevo; - Nielsen

in her three her in

on Conclusion and Remarks. and Conclusion on

?, etc.” ?, ons - , which also answer the set of set the answer also which , step approach are: approach step

Albanian 27

-

Macedonian diaspora

1. Demographic: the aspiration that an that aspiration the Demographic: 1. ‘why’

hl ohr d not? do others while 86 .

87 - questions posed byposed questions government level, level, government

- Macedonian W ; hy CEU eTD Collection IV. 91 90 89 NewYork of Studies 88 “Uskana onmunicipal level shaped through 2013” politics ofthediaspo thehelp and DUI lookathow section will thesis, this Inpolitical practices.in shapingtransnational the use? they such that host the in situation the as well as homeland political party and religious, ethnic, of institutionalization etc Kichevo, and United States the between betweenKichevo, Kichevo, Germanyandand between Switzerland t of members diaspora and the2013local Albanian the between connectedness political palpable a created which project, “Uskana2013”the of campaignbycoordinators the initiated 125 as well asDUI, campaignof commitment to relates approach receiv and country sending the both in context institutional political the across and within received and articulated are practices practices political transnational analyzing by posed questions of set second The asainl oiia space political ransnational

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Eva

Østergaar

O The Strategies and Participation gnztoa patterns rganizational ” organizations 91

Although incommensurable, these networks have been considered central actors central considered been have networks these incommensurable, Although DUI d n mtvt sca action? social motivate and - Nielsen

Volume 37, Number 3 (2003): 769. (2003): Number3 37, Volume ,

r cnrl components central are

“

. o is How , “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational ofMigrants’ Politics “The ,

go about trying to influence politics? influence to trying about go “ soitos organization Associations, elections in Kichevo. in elections ;

oiia cnetdes raie ars bres o guarantee to borders across organized connectedness political r s t eae to relates it as or of

ebr o te Albanian the of members ing country ing Eva Eva ” oue on focuses 89 when analyzing how connectedness is formed in in formed is connectedness how analyzing when Østergaar -

country 28 ec, hs hpe wl mil fcs n the on focus mainly will chapter this Hence,

?”

(How?) 88

hs study, this

“How” .” d s 90 - “

Nielsen o mgat’ rnntoa political transnational migrants’ how

The

n fdrtos ersn the represent federations and

currents and movements from the from movements and currents in

main Østergaar Which strategies and means do do means and strategies Which - o cnetdes s formed is connectedness how Macedonian

in her three her in

question d - Center for Migration Migration for Center Nielsen

- isoa and diaspora here step approach to to approach step ra. -

Macedonian ’s three ’s is

“ how is it is how -

step the the CEU eTD Collection 96 95 3. 2010), , Macmillan (Pelgrave 94 93 9. 2005), Press, University Stanford (Stanford: 92 their own poli relations regional kin the by granted benefits other or nationality, consequences negative integration.” Union European the of project the and development, political domestic integration, minority and relations interethnic stability, “regional on actions “co engage Hungary book her In diaspora towinKichevo. in inorder the from “help” out sought they hence, ‘connectedness’, this of aware are DUI, of members Albanian the of members chapter, nationa the in materially and mor are ‘currents’ these diaspora. and homeland between forth and back sweep that powerfulcurrents ‘connectedness’. conceptualize to needs one formed,

Ibid. 2. Ibid, A.Myra Waterbury, Ibid. introductionto Alex Weingrod, Levy Andre and 8. e profoundly, to the fact that ‘ that fact the to profoundly, e

Eng into looking Before

Mr A Wat A. Myra , - aging the Diaspora aging tncppltos abroad”. populations ethnic ,

tical agendas.” ewe Sae n Nto: isoa oiis n Kin and Politics Diaspora Nation: and State Between ” a sm “lts aiuae tnc is o utf ntoait lis and claims nationalist justify to ties ethnic manipulate “elites some as , Between State and Nation: Diaspora Politics and Kin Politics Diaspora and Nation: and State Between

not

solely based on based solely erbury “

ht extra that 96 how list project of their homelan their of project list

analyses

- this ‘connectedness’ between homeland and diaspora is is diaspora and homeland between ‘connectedness’ this Macedonian diaspora feel this deep implication, whereas implication, deep this feel diaspora Macedonian many diasporas are deeply implicated both ideologically ideologically both implicated deeply are diasporas many

territorial membership, such as voting rights, dual dual rights, voting as such membership, territorial

94 memories of a of memories h ad o sae i Esen uoe hoe to choose Europe Eastern in states how and why

Homelands and diasporas, holy lands and other places, places, and other lands holy diasporas, and Homelands She also looks also She 29 -

state may have on the state’s sovereignty and and sovereignty state’s the on have may state According to According “ once

d’.” at the consequences of these state these of consequences the at

- 93 upon - state Nationalism in Hungary in Nationalism state

As we will see later in this in later see will we As Pnina Werbner, “there are “there Werbner, Pnina 95 - a

- time past, but are due, are but past, time She acknowledges the acknowledges She - tt Ntoaim in Nationalism State ” 92

She adds thatadds She ,

CEU eTD Collection 99 105. 2004), Press, University Central European (Budapest: Case,” 98 6. 2010), , Macmillan (Pelgrave 97 legi con the in prominently serve can diasporas in increasing for opt engagement, in notonly to Macedonia from elites political motivating in role resources material the are which annually.” Kichevo in euros million modern the estimates, conservative political andstrategic purpose” elaboratesof political agency elites intransnational political onthe practices. to applicable is methodology diasp provides in living Hungarians

Waterbury, the Macedonian or Ahmeti’sVillage Relations: ofInterethnic Economy Political “The al., et Gerald Knaus A.Myra Waterbury,

“ ti state ie ainls pltcl gna, n te oe o icuin n ecuin that exclusion and inclusion of modes the and agendas, political nationalist mize oras which can be applied to other cases, as well as the case stud case the as well as cases, other to applied be can which oras

in kin for support and legitimacy maintain or create help to resource culture political as and a as material abroad those of of extraction linguist utilization the the gain; diasporas: economic for ethnic resources by represented resources of Te lain cnmc nie s ule ams etrl b rmtacs By remittances. by entirely almost fuelled is engine economic Albanian “The Al Diasporas also have a have also Diasporas “ Waterbury argues that engaging the diaspora on part of the kin the of part on diaspora the engaging that argues Waterbury Nationalism after Communism: Lessons Learned, Lessons Communism: after Nationalism

the interests and perceptions ofpolitical elites the interests and perceptions - huh e bo cnetae on concentrates book her though a ulig ntoa iett cntuto, n clua reproduction cultural and construction, identity national building, - state elites. Between State and Nation: Diaspora Politics and Kin Politics and Diaspora Nation: and State Between very good methodological framework framework methodological good very ic resource to be used in defining the boundaries of national identity; identity; national of boundaries the defining in used be to resource ic Between State and Nation: Diaspora Politics and Kin Politics Diaspora and Nation: and State Between

neighboring countries neighboring ” 97 the

domestic economy, but also in its politics. its domestic alsoin economy, but

“ political parties political culture and ,

apply to this study as well. Remittances play a significant significant a play Remittances well. as study this to apply - is 98 day migrant workers send home or spend more than 16 than more spend or home send workers migrant day

- mainly driven by driven mainly Hence, the first set of resources of set first the Hence, linguistic function linguistic , as well as the implications of these actions these of implications the as well as , s 30

rcin f ainl yh, which myths, national of truction

acting out as actors of engagement since she she since engagement of actors as out acting o te tt o Hnay engages Hungary of state the how

eds. Alina Mungiu eds. of

: who

- state Nationalism in Hungary, Hungary, in Nationalism state ” h ad how and why , which makes them strategic actors actors strategic them makes which

want control to three - state Nationalism in Hungary in Nationalism state - Pippidi and Ivan Krastev, Ivan Krastev, and Pippidi outlined by Waterbury, by outlined

- y of y state has “a specific “a has state states

this thesis. this the diaspora’s diaspora’s the

engage their their engage . sets sets ” r ue to used are 7 99 .

