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Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarotherodon Melanotherodon (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae) in the Indian River System, Florida Dawn P

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Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarotherodon Melanotherodon (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae) in the Indian River System, Florida Dawn P Northeast Gulf Science Volume 12 Article 4 Number 2 Number 2 10-1992 Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarotherodon melanotherodon (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae) in the Indian River System, Florida Dawn P. Jennings U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service James D. Williams U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service DOI: 10.18785/negs.1202.04 Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/goms Recommended Citation Jennings, D. P. and J. D. Williams. 1992. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarotherodon melanotherodon (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae) in the Indian River System, Florida. Northeast Gulf Science 12 (2). Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol12/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf of Mexico Science by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jennings and Williams: Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarothe Northeast Gulf Science Vol. 12, No.2 October 1992 p. 111-117 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKCHIN TILAPIA Sarotherodon melanotheron (Osteichthys: Cichlidae) IN THE INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM, FLORIDA Dawn P. Jennings and James D. Williams U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Fisheries Research Center Gainesville, FL 32606 ABSTRACT: The blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, was first collected from the Indian River system, in Brevard County, Florida, in 1980. Since its introduction, this species has expanded its range northward along the coast approximately 37 km, to just north of Whites Point, Brevard County, and southward about 68 km to Vero Beach, Indian River County. Laboratory studies on salinity tolerance indicate an ability of this species to tolerate hyper­ saline concentrations of at least 100 ppt, and to reproduce in salinities of up to 35 ppt. The northern distribution of blackchin tilapia is almost certainly limited by cold temperature; however, the potential exists for extensive coastal, and possibly inland, invasion south of Its present limits. The blackchin tilapia in the United fishermen netting for mullet in the ·Indian States is an exotic cichlid fish, native to and Banana rivers, and there is a local estuarine areas of west Africa from market for them. Senegal to Zaire (Trewavas 1983). This Although the blackchin tilapia has species was originally imported as an been present in these estuarine systems aquarium fish, but was released or for many years, little is known about its escaped into the wild and became life history. Because it is a tropical established in open waters. It currently is species, cold temperature is considered established in Florida on the west coast a primary environmental factor restricting in the Tampa Bay area in Hillsborough its dispersal northward (Courtenay et al. and Manatee counties, anEf on the east 1981.). Knowledge of its reproductive coast in the Indian River lagoon system behavior and survival over a range of in Brevard and Indian River counties. salinities is also important for predicting Blackchin tilapia were first reported its potential distribution in estuarine from Tampa Bay in 1959 (Springer and areas. Finucane 1963). By 1962, the species was We conducted field studies to deter­ established and utilized as a small mine the distribution and habitat commercial fish (Finucane and Rinckey requirements of blackchin tilapia in the 1967). It continues to be exploited in the Indian River system and to establish fishery today, from the eastern side of baseline data for monitoring the popula­ Tampa Bay southward to Cockroach Bay. tion at the extremes of its range. The first collection of blackchin Laboratory studies were designed to tilapia in the Indian River system was in investigate the primary factors influenc­ 1980 near Satellite Beach, Brevard County ing distribution in estuarine en­ (Dial and Wainwright 1983). It is unknown vironments. These experiments were whether this population resulted from the done following a previous study on release of aquarium or aquaculture fish, temperature tolerance (Jennings 1991), to or whether tilapia were transplanted from further enhance our knowledge of the Tampa Bay population for sport blackchin tilapia. This combined informa­ fishing and bait potential. The blackchin tion will help predict potential range ex­ tilapia is commonly taken by commercial pansion of blackchin tilapia in the Indian 111 Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 1991 1 Gulf of Mexico Science, Vol. 12 [1991], No. 2, Art. 4 112 Jennings, D. P. and J. D. Williams River and other estuarine systems. runoff sources or the inlets, but averages 25.6 ppt annually. Open lagoon waters MATERIALS AND