MAHMOUD KESHAVARZ DESIGN-POLITICS an Inquiry Into Passports, Camps and Borders
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DISSERTATION: NEW MEDIA,DISSERTATION: SPHERES,PUBLIC AND FORMS EXPRESSION OF MAHMOUD KESHAVARZ DESIGN-POLITICS An Inquiry into Passports, Camps and Borders DESIGN-POLITICS Doctoral Dissertation in Interaction Design Dissertation Series: New Media, Public Spheres and Forms of Expression Faculty: Culture and Society Department: School of Arts and Communication, K3 Malmö University Information about time and place of public defence, and electronic version of dissertation: http://hdl.handle.net/2043/20605 © Copyright Mahmoud Keshavarz, 2016 Designed by Maryam Fanni Copy editors: Edanur Yazici and James McIntyre Printed by Service Point Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Supported by grants from The National Dissertation Council and The Doctoral Foundation. ISBN 978-91-7104-682-6 (print) ISSN 978-91-7104-683-3 (pdf) MAHMOUD KESHAVARZ DESIGN-POLITICS An Inquiry into Passports, Camps and Borders Malmö University 2016 The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the ‘state of emergency’ in which we live is not the exception but the rule. We must attain to a conception of history that is in keeping with this insight. Then we shall clearly realize that it is our task to bring about a real state of emergency, and this will improve our position in the struggle against Fascism. Walter Benjamin, Theses on the Philosophy of History, 1969 [1940] CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................. 9 PREFACE ..................................................................... 13 PART I 1. INTRODUCTION: SETTING THE CONTEXT .................... 19 Finding Ways: A Politics of Points and Locations .................20 Conditions: Undocumentedness .........................................24 Format and Structure of the Thesis ......................................34 2. COMPLEX CONDITIONS: BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE ........................................................ 39 Articulation: To Read and to Intervene ................................40 Complexities of Positions and Situations ..............................59 On Ethics of Encounters and Involvements ...........................61 3. DESIGN AND POLITICS: ARTICULATIONS AND RELATIONS ..................................................... 75 Politics, Police and the Political .........................................76 Design, the Designed and Designing ..................................85 Sketching out the Design-Politics Nexus ...............................93 PART II 4. PASSPORTING: ARTEFACTS, INTERFACES AND TECHNOLOGIES OF PASSPORTS ...............................111 Why Passports? .............................................................112 A History of Passports ....................................................115 Articulations of Power in and by Passports ........................137 Passporting and Forgery: Four Lines of Reading and Interventions ...........................................................162 5. FORGERY: CRITICAL PRACTICES OF MAKING ..............187 “Who Is the Real Forger?” – Passports and Citizenship as Commodity ..............................................189 The Complexity of Migration Brokery ...............................198 Refusing, Practical and Violent: Forged Passports as Material Dissents .......................................................213 6. CAMP-MAKING: ENCAMPMENTS AND COUNTER-HEGEMONIC INTERVENTIONS ...................229 Why Camps Matter .......................................................232 Encountering Four Camp Sites within the Past, Present and Future ..........................................................240 Camp-Making Practices in Everyday Undocumentedness: Stories of Encampments ..................................................258 Rearticulations as Counter-Hegemonic Interventions ...........265 7. BORDER-WORKING: DESIGNING AND CONSUMPTION OF CIRCULATORY BORDERWORKS AND COUNTER-PRACTICES OF LOOKING ..................295 Delocalisation of Borders ................................................299 Technologies, Products and Practices of Circulatory Borderwork ...............................................304 A Shift in Practices of Looking at Borders ..........................337 Border-Framing-Dot-Eu ....................................................342 PART III 8. FINAL REMARKS .....................................................359 Design in Dark Times ......................................................359 Rethinking Practices of Design and Politics ........................360 Positional Recognitions ...................................................361 Design Concepts Mapped onto the Politics of Movement ....364 REFERENCES ..............................................................367 