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CEU eTD Collection ( 102 4. 2003), Press, CornellUniversity 101 100 transformation, political of times at applicable actors political for legitimacy of source unique a provide can border the identity), and who responsibility brethren Macedonia: to applies same Theregion. the in wars the in involvement their after especially,diasporas,their in pride socialism of out transitions the fi pointedly, more and, guidance contribute might diasporas their that hoped Europe, Eastern in elsewhere and Yugoslavia of peoples the Europe, Eastern in communism – homeland. its and diaspora level. b can methodology her mobilization, of actor the as Hungary of state the with deals Waterbury Although state. the of resources the and reproduct Albanian in the player key that a as mention seen was to diaspora Macedonian important is it but sections, upcoming the in elaborated the campaign electoral a power political to access have will who designate Pelgrave Macmillan , 2010), 8. 2010), , Macmillan Pelgrave

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cnttts h Macedonian the constitutes o Ohrid Framework Agreement Framework Ohrid 110

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Ibid., 232 Ibid., 112 http://mfa.gov.mk/?q=node/1712 2013), Zealand in New Australiaand година 2013

“ Прием на барања и издавање на пасоши во Европа, САД, Канада и Австралија и Нов Зеланд во Зеланд Нов и Австралија и Канада САД, Европа, во напасоши и издавање барања на Прием ceue t b ipeetd trig n 03 t 2013, in starting implemented be to Scheduled Chapter four is dedicated to looking at the actions and strategies undertaken by by undertaken strategies and actions the at looking to dedicated is four Chapter Resolution on Migration PolicyResolution on Macedonia of - 233. initiated political party political ,” (Admission of requests for the issuance of passports in Europe, the United States, Canada, Canada, States, the United in Europe, ofpassports thefor issuance requests of (Admission ,”

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y framework which will assist in assist will which framework y ed to need h Rslto hs seii scin eiae t plc ae wt rgrs o the to regards with area policy to dedicated section specific a has Resolution The Macedonian the Macedonia, of Constitution the of 2 paragraph 68, Article to Pursuant The main aim of the Resolution with regards to the diaspora is to create a consistent a create to is diaspora the to regards with Resolution the of aim main The

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The The The activities of the Emigration Agency are outlined in its Strategic Plan Strategic its in outlined are Agency Emigration the of activities The

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addition to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia (and its (and Macedonia of Republic the of Affairs Foreign of Ministry the to addition s well as Agency Emigration the of Republic of Macedonia Agency , ed. Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, Agunias, RannveigDovelyn ed. , Te eouin pons eea sae insti state several appoints Resolution The . , the Program the ,

of the Republic of Macedonia (hereafter Macedonia of Republic the of

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diaspora 36

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CEU eTD Collection 128 http://www.bashkendertojme.mk/programi/#/4 127 acknowledgments ofDUI diaspora: withregardstothe onpart diaspora top was the resista and “organization the in diaspora the of role the acknowledges also among poverty eliminating of aspect economic the a emphasis development political and economic, the chapterMunicipality “The Closer tothe named Citizens” from included clear can municipalities P Electoral DUI’s DUI’s Program: on Electoral

crucial

Ibid. “Programi”, 2. 1.

from the text as to as text the from nce”

h Porm consider Program The DUI believ DUIfor all spheres contribution in its thanksthe diaspora oflife sub The role role on these ties these on 128 Bashkimi Demokratik p Demokratik Bashkimi

– in “the preservation and stabilization of the Albanian family”, alongside with alongside family”, Albanian the of stabilization and preservation “the in in between in -

chapter is named “Diaspora, the Potential of Municipalities” and lists all the all lists and Municipalities” of Potential the “Diaspora, named is chapter referring

rogram for the local elections in 2013 includes a detailed agend detailed a includes 2013 in elections local the for rogram es that the diaspora’s significance is growing every yeargrowing thesignificance diaspora’s es is that every strengthen most

and prioritizes the diaspora. The diaspora is diasporaThediaspora. the prioritizes and

who

financier the of to the armed insurgency in 2001 where the Albanian the where 2001 in insurgency armed the to pages 26 pages m this Program refers as a as refers Program this m

ties with the diaspora the with ties the Diaspora s

h dapr a having as diaspora the ë rIntegrim

and

, 4. , f ah uiiaiy A sc, U p DUI such, As municipality. each of

29

National Liberation National Army. , accessed May 27, 2013, 2013, May27, accessed , , towards the towards , :

42

, or create ties where ties create or , ethnic Albanians ethnic beginning of the 365 pa 365 the of beginning a ‘diaspora’. The elab The ‘diaspora’. utfntoa rl i te soci the in role multifunctional 127

.

portrayed

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To help and support the involvement of members of the diaspora in political political in diaspora the of members structures. of involvement the support and help To those who want inve to for especially obligations, administrative and fiscal of alleviation the encourage To diaspora; the of members the of support and assistance the for offices consultancy create To stakeholder diaspora; of members the munic the between portal communication interactive an build To h tx cnius y aig u a out laying by continues text The are cooperation and for bothsides. optimized ties the of benefits the that so Macedonia, in representation diasp the (of potential this that convinced is DUI A

members of the diaspora as “ as diaspora the of members eiae s o triooy s ae n h scin hr DI rpss the proposes DUI where section the in made is terminology of use delicate Bashkimi Demokratik Bashkimi Bashkimi Demokratik p Demokratik Bashkimi strengthen/establish strengthen/establish

following the example of other European c European exampleofother following the

the diaspora contributes to to contributes diaspora the

st in Macedonia;st in

p ë ë 129 rIntegrim rIntegrim

ties between the diaspora and the municipalities. municipalities. the and diaspora the between ties - netet wih il oiie hs resources these mobilize will which investments co

, 28. , 26. , , accessed May 27, 2013 May27, accessed , - , accessed May 27, 2013 May27, accessed , patriots

43 eald ln of plan detailed

who are a source of knowledge, education, knowledge, of source a are who Macedonia’s ora) and its interests should interests its and ora) ountries.

130 the measures that DUI will will DUI that measures the D wt a ifu o one of influx an with GDP , the Program proposes the proposes Program the , Specifically, the ProgramSpecifically, the plte ad the and ipalities

of the role and role the of

gain a gain a ,

nd on CEU eTD Collection 134 http://www.bashkendertojme.mk/programi/#/6 133 2003), Press, CornellUniversity 132 131 the as increased were campaign the of scope the and capacity the addition, in consistency; and confidence evocated speeches campaign the and materials campaign the considere Both thriving. be can campaign year’s this elections, local the for campaign achieved.” have we what of proud are we and municipalities, the of majority in governments the with us trusted the with off started campaign 2013 DUI’s Consequently, 2009. local in previous elections the during bloc Albanian ethnic the among municipalities the of majority political party diaspora toengage the inhomel a of part on organization and preparedness showed it time first the for since elections, local Albanian the of mobilization of success the for responsible trips field the during diaspora elections local the for DUI by taken initiative original an is agenda elaborative this Hence, diaspora. two keycriteriaforeign are ethnicity and residency ethnic common ‘diaspora’ DU what understanding to closer us brings Hockenos Macedonia. of population general ethnic to refer to uses Program the what of translation the are maturity political and

Success in this context is used as a unit of measurement for whogot for unitmeasurement as a of used is context in Success this “Programi”, to introduction Hockenos, Paul Ibid.

