Grade 4: Science Curriculum Overview
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Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California PART I December 2016
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California Part I December 2016 Charlton H. Bonham, Director Cover photograph by Gary Kramer This document should be cited as: Kovacs, K. E., K.E. Converse, M.C. Stopher, J.H. Hobbs, M.L. Sommer, P.J. Figura, D.A. Applebee, D.L. Clifford, and D.J. Michaels. Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California. 2016. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA 329 pp. The preparers want to acknowledge Department of Fish and Wildlife staff who contributed to the preparation of this document. They include Steve Torres, Angela Donlan, and Kirsten Macintyre. Further, we appreciate the agencies and staff from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their generous support in our efforts to prepare this document. We are also indebted to our facilitation experts at Kearns and West, specifically Sam Magill. Table of Contents – PART I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Plan Development ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Plan Goals ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Summary of Historical Distribution and Abundance of Wolves in California ..................................... -
ABSTRACT RABON, DAVID REID, JR. Factors Affecting Reproduction
ABSTRACT RABON, DAVID REID, JR. Factors Affecting Reproduction in the Red Wolf ( Canis rufus ). (Under the direction of Dr. Harold F. Heatwole). The endangered red wolf ( Canis rufus ) was preserved in captivity with just 14 founders following its planned extirpation in the wild. Longitudinal reproductive events were investigated to determine whether inbreeding, parental age, and breeding experience were factors in reproductive performance and fitness. A behavioral preference study using olfactory presentations of conspecific and congeneric social odors also was conducted to determine those factors that are important in the selection of mates. Over 30 years of managed breeding, the level of inbreeding in the captive population has increased, and litter size has declined. Inbreeding levels were lower in sires and dams that reproduced than in those that did not reproduce, but there was no difference in the level of inbreeding of actual and predicted litters. Litter size was negatively affected by offspring and paternal levels of inbreeding, but the effect of inbreeding on offspring survival was restricted to a positive influence. Younger wolves were more likely to reproduce, and were more likely to produce larger litters, than were older individuals. The age of the dam, but not the sire, had a significant negative effect on pup survival. Sires and dams that had prior experience in the production of offspring were more likely to reproduce again than were individuals without prior reproductive success, but prior sexual experience alone was not a factor in the production of offspring. Parental breeding experience had a significant negative effect on pup survival, but no apparent relationships with size or sex ratio of the litter. -
Improving Individual Identification of Wolves (Canis Lupus) Using the Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude of Their Howls: a New Survey Method
Improving Individual Identification of Wolves (Canis lupus) using the Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude of their Howls: A New Survey Method Holly Root-Gutteridge A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2013 1 This works is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract Many bioacoustic studies have been able to identify individual mammals from variations in the fundamental frequency (F0) of their vocalizations. Other characteristics of vocalization which encode individuality, such as amplitude, are less frequently used because of problems with background noise and recording fidelity over distance. In this thesis, I investigate whether the inclusion of amplitude variables improves the accuracy of individual howl identification in captive Eastern grey wolves (Canis lupus lycaon). I also explore whether the use of a bespoke code to extract the howl features, combined with histogram-derived principal component analysis (PCA) values, can improve current individual wolf howl identification accuracies. From a total of 89 solo howls from six captive individuals, where distances between wolf and observer were short, I achieved 95.5% (+9.0% improvement) individual identification accuracy of captive wolves using discriminant function analysis (DFA) to classify simple scalar variables of F0 and normalized amplitudes. -
Howling Activity of Free-Ranging Wolves (Canis Lupus) in the Białowie˙Za
