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Foraging Activity and Diet in Some Neotropical Ponerine

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Foraging Activity and Diet in Some Neotropical Ponerine 1990) 241 IS parasites of ants ( Chalcidoidea: minas. FORAGING ACTIVITY AND DIET IN SOME ators of Solenopsis invicta queens NEOTROPICAL PONERINE ANTS. ''· 2:1101-1103. I. ECTATOMMA RUIDUM ROGER (HYMENOPTERA, ~NE. 1972. Prelimina:ry studies on 1-142. FORMICIDAE) ed imported fire ant, reduce slash itory capability among queens of control of the imported ftre ant . other ant species. En: Lofgren y mone ofthe red imported ftre ant JEAN-PAUL LACHAUD :1. WHITCOM!l. 1975. Observa<;oes n, 1972 <Hymenoptera: Formici- Laboratoire d' Ethologie et Sociobiologie rard University Press, Cambrid- U.R.A. C.N.R.S. 0028, Université París XIII, 1ical castes. J. Kansas Entomol. Av. J.-B.-Clément, ing ants. En: Lofgren y Vander Villetaneuse 93430-FRANCE. Laboratoro de Etología, ritories ofthe imported fire ant. C.I.E.S., Apdo. Postal 36, d fire ants in North and South Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, MEXICO in Brazil. En: Lofgren y Vander 'Ol: second supplement. Florida ire ants and their control: first '. Fire ant mynuecophiles: new nchard) and Euparia castanea l. rnuecophiles: flight periO<.is of mea Serville ( Coleoptera: Sea- Folia Entomológica Mexicana No. 78: 241-256 (1990) Received: July 13, 1987. Accepted: July 21, 1988. FOLIA ENTOMOL. MÉX. 78 (1990) LACHA VI However, there has n< or of the diet of Ectat• this gap by obtainin ABSTRACT determining whether Analysis of the patterns of food-gathering activity in Ectatomma ruidum Roger revealed clear differences between those ofthe dry season and the rainy season, though the diet remained mainly carnivorous. The rainy season was characterized partly by less total foraging activity (compensated for by a 1.5-fold higher yield), and by a decrease in carbohydrate intake andan increase in protein intake. Also, a wider range of prey was captured during the rainy season, E. ruidum Roger ü anda substantially greater fraction was energy-rich prey (larval type); at the same time, active nas and rain forests fr predation increased sharply relative to necrophagy, which was three times greater in the dry 1946). Its rangeexten season. The correlations between these various factors, meterological conditions, and the life to southwestern Ecu~ cycle of the especies are discussed. region (Weber, 1946,: KEY WORDS: Ponerines, Ectatomma, rythm of activity, foodgathering behavior. in the Soconusco (Ch cocoa plantations, ar studied, at Rosario I2 RESUMEN Such a density is no1 given by Levings and El análisis de las características de la actividad de aprovisionamiento de la hormiga 61 00 nests per hectaJ Ectatonuna ruidum Roger indica claras diferencias entre los datos obtenidos en época de secas y en época de lluvias, aun cuando la dieta se mantiene principalmente carnívora. La época de Measurement of ac lluvias se caracteriza por una actividad general más baja (compensada por un aumento de un To draw up curve; 50% de la tasa de éxitos en la captura), una disminución del aprovisionamiento en carbohidratos food gathering, we y Wl aumento en el de proteínas. U na variedad más amplia de presas se nota también en época de lluvias, además de incluir Wla fracción de presas ricas en energía (de tipo larvas) mucho más between entrances a1 importante. Al mismo tiempo, se puede notar que la depredación aumenta de manera notable carrying collected m! en comparación con la necrofagia que presenta un valor tres veces más alto en época de secas. number of workers (1 Se presenta Wla discusión sobre las correlaciones entre esos factores varios, las condiciones main en trance, only t meteorológicas y el ciclo biológico de esta especie neotropical. were considered. Cat PALABRAS CLAVE: Ponerinos, Ectatomma, ritmo de actividad, alimentación, comportamien­ 120 individuals each, to. the rainy season (tVI August 1984). The e< The twelve species ofthe genus Ectatomma Fr. Smith (Kugler and Brown, 15 minutes, which ! 1982) are widely represented in Central and South America. Members ofthis activity was estímate genus live both in forests, open spaces, and even arid regions, but are quite except for a few extr1 strictly limited to the tropics. Like most Ponerinae, Ectatomma spp. are arder to avoid disrupt carnivorous and may play a role in the control of arthropod populations. observations were m! Long ago, local inhabitants, notably in Guatemala (Cook, 1904, 1905), effect of environmeiJ pointed out to researchers the possible usefulness of so me of these species as the humidity and ail natural regulators of crop parasites and in 1904, E. tuberculatum was cover) as well as soil1 investigated with a view to introducing it into cotton plantations in Texas to the nests. (See the many publications of Wheeler and Cook between 1904 and 1906). 