The previous Electoral Program for the local elections in 2009 does not mentio not does 2009 in elections local the for Program Electoral previous The n diin i addition, In

n 2013 in i.e.: , Bashkimi Demokratik p Demokratik Bashkimi

- national group living outside the borders of their native home territory. The The territory. home native their of borders the outside living group national Te eei dfnto i ta a isoa c diaspora a that is definition generic “The Te rga ws rsne t mmes f h Albanian the of members to presented was Program The .

133 t is imperative to mention that DUI won the right to governance in in governance to right the won DUI that mention to imperative is t . ” 131

ulig pn h eprec fo te rvos ‘successful’ previous the from experience the upon Building

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aimed at mobilizing them mobilizing at aimed ë rIntegrim

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, 6. ,

, accessed May 27, 2013, 2013, May27, accessed , 44 and affairs.and

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132

. I believe that believe I .

, such as “national” and “co and “national” as such , mas hn utilizing when means I the most votes. most the

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estern Europe) and in the United States. United the in and Europe) estern (written in Macedonian) adapt the terms the adapt Macedonian) in (written the new Mayor of Kichevo is a member a is Kichevo of Mayor new the

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The speeches speeches The 46

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CEU eTD Collection http: 143 2013, 27, 142 Chair Gostivar, Tirana from journey a on embarks one “if that: stating Albanian the with in Macedonia participat he Army:Liberation National the among officer at studies his finished He DUI,by th in presented the during candidates two the of profiles the at look briefly will section This the second ethnic representing Macedonian the community. tw between were elections when parties, Parliament. the in relationship candidate their to go should “ saying quoted was (DPA) Albanians the v the that so Kichevo in candidate a propose to not decided front opposition the from parties political Albanian Ethnic Kichevo. ii.

“Fatmir Dehari Biography,” Fatmir Dehari Official Webpage, accessed May 27, 2013 2013 May27, accessed Webpage, Official FatmirDehari Biography,” “FatmirDehari withonly in Kichevo,” DUI Cooperation “Thaqi:

//www.fatmirdehari.com/Fatmir_Dehari.html Profile of e local the to prior formed coalitions ethnic the are section this to Relevant eai ond U’ pltcl edr l Ahmeti Ali leader political DUI’s joined Dehari http://lajmpress.com/lajme/maqedoni/16490.html was was

oa eetos of elections local Fatmir Dehari Fatmir . From 2002 to2006,hewasFromInterior of 2002 theViceMinister . the oppositional oppositional the e

official websites official – the -

Macedonian diaspora. During the campaign the During diaspora. Macedonian to reach Kumanovo, that person will be greeted by Albanian mayors mayors Albanian by greeted be will person that Kumanovo, reach to

Candidates for Mayor Kichevo for Candidates of

o candidates: one representing the ethnic Albanian community, and community, Albanian ethnic the representing one candidates: o the University of Prishtina in 1998. During 2001, he was a high high a was he 2001, During 1998. in Prishtina of University the –

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born in the village of Serbica of village the in born 142 2013. The information is accumulated from the biographies biographies the from accumulated is information The 2013. SDSM d SDSM h sm hpee aog h ehi Mcdna political Macedonian ethnic the among happened same The

of the candidates the of otes would not split. The leader The split. not would otes ept o te at that fact the of despite ecided not to propose a candidate a propose to not ecided .

We will support DUI in Kichevo, and our votes votes our and Kichevo, in DUI support will We Gazeta Lajm Maqedoni Lajm Gazeta 48

.

. The ethnic Albanian ethnic

- ed in the armed insurgency of 2001 of insurgency armed the in ed on

, Kichevo, ,

through Struga, Kichevo, Tetovo, Tetovo, Kichevo, Struga, through P ad U hv a inimical an have DUI and DPA

several several , November 6, 2012, accessed May accessed 2012, November , 6,

in Chicago in

of the Democratic Party of of Party Democratic the of

apin trips campaign on September 17, September on for Mayor of Kichevo Kichevo of Mayor for 143 . cand

either , ews reported was he idate . Hence, . , lections in lections proposed proposed

to meet meet to 1974. 1974.

the

CEU eTD Collection 2013, May27, 2012,accessed 145 2013, May27, 2012,accessed 144 of candidacy the of promotion Despotoski inKichevo. the in participated who Gruevski, Nikola Macedonia, in elections the won Dehari after statements numerous gave but campaign, the during active very not was He 2013. until 2009 from Kichevo of Mayor the as served He Kichevo. in 1958 in born was He DPMNE. Albanian ethnic if achieved be can inhabited municipalities aregovernedethnic also Albanians. by which unity a borders: across unity for Albanians incorpo been have to believed was campaign DUI’s instances, In several language). with (along Greece and Serbia Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo, in living Albanians all unites which symbol main the popula Albanian constituent the of been always has it but administratively, existed never has Albania Greater Montenegro of 1878, languageofficialflag anduse are in not was he that and misunderstood, was he that clarification official an gave Dehari newspapers, statemen Alban every of dream the is That trip. the throughout

“Video: Dehari is talking about Greater Albania, DUI says he was misunderstood,” NetPress, December 3, 3, December NetPress, misunderstood,” washe says DUI Albania, Greater about talking is Dehari “Video: 3, December NetPress, misunderstood,” washe says DUI Albania, Greater about talking is Dehari “Video: alluding

when rae Abna a a oin frt perd after appeared first notion, a as Albania, Greater Despotoski Blagoja t was interpreted as irredentist as interpreted was t

the Congress of Berlin decided to to decided Berlin of Congress the to Greater Albania. In Albania. Greater to aig reets/eaait esgs hc drcl o idrcl call indirectly or directly which messages irredentist/separatist rating . hs rvd o e h sak ht e t te it o Abna nationalism. Albanian of birth the to led that spark the be to proved This

http://www.netpress.com.mk/mk/vest.asp?id=123406&kategorija=3 http

://www.netpress.com.mk/mk/vest.asp?id=123406&kategorija=3 Kichevo. a te tnc aeoin addt pooe b VMRO by proposed candidate Macedonian ethnic the was

tions divided in several countries in the Balkans. Thus, it is is it Thus, Balkans. the in countries several in divided tions 145 stead, . Despotoski’s main supporter was the Prime Minister of Minister Prime the was supporter main Despotoski’s

by several media’s; after harsh criticism by national by criticism harsh after media’s; several by

he was referring was he 49 give

some

Albanian regions to the Principality Principality the to regions Albanian a; ht s n Albania”. one is that ian;

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CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 t the Uskana, beloved “Our also and mountains”, across abroad from coming are, we here alone; neverleave will we Uskana, “You, are: song the from lyrics Some Ifuture,Uskana” of (Uskana voteistheancient name project the of website official the to According project. the of promotion the or for group Facebook and and website, official an program up opened They activities. own their created they DUI, to Similar elections. local the for vote to Kichevo to travel to willing those of travel the organize to was project 2013” Albanian Switzerland from mainly diaspora, Macedonian Macedonian got diaspora throughout their hostcountries as active well. Albanian the of mobilization homelands beleaguered to countries host their in communities reasons: two for so nurturing to dedicated organization diaspora bonds more academia, In

“Uskana 2013”, accessed May 27, 2013, 2013, May accessed 27, 2013”, “Uskana Ibid. Sheffer, Gabriel 10.