J Ethol (2007) 25:231–237 DOI 10.1007/s10164-006-0015-y ARTICLE Howling activity of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) in the Białowieza_ Primeval Forest and the Western Beskidy Mountains (Poland) Sabina Nowak Æ Włodzimierz Jezdrzejewski Æ Krzysztof Schmidt Æ Jo¨ rn Theuerkauf Æ Robert W. Mysłajek Æ Bogumiła Jezdrzejewska Received: 20 March 2006 / Accepted: 31 July 2006 / Published online: 28 September 2006 Ó Japan Ethological Society and Springer 2006 Abstract We investigated spontaneous howling by elicited howling increased significantly with group size: radio-collared wolves Canis lupus inhabiting the howls by single wolves or pairs lasted, on average, 34– Białowieza_ Primeval Forest (BPF), eastern Poland, 40 s, whereas those of five to seven wolves (including and elicited howling behavior in wolves of the BPF and pups) had an average duration of 67–95 s, with a the Western Beskidy Mountains, southern Poland. maximum length of nearly 4 min. In the populations of Over half (58%) of all spontaneous howls recorded Polish wolves studied here, spontaneous howling throughout a year occurred in the period from July to served primarily for intra-pack communication. October, with a peak in August. The daily pattern of Nonetheless, the high reply rate to howling simulation vocal activity by wolves was characterised by a peak showed that – if necessary – wolves readily advertised between 1800 and 0000 hours, which coincided with their presence in a territory to strangers. the first (dusk) peak of wolf mobility. Wolves howled from the core areas of their territories and not from the Keywords Canis lupus Á Elicited howling Á European peripheries. -
Wolf Social Intelligence
In: Wolves: Biology, Behavior and Conservation ISBN: 978-1-62100-916-0 Editors: A. P. Maia and H. F. Crussi © 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Chapter 1 WOLF SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE Jane M. Packard Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-2258 Texas, US ABSTRACT By whatever measures scientists choose for social intelligence, behavioral resilience of wolves illustrates their adaptations to changing aspects of their environments in the wild and captivity. Intriguing questions about wolves have emerged from studies of life history traits in social carnivores, such as large body size, delayed reproduction, and variable dispersal patterns. In this social context, the rapidly accumulating evidence for behavioral flexibility of wolves is reviewed in terms of learning, communication, problem-solving, and awareness. Changing aspects of the social environment include interactions with littermates, care-givers, mates, rivals for mates, hostile neighboring groups and permeability of group barriers to immigration. Hypotheses about the adaptive significance of behavioral resilience are examined for each of the major stages in the lifetime trajectory of individual wolves: dependent pups, pre-reproductive adults, reproductive adults and post-reproductive adults. -
Far Traveler: a Teacher's Companion to Red Wolf Recovery
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Far Traveler A Teacher’s Companion to Red Wolf Recovery Elise McCauley Hammond A long time ago, the howl became a word, a name. Wa'ya to the Cherokee, to whom the mountains also listened in the old time. Son of the wind; companion to Kana'ti; father of Ani'-Wa'ya, the Wolf people, principal clan. Familiar spirit to hunters. Perfect walker. Far traveler. Revenge taker and altruist. Unseen shape between the trees. Shy shadow from the long past. Christopher Camuto Another Country: Journeying Toward the Cherokee Mountains Table of Contents Part One Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 1 A Letter to Teachers and Students ......................................................................... 2 What is a Red Wolf? ................................................................................................... 3 Where Have all the Red Wolves Gone? ................................................................... 4 The Red Wolf's Future: A Cautious Optimism ....................................................... 5 Why Should Red Wolves be Protected? .................................................................. 5 Red Wolves Need Your Help ..................................................................................... 6 As a Matter of Fact..................................................................................................... 7 Some Basics of Wolf Biology ................................................................................... -
Download the Activities
