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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Use of Force
Policy Tualatin Police Department ••• Policy Manual Use of Force 300.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE This policy recognizes that the use of force by law enforcement requires constant evaluation. Even at its lowest level, the use of force is a serious responsibility. The purpose of this policy is to provide officers of this department with guidelines on the reasonable use of force. While there is no way to specify the exact amount or type of reasonable force to be applied in any situation, each officer is expected to use these guidelines to make such decisions in a professional, impartial and reasonable manner. 300.1.1 PHILOSOPHY The use of force by law enforcement personnel is a matter of critical concern both to the public and to the law enforcement community. Officers are involved on a daily basis in numerous and varied human encounters and when warranted, may use force in carrying out their duties. Officers must have an understanding of, and true appreciation for, the limitations of their authority. This is especially true with respect to officers overcoming resistance while engaged in the performance of their duties. The Department recognizes and respects the value of all human life and dignity without prejudice to anyone. It is also understood that vesting officers with the authority to use reasonable force and protect the public welfare requires a careful balancing of all human interests. 300.1.2 DUTY TO INTERCEDE Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. -
Classical Mechanics
Classical Mechanics Hyoungsoon Choi Spring, 2014 Contents 1 Introduction4 1.1 Kinematics and Kinetics . .5 1.2 Kinematics: Watching Wallace and Gromit ............6 1.3 Inertia and Inertial Frame . .8 2 Newton's Laws of Motion 10 2.1 The First Law: The Law of Inertia . 10 2.2 The Second Law: The Equation of Motion . 11 2.3 The Third Law: The Law of Action and Reaction . 12 3 Laws of Conservation 14 3.1 Conservation of Momentum . 14 3.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum . 15 3.3 Conservation of Energy . 17 3.3.1 Kinetic energy . 17 3.3.2 Potential energy . 18 3.3.3 Mechanical energy conservation . 19 4 Solving Equation of Motions 20 4.1 Force-Free Motion . 21 4.2 Constant Force Motion . 22 4.2.1 Constant force motion in one dimension . 22 4.2.2 Constant force motion in two dimensions . 23 4.3 Varying Force Motion . 25 4.3.1 Drag force . 25 4.3.2 Harmonic oscillator . 29 5 Lagrangian Mechanics 30 5.1 Configuration Space . 30 5.2 Lagrangian Equations of Motion . 32 5.3 Generalized Coordinates . 34 5.4 Lagrangian Mechanics . 36 5.5 D'Alembert's Principle . 37 5.6 Conjugate Variables . 39 1 CONTENTS 2 6 Hamiltonian Mechanics 40 6.1 Legendre Transformation: From Lagrangian to Hamiltonian . 40 6.2 Hamilton's Equations . 41 6.3 Configuration Space and Phase Space . 43 6.4 Hamiltonian and Energy . 45 7 Central Force Motion 47 7.1 Conservation Laws in Central Force Field . 47 7.2 The Path Equation . -
THE EARTH's GRAVITY OUTLINE the Earth's Gravitational Field
GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S GRAVITY OUTLINE The Earth's gravitational field 2 Newton's law of gravitation: Fgrav = GMm=r ; Gravitational field = gravitational acceleration g; gravitational potential, equipotential surfaces. g for a non–rotating spherically symmetric Earth; Effects of rotation and ellipticity – variation with latitude, the reference ellipsoid and International Gravity Formula; Effects of elevation and topography, intervening rock, density inhomogeneities, tides. The geoid: equipotential mean–sea–level surface on which g = IGF value. Gravity surveys Measurement: gravity units, gravimeters, survey procedures; the geoid; satellite altimetry. Gravity corrections – latitude, elevation, Bouguer, terrain, drift; Interpretation of gravity anomalies: regional–residual separation; regional variations and deep (crust, mantle) structure; local variations and shallow density anomalies; Examples of Bouguer gravity anomalies. Isostasy Mechanism: level of compensation; Pratt and Airy models; mountain roots; Isostasy and free–air gravity, examples of isostatic balance and isostatic anomalies. Background reading: Fowler §5.1–5.6; Lowrie §2.2–2.6; Kearey & Vine §2.11. GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S GRAVITY FIELD Newton's law of gravitation is: ¯ GMm F = r2 11 2 2 1 3 2 where the Gravitational Constant G = 6:673 10− Nm kg− (kg− m s− ). ¢ The field strength of the Earth's gravitational field is defined as the gravitational force acting on unit mass. From Newton's third¯ law of mechanics, F = ma, it follows that gravitational force per unit mass = gravitational acceleration g. g is approximately 9:8m/s2 at the surface of the Earth. A related concept is gravitational potential: the gravitational potential V at a point P is the work done against gravity in ¯ P bringing unit mass from infinity to P. -
Youth Participation and Injury Risk in Martial Arts Rebecca A
CLINICAL REPORT Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care Youth Participation and Injury Risk in Martial Arts Rebecca A. Demorest, MD, FAAP, Chris Koutures, MD, FAAP, COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS The martial arts can provide children and adolescents with vigorous levels abstract of physical exercise that can improve overall physical fi tness. The various types of martial arts encompass noncontact basic forms and techniques that may have a lower relative risk of injury. Contact-based sparring with competitive training and bouts have a higher risk of injury. This clinical report describes important techniques and movement patterns in several types of martial arts and reviews frequently reported injuries encountered in each discipline, with focused discussions of higher risk activities. Some This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have of these higher risk activities include blows to the head and choking or fi led confl ict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any confl icts have been resolved through a process submission movements that may cause concussions or signifi cant head approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of injuries. The roles of rule changes, documented benefi ts of protective Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. equipment, and changes in training recommendations in attempts to reduce Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefi t from injury are critically assessed. This information is intended to help pediatric expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (AAP) and external health care providers counsel patients and families in encouraging safe reviewers. -