with their diasporas, whereas, as Gabriel Sheffer puts it: it: puts Sheffer Gabriel as whereas, diasporas, their with Ukn 21” s h nm of name the is 2013” “Uskana CampaignThe the Albanian of The website also includes the song/hymn of the project, named “Retrieval to Uskana”. to “Retrieval named project, the of song/hymn the includes also website The

- members are willing to invest substantial effort and resources in creating elaborate elaborate creating in resources and effort substantial invest to willing are members aeoin isoa o i oe Kceo Te an activitiy main The Kichevo. over win to diaspora Macedonian Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad Home At Politics: Diaspora

attention is paid to why homelands devote energy to create or strengthen strengthen or create to energy devote homelands why to paid is attention

first, first, .” “ 147 o rmt te well the promote to

- aeoin isoa o te oa el local the for diaspora Macedonian

U cno b dee te oe actor sole the deemed be cannot DUI ” transnational relationships.” transnational http://uskana.org/ ;

and

- h poet ntae b mmes f h Albanian the of members by initiated project the Macedonian Diaspora: “Uskana 2013” Macedonian Diaspora: “Uskana

second, second, 50 , (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 26. 2003), Press, CambridgeUniversity (Cambridge: ,

, with the goal of mobilizing voters fr voters mobilizing of goal the with , - “ continui the ensure and being

to increase their ability to extend support extend to ability their increase to Kichevo). 148 ter lgn was slogan their ,

146

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CEU eTD Collection uskana T project. the about 149 talk to Switzerland around all weekend every meet would body coordinative The elections. the to prior months four mobilization Mayor of Kichevo. Kichevo in Albanian sai he project, this initiate to idea the gave who on question “ said: and me corrected immediately question first My Kichevo. Mehdiu revealed. were results election the after manner unstructured an in April, in conducted was interview The Switzerla durin and Kichevo in raised and born was who Mehdiu c main the of one with interview an from acquired were project this about information detailed The Switzerland. from mainly but Europe, across cities different Albanian the of members of return the organize to appointed all were they and Kichevo, from all are coordinators The participants. 125 of body coordinative Coincidentally, campaign. the of purposes the for adapted was it and yearsago, several written was song This freedom”;

i. “Rikthim n “Rikthim

Interview with the CoordinatorInterview 2013” with “Uskana of the formed who volunteers of group a by initiated was 2013” “Uskana project The According to Mehdiu, the the Mehdiu, to According - nd. Macedonian diaspora who thought that this initiative was necessary in order to win to order in necessary was initiative this that thought who diaspora Macedonian

“Dear Uskana, you were ours, you are ours, and you will remain ours forever” ours remain will you and ours, are you ours, were you Uskana, “Dear ” ë Uskanë ë .

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”, Soundcloud, accessed May 27, 2013, May27, accessed Soundcloud, ”,

s lo h onr f h Radio the of owner the also is to Mehdiu to

coordinators It wasn’t wasn’t It was was about the results, and the win of DUI, DUI, of win the and results, the about 51 objec DUI

started the campaign and activities for the the for activities and campaign the started tive ’s win; ’s https://soundcloud.com/uskana2013/rikthimi very well.

citizens of citizens hs al adulthood early his g

d eeiin Station Television “ it was several members of the of members several was it -

Ma he cedonian diaspora from from diaspora cedonian

oordinators, Mr. Munir Munir Mr. oordinators,

Kichevo main activity of the the of activity main

won Ukn” in “Uskana” to which which to

oe to moved ”. To my To ”. - 149 he

CEU eTD Collection the well because “special” being as Kichevo from people the Albanian the for easier made be will Kichevo I Kichevo.” for this did we there; discriminated were we because and jobs find couldn’t we because Kichevo from emigrated “we replied: will discount of15francs each from ticket. themselves. voters diaspora the by provided were vot their casting after back came and more, or day one stayed Macedonia; to way the all traveled and families and jobs their left had who people about me told He votes”. these from depended behind, left have we people the and “t replied he elections, local these on vote to motivation overall discount for t assisting not, if and passports, biometric have they whether checking citizenship; Macedonian have who Albanian the of members of lists accumulating included this Kichevo: organize to was coordinators receive now that the the that now receive When asked about the benefits they (members of the Albanian the of (members they benefits the about asked When the and Kichevo in voters mobilize to motivation the was what to as question my To - being of Kichevo like noother forbeing homeland. populationis ofKichevo its n addition n the tickets. hem in getting one getting in , Mehdiu said he hopes that with that hopes he said Mehdiu ,

ethnic Albanian candidate became the new Mayor of Kichevo, he Kichevo, of Mayor new the became candidate Albanian ethnic

h tae o toe iln t vt i te oa eetos in elections local the in vote to willing those of travel the ; and ; the

last,

young people t people young

finding travel agencies which would provide them provide would which agencies travel finding es. 52 - Macedonian diaspora. diaspora. Macedonian To my surprise, the financing of these travels travels these of financing the surprise, my To

The sponsor The they are hard are they Dehari here and here ,

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- Macedonian Macedonian being of our families, families, our of being their emigration from from emigration their Macedonian diaspora Macedonian diaspora) ed to ed CEU eTD Collection 151 NewYork of Studies 150 po democratic overall e of aftermath the relatedto political processes. democratic to contribute practices political transnational how at looking by mainly measured: the t practices, political transnational analyzing to approach her of step politics? international and domestic in state the of role the for consequences practic political transnational migrants’ from benefits Who change? about bring about activities political transnational migrants’ go do all, at if we When, influence? this do measuring how And others? than influential more networks political transnational in their own right country” “sending e networks political the on practices transnational of effects the on homeland country of bifurcation by shaped is analysis on focuses practices political transnational analyzing The etos n ihv; h effect the Kichevo; in lections

Ibid. Eva “change” third V. Østergaar

Østergaar Hence, this chapter will adopt will chapter this Hence,

and the effects the and

- diaspora relations, this chapter will incorporate will chapter this relations, diaspora e o qetos oe by posed questions of set The Impact of Transnational Practices

d ht hs patcs rn aot Se also She about. bring practices these that - Nielsen

d Volume 37, Number 3 (2003): 774. (2003): Number3 37, Volume : and - Nielsen

nter political processes at local, national and international levels as actors as levels international and national local, at processes political nter

litical processes in Mace in processes litical , “The Pol “The , as such, the as they have have they the mobilization of mobilization the

rpss o ok t usin sc a: “ as: such questions at look to proposes

itics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices,” Practices,” Political Transnational iticsofMigrants’

t a o ohr uiiaiis and municipalities, other on had it on

observation

the

effects Østergaar Eva

receiving country receiving Østergaar

f hs tasainl practices transnational these of 53 the Albanian the donia. Crucial to this chapter is the fact that the that fact the is chapter this to Crucial donia.

raise d

- Nielsen s as many questions as it s asmany questionsas d - Nielsen t he leverage of these practices. Her Her practices. these of leverage he ’s

. Given that this thesis looks at the at looks thesis this that Given . elaborates on how change can be be can change how on elaborates Østergaar -

(Then what?) Macedonian diaspora for diaspora Macedonian methodology

n e three her in he author he d - h efc i hd on had it effect the Nielsen

only

ht ae some makes What to answer questions answer to Center for Migration Migration for Center - s Wa ae the are What es?

tp prah to approach step answer .