MEET OUR PACK! YOUTH AND FAMILY ACTIVITIES Summer 2020 MEET OUR PACK! Woodland Park Zoo’s three gray wolves are ten-year-old sisters Doba, Shila and Kaya. They were born on April 27, 2010 at New York State Zoo and moved to WPZ in September 2010. While tricky to tell apart, each of them has unique personalities and behaviors. Dennis Dow, WPZ Dennis Dow, WPZ Dennis Dow, WPZ DOBA SHILA KAYA Doba is the “alpha” of the pack. She Shila is wary of people in her Kaya tends to be more wary is the most comfortable around space. You will tend to see Shila around keepers. She has facial keepers and new enrichment items. lying a bit away from the pack or features similar to a German You will often see Doba front and along the north end of the habitat, shepherd. center in the wolf habitat, where she along the perimeter. Shila usually can keep track of her sisters. waits until her sisters have finished eating before foraging for the leftovers. If you have visited the zoo, you may have seen a fourth wolf sister, Aponi. In their home ranges, it is not uncommon for wolves to leave their home territory to join an existing pack or start their own. Changing pack dynamics also occur for wolves in human care. In 2019, Aponi started to show increasing signs of incompatibility with her three sisters. In November 2019, Aponi moved to Wolf Haven International, just south of Olympia. 5500 Phinney Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98103 | ph 206.548.2500 fax 206.548.1536 | www.zoo.org SIT SPOT Wolves use their senses to find food, avoid threats and communicate within a complex social structure. -
Disentangling Canid Howls Across Multiple Species and Subspecies: Structure in a Complex Communication Channel
Disentangling canid howls across multiple species and subspecies: Structure in a complex communication channel Authors: Arik Kershenbaum, Holly Root-Gutteridge, Bilal Habib, Janice Koler-Matznick, Brian Mitchell, Vicente Palacios, & Sara Waller NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Behavioural Processes. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Behavioural Processes, [VOL# 124, (March 2016)] DOI# 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.01.006 Kershenbaum, Arik , Holly Root-Gutteridge, Bilal Habib, Janice Koler-Matznick, Brian Mitchell, Vicente Palacios, and Sara Waller. "Disentangling canid howls across multiple species and subspecies: Structure in a complex communication channel." Behavioural Processes 124 (March 2016): 149-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.01.006. Made available through Montana State University’s ScholarWorks scholarworks.montana.edu Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Animal Behaviour Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: Disentangling canid howls across multiple species and subspecies: structure in a complex communication channel Article Type: UK Research paper Corresponding Author: Dr. Arik Kershenbaum, Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Cambridge First Author: Arik Kershenbaum Order of Authors: Arik Kershenbaum; Holly Root-Gutteridge; Bilal Habib; Janice Koler-Matznick; Brian Mitchell; Vicente Palacios; Sara Waller Abstract: Disentangling canid howls across multiple species and subspecies: structure in a complex communication channel Wolves, coyotes, and other canids are members of a diverse genus of top predators of considerable conservation and management interest. -
Investigating Chemosensory Signals in Wolf Urine
Scent-Marking: Investigating chemosensory signals in wolf urine By Wendi K Wolfram Submitted to the University of Exeter As a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences In March 2013 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: _______________________________________________ 1 ABSTRACT Identifying the best control method for problematic wildlife is an ever present issue in wildlife management. Popular control methods have ranged from lethal techniques, extirpating the animal, to multiple non-lethal methods focused on deterring undesired behavior. In the past, lethal methods were the preferred choice. However, with increased awareness of the need for biodiversity conservation, new management methods focus on non-lethal control, with emphasis on exploiting aspects of naturally occurring organismal behaviors and ecology. Over the past decade, technological advances in extraction method’s and equipment have also developed new techniques providing a broader range of information about species biology for management use. One of the most well documented conflicts between wildlife and humans is that of the wolf. Using advanced technology and new techniques, we investigated the implication of using chemosensory signals in canid urine to modify behavior as a possible non-lethal alternative in large predator management. Here we used the SBSE method coupled with improved GC/MS equipment to analyze the volatile organic compounds in the urine of four canid species, gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), wolf-dog hybrids (Canis familiaris) and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) in order to create working urinary profiles. -