1990) LACHAUD. FORAGING ACTIVITY PONERINAE ANTS. 243 However, there has notyet been any detailed study ofthe pattern offoraging or of the diet of Ectatomma spp. In the work reported here, we set out to fill this gap by obtaining the necessa:ry information concerning E. ruidum, determining whether this species has any role in protecting plants. ltomma ruidum Roger revealed 1eason, though the diet remained ly by less total foraging activity MATERIALS AND METHODS ! in carbohydrate intake and an ptured during the rainy season, E. ruidum Roger is a terricolous species that ocurrs in plantations, savan­ u type); at the same time, active nas and rain forests from sea leve! toan altitude of 1500-1600 meters (Weber, s three times greater in the dry 1946). Its range extends from the states ofMichoacán and Veracruz in Mexico ologica! conditions, and the life to southwestern Ecuador and the northern border ofBrazil in the Amazonas region (Weber, 1946, 1946; Brown, 1958; Kigler and Brown, 1982). In Mexico, athering behavior. in the Soconusco (Chiapas State), this species is ve:ry common in coffee and cocoa plantations, and it is the dominant terricolous species in the region studied, at Rosario Izapa, where its density is about 2700 nests per hectare. Such a density is not exceptional for this especies, considering the figures given by Levings and Franks (1982) for Panama, which range from 1800 to >visionamiento de la hormiga 6100 nests per hectare. ros obtenidos en época de secas Jmente carnívora. La época de >ensada por un aumento de un Measurement of activity cycles isionamiento en carbohidratos To draw up curves of the daily activity of E. ruidum and the pattern of 'esas se nota también en época food gathering, we recorded all the trips of the foragers, distinguishing gía (de tipo larvas) mucho más between en trances and exits and recording the number of en trances of ants n aumenta de manera notable car:rying collected material. In view of the frequent comings and goings of a es más alto en época de secas. number of workers (domestics, guards, foragers), within about 20 cm of the LCtores varios, las condiciones main en trance, only those trips that went more than 30 cm from this entrance were considered. Counts were made in the d:ry season (two nests with 80 to alimentación, comportamien- 120 individuals each, observed between Janua:ry and Februa:ry 1982) and in the rainy season (two nests with 80 to 120 individuals each, observed in August 1984). The counting was performed in one 5-min observation eve:ry 1ith (Kugler and Brown, 15 minutes, which gave 4 counts per hour, from which the mean hourly tnerica. Members of this activity was estimated. Recording took place between 05.00 and 20:00 h~urs, d regions, but are quite except for a few extraobservations made between 20:00 and 23:00 hours. In e, Ectatomma spp. are order to avoid disruptingthe nocturnal activity ofthe workers, the night-time hropod populations. observations were made in red light. At the same time, we studied the possible lla (Cook, 1904, 1905), effect of environmental factors on the timing of daily activity, by recording 1om e of these species as the humidity and air temperature (at 50 cm from the ground, under plant E. tuberculatum was cover) as well as soil tempera tu re (at depth of about 2 cm) near the entrance 'n plantations in Texas to the nests. tween 1904 and 1906). 244 FOLIA ENTOMOL. MÉX. 78 (1990) LACHAUlJ Determination of the diet Daily activity cycle During measurement of the activity cycles the nature of the material The daily variatim carried by workers was also noted. The material was estimated as either plan t. adjust for differences material, fruit, liquid, or prey of animal origin. In addition, at nests other sed, for each hour, as than those being used for activity measurements, the material collected by workers was sampled over periods of2 to 3 hours, distributed mainly during (a) Dry season the peaks of food-gathering. In the case of material of animal origin, when The activity was n possible, account was taken of whether it was alive, was freshly killed, or had 08:00, with the earli1 been dead for some time. These criteria, sometimes quite difficult to apply, entrance) at 05:30 (i tended to minimize the fraction of the prey considered to have been actively Activity stopped abru hunted, and the results thus obtained are merely indicative. However, such As Table I shows, t: observations seem to be a useful index of the relative importance of predation entrances and exits v and necrophagy in providing the society with protein. The samples were and 1.4% excess exits subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. foragers spent the nig or that there is a littl1 in some very open bi RESULTS continue beyond 20:' brightness of the m01 The population of an adult society varíes between 50 and 200 individuals, changes in light inte among whom there may be several females; but almost all newly founded ponerines such as 1 colonies have only one fertilized female, and polygyny is probably only Young, 1980) or Neo, secondary, although in one case a newly founded was observed that contained crepuscular/nocturna two associated females.
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