” ’s methodology methodology ’s mainly on 151 “Transnational

h sending the In the third the In s”

the local local the look 150 .

s the

at CEU eTD Collection Liberta 152 pre the to owing as well for mayor of preparedness the consideration consideration when theassessmen presenting into taken not is contested, often very is which votes, the of legitimacy the that out points Electoral State the by published results official the from elections parliamentary elections parliamentary in the elections 2013withthat in in the in turnout voter general the at look to important is it Kichevo, in elections local cast the in diaspora Macedonian votes the of importance the understand to order In beyond. post the in followed which reactions and actions immediate practices possibility the limiting written was thesis

“Analysis of the Albanian Electorate: Voter Turnout Surprising,” Political and Economic Research Center Center Research Economic and Political Surprising,” Turnout Voter Electorate: Albanian ofthe “Analysis seven electoral cycles: the 2005 local elections; local 2005 the cycles: electoral seven 11. voting trends voting

Institute, document provided by the Institute’s Director Mr. Edmond Ademi Mr. Director by Institute’s the provided document Institute,

The analysis of the Political Political the of analysis The Voter Analyzed Turnout The results in Kichevo were expected, states the expected, states were inKichevo The results

.

The m The the first time after time first the

aterials used in this chapter are mainly are chapter this in used aterials of the ethnic Albanian electorate by electorate Albanian ethnic the of two municipality

months after months ; and ;

; -

to electoral ethnic coalitions, ethnic electoral h 20 lcl elections local 2009 the measure

the 2013 local elections local 2013 the

the lo

seventy years. seventy . This section will also compare the voter turnout voter the compare also will section This .

cal 2009. elections in Kichevo the local elections local the and Research Center “Liberta Institute Skopje” assessed assessed Skopje” Institute “Liberta Center Research and h above the s tnc lain t eet an elect to Albanians ethnic ’s

t. With the help of the votes the of help the With 54 152 - mentioned mentioned

; the 2006 parliamentary elections parliamentary 2006 the

h 2009 the DUI’s candidate for mayor Fatmir Dehari Dehari Fatmir mayor for candidate DUI’s . The . looking at how ethnic Albanians voted Albanians ethnic how at looking

which took place on March 24, 2013, 2013, 24, March on place took which above

Commission. The Commission.

newspaper articles reporting on the the on reporting articles newspaper number of v of number “change”

- p y ebr o te Albanian the of members by and Kichevo in phase elections - mentioned a mentioned eieta elections residential

caused by transnational transnational by caused otes analyzed is analyzed otes from the diaspora the from nalysis, Institute’s

tnc Albanian ethnic

of taking into taking into ; ;

the the the local the analysis

taken taken 2008 2011 ,

-

as -

CEU eTD Collection numbers Albanian to not chose was source second The Albanian the of members 8700 Mehdiu Albanian the from voters of number Albanian the from voters vot the bifurcate not does turnout ofethnicincreased Macedonians for 1678. voter the whereas elections, local 2009 the to compared 2013 in votes 10,243 for increased Albanians ethnic of turnout voter The elections. local 2009 the to compared votes 11,891 by increased Kichevo Municipality ‘new’ the in elections local 2013 the in voters) Macedonian Macedonians. ethnic M Oslomej and Zajas Drugovo, Vraneshtica, in that with combined 2009: in elections local the of re16,222 votesand was not VMRO whereas votes, 18,552 with won unicipality Kichevo) - - - - The analysis provided by the Political Political the by provided analysis The T Austria: from atotalof eligibleGermany: a total 1,600 voters, from 700 7,000eligible fromSwitzerland: came atotal voters, to voteinKichevo 3,500 The onthee number UnitedStates: nodata of

– he voter turnout in turnout voter he - provided by him

Macedonian diaspora with the right to vote in Kichevo. These are the approximate approximate the are These Kichevo. in vote to right the with diaspora Macedonian the coordin the disclose his name. According to him, there are 13,000 are there him, to According name. his disclose

This means that the total voter turnout (both ethnic Albanian and ethnic and Albanian ethnic (both turnout voter total the that means This ator of the “Uskana 2013” initiative, who claimed that approximately that claimed who initiative, 2013” “Uskana the of ator

consisted of 8,309 votes from ethnic Albanians, and 14,544 votes from from 14,544votes and ethnicAlbanians, from of 8,309votes consisted a member of DUI, working in the sector for diaspora relations. He He relations. diaspora for sector the in working DUI, of member a - , disaggregated inaccordance Macedonian diaspora. diaspora. Macedonian er turnout between between turnout er -

the the elected as MayorKichevo.elected of 1,100 eligible came voters, tovote 800 - local elections in 2013 in elections local Macedonian diaspora traveled to Kichevo on Election Day. Election on Kichevo to traveled diaspora Macedonian n h peiu lcl lcin, ihv’ vtr turnout voter Kichevo’s elections, local previous the in - Macedonian diaspora. The first source was Munir Munir was source first The diaspora. Macedonian - PN’ cniae lgj Dsook received Despotoski Blagoja candidate DPMNE’s 55 and Research Center “Liberta Institute Skopje” Institute “Liberta Center Research and

oetc oes rsdns of (residents voters domestic I used two sources to acquire an approximate approximate an acquire to sources two used I

ligible voters,ligible 250

to their hostcountries to their in Kichevo in came tovote

(now comprising th comprising (now

was was -

14,000 members of the the of members 14,000

much came tovote :

larger than that than larger

Kichevo

e ‘new’ e

)

and and

CEU eTD Collection 153 number the out take we If 2009. in those than votes more 13,567 means which votes, 18,552 them of 2009 in turnout elect local to came few very that possibility the exclude not do sources (these elections those in participate not clai sources unofficial Kichevo, in i voting expatriate on data official no is there Although correlation. place between causality linear a of existence the claim to hard is It Kichevo. Municipality of Mayor as elected been have not would Dehari Fatmir diaspora, Macedonian t state to translated be can numbers These 8,000. Albanian the from people of number the that said be can it sources, two the and 2013, and 2009 in turnout 6,000. to 5,500 from ranges diaspora,

i. Taken from the interview withMehdiu: Munir interview from the Taken

in Kichevo and the increased domestic voter turnout. Yet, the numb the Yet, turnout. voter domestic increased the and Kichevo in - - - Impact of Expatriate Voting on Domestic on Impact Expatriate of Turnout Voting Voter Albanian the from people of number total the source, this to According

Kosovo: 100 France: 60 Sweden: 160 voted for DUI, which means 4,985 voters. 4,985 means which DUI, for voted Kichevo to Kichevo

os nops ol dmsi vtr (eiet o Kceo. f h ttl voter total the Of Kichevo). of (residents voters domestic only encompass ions - Macedonian diaspora who came to vote in the elections ranges from 5,000 to 5,000 from ranges elections the in vote to came who diaspora Macedonian

–

8,309 were from ethnic Albanians (again, domestic voters) domestic (again, Albanians ethnic from were 8,309 came tovote

vote). Hence, the official voter turnout statistics in Kichevo in statistics turnout voter official the Hence, vote).

came tovote came tovote came

m that members of the Albanian the of members that m 153

one of the coordinators of “Uskana 2013”. of“Uskana the coordinators of one

aig no consideratio into Taking 56

In the 2013 local elections DUI recei DUI elections local 2013 the In a wtot h vts f h Albanian the of votes the without hat the expatriate voting expatriate the

- n the 2009 local elections elections local 2009 the n te ifrne f voter of difference the n Macedonian diaspora did diaspora Macedonian ers show a visible a show ers

. But . - for Macedonian

which took which

only 60% only

the 2009 the ved - CEU eTD Collection 2013, 155 154 the colors of theflag. flag; national Albanian the carrying were celebrate to crowd the ‘victory’. program entertainment an forand speeches Mayor new the greeted Albanians ethnic in center city the to taken later was celebration DehariFatmir portal news Albanian the from journalists Kichevo. Municipality PM. 11 around held, were elections day same the revealed were Kichevo Municipality for results election The Cele voting took place to had residents domestic vote to kilometers of thousands sometimes hundreds, traveling were Albanian the (from people that saw they once vote to encouraged were Kichevo Municipality of residents domestic that claimed He 2013”. “Uskana of coordinator local elections, the number Albanian the from voters of