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California Part II
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California Part II December 2016 Charlton H. Bonham, Director Cover photograph by Gary Kramer This document should be cited as: Kovacs, K. E., K.E. Converse, M.C. Stopher, J.H. Hobbs, M.L. Sommer, P.J. Figura, D.A. Applebee, D.L. Clifford, and D.J. Michaels. Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California. 2016. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA 329 pp. The preparers want to acknowledge Department of Fish and Wildlife staff who contributed to the preparation of this document. They include Steve Torres, Angela Donlan, and Kirsten Macintyre. Further, we appreciate the agencies and staff from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their generous support in our efforts to prepare this document. We are also indebted to our facilitation experts at Kearns and West, specifically Sam Magill. Table of Contents– PART II CHAPTER 1 WOLF LIFE HISTORY AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1 A. Wolf Biology and Ecology ................................................................................................................ 1 B. Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................................... 16 C. Wolf Distribution in North America................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2 DISEASES -
Tracking Wolves in Poland Jonathan Simons Reports
WolfThe Magazine of the UK Wolf Conservation Trust PrintIssue 38 Autumn Winter 2009/10 Tracking Wolves in Poland Jonathan Simons reports ALSO: BOOK LAUNCH: A New Era for Wolves and People UKWCT Christmas Appeal for Russian Wolf Cubs Wolf Depredation Management ■ NEWS ■ EVENTS ■ MEDIA AND ARTS ■ REVIEWS ISSUE 38 AUTUMN WINTER 2009/10 1 Wolf Print Editor Toni Shelbourne Tel: 0118 971 3330 Email: [email protected] Assistant Editor Julia Bohanna Editorial Team Angela Barrow, Sandra Benson, Vicky Hughes, Tsa Palmer, Denise Taylor Published by The UK Wolf Conservation Trust Editor's Letter Butlers Farm, Beenham, Reading RG7 5NT Tel: 0118 971 3330 his issue looks at the rare Arabian wolf and updates us on the Fax: 0118 971 0522 Email: [email protected] on-going work in Poland. We have a special report from Tom Smith, one of our exchange students who helped out on the Patrons T David Clement Davies large carnivore project in Bulgaria, as well as great articles on tracking Erich Klinghammer wolves and herd protection research. Desmond Morris Michelle Paver Christoph Promberger For those of you who are interested in Alba and his disability, for the first time you have the unique opportunity to find out how we The UK Wolf Conservation Trust Directors Nigel Bulmer rehabilitated him after his spinal injury four years ago, and what has Anne Carter happened to him from then until now. Read more about it on page Charles Hicks eleven. Sue Hull Tsa Palmer The back cover gives you all the info on World Animal Day on 4th Oct The UK Wolf Conservation Trust is a company 2009. -
WOLF PARK Education of the Public
is an education and research facility devoted to the conservation of wolves, through the study of wolf behavior and WOLF PARK education of the public. Founded in 1972, the Park keeps its animals in spacious, semi-natural enclosures for observational research and education. The approximately 20 canids and small herd of bison housed on the 75-acre property serve as ambassador animals, educating the public about wolves, their relatives and prey species, and their management in captivity. Wolf Park is the only known facility which routinely introduces predators to their natural prey. While our healthy American bison have nothing to fear from the wolves, this is still an unparalleled opportunity to view hunting behavior up close, and watch the bison use their natural defenses to chase away the wolves. Our other unique offering, our Adopt-A-Wolf program, allows people 18 years and older to personally meet our hand-raised animals (see page 3). A non-profit organization, Wolf Park is not affiliated with any university or state financial programs. Its income derives primarily from the generosity of its members, its adopt-a-wolf program, and the 20,000 adults and children who visit the Park each year. Unworried bison face off with Chinook, a male wolf, during a wolf-bison demonstration. In more than 25 years, neither side has ever been seriously injured. Photo by Monty Sloan Phone: (765) 567-2265 Wolf Park www.wolfpark.org Fax: (765) 567-4299 4004 E 800 N [email protected] Battle Ground, IN 47920 USA Prices and info good as of 2/24/09 PROGRAMS Open Hours: No reservations necessary.