METHODS may become hypersaline, with concentra­ tions as high as 42 ppt. Surface Study Area temperatures average 11 °C in winter and The Indian River system is 31 °C in summer. The lowest recorded essentially a long narrow estuarine water temperature was 6 °C from a lagoon lagoon, with little freshwater inflow, in northern Brevard County (Snelson and situated on the east coast of Florida. It Bradley 1978). Several small, low gradient extends 253 km, from Ponce de Leon Inlet rivers, creeks and canals flow into this near New Smyrna Beach, Vol usia County, system. The largest drainage area is the south to Jupiter Inlet, Palm Beach Co. St. Johns marsh. (Figure 1). It consists of 3 interconnected bodies of water - Mosquito Lagoon, Field Methods Indian River, and Banana River. Lagoons Sampling was conducted from are separated from the Atlantic Ocean by August 1987 to August 1990, to determine narrow barrier beaches and by the Cape the distribution of blackchin tilapia in the Canaveral and Merritt Island land Indian River system. Collections were masses. Ocean connections consist of 5 made in coastal habitats from Merritt inlets: Ponce de Leon, Sebastian, Fort Island, Brevard County, south to Fort Pierce, St. Lucie and Jupiter. The width Pierce, St. Lucie County. A total of 30 of this system varies from only a few sites, representing a variety of habitats meter>s at Jupiter to 8.9 km near Titusville (including canals and drainage ditches, (Gilmore 1977). Average depth is approx­ lagoonal areas at the mouths of creeks imately 1.5 m. Salinity varies with rainfall, and canals, open water areas, and evaporation and proximity to freshwater freshwater tributaries), were repeatedly sampled for quantitative data. Fish were collected by seining each area for 30-minute intervals. The seines were 5 m long with 6.4 mm mesh, or 10 m long with 12.7 mm mesh. They were equipped with heavy lead lines to prevent tilapia from evading capture. We recorded numbers of tilapia collected, associated species, and location and habitat characteristics of sampling sites. Precise sampling localities are available from the authors. Voucher material preserved in the field was deposited in the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured with a YSI dissolved ox­ ygen meter, and salinity was measured using a temperature-compensated refractometer. In addition to quantitative sampling, we qualitatively sampled 35 additional Figure 1. The Indian River lagoon system, Florida. sites using cast nets, gill nets, and visual https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol12/iss2/4 2 DOI: 10.18785/negs.1202.04 Jennings and Williams: Factors Influencing the Distribution of Blackchin Tilapia Sarothe blackchin tilapia In Florida 113 · observations. Fish houses and local trations typical of the Indian River seafood markets were also visited to system. A total of 48 fish were selected determine the frequency of catch of for study in 8-1700L circular fiberglass blackchin tilapia in areas where they were tanks. The tanks were maintained on 4 commonly fished. separate filter systems, providing 2 Data on species associations from replicates for each of 4 salinity seine collections were analyzed with Chi treatments (0, 10, 20, and 35 ppt). Salinity Square tests to determine whether there concentration was monitored on a daily was a greater probability of finding basis and adjusted using synthetic blackchin tilapia given the presence of aquarium salts (Aquarium Systems, another species. The level of acceptance Mentor, Ohio). wasP~ 0.05. Salinity acclimation was ac­ complished by initially introducing all fish Laboratory Methods to the freshwater system and, at 2-week Blackchin tilapia were collected from intervals, acclimating the remaining pro­ a freshwater drainage canal in Brevard portion in a step-wise fashion to the other County, Florida, and transported to the respective salinity concentrations. Sexes laboratory. All were adults, averaging were separated during the salinity 123.4 mm SL and 84.5 g weight for males acclimation period. Water temperature and 131.2 mm SL and 95.8 g weight for was maintained at 23° C during the females. acclimation period with thermostatically Two salinity experiments were con­ Gontrolled chillers. After 3 weeks of ducted. First, salinity tolerance was acclimation to the appropriate test investigated by exposing a group of nine salinity, sexes were combined so that 3 blackchin tilapia to increasing salt con· males and 3 females occupied each tank. centrations. The fish were placed into a The spawning substrate consisted of pea 500-L tank with a large viewing window gravel in 4 equally spaced shallow 10-L and allowed to acclimate in fresh water pans, that were placedd along the edge at 18-19° C for 7 days. Salinity was of each tank. Each pair of fish was iden­ measured with a temperature-compen­ tified by the particular pea gravel pan they sated refractometer. The concentration of selected. Chiller units were disconnected synthetic aquc;irium salts (Aquarium to allow water temperature to gradually Systems, Mentor, Ohio) was initially return to an ambient temperature of 28° increased at a rate of 5 ppt per day up to C. After 2 weeks of no obvious activity, 35 ppt.
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