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would have been impossible without those who decided to share their stories and struggles with me in the last six years. Your struggles were and continue to be my main inspiration and hope for writing this thesis – Kämpa! Thanks to my supervisors: Susan Kozel, Maria Hellström Reimer and Shahram Khosravi. Susan, thank you for your great philosoph- ical engagement, sharp comments and critiques on my work. Maria, I am grateful to your support for this project. You taught me how to think with and from design to politics. Shahram, thank you for your generosity. Without your engagement and your thoughtful comments and ideas, I would have struggled to keep up the motivation for this project. Thanks also to Clive Dilnot who hosted me at Parsons School of Design in spring 2014 and is my very important, albeit unofficial, supervisor. I am truly indebted to the energy, encouragement and sharp critique I received from you every time we met. William Walters, Johan Redström and Carina Listerborn, thanks to you for much needed, helpful and engaging comments on the third, second and first seminar drafts of this thesis respectively. Thanks to my colleagues at Malmö University, and in particular, to Eric Snodgrass with whom I shared an office for four years. Eric, without sitting next to you, this work would have been less developed, articulated and thoughtful. Jacek Smolicki, thank you for your inspiring collaboration and discussion of various aspects of this work throughout the years. Erling Björgvinsson, thank you for your engagement with and support for my research and my teaching practice. Kristina Lindström and Åsa Ståhl, thank you for the passionate discussions. I learnt a great deal from you and your 9 work. Thanks to Berndt Clavier, Temi Odumosu, Anna Lundberg, Staffan Schmidt and Jakob Dittmar for commenting on earlier drafts of this work and supporting it through critical discussion. Thanks also to Ionna Tsoni, Dimosthenis Chatzoglakis, Zeenath Hasan, Linda Hilfling and Luca Simeone. I learnt a lot from and was inspired by the people I met through my engagement in Asylgruppen in Malmö. For this, I would like to thank Aida Ghardagian, Emma Söderman, Maria Svensson, Ylva Sjölin, Ricardo Guillén, Lina Hällström, Koko Molander, Vanna Nordling and Dauko Ramsauer in particular. My position as a visiting scholar at Parsons School of Design, gave me the chance to meet two incredible scholars from The New School for Social Research who supported my work and ideas and gave me some brilliant comments: Victoria Hattam and Miriam Ticktin. While in New York, I also had the chance to discuss my work with other scholars: Cameron Tonkinwise, Léopold Lambert, Jilly Traganou, Scott Brown and Otto von Busch. In the autumn of 2015, as a guest PhD fellow at the Art, Design and Technology doctoral program at Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design, I had the opportunity to discuss my work with Maja Frögård, Petra Bauer, Johanna Rosenqvist, Christina Zetterlund, Catharina Gabrielsson, Behzad Khosravi Noori and Frida Hållander. I would like to particularly thank Maja for the great company and thoughtful discussion she provided during that time. Towards the end of this project a set of insightful and empowering online discussions with a brilliant group of researchers and scholars became very helpful in many ways. Thanks to you all: Luiza Prado de O. Martins, Pedro J. S. Vieira de Oliveira, Ece Canlı, Danah Abdulla, Ahmed Ansari, Matt Kiem and Tristan Schultz. A few people played a strong role in starting this project. They believed in me and my work and supported, helped and encouraged me to undertake it in various ways: Golrokh Mosayebi, Ramia Mazé, Vijai Patchineelam and Christina Zetterlund. Christina and I also worked on a series of projects together. Throughout my time in Sweden, Christina has been a great teacher, friend and supporter. I am truly indebted to her for all that she has given me. I would also like to thank other collaborators in projects presented in this thesis: Iyad, Khosro Jadidi and Johanna Lewengard. 10 I would also like to offer my thanks to: K3 management who helped me to smoothly navigate my working environment: Erik Källoff, Sara Bjärstorp and Cecilia Hultman; my colleagues at the Swedish Faculty for Design Research and Research Education; my colleagues at the the Swedish Forte-network on “Irregular Migrants and Irregular Migration”; my friends: Andrea Iossa, Martin Joorman, Ezatullah Najafi, Ahmad Mohammadi, Azizullah Amirmohammadi, Asghar Rezaiee, Runbir Mohammed, Peyman Amiri, Imad Al-Tamimi, Tova Bennet, Maria Cederholm and Javid Rastegar and, of course, my family who for all these years have tolerated distance and have been there for me whenever I have been faced with hardship, dilemmas and difficulties. My deepest gratitude goes to my parents, Mohammad and Zahra, my