“Hi 2013”. of“Uskana the coordinators of one withMehdiu: Munir interview from the Taken 12. brations http://www.panorama.com.al/2013/03/26/fi storic victory, after 70 years, Albanians get Kichevo,” get Kichevo,” Albanians years, 70 victory,after storic

Following the Kichevo ElectionFollowing in Results the Mehdiu, Munir with interview the in out pointed was phenomenon This The city center was color was center city The :

carried carried . 154

o n the shoulders of two males, and an ebullient crowd around him around crowd ebullient an and males, two of shoulders the n The

o was do of domestic voters increasedof 5567 domestic to voters for -

aeoin isoa (5000 diaspora Macedonian lcin eut were results election ak r rv svrl iue t the to minutes several drive or walk ed in black and red as red and black in ed DUI’s Fatmir Dehari was elected the new Mayor of of Mayor new the elected was Dehari Fatmir DUI’s tore

which followed after the speeches speeches the after followed which - f Kichevo of Panorama historike 57

Kichevo, where a crowd of several thousand thousand several of crowd a where Kichevo, Panorama

-

pas interpreted . - 155 A tg ws u i pae o the for place in put was stage A . 70 -

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8000), that means that during the the during that means that 8000), vitesh many of the of many , March 26, 2013, accessed May 27, accessed2013, May27, March , 26, h article The -

shqiptaret

some even dressed to match match to dressed even some as “Historic Victory” by by Victory” “Historic as 8567 - Wees l ta the that all Whereas .

Macedonian Macedonian includes includes people people - votes. marrin place of where the the where of place

on behalf of the behalfof on

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who joined in joined who kercoven/ which on p a diaspora) diaspora) icture . . This .

the of CEU eTD Collection 157 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw0x2KWL3Dc 156 expressing statements gave celebrations the during present were who diaspora Macedonian ‘emigrants’.” the by saved was “Kichevo titled one very whowrote diaspora well sever acceptedby Albanian organizations, Albanian the of contribution the Acknowledging Albanian the of votes the thanks Dehari after right beginning, applauded DUI’s Ahmeti, Ali to gratitude of expression Albanian; in to dedicate govern I which will victory historic our we for Congratulations forever, Albanian in talk will we on today from Kichevo; Kumanovo, Tetovo, Struga,Gostivar”. Parl the ministers, the DUI, frien “ top other and Ahmeti Ali leader crowd cheering the showing was him behind screen large the as speech, his with program celebration the began Dehari Fatmir Kichevo. of center city the in again gathered crowd large a conditions, Thank you a lot! a you Thank

Ibid. “BDI ds, the youth, brothers, sisters, mothers; I thank the Head of the Central Headquarters of of Headquarters Central the of Head the thank I mothers; sisters, brothers, youth, the ds,

- As it can be seen from the speech, gratitude to the diaspora is reserved for the for reserved is diaspora the to gratitude speech, the from seen be can it As Dehari continued celebrations The Concert Kichevo”, Youtube, March 25, 2013, accessed May 27, 2013 2013 May accessed 27, 2013, 25, March Youtube, Kichevo”, Concert

cheerfully. c

ontinue arou

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aeoin isoa Dhr wud o hv be al t win. to able been have not would Dehari diaspora, Macedonian i sec b syn: “Goo saying: by speech his Te is rw n h cod a rsre fr U’ political DUI’s for reserved was crowd the in row first The .

aet ebr, te myr; our mayors; other Members, iament officials. Dehari began his speech his began Dehari officials.

the next day on March 25, 2013. Despite of rainy weather rainy of Despite 2013. 25, March on day next the 156

Local Headquarters of DUI in Kichevo in DUI of Headquarters Local

.

leader, for the end, afte end, the for leader, 58

ocal Headquarters of DUI, our diaspora, my my diaspora, our DUI, of Headquarters ocal - Macedonian diaspora on this ‘victory’ was was ‘victory’ this on diaspora Macedonian

n diin mmes f h Albanian the of members addition, In d afternoon, good night my beloved beloved my night good afternoon, d the martyrs.” the

r which the whole crowd crowd whole the which r by expressing gratitud expressing by

friends from Skopje, Skopje, from friends al articles,al suchas the 157

He reserved He . Without the Without .

very

his e: - CEU eTD Collection http://www.alfa.mk/News.aspx?ID=55184#.UaJ4idJHJz 160 http://denesen.mk/web/2013/04/19/od 159 http://time.ikub.al/7a854fa910/d5499cc3704501c12e2832de26d48330/Lajm 158 that: claimed protesters the of One basis. ethnic on fired being were they that sure were protesters the but expired, had contracts their that told were They Kichevo. Municipality in power to a inspectors firefighters, the of aftermath Another DehariEthnic FiresPeople Basis on Yet,motives. the political elite chose to remain silent. interprete were events These Macedonia. of flag national the down take to tried who people about policeby the reported were severalincidents addition,In ‘victory’. the of sign the in Kichevo around all raised were flagsAlbanian claims, Zajas to Kichevo from highway the on masts meter bilingual signAlbanian language. toinclude repla was municipality the of sign name old the and building, municipality the of front in raised was flag Albanian the day, same the On Commission. Electoral Municipal o front in gala grand a in 2013 3, April on Kichevo of Mayor appointed officially was Dehari Fatmir FlagRaisedAlbanian inMunicipality Kichevo joywith that ofthis‘victory’ when independent Kosovobecame 2008 in “hist a such in participated having for happiness their waved Albanianflags Zajas, to Kichevo “From “People getting fired in Kichevo, the Mayor remains silent”, silent”, remains the Mayor in fired Kichevo, getting “People “Kichevo “none of our of “none f the municipality building. He received his certificate for a four a for certificate his received He building. municipality the f One newspaper article wrote that several other Albanian flags were raised on twenty on raised were flags Albanian other several that wrote article newspaper One

celebrates Dehari’s victory”, Dehari’s celebrates

ethnic Albanian co Albanian ethnic

nd other officials who claimed that they were fired after Dehari came came Dehari after fired were they that claimed who officials other nd

local

-

kicevo lcin i Kceo ee the were Kichevo in elections AlsatM :

- do -

workers had been fired in this process. this in fired been had workers - zajas ”, Deneshen Vesnik Deneshen ”, , March 25, 2013, accessed May 27, 2013 2013 May accessed 27, 2013, 25, March ,

- 59 se : -

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veat a pooaie n bsd n nationalist on based and provocative as d - albanski Alfa MK Alfa

oric moment”, some even compared the the compared even some moment”, oric 159 , accessed May 27, 2013 May27, accessed , Atog Dehari Although . - znaminja/ , accessed May 27, 2013, 2013, May27, accessed _Kercova rtss f uiia staff, municipal of protests .

- feston . - 158 year mandate by the by mandate year

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fitoren.aspx

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ced with a a with ced There is a is There .