Martial Arts from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia for Other Uses, See Martial Arts (Disambiguation)
Martial arts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Martial arts (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) Martial arts are extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. The term martial art has become heavily associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, but was originally used in regard to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. An English fencing manual of 1639 used the term in reference specifically to the "Science and Art" of swordplay. The term is ultimately derived from Latin, martial arts being the "Arts of Mars," the Roman god of war.[1] Some martial arts are considered 'traditional' and tied to an ethnic, cultural or religious background, while others are modern systems developed either by a founder or an association. Contents [hide] • 1 Variation and scope ○ 1.1 By technical focus ○ 1.2 By application or intent • 2 History ○ 2.1 Historical martial arts ○ 2.2 Folk styles ○ 2.3 Modern history • 3 Testing and competition ○ 3.1 Light- and medium-contact ○ 3.2 Full-contact ○ 3.3 Martial Sport • 4 Health and fitness benefits • 5 Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications • 6 Martial arts industry • 7 See also ○ 7.1 Equipment • 8 References • 9 External links [edit] Variation and scope Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including: • Traditional or historical arts and contemporary styles of folk wrestling vs. -
THE UTION and ~~X,Mt C',D,~N~'W of T~CHNOLOGY
THE UTION AND ~~x,mT c',D,~n~'w OF T~CHNOLOGY J S~SKATE, INC. THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE TECHNOLOGY A Technical Report prepared for The National Committee on Criminal Justice Technology National Institute of Justice By SEASKATE, INC. 555 13th Street, NW 3rd Floor, West Tower Washington, DC 20004 July 1, 1998 This project was supported under Grant 95-IJ-CX-K001(S-3) from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. PROPERTY OF National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRSJ Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000~ ~ ...... 0 0 THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE TECHNOLOGY THIS PUBLICATION CONTAINS BOTH AN OVERVIEW AND FULL-LENGTH VERSIONS OF OUR REPORT ON POLICE TECHNOLOGY. PUBLISHING THE TWO VERSIONS TOGETHER ACCOUNTS FOR SOME DUPLICATION OF TEXT. THE OVERVIEW IS DESIGNED TO BE A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE SUBJECT. THE TECHNICAL REPORT IS MEANT FOR READERS SEEKING DETAILED INFORMATION. o°° 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................. VI OVERVIEW REPORT INTRODUCTION ..............................................................1 PART ONE:THE HISTORY AND THE EMERGING FEDERAL ROLE ................................ 2 THE POLITICAL ERA ........................................................ 2 THE PROFESSIONALMODEL ERA ................................................ 2 TECHNOLOGY AND THE -
Force and Motion
Force and motion Science teaching unit Disclaimer The Department for Children, Schools and Families wishes to make it clear that the Department and its agents accept no responsibility for the actual content of any materials suggested as information sources in this publication, whether these are in the form of printed publications or on a website. In these materials icons, logos, software products and websites are used for contextual and practical reasons. Their use should not be interpreted as an endorsement of particular companies or their products. The websites referred to in these materials existed at the time of going to print. Please check all website references carefully to see if they have changed and substitute other references where appropriate. Force and motion First published in 2008 Ref: 00094-2008DVD-EN The National Strategies | Secondary 1 Force and motion Contents Force and motion 3 Lift-off activity: Remember forces? 7 Lesson 1: Identifying and representing forces 12 Lesson 2: Representing motion – distance/time/speed 18 Lesson 3: Representing motion – speed and acceleration 27 Lesson 4: Linking force and motion 49 Lesson 5: Investigating motion 66 © Crown copyright 2008 00094-2008DVD-EN The National Strategies | Secondary 3 Force and motion Force and motion Background This teaching sequence bridges from Key Stage 3 to Key Stage 4. It links to the Secondary National Strategy Framework for science yearly learning objectives and provides coverage of parts of the QCA Programme of Study for science. The overall aim of the sequence is for pupils to review and refine their ideas about forces from Key Stage 3, to develop a meaningful understanding of ways of representing motion (graphically and through calculation) and to make the links between different kinds of motion and forces acting. -
Bowie Mixed Martial Arts LLC 2146 PRIEST BRIDGE CT #7, CROFTON, MD 21114, UNITED STATES│ (240) 286-5219│