CEU eTD Collection http://kurir.mk/makedonija/partii/107669 162 Albania”. one thatis Albanian; dream isofevery the That thetrip. throughout mayors Albanian by greeted will be that person Kumanovo, 161 addresses supporters DPMNE’s Kichevo. in campaign Gruevski’s to prior days several Kichevo of Mayor DPMNE of leader party the as well as Macedonia of Minister Prime the Gruevski, Nikola largest ethnic inKichevo, communities simil and these ethnicized: be can level remained int and protests the i writing were newspapers Macedonian ethnic the While issue. the on reported media Macedonian ethnic and media Albanian ethnic that way the in difference conspicuous

“Video: the“Video: from Tirana journey a on : “ifembarks one 13. was andremain ofMacedonia.” will Republic to And future. Al the in live in to wants Dehari anyone Fatmir if frighten second, not will he and 2001 in anyone frighten not Kalashnikov a holding is he where photos with anyone frighten not will Kic all With Kumanovo. to Struga from Albania have to dream his about statement his us presented he later and page], Facebook [r Kalashnikov a holding himself of offer Dehari’s mentioning without proceed cannot “I

Reactions of Ethnic Macedonians totheReactions Ethnic Kichevo Results in of

[ ,

referring t referring hevo, Zajas, Vraneshtica, I would like would I Vraneshtica, Zajas, hevo,

rather also campaigned also Fatmirfor Deharihisstatement: speech of Gruevski in Kichevo,” Kichevo,” in ofGruevski speech quiet. Hence, the aftermath of the elections portray how politics in municipal in politics how portray elections the of aftermath the Hence, quiet. . His campaign speech campaign His . o the Republic of Albania]. This is Republic of Macedonia; Kichevo Kichevo Macedonia; of Republic is This Albania]. of Republic the o riwn the erviewing

n i sec t a ag cod n h ct cne i Kichevo in center city the in crowd large a to speech his in

in Kichevo in support of the candidacy of Blagoja Despotoski Blagoja of candidacy the of support in Kichevo in

- VIDEO

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all thewhile through Struga, Kichevo, Tetovo, Gostivar, Chair Gostivar, Tetovo, Kichevo, Struga, through Kurir - r vns increase events ar eferring to a photo posted on Dehari’s official official Dehari’s on posted photo a to eferring Govorot by shaped largely was

h gt fired got who , March 15, 2013, accessed May 27, 2013, 2013, May accessed 2013, 27, 15, March , 60

-

na to advise Dehari two things: first, he he first, things: two Dehari advise to bania, then bania, due -

premierot 162 challenging co

respect to Albanians in Oslomej, in Albanians to respect After expressing gratit expressing After , the ethnic Albanian newspapers newspapers Albanian ethnic the , . First, he presented a photo a presented he First, . - the boundaries boundaries the Gruevski , he has he

Dehari’s statement Dehari’s - existence. -

vo Albania

- Kicevo between the two two the between

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ude to VMRO to ude – n detail about detail n

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to reach reach to 161 VMRO

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for - - CEU eTD Collection 165 http://www.mkd.mk/makedonija/politika/makedonci 164 2013, 27, 163 Struga, in as won Macedonian ethniccandidate the necessarythat the collectso votes to failed free Ma the of provided association the by tickets were airplane diaspora Macedonian ethnic the of members sources, media local to Macedonians.” and Albanians between Struga for “Battle the in Struga” “Save Kichevo, in Albanian the of mobilization the of example the Struga].” [in vote to airplanes by arriving are “Macedonians how about stories a Hence, second waselections round of votes. the of 50% than more received candidates the of neither because invalid elections VMRO of round first The Albanians). of Party Democratic the (from (from Albanian Macedonian ethnic one candidates: two only and coalitions, ethnic were there which in map electoral the in points critical the of one also Struga Municipality Struga. in elections round second the for campaign the of handling whistling unpleasa Kichevo whose ca ‘them’ show let’s and vote, and out get should p political whole DUI: in one the as strategy similar a followed campaign the that concluded be can it campaign, DPMNE’s their

pin Guvk tue around toured Gruevski mpaign, Ibid. 2013, May27, accessed 2013, April 7, MKD, Struga”, in vote to planes by arriving “Macedonians May accessed 2013, 14, March Kurir, is”, Kichevo whose show to vote, to out shouldget 100% “Gruevski: own

ecin o h eeto rsls n ihv ws aietd n VMRO in manifested was Kichevo in results election the to Reaction VMRO how of example an is This eea dy bfr te eod on o eetos n Struga in elections of round second the before days Several http://kurir.mk/makedonija/vesti/107667 electoral camp electoral

gop f epe nnw t te public the to unknown people of group a oes Guvk ws eotd aig “0% o ehi Macedonians] ethnic [of “100% saying: reported was Gruevski rocess. ntly. ntly.

aign. Based on this speech and numerous articles written on VMRO on written articles numerous and speech this on Based aign.

tlzn triooy which terminology utilizing scheduled place totake Kichevo, when a group of people started shouting and and shouting started people of group a when Kichevo, - - Gruevski DPMNE’s members reacted to reacted members DPMNE’s - so cedonian diaspora in Switzerland. This initiative initiative This Switzerland. in diaspora cedonian 61 - avioni

- Macedonian diaspora for for diaspora Macedonian - Izlezete - pristignuvaat on April 7,2013.

- tre ognzn catr lgt to flights charter organizing started 100

tnczs h cmag ad the and campaign the ethnicizes - da - - vo pokazeme - - DPMNE) and one ethnic ethnic one and DPMNE) zemjava

, newspapers published published newspapers , really

- cie - za DUI’s campaign DUI’s the local elections local the

- - e da is.” - Kicevo - glasaat 165 164 163

was deemed deemed was -

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.

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CEU eTD Collection of VMRO campaign the in emergency of lack the whereas Kichevo, “saved” rhetoric emergency emi Macedonian; ethnic municipalities both hence, during “important” more it made that whereas before elections. the couple a elections, organized was the Struga in elections before of round months second the for four mobilization mobilization the organizing started DUI of members DUI: of campaign the was latter the than influential more were practices political purposes same the for party, political another by utilized were Kichevo) in DUI (to party political one to success brought Struga. Sela Zijadin candidate DPA’s result a grant population living living population grant

In addition, it was the subtlety attached to the case of Kichevo during the campaign campaign the during Kichevo of case the to attached subtlety the was it addition, In above The - h eetos pre elections: the

DPMNE inStruga,DPMNE got the municipality“sacrificed” toethnicAlbanians. - men

and last, and ind s n xml o hw rnntoa pltcl practices political transnational how of example an is tioned - election

had

in another municipality another in abroad.

both municipalities are ethnically mixed, and both have large large have both and mixed, ethnically are municipalities both only

than tnc coalit ethnic two candidates for mayor for candidates two

Struga o dp the adopt To ehi Abna) a elected was Albanian) (ethnic B . 62 t mncplte wr i a iia situation similar a in were municipalities oth os ok place took ions

. The reason why the former transnational transnational former the why reason The . campaign’ s

– words s oh n ihv ad Struga; and Kichevo in both

one ethnic Albanian and one one and Albanian ethnic one as , the “time is now” now” is “time the , the new Mayor of of Mayor new the

of days days of which which

CEU eTD Collection 168 167 101. 2004), Press, University Central European (Budapest: inCase,” 166 A the from voters the diaspora. for wasn’t it if elected been have not Dehari, Fatmir would case, this in he, And represents. he community ethnic the of members to muni “he” which resources, and jobs these the over authority the acquires automatically of Mayor new the aspect: this in important very were 2013 in elections resources and jobs for competition lives. separate live communities ethnic other members and Roma, Macedonians, ethnic Albanians, ethnic although coexistence, ethnic Kichevo.” in out played being Accor 1) following politicalpractices? these transnational Albanian the was ‘How’ III Chapter bod the structured which questions of sets main three the Hence, adapted study case the Østergaar of research “Uskana the the shaped which and framework (DUI) methodological Integration for Union Democratic the analyzed: were mobilization of actors two Specifically, Kichevo. in elections local 2013 the VI.

In the local elections in 2012, both candidates for Mayo for candidates both in 2012, elections Inthe local 102 Ibid., Ahmeti’s Relations: ofInterethnic Economy Political “The al., et Gerald Knaus

This thesis examined the mobilization of the Albanian the of mobilization the examined thesis This Conclusion and Rem Nationalism after Communism: Lessons Learned, Lessons Communism: after Nationalism Gerald, Knaus to ding d

- Nielsen –

Wy ws h Albanian the was ‘Why’ s ‘three ’s

- Macedonian diaspora mobilized?; and 3) Chapter V Chapter 3) and mobilized?; diaspora Macedonian - tp apoc t aayig rnntoa pltcl practices. political transnational analyzing to approach step’

166

et al et arks Like other parts of Macedonia, Kichevo has a deeply rooted deeply a has Kichevo Macedonia, of parts other Like ., “intense social drama of contemporary Macedonia is is Macedonia contemporary of drama social “intense ., –

mainly shaped along ethnic lines. Hence, the local local the Hence, lines. ethnic along shaped mainly - aeoin isoa oiie? 2 Catr IV Chapter 2) mobilized?; diaspora Macedonian 63

r of Kichevo weremales. Kichevo of r

167

eds. Alina Mungiu eds.

n h mncplt, hr i a fierce a is there municipality, the In - Macedonian diaspora to vote in vote to diaspora Macedonian - Pippidi and Ivan Krastev, Ivan Krastev, and Pippidi

o te hss ee 1) were: thesis the of y Village or the Macedonian the Macedonian or Village

2013” project. The The project. 2013” lbanian 168 – -

Macedonian ‘What then’ then’ ‘What can allocate can cipality Eva Eva of of –

CEU eTD Collection Kichevo 2013, 27, 169 through and in and citizenship as such mechanisms, legalavailable the of utilization Albanian the of mobilization The 2) “historic” victory. ‘pay to moment perfect the were elections these So, Kichevo. with ties close in remained them of most But Kichevo. from emigrate to had and oppressed, and discriminated were Albanians result a As Macedonians.” ethnic by governance their from forcefully taken was “it because and history”, throughout Kichevo in majority a been have “they because: Albanians ethnic to belonging as Kichevo elections.” portraying of these consisted campaign in diaspora our of help the need we over it win to order In there. majority a been have we historically because Albanians, to us, to “Kichevo belongs saying quoted was DUI, of leader political the Ahmeti, Ali campaign electoral diaspora the to ties and history of combination a was elections local the in vote to elections byclear boundaries twocommunities. drawing between the which theethnic enhanced mediaKichevo to reporting, intensifiedthanks was VMRO between “struggle” The them. of one was Kichevo along lines: ethnic shaped were elections the where points several had map electoral The satisfied. be municipality Kichevo of community the Albanian ethnic large of the and years front four next the for in building waved be would flag Albanian the that meant This Mayor. the mobilizing for thus, and Mayor, Albanian as Albanian ethnic an electing for motive major

“Conflict of ethnic concepts for the local elections in Kichevo?,” Kichevo?,” in elections the local for concepts ethnic “Conflict of - ak fr h spot n rmtacs s remittances and support the for back’ . And last, the third motive for the mobilization of the Albanian the of mobilization the for motive third the last, And another control, to gets mayor the that benefits social and economic the to addition In

http://www.plusinfo.mk/vest/65840/Dojche - aeoin isoa a te siain o be to aspiration the was diaspora Macedonian

h to o eetrl apinn. h cmag fr h mblzto o the of mobilization the for campaign The campaigning. electoral of tool the

- Macedonian diaspora was made possible through the the through possible made was diaspora Macedonian - Vele 64 n b te isoa b eggn te i a in them engaging by diaspora, the by ent

- Sudir - na Plusinfo - etnichki oend y n ethnic an by governed

of this usurpation, many ethnic ethnic many usurpation, this of , November 11, 2012, accessed May accessed 2012, ,11, November - koncepti

169 - - - country voting (ICV), (ICV), voting country - Macedonian diaspora Macedonian

i DPMNE and DUI in DUI and DPMNE - h reoi o the of rhetoric The za - lokalnite

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CEU eTD Collection of gap the in literature topic. onthis fill to and closer, country the of diasporas the study to way the opens This – Albanian the are oftheand the‘victory’mobilization as aresult left be to seen Albanian the and Macedonia Albanian from voters the of help the with achieved was victory this Again, Macedonians. ethnic the from reactions negative across came flags Albanian the of up putting the and speeches immediate numerous had Kichevo Municipality of mayor of post the to Dehari Fatmir of election The 3) byutilized forgain their politicalseen elites left be is inthe to future. is beyond Albanian the of significance the and DUI between synergy The Albanian Kichevo. in mayor new the as ethnic candidate the electing Albanian towards work to was mobilization this behind actors the of objective Albanian

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CEU eTD Collection VII. Kotevska, Biljana. “Effective in Participation Political of theSmall(er) Communities Ethnic Trent S. Judith andRobert V.Friedenberg ,“Communication and Campaigns: Political A Holliday, Privileging Ethnic Graham. “From toPower to Introduction Hockenos, Paul. “TheGerald, Bender Economy Political and Marcus Cox. Kristof and Interethnic Knaus, of Engstrom,“Multi Jenny. Dimitrova, Kamelia Decisions R.“Municipal onthe Border of Macedonian Collapse: Brubaker, “The‘diaspora’ Rogers. diaspora.” Boskovska,Ivana.Decentralization Process Mace “The in Bieber, Floria Bauböck B Balalovska, voices diaspora’:Kristina. “Multiple of‘Macedonian and practices Politics of Agunias,DovelynIntroduction Rannveig. to auböck

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CEU eTD Collection Waterbury, acomp Myra“Bridging thedivide: Towards A.. Waterbury, Myra A. “Perfecting PeterSpiro, J. Diaspora.” Political Sundberg, Sheffer, to Gabriel.Introduction Rosůlek Ragazzi,Kristina Francesco,Balalovska,and “Diasporaand Post Politics Ragazzi, Francesco.“The Croatian Unbound?” of ‘Diaspora Politics’ the1990s:Nationalism Pichler, Robert. Architecture “Migration, Imagination and of the Home(land). AnAlbanian Owen,“ David. Østergaar IntroductionLevy, Weingrod.Andreand Alex to Lebamoff,FrancesRosett Mary Citizenship inCroatia ,Serbia and Macedonia,” Region, Brun editedby Ulf In Munchen: 2009. Kraus PrePrint, the(Post in Politics:Migrations MacedonianIn Study.” Case 10.1080/13698230.2011.617123 IssueVolume 4 663 5(2011): and Voting Rights Autonomous Universityof Barcelona: Studies of for Migration New York other places, http://humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ISA_Ohridframework.pdf 29, 2008.Accessed27, 201 May Internationalthe Association Conference,San Francisco, March California, Studies 26 Macedonia: Settlement Neither nor ofEthnicConflict.” Resolution Paperat presented minorities http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00006492/01/CRPRC_Studiorum_Effective_participation_of_ “Studiorum” Framework Agreement.” Thomas Faist, 131 Concepts, andMethods, Theories Transnationalism: understanding migrant kinstate and in Hunga May 27,2013, The International IDEA Handbook University 2003. Press, 2011. andDaskalovski. CRPM, FES Skopje: (toMaced Learned from the be) ‘grand’ in agreement?,” 2046 Succesor Yugosla ofthe Former States , Transnational Societies, TransterritorialPolitics: Societies, the(Post Migrations in Transnational Přemysl d

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