Free uniform included with new membership. Bowie Mixed Martial Arts LLC 2146 PRIEST BRIDGE CT #7, CROFTON, MD 21114, UNITED STATES│ (240) 286-5219│ WWW.MMAOFBOWIE.COM BOWIE MIXED MARTIAL ARTS Member Handbook BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU │ JUDO │ WRESTLING │ KICKBOXING Copyright © 2019 Bowie Mixed Martial Arts LLC. All Rights Reserved. Bowie Mixed Martial Arts LLC 2146 PRIEST BRIDGE CT #7, CROFTON, MD 21114, UNITED STATES│ (240) 286-5219│ WWW.MMAOFBOWIE.COM Free uniform included with new membership. Member Handbook Welcome to the world of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu program consists of a belt ranking system that begins at white belt and progresses to black belt. Each belt level consists of specific techniques in 7 major categories; takedowns, sweeps, guard passes, submissions, defenses, escapes, and combinations. Techniques begin with fundamentals and become more difficult as each level is reached. In addition, each belt level has a corresponding number of techniques for each category. The goal for each of us should be to become a Master, the epitome of the professional warrior. WARNING: Jiu-Jitsu, like any sport, involves a potential risk for serious injury. The techniques used in these classes are being demonstrated by highly trained professionals and are being shown solely for training purposes and competition. Doing techniques on your own without professional instruction and supervision is not a substitute for training. No one should attempt any of these techniques without proper personal instruction from trained instructors. Anyone who attempts any of these techniques without supervision assumes all risks. Bowie Mixed Martial Arts LLC., shall not be liable to anyone for the use of any of these techniques. -
Newtonian Mechanics Is Most Straightforward in Its Formulation and Is Based on Newton’S Second Law
CLASSICAL MECHANICS D. A. Garanin September 30, 2015 1 Introduction Mechanics is part of physics studying motion of material bodies or conditions of their equilibrium. The latter is the subject of statics that is important in engineering. General properties of motion of bodies regardless of the source of motion (in particular, the role of constraints) belong to kinematics. Finally, motion caused by forces or interactions is the subject of dynamics, the biggest and most important part of mechanics. Concerning systems studied, mechanics can be divided into mechanics of material points, mechanics of rigid bodies, mechanics of elastic bodies, and mechanics of fluids: hydro- and aerodynamics. At the core of each of these areas of mechanics is the equation of motion, Newton's second law. Mechanics of material points is described by ordinary differential equations (ODE). One can distinguish between mechanics of one or few bodies and mechanics of many-body systems. Mechanics of rigid bodies is also described by ordinary differential equations, including positions and velocities of their centers and the angles defining their orientation. Mechanics of elastic bodies and fluids (that is, mechanics of continuum) is more compli- cated and described by partial differential equation. In many cases mechanics of continuum is coupled to thermodynamics, especially in aerodynamics. The subject of this course are systems described by ODE, including particles and rigid bodies. There are two limitations on classical mechanics. First, speeds of the objects should be much smaller than the speed of light, v c, otherwise it becomes relativistic mechanics. Second, the bodies should have a sufficiently large mass and/or kinetic energy. -
Officer's Use of Force: the Investigative Process
Officer’s Use of Force: The Investigative Process John Aldridge Assistant General Counsel North Carolina Sheriffs’ Association Post Office Box 20049 Raleigh, North Carolina 27619 (919) SHERIFF (743-7433) www.ncsheriffs.org September 2018 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Authority for an SBI Investigation .................................................................................................. 1 Scope and Limitations of Investigations .......................................................................................... 2 How to Initiate an SBI Investigation ............................................................................................... 4 What to Expect During an SBI Use of Force Investigation ................................................................. 5 What are the Potential Civil Liability Issues After a Use of Force Incident? ......................................... 8 Use of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity .....................................................................................11 Should You Work an Officer Pending an Investigation? ...................................................................12 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................13 NC Sheriffs’ Association Officer’s Use of Force: The Investigative Process September 2018 Introduction Law enforcement officers -
Physical Science Forces and Motion Vocabulary
Physical Science -Forces and Motion Vocabulary 1. scientific method - The way we learn and study the world around us through a process of steps. ( Six Giant Hippos Eat Red & Orange Candy) 2. position – the exact location of an object. 3. direction – the line or course along which something moves. 4. speed – measures how fast an object is moving in a given amount of time. 5. motion – the change in position of an object. 6. constant – remaining steady and unchanged (stays the same.) 7. force – push or pull 8. interaction – the action or influence of people, groups or things on one another. 9. exert – to put forth as strength (exert a force) 10. friction - a force that opposes (goes against) motion. Friction is created when two surfaces rub together. Effects of friction: slowing down or stopping an object, producing heat, or wearing away an object. 11. Newton’s 1 st Law of Motion : an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion until a force acts upon it. 12. inertia – the tendency for an object to keep doing what it is doing (resting or moving) 13. mass – the amount of matter (“stuff”) - in an object. 14. weight - the amount of force (pull) that gravity has on an object's mass. Your weight depends on the gravitational pull of your location. 15. gravity – a force that attracts (pulls) all objects to the center of the Earth 16. acceleration – the changes in an object’s motion. This can be speeding up, slowing down or changing direction.